command: implement builder and parser

Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -12,16 +12,17 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - name: Run tests
-        run: |
-          nix --print-build-logs --experimental-features 'nix-command flakes' flake check
-          nix build --out-link "result" --print-out-paths --print-build-logs .#checks.x86_64-linux.nixos-tests
+      - name: Run fortify tests
+        run: nix build --out-link "result-fortify" --print-out-paths --print-build-logs .#checks.x86_64-linux.fortify
+
+      - name: Run flake checks
+        run: nix --print-build-logs --experimental-features 'nix-command flakes' flake check
 
       - name: Upload test output
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
-          name: "nixos-vm-output"
-          path: result/*
+          name: "fortify-vm-output"
+          path: result-fortify/*
           retention-days: 1
 
   dist:

cmd/fpkg/build.nix

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 {
   lib,
   writeScript,
+  writeScriptBin,
   runtimeShell,
   writeText,
   symlinkJoin,
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ let
   };
 in
 
-writeScript "fortify-${pname}-bundle-prelude" ''
+writeScriptBin "build-fpkg-${pname}" ''
   #!${runtimeShell} -el
   OUT="$(mktemp -d)"
   TAR="$(mktemp -u)"

cmd/fpkg/main.go

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )
 
-const shell = "/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash"
+const shellPath = "/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash"
 
 func init() {
-	if err := os.Setenv("SHELL", shell); err != nil {
+	if err := os.Setenv("SHELL", shellPath); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set $SHELL: %v", err)
 	}
 }

cmd/fpkg/start.go

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func actionStart(args []string) {
 	if !dropShell {
 		command[0] = app.Launcher
 	} else {
-		command[0] = shell
+		command[0] = shellPath
 	}
 	command = append(command, args[1:]...)
 

cmd/fpkg/with.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func withNixDaemon(
 ) {
 	fortifyAppDropShell(updateConfig(&fst.Config{
 		ID: app.ID,
-		Command: []string{shell, "-lc", "rm -f /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket && " +
+		Command: []string{shellPath, "-lc", "rm -f /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket && " +
 			// start nix-daemon
 			"nix-daemon --store / & " +
 			// wait for socket to appear
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func withNixDaemon(
 func withCacheDir(action string, command []string, workDir string, app *bundleInfo, pathSet *appPathSet, dropShell bool, beforeFail func()) {
 	fortifyAppDropShell(&fst.Config{
 		ID:      app.ID,
-		Command: []string{shell, "-lc", strings.Join(command, " && ")},
+		Command: []string{shellPath, "-lc", strings.Join(command, " && ")},
 		Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
 			AppID:    app.AppID,
 			Username: "nixos",
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func withCacheDir(action string, command []string, workDir string, app *bundleIn
 
 func fortifyAppDropShell(config *fst.Config, dropShell bool, beforeFail func()) {
 	if dropShell {
-		config.Command = []string{shell, "-l"}
+		config.Command = []string{shellPath, "-l"}
 		fortifyApp(config, beforeFail)
 		beforeFail()
 		internal.Exit(0)

command/builder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// New initialises a root Node.
+func New(output io.Writer, logf LogFunc, name string) Command {
+	return rootNode{newNode(output, logf, name, "")}
+}
+
+func newNode(output io.Writer, logf LogFunc, name, usage string) *node {
+	n := &node{
+		name: name, usage: usage,
+		out: output, logf: logf,
+		set: flag.NewFlagSet(name, flag.ContinueOnError),
+	}
+	n.set.SetOutput(output)
+	n.set.Usage = func() {
+		_ = n.writeHelp()
+		if n.suffix.Len() > 0 {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(output, "Flags:")
+			n.set.PrintDefaults()
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(output)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return n
+}
+
+func (n *node) Command(name, usage string, f HandlerFunc) Node {
+	if f == nil {
+		panic("invalid handler")
+	}
+	if name == "" || usage == "" {
+		panic("invalid subcommand")
+	}
+
+	s := newNode(n.out, n.logf, name, usage)
+	s.f = f
+	if !n.adopt(s) {
+		panic("attempted to initialise subcommand with non-unique name")
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func (n *node) New(name, usage string) Node {
+	if name == "" || usage == "" {
+		panic("invalid subcommand tree")
+	}
+	s := newNode(n.out, n.logf, name, usage)
+	if !n.adopt(s) {
+		panic("attempted to initialise subcommand tree with non-unique name")
+	}
+	return s
+}

command/builder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package command_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/command"
+)
+
+func TestBuild(t *testing.T) {
+	c := command.New(nil, nil, "test")
+	stubHandler := func([]string) error { panic("unreachable") }
+
+	t.Run("nil direct handler", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Command", "invalid handler")
+		c.Command("name", "usage", nil)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("direct zero length", func(t *testing.T) {
+		wantPanic := "invalid subcommand"
+		t.Run("zero length name", func(t *testing.T) { defer checkRecover(t, "Command", wantPanic); c.Command("", "usage", stubHandler) })
+		t.Run("zero length usage", func(t *testing.T) { defer checkRecover(t, "Command", wantPanic); c.Command("name", "", stubHandler) })
+	})
+
+	t.Run("direct adopt unique names", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c.Command("d0", "usage", stubHandler)
+		c.Command("d1", "usage", stubHandler)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("direct adopt non-unique name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Command", "attempted to initialise subcommand with non-unique name")
+		c.Command("d0", "usage", stubHandler)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("zero length", func(t *testing.T) {
+		wantPanic := "invalid subcommand tree"
+		t.Run("zero length name", func(t *testing.T) { defer checkRecover(t, "New", wantPanic); c.New("", "usage") })
+		t.Run("zero length usage", func(t *testing.T) { defer checkRecover(t, "New", wantPanic); c.New("name", "") })
+	})
+
+	t.Run("direct adopt unique names", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c.New("t0", "usage")
+		c.New("t1", "usage")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("direct adopt non-unique name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Command", "attempted to initialise subcommand tree with non-unique name")
+		c.New("t0", "usage")
+	})
+}
+
+func checkRecover(t *testing.T, name, wantPanic string) {
+	if r := recover(); r != wantPanic {
+		t.Errorf("%s: panic = %v; wantPanic %v",
+			name, r, wantPanic)
+	}
+}

