103 changed files with 2626 additions and 5093 deletions
--- a/.gitea/workflows/nix.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/nix.yml
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-name: Nix
-
-on:
-  - push
-  - pull_request
-
-jobs:
-  tests:
-    name: NixOS tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
-
-      - name: Install Nix
-        uses: cachix/install-nix-action@08dcb3a5e62fa31e2da3d490afc4176ef55ecd72 # v30
-        with:
-          # explicitly enable sandbox
-          install_options: --daemon
-          extra_nix_config: |
-            sandbox = true
-            system-features = nixos-test benchmark big-parallel kvm
-          enable_kvm: true
-
-      - name: Ensure environment
-        run: >-
-          apt-get update && apt-get install -y sqlite3
-        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-
-      - name: Restore Nix store
-        uses: nix-community/cache-nix-action@v5
-        with:
-          primary-key: nix-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('**/*.nix') }}
-          restore-prefixes-first-match: nix-${{ runner.os }}-
-
-      - name: Run tests
-        run: |
-          nix --print-build-logs --experimental-features 'nix-command flakes' flake check --all-systems
-          nix build --out-link "result" --print-out-paths --print-build-logs .#checks.x86_64-linux.nixos-tests
-
-      - name: Upload test output
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: "result"
-          path: result/*
-          retention-days: 1
--- a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Create distribution
+name: release

 on:
  push:
@ -7,26 +7,8 @@ on:

 jobs:
  release:
-    name: Release
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container:
-      image: node:16-bookworm-slim
    steps:
-      - name: Get dependencies
-        run: >-
-          echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/backports.list &&
-          apt-get update &&
-          apt-get install -y
-          acl
-          git
-          gcc
-          pkg-config
-          libwayland-dev
-          wayland-protocols/bookworm-backports
-          libxcb1-dev
-          libacl1-dev
-        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
@ -37,17 +19,30 @@ jobs:
        with:
          go-version: '>=1.23.0'

-      - name: Go generate
+      - name: Get dependencies
        run: >-
-          go generate ./...
+          apt-get update &&
+          apt-get install -y
+          gcc
+          pkg-config
+          libacl1-dev
+        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}

-      - name: Build for release
-        run: FORTIFY_VERSION='${{ github.ref_name }}' ./dist/release.sh
+      - name: Build for Linux
+        run: >-
+          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
+          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify'
+          -o bin/ ./... &&
+          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)

      - name: Release
        id: use-go-action
        uses: https://gitea.com/actions/release-action@main
        with:
          files: |-
-            dist/fortify-**
+            bin/**
          api_key: '${{secrets.RELEASE_TOKEN}}'
--- a/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/test.yml
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Tests
+name: test

 on:
  - push
@ -6,29 +6,8 @@ on:

 jobs:
  test:
-    name: Go tests
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container:
-      image: node:16-bookworm-slim
    steps:
-      - name: Enable backports
-        run: >-
-          echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/backports.list
-        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-
-      - name: Ensure environment
-        run: >-
-          apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl wget sudo libxml2
-        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-
-      - name: Get dependencies
-        uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@latest
-        with:
-          packages: acl git gcc pkg-config libwayland-dev wayland-protocols/bookworm-backports libxcb1-dev libacl1-dev
-          version: 1.0
-          #execute_install_scripts: true
-        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
@ -39,24 +18,26 @@ jobs:
        with:
          go-version: '>=1.23.0'

-      - name: Go generate
+      - name: Get dependencies
        run: >-
-          go generate ./...
+          apt-get update &&
+          apt-get install -y
+          gcc
+          pkg-config
+          libacl1-dev
+        if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}

      - name: Run tests
        run: >-
          go test ./...

-      - name: Build for test
-        id: build-test
+      - name: Build for Linux
        run: >-
-          FORTIFY_VERSION="$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"
-          bash -c './dist/release.sh &&
-          echo "rev=$FORTIFY_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT'
-
-      - name: Upload test build
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: "fortify-${{ steps.build-test.outputs.rev }}"
-          path: dist/fortify-*
-          retention-days: 1
+          go build -v -ldflags '-s -w
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Version=${{ github.ref_name }}
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim
+          -X git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
+          -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify'
+          -o bin/ ./... &&
+          (cd bin && sha512sum --tag -b * > sha512sums)
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -23,9 +23,3 @@ go.work.sum
 .env
 .idea
 .vscode
-
-# go generate
-security-context-v1-protocol.*
-
-# release
-/dist/fortify-*
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 Fortify
 =======

-[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify)
-[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify)](https://goreportcard.com/report/git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify)
+[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify)

 Lets you run graphical applications as another user in a confined environment with a nice NixOS
 module to configure target users and provide launchers and desktop files for your privileged user.
@ -15,17 +14,24 @@ Why would you want this?

 - It provides UID isolation on top of the standard application sandbox.

+There are a few different things to set up for this to work:
+
+- A set of users, each for a group of applications that should be allowed access to each other
+
+- A tool to switch users, currently sudo and machinectl are supported.
+
+- If you are running NixOS, the module in this repository can take care of launchers and desktop files in the privileged
+  user's environment, as well as packages and extra home-manager configuration for target users.
+
 If you have a flakes-enabled nix environment, you can try out the tool by running:

 ```shell
-nix run git+https://git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify -- help
+nix run git+https://git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify -- -h
 ```

 ## Module usage

-The NixOS module currently requires home-manager to function correctly.
-
-Full module documentation can be found [here](options.md).
+The NixOS module currently requires home-manager and impermanence to function correctly.