command/command.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Package command implements generic nested command parsing.
+package command
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type (
+	// HandlerFunc is called when matching a directly handled subcommand tree.
+	HandlerFunc = func(args []string) error
+
+	// LogFunc is the function signature of a printf function.
+	LogFunc = func(format string, a ...any)
+
+	// FlagDefiner is a deferred flag definer value, usually encapsulating the default value.
+	FlagDefiner interface {
+		// Define defines the flag in set.
+		Define(b *strings.Builder, set *flag.FlagSet, p any, name, usage string)
+	}
+
+	Command interface {
+		Parse(arguments []string) error
+		baseNode[Command]
+	}
+	Node baseNode[Node]
+
+	baseNode[T any] interface {
+		// Command appends a subcommand with direct command handling.
+		Command(name, usage string, f HandlerFunc) T
+		// Flag defines a generic flag type in Node's flag set.
+		Flag(p any, name string, value FlagDefiner, usage string) T
+
+		// New returns a new subcommand tree.
+		New(name, usage string) (sub Node)
+	}
+)

command/flag.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// FlagError wraps errors returned by [flag].
+type FlagError struct{ error }
+
+func (e FlagError) Success() bool { return errors.Is(e.error, flag.ErrHelp) }
+func (e FlagError) Is(target error) bool {
+	return (e.error == nil && target == nil) ||
+		((e.error != nil && target != nil) && e.error.Error() == target.Error())
+}
+
+func (n *node) Flag(p any, name string, value FlagDefiner, usage string) Node {
+	value.Define(&n.suffix, n.set, p, name, usage)
+	return n
+}
+
+// StringFlag is the default value of a string flag.
+type StringFlag string
+
+func (v StringFlag) Define(b *strings.Builder, set *flag.FlagSet, p any, name, usage string) {
+	set.StringVar(p.(*string), name, string(v), usage)
+	b.WriteString(" [" + prettyFlag(name) + " <value>]")
+}
+
+// BoolFlag is the default value of a bool flag.
+type BoolFlag bool
+
+func (v BoolFlag) Define(b *strings.Builder, set *flag.FlagSet, p any, name, usage string) {
+	set.BoolVar(p.(*bool), name, bool(v), usage)
+	b.WriteString(" [" + prettyFlag(name) + "]")
+}
+
+// this has no effect on parse outcome
+func prettyFlag(name string) string {
+	switch len(name) {
+	case 0:
+		panic("zero length flag name")
+	case 1:
+		return "-" + name
+	default:
+		return "--" + name
+	}
+}

command/help.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+)
+
+var ErrHelp = errors.New("help requested")
+
+func (n *node) writeHelp() error {
+	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(n.out,
+		"\nUsage:\t%s [-h | --help]%s COMMAND [OPTIONS]\n",
+		strings.Join(append(n.prefix, n.name), " "), &n.suffix,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if n.child != nil {
+		if _, err := fmt.Fprint(n.out, "\nCommands:\n"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(n.out, 0, 1, 4, ' ', 0)
+	if err := n.child.writeCommands(tw); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := tw.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err := n.out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
+	if err == nil {
+		err = ErrHelp
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (n *node) writeCommands(w io.Writer) error {
+	if n == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s\t%s\n", n.name, n.usage); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return n.next.writeCommands(w)
+}

command/node.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type node struct {
+	child, next *node
+	name, usage string
+
+	out  io.Writer
+	logf LogFunc
+
+	prefix []string
+	suffix strings.Builder
+
+	f   HandlerFunc
+	set *flag.FlagSet
+}
+
+func (n *node) adopt(v *node) bool {
+	if n.child != nil {
+		return n.child.append(v)
+	}
+	n.child = v
+	return true
+}
+
+func (n *node) append(v *node) bool {
+	if n.name == v.name {
+		return false
+	}
+	if n.next != nil {
+		return n.next.append(v)
+	}
+	n.next = v
+	return true
+}

command/parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrEmptyTree = errors.New("subcommand tree has no nodes")
+	ErrNoMatch   = errors.New("did not match any subcommand")
+)
+
+func (n *node) Parse(arguments []string) error {
+	if n.usage == "" { // root node has zero length usage
+		if n.next != nil {
+			panic("invalid toplevel state")
+		}
+		goto match
+	}
+
+	if len(arguments) == 0 {
+		// unreachable: zero length args cause upper level to return with a help message
+		panic("attempted to parse with zero length args")
+	}
+	if arguments[0] != n.name {
+		if n.next == nil {
+			n.printf("%q is not a valid command", arguments[0])
+			return ErrNoMatch
+		}
+		n.next.prefix = n.prefix
+		return n.next.Parse(arguments)
+	}
+	arguments = arguments[1:]
+
+match:
+	if n.child != nil {
+		if n.f != nil {
+			panic("invalid subcommand tree state")
+		}
+		// propagate help prefix early: flag set usage dereferences help
+		n.child.prefix = append(n.prefix, n.name)
+	}
+
+	if n.set.Parsed() {
+		panic("invalid set state")
+	}
+	if err := n.set.Parse(arguments); err != nil {
+		return FlagError{err}
+	}
+	args := n.set.Args()
+
+	if n.child != nil {
+		if len(args) == 0 {
+			return n.writeHelp()
+		}
+		return n.child.Parse(args)
+	}
+
+	if n.f == nil {
+		n.printf("%q has no subcommands", n.name)
+		return ErrEmptyTree
+	}
+	return n.f(args)
+}
+
+func (n *node) printf(format string, a ...any) {
+	if n.logf == nil {
+		log.Printf(format, a...)
+	} else {
+		n.logf(format, a...)
+	}
+}

command/parse_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+package command_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/command"
+)
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		buildTree func(wout, wlog io.Writer) command.Command
+		args      []string
+		want      string
+		wantLog   string
+		wantErr   error
+	}{
+		{
+			"d=0 empty sub",
+			func(wout, wlog io.Writer) command.Command { return command.New(wout, newLogFunc(wlog), "root") },
+			[]string{""},
+			"", "test: \"root\" has no subcommands\n", command.ErrEmptyTree,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 empty sub garbage",
+			func(wout, wlog io.Writer) command.Command { return command.New(wout, newLogFunc(wlog), "root") },
+			[]string{"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+			"", "test: \"root\" has no subcommands\n", command.ErrEmptyTree,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 no match",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"nonexistent"},
+			"", "test: \"nonexistent\" is not a valid command\n", command.ErrNoMatch,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 direct error",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"error"},
+			"", "", errSuccess,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 direct error garbage",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"error", "0", "1", "2"},
+			"", "", errSuccess,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 direct success out of order",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"succeed"},
+			"", "", nil,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 direct success output",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"print", "0", "1", "2"},
+			"012", "", nil,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 string flag",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"--val", "64d3b4b7b21788585845060e2199a78f", "flag"},
+			"64d3b4b7b21788585845060e2199a78f", "", nil,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 out of order string flag",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"flag", "--val", "64d3b4b7b21788585845060e2199a78f"},
+			"flag provided but not defined: -val\n\nUsage:\ttest flag [-h | --help] COMMAND [OPTIONS]\n\n", "",
+			errors.New("flag provided but not defined: -val"),
+		},
+
+		{
+			"d=1 empty sub",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"empty"},
+			"", "test: \"empty\" has no subcommands\n", command.ErrEmptyTree,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=1 empty sub garbage",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"empty", "a", "b", "c", "d"},
+			"", "test: \"empty\" has no subcommands\n", command.ErrEmptyTree,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=1 empty sub help",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"empty", "-h"},
+			"\nUsage:\ttest empty [-h | --help] COMMAND [OPTIONS]\n\n", "", flag.ErrHelp,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=1 no match",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"join", "23aa3bb0", "34986782", "d8859355", "cd9ac317", ", "},
+			"", "test: \"23aa3bb0\" is not a valid command\n", command.ErrNoMatch,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=1 direct success out",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"join", "out", "23aa3bb0", "34986782", "d8859355", "cd9ac317", ", "},
+			"23aa3bb0, 34986782, d8859355, cd9ac317", "", nil,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=1 direct success log",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"join", "log", "23aa3bb0", "34986782", "d8859355", "cd9ac317", ", "},
+			"", "test: 23aa3bb0, 34986782, d8859355, cd9ac317\n", nil,
+		},
+
+		{
+			"d=4 empty sub",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"deep", "d=2", "d=3", "d=4"},
+			"", "test: \"d=4\" has no subcommands\n", command.ErrEmptyTree},
+
+		{
+			"d=0 help",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{},
+			`
+Usage:	test [-h | --help] [-v] [--val <value>] COMMAND [OPTIONS]
+
+Commands:
+    error      return an error
+    print      wraps Fprint
+    flag       print value passed by flag
+    empty      empty subcommand
+    join       wraps strings.Join
+    succeed    this command succeeds
+    deep       top level of command tree with various levels
+
+`, "", command.ErrHelp,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=0 help flag",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"-h"},
+			`
+Usage:	test [-h | --help] [-v] [--val <value>] COMMAND [OPTIONS]
+
+Commands:
+    error      return an error
+    print      wraps Fprint
+    flag       print value passed by flag
+    empty      empty subcommand
+    join       wraps strings.Join
+    succeed    this command succeeds
+    deep       top level of command tree with various levels
+
+Flags:
+  -v	verbosity
+  -val string
+    	store val for the "flag" command (default "default")
+
+`, "", flag.ErrHelp,
+		},
+
+		{
+			"d=1 help",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"join"},
+			`
+Usage:	test join [-h | --help] COMMAND [OPTIONS]
+
+Commands:
+    out    write result to wout
+    log    log result to wlog
+
+`, "", command.ErrHelp,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=1 help flag",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"join", "-h"},
+			`
+Usage:	test join [-h | --help] COMMAND [OPTIONS]
+
+Commands:
+    out    write result to wout
+    log    log result to wlog
+
+`, "", flag.ErrHelp,
+		},
+
+		{
+			"d=2 help",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"deep", "d=2"},
+			`
+Usage:	test deep d=2 [-h | --help] COMMAND [OPTIONS]
+
+Commands:
+    d=3    relative third level
+
+`, "", command.ErrHelp,
+		},
+		{
+			"d=2 help flag",
+			buildTestCommand,
+			[]string{"deep", "d=2", "-h"},
+			`
+Usage:	test deep d=2 [-h | --help] COMMAND [OPTIONS]
+
+Commands:
+    d=3    relative third level
+
+`, "", flag.ErrHelp,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			wout, wlog := new(bytes.Buffer), new(bytes.Buffer)
+			c := tc.buildTree(wout, wlog)
+
+			if err := c.Parse(tc.args); !errors.Is(err, tc.wantErr) {
+				t.Errorf("Parse: error = %v; wantErr %v", err, tc.wantErr)
+			}
+			if got := wout.String(); got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("Parse: %s want %s", got, tc.want)
+			}
+			if gotLog := wlog.String(); gotLog != tc.wantLog {
+				t.Errorf("Parse: log = %s wantLog %s", gotLog, tc.wantLog)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	errJoinLen = errors.New("not enough arguments to join")
+	errSuccess = errors.New("success")
+)
+
+func buildTestCommand(wout, wlog io.Writer) (c command.Command) {
+	var val string
+
+	logf := newLogFunc(wlog)
+	c = command.New(wout, logf, "test").
+		Flag(new(bool), "v", command.BoolFlag(false), "verbosity").
+		Command("error", "return an error", func([]string) error {
+			return errSuccess
+		}).
+		Command("print", "wraps Fprint", func(args []string) error {
+			a := make([]any, len(args))
+			for i, v := range args {
+				a[i] = v
+			}
+			_, err := fmt.Fprint(wout, a...)
+			return err
+		}).
+		Flag(&val, "val", command.StringFlag("default"), "store val for the \"flag\" command").
+		Command("flag", "print value passed by flag", func(args []string) error {
+			_, err := fmt.Fprint(wout, val)
+			return err
+		})
+
+	c.New("empty", "empty subcommand")
+
+	c.New("join", "wraps strings.Join").
+		Command("out", "write result to wout", func(args []string) error {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return errJoinLen
+			}
+			_, err := fmt.Fprint(wout, strings.Join(args[:len(args)-1], args[len(args)-1]))
+			return err
+		}).
+		Command("log", "log result to wlog", func(args []string) error {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return errJoinLen
+			}
+			logf("%s", strings.Join(args[:len(args)-1], args[len(args)-1]))
+			return nil
+		})
+
+	c.Command("succeed", "this command succeeds", func([]string) error { return nil })
+
+	c.New("deep", "top level of command tree with various levels").
+		New("d=2", "relative second level").
+		New("d=3", "relative third level").
+		New("d=4", "relative fourth level")
+
+	return
+}
+
+func newLogFunc(w io.Writer) command.LogFunc { return log.New(w, "test: ", 0).Printf }