 To use the module, import it into your configuration with

@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ To use the module, import it into your configuration with
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.05";

    fortify = {
-      url = "git+https://git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify";
+      url = "git+https://git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify";

      # Optional but recommended to limit the size of your system closure.
      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
@ -62,21 +68,21 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
 {
  environment.fortify = {
    enable = true;
-    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify";
-    users = {
-      alice = 0;
-      nixos = 10;
+    user = "nixos";
+    stateDir = "/var/lib/persist/module";
+    target = {
+      chronos = {
+        launchers = {
+          weechat.method = "sudo";
+          claws-mail.capability.pulse = false;
+
+          discord = {
+            command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
+            share = pkgs.vesktop;
          };

-    apps = [
-      {
-        name = "chromium";
-        id = "org.chromium.Chromium";
-        packages = [ pkgs.chromium ];
-        userns = true;
-        mapRealUid = true;
-        dbus = {
-          system = {
+          chromium.dbus = {
+            configSystem = {
              filter = true;
              talk = [
                "org.bluez"
@ -84,10 +90,10 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
                "org.freedesktop.UPower"
              ];
            };
-          session =
-            f:
-            f {
+            config = {
+              filter = true;
              talk = [
+                "org.freedesktop.DBus"
                "org.freedesktop.FileManager1"
                "org.freedesktop.Notifications"
                "org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver"
@ -100,63 +106,74 @@ This adds the `environment.fortify` option:
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*"
                "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*"
              ];
-              call = { };
-              broadcast = { };
+              call = {
+                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "*";
+              };
+              broadcast = {
+                "org.freedesktop.portal.*" = "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*";
              };
            };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "claws-mail";
-        id = "org.claws_mail.Claws-Mail";
-        packages = [ pkgs.claws-mail ];
-        gpu = false;
-        capability.pulse = false;
-      }
-      {
-        name = "weechat";
-        packages = [ pkgs.weechat ];
-        capability = {
-          wayland = false;
-          x11 = false;
-          dbus = true;
-          pulse = false;
          };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "discord";
-        id = "dev.vencord.Vesktop";
-        packages = [ pkgs.vesktop ];
-        share = pkgs.vesktop;
-        command = "vesktop --ozone-platform-hint=wayland";
-        userns = true;
-        mapRealUid = true;
-        capability.x11 = true;
-        dbus = {
-          session =
-            f:
-            f {
-              talk = [ "org.kde.StatusNotifierWatcher" ];
-              own = [ ];
-              call = { };
-              broadcast = { };
        };
-          system.filter = true;
-        };
-      }
-      {
-        name = "looking-glass-client";
-        groups = [ "plugdev" ];
-        extraPaths = [
-          {
-            src = "/dev/shm/looking-glass";
-            write = true;
-          }
+        packages = with pkgs; [
+          weechat
+          claws-mail
+          vesktop
+          chromium
+        ];
+        persistence.directories = [
+          ".config/weechat"
+          ".claws-mail"
+          ".config/vesktop"
        ];
        extraConfig = {
          programs.looking-glass-client.enable = true;
        };
-      }
-    ];
+      };
+    };
  };
 }
 ```
+
+* `enable` determines whether the module should be enabled or not. Useful when sharing configurations between graphical
+  and headless systems. Defaults to `false`.
+
+* `user` specifies the privileged user with access to fortified applications.
+
+* `stateDir` is the path to your persistent storage location. It is directly passed through to the impermanence module.
+
+* `target` is an attribute set of submodules, where the attribute name is the username of the unprivileged target user.
+
+  The available options are:
+
+    * `packages`, the list of packages to make available in the target user's environment.
+
+    * `persistence`, user persistence attribute set passed to impermanence.
+
+    * `extraConfig`, extra home-manager configuration for the target user.
+
+    * `launchers`, attribute set where the attribute name is the name of the launcher.
+
+      The available options are:
+
+        * `command`, the command to run as the target user. Defaults to launcher name.
+
+        * `dbus.config`, D-Bus proxy custom configuration.
+
+        * `dbus.configSystem`, D-Bus system bus custom configuration, null to disable.
+
+        * `dbus.id`, D-Bus application id, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
+
+        * `dbus.mpris`, whether to enable MPRIS defaults, has no effect if `dbus.config` is set.
+
+        * `capability.wayland`, whether to share the Wayland socket.
+
+        * `capability.x11`, whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+
+        * `capability.dbus`, whether to proxy D-Bus.
+
+        * `capability.pulse`, whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+
+        * `share`, package containing desktop/icon files. Defaults to launcher name.
+
+        * `method`, the launch method for the sandboxed program, can be `"fortify"`, `"fortify-sudo"`, `"sudo"`.
--- a/acl/acl.go