command/unreachable_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestParseUnreachable(t *testing.T) {
+	// top level bypasses name matching and recursive calls to Parse
+	// returns when encountering zero-length args
+	t.Run("zero-length args", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Parse", "attempted to parse with zero length args")
+		_ = newNode(panicWriter{}, nil, " ", " ").Parse(nil)
+	})
+
+	// top level must not have siblings
+	t.Run("toplevel siblings", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Parse", "invalid toplevel state")
+		n := newNode(panicWriter{}, nil, " ", "")
+		n.append(newNode(panicWriter{}, nil, "  ", " "))
+		_ = n.Parse(nil)
+	})
+
+	// a node with descendents must not have a direct handler
+	t.Run("sub handle conflict", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Parse", "invalid subcommand tree state")
+		n := newNode(panicWriter{}, nil, " ", "")
+		n.adopt(newNode(panicWriter{}, nil, " ", " "))
+		n.f = func([]string) error { panic("unreachable") }
+		_ = n.Parse(nil)
+	})
+
+	// this would only happen if a node was matched twice
+	t.Run("parsed flag set", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer checkRecover(t, "Parse", "invalid set state")
+		n := newNode(panicWriter{}, nil, " ", "")
+		set := flag.NewFlagSet("parsed", flag.ContinueOnError)
+		set.SetOutput(panicWriter{})
+		_ = set.Parse(nil)
+		n.set = set
+		_ = n.Parse(nil)
+	})
+}
+
+type panicWriter struct{}
+
+func (p panicWriter) Write([]byte) (int, error) { panic("unreachable") }
+
+func checkRecover(t *testing.T, name, wantPanic string) {
+	if r := recover(); r != wantPanic {
+		t.Errorf("%s: panic = %v; wantPanic %v",
+			name, r, wantPanic)
+	}
+}

command/wrap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package command
+
+// the top level node wants [Command] returned for its builder methods
+type rootNode struct{ *node }
+
+func (r rootNode) Command(name, usage string, f HandlerFunc) Command {
+	r.node.Command(name, usage, f)
+	return r
+}
+
+func (r rootNode) Flag(p any, name string, value FlagDefiner, usage string) Command {
+	r.node.Flag(p, name, value, usage)
+	return r
+}

flake.nix

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
       buildPackage = forAllSystems (
         system:
         nixpkgsFor.${system}.callPackage (
-          import ./bundle.nix {
+          import ./cmd/fpkg/build.nix {
             inherit
               nixpkgsFor
               system
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@
             ;
         in
         {
-          check-formatting =
-            runCommandLocal "check-formatting" { nativeBuildInputs = [ nixfmt-rfc-style ]; }
-              ''
+          formatting = runCommandLocal "check-formatting" { nativeBuildInputs = [ nixfmt-rfc-style ]; } ''
             cd ${./.}
 
             echo "running nixfmt..."
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@
             touch $out
           '';
 
-          check-lint =
+          lint =
             runCommandLocal "check-lint"
               {
                 nativeBuildInputs = [
@@ -88,10 +86,7 @@
                 touch $out
               '';
 
-          nixos-tests = callPackage ./test.nix {
-            inherit system self home-manager;
-            inherit (self.packages.${system}) fortify;
-          };
+          fortify = callPackage ./tests/fortify { inherit system self; };
         }
       );
 

fst/app.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// Package fst exports shared fortify types.
 package fst
 
 import (

fst/shared.go

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-// Package fst exports shared fortify types.
-package fst

system/op.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// Package system provides tools for safely interacting with the operating system.
 package system
 
 import (
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ const (
 	Process = Enablement(ELen + 1)
 )
 
+// Criteria specifies types of Op to revert.
 type Criteria struct {
 	*Enablements
 }
@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@ type Op interface {
 	String() string
 }
 
+// TypeString returns the string representation of a type stored as an [Enablement].
 func TypeString(e Enablement) string {
 	switch e {
 	case User:
@@ -64,6 +67,7 @@ func New(uid int) (sys *I) {
 	return
 }
 
+// An I provides indirect bulk operating system interaction. I must not be copied.
 type I struct {
 	uid int
 	ops []Op
@@ -91,6 +95,7 @@ func (sys *I) wrapErrSuffix(err error, a ...any) error {
 	return sys.wrapErr(err, append(a, err)...)
 }
 
+// Equal returns whether all [Op] instances held by v is identical to that of sys.
 func (sys *I) Equal(v *I) bool {
 	if v == nil || sys.uid != v.uid || len(sys.ops) != len(v.ops) {
 		return false
@@ -105,6 +110,8 @@ func (sys *I) Equal(v *I) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// Commit applies all [Op] held by [I] and reverts successful [Op] on first error encountered.
+// Commit must not be called more than once.
 func (sys *I) Commit(ctx context.Context) error {
 	sys.lock.Lock()
 	defer sys.lock.Unlock()
@@ -141,6 +148,7 @@ func (sys *I) Commit(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Revert reverts all [Op] meeting [Criteria] held by [I].
 func (sys *I) Revert(ec *Criteria) error {
 	sys.lock.Lock()
 	defer sys.lock.Unlock()

test.nix

@@ -1,401 +0,0 @@
-{
-  system,
-  self,
-  home-manager,
-  nixosTest,
-  fortify,
-}:
-
-nixosTest {
-  name = "fortify";
-
-  # adapted from nixos sway integration tests
-
-  # testScriptWithTypes:49: error: Cannot call function of unknown type
-  #           (machine.succeed if succeed else machine.execute)(
-  #           ^
-  # Found 1 error in 1 file (checked 1 source file)
-  skipTypeCheck = true;
-
-  nodes.machine =
-    {
-      lib,
-      pkgs,
-      config,
-      ...
-    }:
-    {
-      users.users = {
-        alice = {
-          isNormalUser = true;
-          description = "Alice Foobar";
-          password = "foobar";
-          uid = 1000;
-        };
-        untrusted = {
-          isNormalUser = true;
-          description = "Untrusted user";
-          password = "foobar";
-          uid = 1001;
-
-          # For deny unmapped uid test:
-          packages = [ config.environment.fortify.package ];
-        };
-      };
-
-      home-manager.users.alice.home.stateVersion = "24.11";
-
-      # Automatically login on tty1 as a normal user:
-      services.getty.autologinUser = "alice";
-
-      environment = {
-        systemPackages = with pkgs; [
-          # For glinfo and wayland-info:
-          mesa-demos
-          wayland-utils
-
-          # For D-Bus tests:
-          libnotify
-          mako
-
-          # For go tests:
-          self.packages.${system}.fhs
-        ];
-
-        variables = {
-          SWAYSOCK = "/tmp/sway-ipc.sock";
-          WLR_RENDERER = "pixman";
-        };
-
-        # To help with OCR:
-        etc."xdg/foot/foot.ini".text = lib.generators.toINI { } {
-          main = {
-            font = "inconsolata:size=14";
-          };
-          colors = rec {
-            foreground = "000000";
-            background = "ffffff";
-            regular2 = foreground;
-          };
-        };
-      };
-
-      fonts.packages = [ pkgs.inconsolata ];
-
-      # Automatically configure and start Sway when logging in on tty1:
-      programs.bash.loginShellInit = ''
-        if [ "$(tty)" = "/dev/tty1" ]; then
-          set -e
-
-          mkdir -p ~/.config/sway
-          (sed s/Mod4/Mod1/ /etc/sway/config &&
-          echo 'output * bg ${pkgs.nixos-artwork.wallpapers.simple-light-gray.gnomeFilePath} fill' &&
-          echo 'output Virtual-1 res 1680x1050') > ~/.config/sway/config
-
-          sway --validate
-          systemd-cat --identifier=sway sway && touch /tmp/sway-exit-ok
-        fi
-      '';
-
-      programs.sway.enable = true;
-
-      # For PulseAudio tests:
-      security.rtkit.enable = true;
-      services.pipewire = {
-        enable = true;
-        alsa.enable = true;
-        alsa.support32Bit = true;
-        pulse.enable = true;
-        jack.enable = true;
-      };
-
-      virtualisation.qemu.options = [
-        # Need to switch to a different GPU driver than the default one (-vga std) so that Sway can launch:
-        "-vga none -device virtio-gpu-pci"
-
-        # Increase Go test compiler performance:
-        "-smp 8"
-      ];
-
-      environment.fortify = {
-        enable = true;
-        package = fortify.overrideAttrs (previousAttrs: {
-          GOFLAGS = previousAttrs.GOFLAGS ++ [ "-race" ];
-
-          # fsu does not like cgo
-          disallowedReferences = previousAttrs.disallowedReferences ++ [ fortify ];
-          postInstall =
-            previousAttrs.postInstall
-            + ''
-              cp -a "${fortify}/libexec/fsu" "$out/libexec/fsu"
-              sed -i 's:${fortify}:${placeholder "out"}:' "$out/libexec/fsu"
-            '';
-        });
-        stateDir = "/var/lib/fortify";
-        users.alice = 0;
-
-        home-manager = _: _: { home.stateVersion = "23.05"; };
-
-        apps = [
-          {
-            name = "ne-foot";
-            verbose = true;
-            share = pkgs.foot;
-            packages = [ pkgs.foot ];
-            command = "foot";
-            capability = {
-              dbus = false;
-              pulse = false;
-            };
-          }
-          {
-            name = "pa-foot";
-            verbose = true;
-            share = pkgs.foot;
-            packages = [ pkgs.foot ];
-            command = "foot";
-            capability.dbus = false;
-          }
-          {
-            name = "x11-alacritty";
-            verbose = true;
-            share = pkgs.alacritty;
-            packages = [ pkgs.alacritty ];
-            command = "alacritty";
-            capability = {
-              wayland = false;
-              x11 = true;
-              dbus = false;
-              pulse = false;
-            };
-          }
-          {
-            name = "da-foot";
-            verbose = true;
-            insecureWayland = true;
-            share = pkgs.foot;
-            packages = [ pkgs.foot ];
-            command = "foot";
-            capability = {
-              dbus = false;
-              pulse = false;
-            };
-          }
-          {
-            name = "strace-failure";
-            verbose = true;
-            share = pkgs.strace;
-            command = "strace true";
-            capability = {
-              wayland = false;
-              x11 = false;
-              dbus = false;
-              pulse = false;
-            };
-          }
-        ];
-      };
-
-      imports = [
-        self.nixosModules.fortify
-        home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
-      ];
-    };
-
-  testScript = ''
-    import shlex
-    import json
-
-    q = shlex.quote
-    NODE_GROUPS = ["nodes", "floating_nodes"]
-
-
-    def swaymsg(command: str = "", succeed=True, type="command"):
-        assert command != "" or type != "command", "Must specify command or type"
-        shell = q(f"swaymsg -t {q(type)} -- {q(command)}")
-        with machine.nested(
-            f"sending swaymsg {shell!r}" + " (allowed to fail)" * (not succeed)
-        ):
-            ret = (machine.succeed if succeed else machine.execute)(
-                f"su - alice -c {shell}"
-            )
-
-        # execute also returns a status code, but disregard.
-        if not succeed:
-            _, ret = ret
-
-        if not succeed and not ret:
-            return None
-
-        parsed = json.loads(ret)
-        return parsed
-
-
-    def walk(tree):
-        yield tree
-        for group in NODE_GROUPS:
-          for node in tree.get(group, []):
-              yield from walk(node)
-
-
-    def wait_for_window(pattern):
-        def func(last_chance):
-            nodes = (node["name"] for node in walk(swaymsg(type="get_tree")))
-
-            if last_chance:
-                nodes = list(nodes)
-                machine.log(f"Last call! Current list of windows: {nodes}")
-
-            return any(pattern in name for name in nodes)
-
-        retry(func)
-
-
-    def collect_state_ui(name):
-        swaymsg(f"exec fortify ps > '/tmp/{name}.ps'")
-        machine.copy_from_vm(f"/tmp/{name}.ps", "")
-        swaymsg(f"exec fortify --json ps > '/tmp/{name}.json'")
-        machine.copy_from_vm(f"/tmp/{name}.json", "")
-        machine.screenshot(name)
-
-
-    def check_state(name, enablements):
-        instances = json.loads(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 fortify --json ps"))
-        if len(instances) != 1:
-            raise Exception(f"unexpected state length {len(instances)}")
-        instance = next(iter(instances.values()))
-
-        config = instance['config']
-
-        if len(config['command']) != 1 or not(config['command'][0].startswith("/nix/store/")) or not(config['command'][0].endswith(f"{name}-start")):
-            raise Exception(f"unexpected command {instance['config']['command']}")
-
-        if config['confinement']['enablements'] != enablements:
-            raise Exception(f"unexpected enablements {instance['config']['confinement']['enablements']}")
-
-
-    def fortify(command):
-        swaymsg(f"exec fortify {command}")
-
-    start_all()
-    machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
-
-    # Run fortify Go tests outside of nix build in the background:
-    machine.succeed("rm -rf /tmp/src && cp -a '${self.packages.${system}.fortify.src}' /tmp/src")
-    machine.succeed("fortify-fhs -c '(cd /tmp/src && go generate ./... && go test ./... && touch /tmp/success-gotest)' &> /tmp/gotest &")
-
-    # To check fortify's version:
-    print(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify version"))
-
-    # Wait for Sway to complete startup:
-    machine.wait_for_file("/run/user/1000/wayland-1")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/sway-ipc.sock")
-
-    # Deny unmapped uid:
-    denyOutput = machine.fail("sudo -u untrusted -i fortify run &>/dev/stdout")
-    print(denyOutput)
-    denyOutputVerbose = machine.fail("sudo -u untrusted -i fortify -v run &>/dev/stdout")
-    print(denyOutputVerbose)
-
-    # Verify PrintBaseError behaviour:
-    if denyOutput != "fsu: uid 1001 is not in the fsurc file\n":
-        raise Exception(f"unexpected deny output:\n{denyOutput}")
-    if denyOutputVerbose != "fsu: uid 1001 is not in the fsurc file\nfortify: *cannot obtain uid from fsu: permission denied\n":
-        raise Exception(f"unexpected deny verbose output:\n{denyOutputVerbose}")
-
-    # Start fortify permissive defaults outside Wayland session:
-    print(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify -v run -a 0 touch /tmp/success-bare"))
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-bare")
-
-    # Verify silent output permissive defaults:
-    output = machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify run -a 0 true &>/dev/stdout")
-    if output != "":
-        raise Exception(f"unexpected output\n{output}")
-
-    # Verify graceful failure on bad Wayland display name:
-    print(machine.fail("sudo -u alice -i fortify -v run --wayland true"))
-
-    # Start fortify permissive defaults within Wayland session:
-    fortify('-v run --wayland --dbus notify-send -a "NixOS Tests" "Test notification" "Notification from within sandbox." && touch /tmp/dbus-done')
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/dbus-done")
-    collect_state_ui("dbus_notify_exited")
-    machine.succeed("pkill -9 mako")
-
-    # Start app (foot) with Wayland enablement:
-    swaymsg("exec ne-foot")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a1@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("clear; wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-client\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/1/success-client")
-    collect_state_ui("foot_wayland")
-    check_state("ne-foot", 1)
-    # Verify acl on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
-    print(machine.succeed("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000001"))
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
-    # Verify acl cleanup on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
-    machine.wait_until_fails("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000001")
-
-    # Start app (foot) with Wayland enablement from a terminal:
-    swaymsg("exec foot $SHELL -c '(ne-foot) & sleep 1 && fortify show $(fortify ps --short) && touch /tmp/ps-show-ok && cat'")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a1@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("clear; wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-client-term\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/1/success-client-term")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/ps-show-ok")
-    collect_state_ui("foot_wayland_term")
-    check_state("ne-foot", 1)
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    wait_for_window("foot")
-    machine.send_key("ctrl-c")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
-
-    # Test PulseAudio (fortify does not support PipeWire yet):
-    swaymsg("exec pa-foot")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a2@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("clear; pactl info && touch /tmp/success-pulse\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/2/success-pulse")
-    collect_state_ui("pulse_wayland")
-    check_state("pa-foot", 9)
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
-
-    # Test XWayland (foot does not support X):
-    swaymsg("exec x11-alacritty")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a3@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("clear; glinfo && touch /tmp/success-client-x11\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/3/success-client-x11")
-    collect_state_ui("alacritty_x11")
-    check_state("x11-alacritty", 2)
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep alacritty")
-
-    # Start app (foot) with direct Wayland access:
-    swaymsg("exec da-foot")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a4@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("clear; wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-direct\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/4/success-direct")
-    collect_state_ui("foot_direct")
-    check_state("da-foot", 1)
-    # Verify acl on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
-    print(machine.succeed("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000004"))
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
-    # Verify acl cleanup on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
-    machine.wait_until_fails("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000004")
-
-    # Test syscall filter:
-    print(machine.fail("sudo -u alice -i XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 strace-failure"))
-
-    # Exit Sway and verify process exit status 0:
-    swaymsg("exit", succeed=False)
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep -x sway")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/sway-exit-ok")
-
-    # Print fortify runDir contents:
-    print(machine.succeed("find /run/user/1000/fortify"))
-
-    # Verify go test status:
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/gotest")
-    print(machine.succeed("cat /tmp/gotest"))
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/success-gotest")
-  '';
-}