+++ b/acl/acl.go
@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// Package acl implements simple ACL manipulation via libacl.
-package acl
-
-type Perms []Perm
-
-func (ps Perms) String() string {
-	var s = []byte("---")
-	for _, p := range ps {
-		switch p {
-		case Read:
-			s[0] = 'r'
-		case Write:
-			s[1] = 'w'
-		case Execute:
-			s[2] = 'x'
-		}
-	}
-	return string(s)
-}
--- a/acl/acl_getfacl_test.go
+++ b/acl/acl_getfacl_test.go
@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-package acl_test
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"os/exec"
-	"strconv"
-)
-
-type (
-	getFAclInvocation struct {
-		cmd *exec.Cmd
-		val []*getFAclResp
-		pe  []error
-	}
-
-	getFAclResp struct {
-		typ  fAclType
-		cred int32
-		val  fAclPerm
-
-		raw []byte
-	}
-
-	fAclPerm uintptr
-	fAclType uint8
-)
-
-const fAclBufSize = 16
-
-const (
-	fAclPermRead fAclPerm = 1 << iota
-	fAclPermWrite
-	fAclPermExecute
-)
-
-const (
-	fAclTypeUser fAclType = iota
-	fAclTypeGroup
-	fAclTypeMask
-	fAclTypeOther
-)
-
-func (c *getFAclInvocation) run(name string) error {
-	if c.cmd != nil {
-		panic("attempted to run twice")
-	}
-
-	c.cmd = exec.Command("getfacl", "--omit-header", "--absolute-names", "--numeric", name)
-
-	scanErr := make(chan error, 1)
-	if p, err := c.cmd.StdoutPipe(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else {
-		go c.parse(p, scanErr)
-	}
-
-	if err := c.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return errors.Join(<-scanErr, c.cmd.Wait())
-}
-
-func (c *getFAclInvocation) parse(pipe io.Reader, scanErr chan error) {
-	c.val = make([]*getFAclResp, 0, 4+fAclBufSize)
-
-	s := bufio.NewScanner(pipe)
-	for s.Scan() {
-		fields := bytes.SplitN(s.Bytes(), []byte{':'}, 3)
-		if len(fields) != 3 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		resp := getFAclResp{}
-
-		switch string(fields[0]) {
-		case "user":
-			resp.typ = fAclTypeUser
-		case "group":
-			resp.typ = fAclTypeGroup
-		case "mask":
-			resp.typ = fAclTypeMask
-		case "other":
-			resp.typ = fAclTypeOther
-		default:
-			c.pe = append(c.pe, fmt.Errorf("unknown type %s", string(fields[0])))
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if len(fields[1]) == 0 {
-			resp.cred = -1
-		} else {
-			if cred, err := strconv.Atoi(string(fields[1])); err != nil {
-				c.pe = append(c.pe, err)
-				continue
-			} else {
-				resp.cred = int32(cred)
-				if resp.cred < 0 {
-					c.pe = append(c.pe, fmt.Errorf("credential %d out of range", resp.cred))
-					continue
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		if len(fields[2]) != 3 {
-			c.pe = append(c.pe, fmt.Errorf("invalid perm length %d", len(fields[2])))
-			continue
-		} else {
-			switch fields[2][0] {
-			case 'r':
-				resp.val |= fAclPermRead
-			case '-':
-			default:
-				c.pe = append(c.pe, fmt.Errorf("invalid perm %v", fields[2][0]))
-				continue
-			}
-			switch fields[2][1] {
-			case 'w':
-				resp.val |= fAclPermWrite
-			case '-':
-			default:
-				c.pe = append(c.pe, fmt.Errorf("invalid perm %v", fields[2][1]))
-				continue
-			}
-			switch fields[2][2] {
-			case 'x':
-				resp.val |= fAclPermExecute
-			case '-':
-			default:
-				c.pe = append(c.pe, fmt.Errorf("invalid perm %v", fields[2][2]))
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-
-		resp.raw = make([]byte, len(s.Bytes()))
-		copy(resp.raw, s.Bytes())
-		c.val = append(c.val, &resp)
-	}
-	scanErr <- s.Err()
-}
-
-func (r *getFAclResp) String() string {
-	if r.raw != nil && len(r.raw) > 0 {
-		return string(r.raw)
-	}
-
-	return "(user-initialised resp value)"
-}
-
-func (r *getFAclResp) equals(typ fAclType, cred int32, val fAclPerm) bool {
-	return r.typ == typ && r.cred == cred && r.val == val
-}
--- a/acl/acl_test.go
+++ b/acl/acl_test.go
@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-package acl_test
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-)
-
-const testFileName = "acl.test"
-
-var (
-	uid  = os.Geteuid()
-	cred = int32(os.Geteuid())
-)
-
-func TestUpdatePerm(t *testing.T) {
-	if os.Getenv("GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL") == "1" {
-		t.Log("acl test skipped")
-		t.SkipNow()
-	}
-
-	testFilePath := path.Join(t.TempDir(), testFileName)
-
-	if f, err := os.Create(testFilePath); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Create: error = %v", err)
-	} else {
-		if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := os.Remove(testFilePath); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Remove: error = %v", err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	cur := getfacl(t, testFilePath)
-
-	t.Run("default entry count", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if len(cur) != 3 {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected test file acl length %d", len(cur))
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("default clear mask", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if err := acl.UpdatePerm(testFilePath, uid); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: error = %v", err)
-		}
-		if cur = getfacl(t, testFilePath); len(cur) != 4 {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: %v", cur)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("default clear consistency", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if err := acl.UpdatePerm(testFilePath, uid); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: error = %v", err)
-		}
-		if val := getfacl(t, testFilePath); !reflect.DeepEqual(val, cur) {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: %v, want %v", val, cur)
-		}
-	})
-
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "r--", cur, fAclPermRead, acl.Read)
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "-w-", cur, fAclPermWrite, acl.Write)
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "--x", cur, fAclPermExecute, acl.Execute)
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "-wx", cur, fAclPermWrite|fAclPermExecute, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "r-x", cur, fAclPermRead|fAclPermExecute, acl.Read, acl.Execute)
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "rw-", cur, fAclPermRead|fAclPermWrite, acl.Read, acl.Write)
-	testUpdate(t, testFilePath, "rwx", cur, fAclPermRead|fAclPermWrite|fAclPermExecute, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
-}
-
-func testUpdate(t *testing.T, testFilePath, name string, cur []*getFAclResp, val fAclPerm, perms ...acl.Perm) {
-	t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Cleanup(func() {
-			if err := acl.UpdatePerm(testFilePath, uid); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: error = %v", err)
-			}
-			if v := getfacl(t, testFilePath); !reflect.DeepEqual(v, cur) {
-				t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: %v, want %v", v, cur)
-			}
-		})
-
-		if err := acl.UpdatePerm(testFilePath, uid, perms...); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm: error = %v", err)
-		}
-		r := respByCred(getfacl(t, testFilePath), fAclTypeUser, cred)
-		if r == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm did not add an ACL entry")
-		}
-		if !r.equals(fAclTypeUser, cred, val) {
-			t.Fatalf("UpdatePerm(%s) = %s", name, r)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func getfacl(t *testing.T, name string) []*getFAclResp {
-	c := new(getFAclInvocation)
-	if err := c.run(name); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("getfacl: error = %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(c.pe) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("errors encountered parsing getfacl output\n%s", errors.Join(c.pe...).Error())
-	}
-	return c.val
-}
-
-func respByCred(v []*getFAclResp, typ fAclType, cred int32) *getFAclResp {
-	j := -1
-	for i, r := range v {
-		if r.typ == typ && r.cred == cred {
-			if j != -1 {
-				panic("invalid acl")
-			}
-			j = i
-		}
-	}
-	if j == -1 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return v[j]
-}
--- a/acl/c.go
+++ b/acl/c.go
@ -1,95 +1,50 @@
 package acl

-import "C"
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"runtime"
+	"fmt"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
 )

-/*
-#cgo linux pkg-config: libacl
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/acl.h>
-#include <acl/libacl.h>
-
-static acl_t _go_acl_get_file(const char *path_p, acl_type_t type) {
-	acl_t acl = acl_get_file(path_p, type);
-	free((void *)path_p);
-	return acl;
-}
-
-static int _go_acl_set_file(const char *path_p, acl_type_t type, acl_t acl) {
-	if (acl_valid(acl) != 0) {
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	int ret = acl_set_file(path_p, type, acl);
-	free((void *)path_p);
-	return ret;
-}
-*/
+//#include <stdlib.h>
+//#include <sys/acl.h>
+//#include <acl/libacl.h>
+//#cgo linux LDFLAGS: -lacl
 import "C"

-func getFile(name string, t C.acl_type_t) (*ACL, error) {
-	a, err := C._go_acl_get_file(C.CString(name), t)
+type acl struct {
+	val   C.acl_t
+	freed bool
+}
+
+func aclGetFile(path string, t C.acl_type_t) (*acl, error) {
+	p := C.CString(path)
+	a, err := C.acl_get_file(p, t)
+	C.free(unsafe.Pointer(p))
+
 	if errors.Is(err, syscall.ENODATA) {
 		err = nil
 	}
-
-	return newACL(a), err
+	return &acl{val: a, freed: false}, err
 }

-func (acl *ACL) setFile(name string, t C.acl_type_t) error {
-	_, err := C._go_acl_set_file(C.CString(name), t, acl.acl)
+func (a *acl) setFile(path string, t C.acl_type_t) error {
+	if C.acl_valid(a.val) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid acl")
+	}
+
+	p := C.CString(path)
+	_, err := C.acl_set_file(p, t, a.val)
+	C.free(unsafe.Pointer(p))
 	return err
 }

-func newACL(a C.acl_t) *ACL {
-	acl := &ACL{a}
-	runtime.SetFinalizer(acl, (*ACL).free)
-	return acl
-}
-
-type ACL struct {
-	acl C.acl_t
-}
-
-func (acl *ACL) free() {
-	C.acl_free(unsafe.Pointer(acl.acl))
-
-	// no need for a finalizer anymore
-	runtime.SetFinalizer(acl, nil)
-}
-
-const (
-	Read    = C.ACL_READ
-	Write   = C.ACL_WRITE
-	Execute = C.ACL_EXECUTE
-
-	TypeDefault = C.ACL_TYPE_DEFAULT
-	TypeAccess  = C.ACL_TYPE_ACCESS
-
-	UndefinedTag = C.ACL_UNDEFINED_TAG
-	UserObj      = C.ACL_USER_OBJ
-	User         = C.ACL_USER
-	GroupObj     = C.ACL_GROUP_OBJ
-	Group        = C.ACL_GROUP
-	Mask         = C.ACL_MASK
-	Other        = C.ACL_OTHER
-)
-
-type (
-	Perm C.acl_perm_t
-)
-
-func (acl *ACL) removeEntry(tt C.acl_tag_t, tq int) error {
+func (a *acl) removeEntry(tt C.acl_tag_t, tq int) error {
 	var e C.acl_entry_t

 	// get first entry
-	if r, err := C.acl_get_entry(acl.acl, C.ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &e); err != nil {
+	if r, err := C.acl_get_entry(a.val, C.ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &e); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if r == 0 {
 		// return on acl with no entries
@ -97,7 +52,7 @@ func (acl *ACL) removeEntry(tt C.acl_tag_t, tq int) error {
 	}

 	for {
-		if r, err := C.acl_get_entry(acl.acl, C.ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &e); err != nil {
+		if r, err := C.acl_get_entry(a.val, C.ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &e); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else if r == 0 {
 			// return on drained acl
@ -129,68 +84,16 @@ func (acl *ACL) removeEntry(tt C.acl_tag_t, tq int) error {

 		// delete on match
 		if t == tt && q == tq {
-			_, err := C.acl_delete_entry(acl.acl, e)
+			_, err := C.acl_delete_entry(a.val, e)
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 }

-func UpdatePerm(name string, uid int, perms ...Perm) error {
-	// read acl from file
-	a, err := getFile(name, TypeAccess)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+func (a *acl) free() {
+	if a.freed {
+		panic("acl already freed")
 	}
-	// free acl on return if get is successful
-	defer a.free()
-
-	// remove existing entry
-	if err = a.removeEntry(User, uid); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// create new entry if perms are passed
-	if len(perms) > 0 {
-		// create new acl entry
-		var e C.acl_entry_t
-		if _, err = C.acl_create_entry(&a.acl, &e); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		// get perm set of new entry