tests/fortify/configuration.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+{
+  lib,
+  pkgs,
+  config,
+  ...
+}:
+{
+  users.users = {
+    alice = {
+      isNormalUser = true;
+      description = "Alice Foobar";
+      password = "foobar";
+      uid = 1000;
+    };
+    untrusted = {
+      isNormalUser = true;
+      description = "Untrusted user";
+      password = "foobar";
+      uid = 1001;
+
+      # For deny unmapped uid test:
+      packages = [ config.environment.fortify.package ];
+    };
+  };
+
+  home-manager.users.alice.home.stateVersion = "24.11";
+
+  # Automatically login on tty1 as a normal user:
+  services.getty.autologinUser = "alice";
+
+  environment = {
+    systemPackages = with pkgs; [
+      # For glinfo and wayland-info:
+      mesa-demos
+      wayland-utils
+
+      # For D-Bus tests:
+      libnotify
+      mako
+    ];
+
+    variables = {
+      SWAYSOCK = "/tmp/sway-ipc.sock";
+      WLR_RENDERER = "pixman";
+    };
+
+    # To help with OCR:
+    etc."xdg/foot/foot.ini".text = lib.generators.toINI { } {
+      main = {
+        font = "inconsolata:size=14";
+      };
+      colors = rec {
+        foreground = "000000";
+        background = "ffffff";
+        regular2 = foreground;
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  fonts.packages = [ pkgs.inconsolata ];
+
+  # Automatically configure and start Sway when logging in on tty1:
+  programs.bash.loginShellInit = ''
+    if [ "$(tty)" = "/dev/tty1" ]; then
+      set -e
+
+      mkdir -p ~/.config/sway
+      (sed s/Mod4/Mod1/ /etc/sway/config &&
+      echo 'output * bg ${pkgs.nixos-artwork.wallpapers.simple-light-gray.gnomeFilePath} fill' &&
+      echo 'output Virtual-1 res 1680x1050') > ~/.config/sway/config
+
+      sway --validate
+      systemd-cat --identifier=sway sway && touch /tmp/sway-exit-ok
+    fi
+  '';
+
+  programs.sway.enable = true;
+
+  # For PulseAudio tests:
+  security.rtkit.enable = true;
+  services.pipewire = {
+    enable = true;
+    alsa.enable = true;
+    alsa.support32Bit = true;
+    pulse.enable = true;
+    jack.enable = true;
+  };
+
+  virtualisation.qemu.options = [
+    # Need to switch to a different GPU driver than the default one (-vga std) so that Sway can launch:
+    "-vga none -device virtio-gpu-pci"
+
+    # Increase Go test compiler performance:
+    "-smp 8"
+  ];
+
+  environment.fortify = {
+    enable = true;
+    stateDir = "/var/lib/fortify";
+    users.alice = 0;
+
+    home-manager = _: _: { home.stateVersion = "23.05"; };
+
+    apps = [
+      {
+        name = "ne-foot";
+        verbose = true;
+        share = pkgs.foot;
+        packages = [ pkgs.foot ];
+        command = "foot";
+        capability = {
+          dbus = false;
+          pulse = false;
+        };
+      }
+      {
+        name = "pa-foot";
+        verbose = true;
+        share = pkgs.foot;
+        packages = [ pkgs.foot ];
+        command = "foot";
+        capability.dbus = false;
+      }
+      {
+        name = "x11-alacritty";
+        verbose = true;
+        share = pkgs.alacritty;
+        packages = [ pkgs.alacritty ];
+        command = "alacritty";
+        capability = {
+          wayland = false;
+          x11 = true;
+          dbus = false;
+          pulse = false;
+        };
+      }
+      {
+        name = "da-foot";
+        verbose = true;
+        insecureWayland = true;
+        share = pkgs.foot;
+        packages = [ pkgs.foot ];
+        command = "foot";
+        capability = {
+          dbus = false;
+          pulse = false;
+        };
+      }
+      {
+        name = "strace-failure";
+        verbose = true;
+        share = pkgs.strace;
+        command = "strace true";
+        capability = {
+          wayland = false;
+          x11 = false;
+          dbus = false;
+          pulse = false;
+        };
+      }
+    ];
+  };
+}