-		var p C.acl_permset_t
-		if _, err = C.acl_get_permset(e, &p); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		// add target perms
-		for _, perm := range perms {
-			if _, err = C.acl_add_perm(p, C.acl_perm_t(perm)); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		// set perm set to new entry
-		if _, err = C.acl_set_permset(e, p); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		// set user tag to new entry
-		if _, err = C.acl_set_tag_type(e, User); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		// set qualifier (uid) to new entry
-		if _, err = C.acl_set_qualifier(e, unsafe.Pointer(&uid)); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	// calculate mask after update
-	if _, err = C.acl_calc_mask(&a.acl); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// write acl to file
-	return a.setFile(name, TypeAccess)
+	C.acl_free(unsafe.Pointer(a.val))
+	a.freed = true
 }
--- a/acl/export.go
+++ b/acl/export.go
@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Package acl implements simple ACL manipulation via libacl.
+package acl
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+//#include <stdlib.h>
+//#include <sys/acl.h>
+//#include <acl/libacl.h>
+//#cgo linux LDFLAGS: -lacl
+import "C"
+
+const (
+	Read    = C.ACL_READ
+	Write   = C.ACL_WRITE
+	Execute = C.ACL_EXECUTE
+
+	TypeDefault = C.ACL_TYPE_DEFAULT
+	TypeAccess  = C.ACL_TYPE_ACCESS
+
+	UndefinedTag = C.ACL_UNDEFINED_TAG
+	UserObj      = C.ACL_USER_OBJ
+	User         = C.ACL_USER
+	GroupObj     = C.ACL_GROUP_OBJ
+	Group        = C.ACL_GROUP
+	Mask         = C.ACL_MASK
+	Other        = C.ACL_OTHER
+)
+
+type (
+	Perm  C.acl_perm_t
+	Perms []Perm
+)
+
+func (ps Perms) String() string {
+	var s = []byte("---")
+	for _, p := range ps {
+		switch p {
+		case Read:
+			s[0] = 'r'
+		case Write:
+			s[1] = 'w'
+		case Execute:
+			s[2] = 'x'
+		}
+	}
+	return string(s)
+}
+
+func UpdatePerm(path string, uid int, perms ...Perm) error {
+	// read acl from file
+	a, err := aclGetFile(path, TypeAccess)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// free acl on return if get is successful
+	defer a.free()
+
+	// remove existing entry
+	if err = a.removeEntry(User, uid); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// create new entry if perms are passed
+	if len(perms) > 0 {
+		// create new acl entry
+		var e C.acl_entry_t
+		if _, err = C.acl_create_entry(&a.val, &e); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// get perm set of new entry
+		var p C.acl_permset_t
+		if _, err = C.acl_get_permset(e, &p); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// add target perms
+		for _, perm := range perms {
+			if _, err = C.acl_add_perm(p, C.acl_perm_t(perm)); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// set perm set to new entry
+		if _, err = C.acl_set_permset(e, p); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// set user tag to new entry
+		if _, err = C.acl_set_tag_type(e, User); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// set qualifier (uid) to new entry
+		if _, err = C.acl_set_qualifier(e, unsafe.Pointer(&uid)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// calculate mask after update
+	if _, err = C.acl_calc_mask(&a.val); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// write acl to file
+	return a.setFile(path, TypeAccess)
+}
--- a/cmd/finit/ipc/payload.go
+++ b/cmd/finit/ipc/payload.go
@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ type Payload struct {
 	Argv0 string
 	// child full argv
 	Argv []string
+	// wayland fd, -1 to disable
+	WL int

 	// verbosity pass through
 	Verbose bool
--- a/cmd/finit/main.go
+++ b/cmd/finit/main.go
@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 package main

 import (
+	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path"
+	"strconv"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

-	init0 "git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/finit/ipc"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/proc"
+	init0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/finit/ipc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 const (
@ -47,24 +48,30 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	}

-	// receive setup payload
-	var (
-		payload    init0.Payload
-		closeSetup func() error
-	)
-	if f, err := proc.Receive(init0.Env, &payload); err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, proc.ErrInvalid) {
-			fmsg.Fatal("invalid config descriptor")
-		}
-		if errors.Is(err, proc.ErrNotSet) {
+	// setup pipe fd from environment
+	var setup *os.File
+	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(init0.Env); !ok {
 		fmsg.Fatal("FORTIFY_INIT not set")
+		panic("unreachable")
+	} else {
+		if fd, err := strconv.Atoi(s); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", s, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			setup = os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "setup")
+			if setup == nil {
+				fmsg.Fatal("invalid config descriptor")
+				panic("unreachable")
+			}
+		}
 	}

-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot decode init setup payload: %v", err)
+	var payload init0.Payload
+	if err := gob.NewDecoder(setup).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode init setup payload:", err)
 		panic("unreachable")
 	} else {
 		fmsg.SetVerbose(payload.Verbose)
-		closeSetup = f

 		// child does not need to see this
 		if err = os.Unsetenv(init0.Env); err != nil {
@ -85,13 +92,21 @@ func main() {
 	cmd.Args = payload.Argv
 	cmd.Env = os.Environ()

+	// pass wayland fd
+	if payload.WL != -1 {
+		if f := os.NewFile(uintptr(payload.WL), "wayland"); f != nil {
+			cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "WAYLAND_SOCKET="+strconv.Itoa(3+len(cmd.ExtraFiles)))
+			cmd.ExtraFiles = append(cmd.ExtraFiles, f)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start %q: %v", payload.Argv0, err)
 	}
-	fmsg.Suspend()
+	fmsg.Withhold()