tests/fortify/default.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+{
+  system,
+  self,
+  nixosTest,
+  writeShellScriptBin,
+}:
+
+nixosTest {
+  name = "fortify";
+  nodes.machine = {
+    environment.systemPackages = [
+      # For go tests:
+      self.packages.${system}.fhs
+      (writeShellScriptBin "fortify-src" "echo -n ${self.packages.${system}.fortify.src}")
+    ];
+
+    # Run with Go race detector:
+    environment.fortify.package =
+      let
+        inherit (self.packages.${system}) fortify;
+      in
+      fortify.overrideAttrs (previousAttrs: {
+        GOFLAGS = previousAttrs.GOFLAGS ++ [ "-race" ];
+
+        # fsu does not like cgo
+        disallowedReferences = previousAttrs.disallowedReferences ++ [ fortify ];
+        postInstall =
+          previousAttrs.postInstall
+          + ''
+            cp -a "${fortify}/libexec/fsu" "$out/libexec/fsu"
+            sed -i 's:${fortify}:${placeholder "out"}:' "$out/libexec/fsu"
+          '';
+      });
+
+    imports = [
+      ./configuration.nix
+
+      self.nixosModules.fortify
+      self.inputs.home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
+    ];
+  };
+
+  # adapted from nixos sway integration tests
+
+  # testScriptWithTypes:49: error: Cannot call function of unknown type
+  #           (machine.succeed if succeed else machine.execute)(
+  #           ^
+  # Found 1 error in 1 file (checked 1 source file)
+  skipTypeCheck = true;
+  testScript = builtins.readFile ./test.py;
+}

tests/fortify/test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import json
+import shlex
+
+q = shlex.quote
+NODE_GROUPS = ["nodes", "floating_nodes"]
+
+
+def swaymsg(command: str = "", succeed=True, type="command"):
+    assert command != "" or type != "command", "Must specify command or type"
+    shell = q(f"swaymsg -t {q(type)} -- {q(command)}")
+    with machine.nested(
+            f"sending swaymsg {shell!r}" + " (allowed to fail)" * (not succeed)
+    ):
+        ret = (machine.succeed if succeed else machine.execute)(
+            f"su - alice -c {shell}"
+        )
+
+    # execute also returns a status code, but disregard.
+    if not succeed:
+        _, ret = ret
+
+    if not succeed and not ret:
+        return None
+
+    parsed = json.loads(ret)
+    return parsed
+
+
+def walk(tree):
+    yield tree
+    for group in NODE_GROUPS:
+        for node in tree.get(group, []):
+            yield from walk(node)
+
+
+def wait_for_window(pattern):
+    def func(last_chance):
+        nodes = (node["name"] for node in walk(swaymsg(type="get_tree")))
+
+        if last_chance:
+            nodes = list(nodes)
+            machine.log(f"Last call! Current list of windows: {nodes}")
+
+        return any(pattern in name for name in nodes)
+
+    retry(func)
+
+
+def collect_state_ui(name):
+    swaymsg(f"exec fortify ps > '/tmp/{name}.ps'")
+    machine.copy_from_vm(f"/tmp/{name}.ps", "")
+    swaymsg(f"exec fortify --json ps > '/tmp/{name}.json'")
+    machine.copy_from_vm(f"/tmp/{name}.json", "")
+    machine.screenshot(name)
+
+
+def check_state(name, enablements):
+    instances = json.loads(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 fortify --json ps"))
+    if len(instances) != 1:
+        raise Exception(f"unexpected state length {len(instances)}")
+    instance = next(iter(instances.values()))
+
+    config = instance['config']
+
+    if len(config['command']) != 1 or not (config['command'][0].startswith("/nix/store/")) or not (
+            config['command'][0].endswith(f"{name}-start")):
+        raise Exception(f"unexpected command {instance['config']['command']}")
+
+    if config['confinement']['enablements'] != enablements:
+        raise Exception(f"unexpected enablements {instance['config']['confinement']['enablements']}")
+
+
+def fortify(command):
+    swaymsg(f"exec fortify {command}")
+
+
+start_all()
+machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
+
+# Run fortify Go tests outside of nix build in the background:
+machine.succeed("rm -rf /tmp/src && cp -a \"$(fortify-src)\" /tmp/src")
+machine.succeed(
+    "fortify-fhs -c '(cd /tmp/src && go generate ./... && go test ./... && touch /tmp/success-gotest)' &> /tmp/gotest &")
+
+# To check fortify's version:
+print(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify version"))
+
+# Wait for Sway to complete startup:
+machine.wait_for_file("/run/user/1000/wayland-1")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/sway-ipc.sock")
+
+# Deny unmapped uid:
+denyOutput = machine.fail("sudo -u untrusted -i fortify run &>/dev/stdout")
+print(denyOutput)
+denyOutputVerbose = machine.fail("sudo -u untrusted -i fortify -v run &>/dev/stdout")
+print(denyOutputVerbose)
+
+# Verify PrintBaseError behaviour:
+if denyOutput != "fsu: uid 1001 is not in the fsurc file\n":
+    raise Exception(f"unexpected deny output:\n{denyOutput}")
+if denyOutputVerbose != "fsu: uid 1001 is not in the fsurc file\nfortify: *cannot obtain uid from fsu: permission denied\n":
+    raise Exception(f"unexpected deny verbose output:\n{denyOutputVerbose}")
+
+# Start fortify permissive defaults outside Wayland session:
+print(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify -v run -a 0 touch /tmp/success-bare"))
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-bare")
+
+# Verify silent output permissive defaults:
+output = machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify run -a 0 true &>/dev/stdout")
+if output != "":
+    raise Exception(f"unexpected output\n{output}")
+
+# Verify graceful failure on bad Wayland display name:
+print(machine.fail("sudo -u alice -i fortify -v run --wayland true"))
+
+# Start fortify permissive defaults within Wayland session:
+fortify(
+    '-v run --wayland --dbus notify-send -a "NixOS Tests" "Test notification" "Notification from within sandbox." && touch /tmp/dbus-done')
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/dbus-done")
+collect_state_ui("dbus_notify_exited")
+machine.succeed("pkill -9 mako")
+
+# Start app (foot) with Wayland enablement:
+swaymsg("exec ne-foot")
+wait_for_window("u0_a1@machine")
+machine.send_chars("clear; wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-client\n")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/1/success-client")
+collect_state_ui("foot_wayland")
+check_state("ne-foot", 1)
+# Verify acl on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
+print(machine.succeed("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000001"))
+machine.send_chars("exit\n")
+machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
+# Verify acl cleanup on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
+machine.wait_until_fails("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000001")
+
+# Start app (foot) with Wayland enablement from a terminal:
+swaymsg(
+    "exec foot $SHELL -c '(ne-foot) & sleep 1 && fortify show $(fortify ps --short) && touch /tmp/ps-show-ok && cat'")
+wait_for_window("u0_a1@machine")
+machine.send_chars("clear; wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-client-term\n")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/1/success-client-term")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/ps-show-ok")
+collect_state_ui("foot_wayland_term")
+check_state("ne-foot", 1)
+machine.send_chars("exit\n")
+wait_for_window("foot")
+machine.send_key("ctrl-c")
+machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
+
+# Test PulseAudio (fortify does not support PipeWire yet):
+swaymsg("exec pa-foot")
+wait_for_window("u0_a2@machine")
+machine.send_chars("clear; pactl info && touch /tmp/success-pulse\n")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/2/success-pulse")
+collect_state_ui("pulse_wayland")
+check_state("pa-foot", 9)
+machine.send_chars("exit\n")
+machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
+
+# Test XWayland (foot does not support X):
+swaymsg("exec x11-alacritty")
+wait_for_window("u0_a3@machine")
+machine.send_chars("clear; glinfo && touch /tmp/success-client-x11\n")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/3/success-client-x11")
+collect_state_ui("alacritty_x11")
+check_state("x11-alacritty", 2)
+machine.send_chars("exit\n")
+machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep alacritty")
+
+# Start app (foot) with direct Wayland access:
+swaymsg("exec da-foot")
+wait_for_window("u0_a4@machine")
+machine.send_chars("clear; wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-direct\n")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/4/success-direct")
+collect_state_ui("foot_direct")
+check_state("da-foot", 1)
+# Verify acl on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
+print(machine.succeed("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000004"))
+machine.send_chars("exit\n")
+machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
+# Verify acl cleanup on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
+machine.wait_until_fails("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000004")
+
+# Test syscall filter:
+print(machine.fail("sudo -u alice -i XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 strace-failure"))
+
+# Exit Sway and verify process exit status 0:
+swaymsg("exit", succeed=False)
+machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep -x sway")
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/sway-exit-ok")
+
+# Print fortify runDir contents:
+print(machine.succeed("find /run/user/1000/fortify"))
+
+# Verify go test status:
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/gotest")
+print(machine.succeed("cat /tmp/gotest"))
+machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/success-gotest")