 	// close setup pipe as setup is now complete
-	if err := closeSetup(); err != nil {
+	if err := setup.Close(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Println("cannot close setup pipe:", err)
 		// not fatal
 	}
--- a/cmd/fshim/ipc/payload.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/ipc/payload.go
@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 package shim0

 import (
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 const Env = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
@ -13,9 +18,25 @@ type Payload struct {
 	Exec [2]string
 	// bwrap config
 	Bwrap *bwrap.Config
-	// sync fd
-	Sync *uintptr
+	// whether to pass wayland fd
+	WL bool

 	// verbosity pass through
 	Verbose bool
 }
+
+func (p *Payload) Serve(conn *net.UnixConn, wl *Wayland) error {
+	if err := gob.NewEncoder(conn).Encode(*p); err != nil {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+			"cannot stream shim payload:")
+	}
+
+	if wl != nil {
+		if err := wl.WriteUnix(conn); err != nil {
+			return errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(conn.Close(),
+		"cannot close setup connection:")
+}
--- a/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim/shim.go
@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 package shim

 import (
-	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"os/signal"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

-	shim0 "git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/proc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	shim0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 const shimSetupTimeout = 5 * time.Second
@ -26,18 +24,24 @@ type Shim struct {
 	cmd *exec.Cmd
 	// uid of shim target user
 	uid uint32
-	// string representation of application id
-	aid string
-	// string representation of supplementary group ids
-	supp []string
-	// fallback exit notifier with error returned killing the process
-	killFallback chan error
+	// whether to check shim pid
+	checkPid bool
+	// user switcher executable path
+	executable string
+	// path to setup socket
+	socket string
+	// shim setup abort reason and completion
+	abort     chan error
+	abortErr  atomic.Pointer[error]
+	abortOnce sync.Once
+	// wayland mediation, nil if disabled
+	wl *shim0.Wayland
 	// shim setup payload
 	payload *shim0.Payload
 }

-func New(uid uint32, aid string, supp []string, payload *shim0.Payload) *Shim {
-	return &Shim{uid: uid, aid: aid, supp: supp, payload: payload}
+func New(executable string, uid uint32, socket string, wl *shim0.Wayland, payload *shim0.Payload, checkPid bool) *Shim {
+	return &Shim{uid: uid, executable: executable, socket: socket, wl: wl, payload: payload, checkPid: checkPid}
 }

 func (s *Shim) String() string {
@ -51,87 +55,169 @@ func (s *Shim) Unwrap() *exec.Cmd {
 	return s.cmd
 }

-func (s *Shim) WaitFallback() chan error {
-	return s.killFallback
+func (s *Shim) Abort(err error) {
+	s.abortOnce.Do(func() {
+		s.abortErr.Store(&err)
+		// s.abort is buffered so this will never block
+		s.abort <- err
+	})
 }

-func (s *Shim) Start() (*time.Time, error) {
-	// start user switcher process and save time
-	var fsu string
-	if p, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-		panic("unreachable")
-	} else {
-		fsu = p
+func (s *Shim) AbortWait(err error) {
+	s.Abort(err)
+	<-s.abort
 }
-	s.cmd = exec.Command(fsu)

-	var encoder *gob.Encoder
-	if fd, e, err := proc.Setup(&s.cmd.ExtraFiles); err != nil {
+type CommandBuilder func(shimEnv string) (args []string)
+
+func (s *Shim) Start(f CommandBuilder) (*time.Time, error) {
+	var (
+		cf     chan *net.UnixConn
+		accept func()
+	)
+
+	// listen on setup socket
+	if c, a, err := s.serve(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			"cannot create shim setup pipe:")
+			"cannot listen on shim setup socket:")
 	} else {
-		encoder = e
-		s.cmd.Env = []string{
-			shim0.Env + "=" + strconv.Itoa(fd),
-			"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + s.aid,
-		}
+		// accepts a connection after each call to accept
+		// connections are sent to the channel cf
+		cf, accept = c, a
 	}

-	if len(s.supp) > 0 {
-		fmsg.VPrintf("attaching supplementary group ids %s", s.supp)
-		s.cmd.Env = append(s.cmd.Env, "FORTIFY_GROUPS="+strings.Join(s.supp, " "))
-	}
+	// start user switcher process and save time
+	s.cmd = exec.Command(s.executable, f(shim0.Env+"="+s.socket)...)
+	s.cmd.Env = []string{}
 	s.cmd.Stdin, s.cmd.Stdout, s.cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 	s.cmd.Dir = "/"
-
-	// pass sync fd if set
-	if s.payload.Bwrap.Sync() != nil {
-		fd := proc.ExtraFile(s.cmd, s.payload.Bwrap.Sync())
-		s.payload.Sync = &fd
-	}
-
-	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via fsu:", s.cmd)
-	fmsg.Suspend() // withhold messages to stderr
+	fmsg.VPrintln("starting shim via user switcher:", s.cmd)
+	fmsg.Withhold() // withhold messages to stderr
 	if err := s.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			"cannot start fsu:")
+			"cannot start user switcher:")
 	}
 	startTime := time.Now().UTC()

 	// kill shim if something goes wrong and an error is returned
-	s.killFallback = make(chan error, 1)
 	killShim := func() {
 		if err := s.cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt); err != nil {
-			s.killFallback <- err
+			fmsg.Println("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup:", err)
 		}
 	}
 	defer func() { killShim() }()

-	// take alternative exit path on signal
-	sig := make(chan os.Signal, 2)
-	signal.Notify(sig, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	go func() {
-		v := <-sig
-		fmsg.Printf("got %s after program start", v)
-		s.killFallback <- nil
-		signal.Ignore(syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	}()
-
-	shimErr := make(chan error)
-	go func() { shimErr <- encoder.Encode(s.payload) }()
-
+	accept()
+	var conn *net.UnixConn
 	select {
-	case err := <-shimErr:
-		if err != nil {
-			return &startTime, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-				"cannot transmit shim config:")
+	case c := <-cf:
+		if c == nil {
+			return &startTime, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(*s.abortErr.Load(), "cannot accept call on setup socket:")
+		} else {
+			conn = c
 		}
-		killShim = func() {}
 	case <-time.After(shimSetupTimeout):
-		return &startTime, fmsg.WrapError(errors.New("timed out waiting for shim"),
-			"timed out waiting for shim")
+		err := fmsg.WrapError(errors.New("timed out waiting for shim"),
+			"timed out waiting for shim to connect")
+		s.AbortWait(err)
+		return &startTime, err
 	}

-	return &startTime, nil
+	// authenticate against called provided uid and shim pid
+	if cred, err := peerCred(conn); err != nil {
+		return &startTime, fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(*s.abortErr.Load(), "cannot retrieve shim credentials:")
+	} else if cred.Uid != s.uid {
+		fmsg.Printf("process %d owned by user %d tried to connect, expecting %d",
+			cred.Pid, cred.Uid, s.uid)
+		err = errors.New("compromised fortify build")
+		s.Abort(err)
+		return &startTime, err
+	} else if s.checkPid && cred.Pid != int32(s.cmd.Process.Pid) {
+		fmsg.Printf("process %d tried to connect to shim setup socket, expecting shim %d",
+			cred.Pid, s.cmd.Process.Pid)
+		err = errors.New("compromised target user")
+		s.Abort(err)
+		return &startTime, err
+	}
+
+	// serve payload and wayland fd if enabled
+	// this also closes the connection
+	err := s.payload.Serve(conn, s.wl)
+	if err == nil {
+		killShim = func() {}
+	}
+	s.Abort(err) // aborting with nil indicates success
+	return &startTime, err
+}
+
+func (s *Shim) serve() (chan *net.UnixConn, func(), error) {
+	if s.abort != nil {
+		panic("attempted to serve shim setup twice")
+	}
+	s.abort = make(chan error, 1)
+
+	cf := make(chan *net.UnixConn)
+	accept := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	if l, err := net.ListenUnix("unix", &net.UnixAddr{Name: s.socket, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	} else {
+		l.SetUnlinkOnClose(true)
+
+		fmsg.VPrintf("listening on shim setup socket %q", s.socket)
+		if err = acl.UpdatePerm(s.socket, int(s.uid), acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Println("cannot append ACL entry to shim setup socket:", err)
+			s.Abort(err) // ensures setup socket cleanup
+		}
+
+		go func() {
+			cfWg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
+			for {
+				select {
+				case err = <-s.abort:
+					if err != nil {
+						fmsg.VPrintln("aborting shim setup, reason:", err)
+					}
+					if err = l.Close(); err != nil {
+						fmsg.Println("cannot close setup socket:", err)
+					}
+					close(s.abort)
+					go func() {
+						cfWg.Wait()
+						close(cf)
+					}()
+					return
+				case <-accept:
+					cfWg.Add(1)
+					go func() {
+						defer cfWg.Done()
+						if conn, err0 := l.AcceptUnix(); err0 != nil {
+							// breaks loop
+							s.Abort(err0)
+							// receiver sees nil value and loads err0 stored during abort
+							cf <- nil
+						} else {
+							cf <- conn
+						}
+					}()
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	return cf, func() { accept <- struct{}{} }, nil
+}
+
+// peerCred fetches peer credentials of conn
+func peerCred(conn *net.UnixConn) (ucred *syscall.Ucred, err error) {
+	var raw syscall.RawConn
+	if raw, err = conn.SyscallConn(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	err0 := raw.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+		ucred, err = syscall.GetsockoptUcred(int(fd), syscall.SOL_SOCKET, syscall.SO_PEERCRED)
+	})
+	err = errors.Join(err, err0)
+	return
 }
--- a/cmd/fshim/ipc/wayland.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/ipc/wayland.go
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package shim0
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+// Wayland implements wayland mediation.
+type Wayland struct {
+	// wayland socket path
+	Path string
+
+	// wayland connection
+	conn *net.UnixConn
+
+	connErr error
+	sync.Once
+	// wait for wayland client to exit
+	done chan struct{}
+}
+
+func (wl *Wayland) WriteUnix(conn *net.UnixConn) error {
+	// connect to host wayland socket
+	if f, err := net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: wl.Path, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
+			fmt.Sprintf("cannot connect to wayland at %q:", wl.Path))
+	} else {
+		fmsg.VPrintf("connected to wayland at %q", wl.Path)
+		wl.conn = f
+	}
+
+	// set up for passing wayland socket
+	if rc, err := wl.conn.SyscallConn(); err != nil {
+		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err, "cannot obtain raw wayland connection:")
+	} else {
+		ec := make(chan error)
+		go func() {
+			// pass wayland connection fd
+			if err = rc.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+				if _, _, err = conn.WriteMsgUnix(nil, syscall.UnixRights(int(fd)), nil); err != nil {
+					ec <- fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err, "cannot pass wayland connection to shim:")
+					return
+				}
+				ec <- nil
+
+				// block until shim exits
+				<-wl.done
+				fmsg.VPrintln("releasing wayland connection")
+			}); err != nil {
+				ec <- fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err, "cannot obtain wayland connection fd:")
+				return
+			}
+		}()
+		return <-ec
+	}
+}
+
+func (wl *Wayland) Close() error {
+	wl.Do(func() {
+		close(wl.done)
+		wl.connErr = wl.conn.Close()
+	})
+
+	return wl.connErr
+}
+
+func NewWayland() *Wayland {
+	wl := new(Wayland)
+	wl.done = make(chan struct{})
+	return wl
+}
--- a/cmd/fshim/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fshim/main.go
@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 package main

 import (
+	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"strconv"
 	"syscall"

-	init0 "git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/finit/ipc"
-	shim "git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/proc"
+	init0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/finit/ipc"
+	shim "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // everything beyond this point runs as unconstrained target user
@ -37,6 +38,15 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	}

+	// lookup socket path from environment
+	var socketPath string
+	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(shim.Env); !ok {
+		fmsg.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
+		panic("unreachable")
+	} else {
+		socketPath = s
+	}
+
 	// check path to finit
 	var finitPath string
 	if p, ok := internal.Path(internal.Finit); !ok {
@ -45,38 +55,40 @@ func main() {
 		finitPath = p
 	}

-	// receive setup payload
-	var (
-		payload    shim.Payload
-		closeSetup func() error
-	)
-	if f, err := proc.Receive(shim.Env, &payload); err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, proc.ErrInvalid) {
-			fmsg.Fatal("invalid config descriptor")
-		}
-		if errors.Is(err, proc.ErrNotSet) {
-			fmsg.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
-		}
-
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot decode shim setup payload: %v", err)
+	// dial setup socket
+	var conn *net.UnixConn
+	if c, err := net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: socketPath, Net: "unix"}); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot dial setup socket:", err)
 		panic("unreachable")
+	} else {
+		conn = c
+	}
+
+	// decode payload gob stream
+	var payload shim.Payload
+	if err := gob.NewDecoder(conn).Decode(&payload); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot decode shim payload:", err)
 	} else {
 		fmsg.SetVerbose(payload.Verbose)
-		closeSetup = f
 	}

 	if payload.Bwrap == nil {
 		fmsg.Fatal("bwrap config not supplied")
 	}

-	// restore bwrap sync fd
-	if payload.Sync != nil {
-		payload.Bwrap.SetSync(os.NewFile(*payload.Sync, "sync"))
+	// receive wayland fd over socket
+	wfd := -1
+	if payload.WL {
+		if fd, err := receiveWLfd(conn); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatal("cannot receive wayland fd:", err)
+		} else {
+			wfd = fd
+		}
 	}

 	// close setup socket
-	if err := closeSetup(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Println("cannot close setup pipe:", err)
+	if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Println("cannot close setup socket:", err)
 		// not fatal
 	}

@ -90,10 +102,7 @@ func main() {
 	} else {
 		// no argv, look up shell instead
 		var ok bool
-		if payload.Bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and environment is unset")
-		}
-		if ic.Argv0, ok = payload.Bwrap.SetEnv["SHELL"]; !ok {
+		if ic.Argv0, ok = os.LookupEnv("SHELL"); !ok {
 			fmsg.Fatal("no command was specified and $SHELL was unset")
 		}

@ -104,15 +113,28 @@ func main() {

 	var extraFiles []*os.File

-	// serve setup payload
-	if fd, encoder, err := proc.Setup(&extraFiles); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
+	// pass wayland fd
+	if wfd != -1 {
+		if f := os.NewFile(uintptr(wfd), "wayland"); f != nil {
+			ic.WL = 3 + len(extraFiles)
+			extraFiles = append(extraFiles, f)
+		}
 	} else {
-		conf.SetEnv[init0.Env] = strconv.Itoa(fd)
-		go func() {
+		ic.WL = -1
+	}
+
+	// share config pipe
+	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot pipe:", err)
+	} else {
+		conf.SetEnv[init0.Env] = strconv.Itoa(3 + len(extraFiles))
+		extraFiles = append(extraFiles, r)
+
 		fmsg.VPrintln("transmitting config to init")
-			if err = encoder.Encode(&ic); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot transmit init config: %v", err)
+		go func() {
+			// stream config to pipe
+			if err = gob.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&ic); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatal("cannot transmit init config:", err)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@ -120,7 +142,7 @@ func main() {
 	helper.BubblewrapName = payload.Exec[0] // resolved bwrap path by parent
 	if b, err := helper.NewBwrap(conf, nil, finitPath,
 		func(int, int) []string { return make([]string, 0) }); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("malformed sandbox config: %v", err)
+		fmsg.Fatal("malformed sandbox config:", err)
 	} else {
 		cmd := b.Unwrap()
 		cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
@ -132,7 +154,7 @@ func main() {

 		// run and pass through exit code
 		if err = b.Start(); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot start target process: %v", err)
+			fmsg.Fatal("cannot start target process:", err)
 		} else if err = b.Wait(); err != nil {
 			fmsg.VPrintln("wait:", err)
 		}
@ -143,3 +165,30 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func receiveWLfd(conn *net.UnixConn) (int, error) {
+	oob := make([]byte, syscall.CmsgSpace(4)) // single fd
+
+	if _, oobn, _, _, err := conn.ReadMsgUnix(nil, oob); err != nil {
+		return -1, err
+	} else if len(oob) != oobn {
+		return -1, errors.New("invalid message length")
+	}
+
+	var msg syscall.SocketControlMessage
+	if messages, err := syscall.ParseSocketControlMessage(oob); err != nil {
+		return -1, err
+	} else if len(messages) != 1 {
+		return -1, errors.New("unexpected message count")
+	} else {
+		msg = messages[0]
+	}
+
+	if fds, err := syscall.ParseUnixRights(&msg); err != nil {
+		return -1, err
+	} else if len(fds) != 1 {
+		return -1, errors.New("unexpected fd count")
+	} else {
+		return fds[0], nil
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/fsu/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/main.go
@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
+	"bufio"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path"
-	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
@ -17,15 +15,9 @@ const (
 	fsuConfFile = "/etc/fsurc"
 	envShim     = "FORTIFY_SHIM"
 	envAID      = "FORTIFY_APP_ID"
-	envGroups   = "FORTIFY_GROUPS"
-
-	PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS = 0x26
 )

-var (
-	Fmain = compPoison
-	Fshim = compPoison
-)
+var Fmain = compPoison

 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
@ -41,17 +33,12 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatal("this program must not be started by root")
 	}

-	var fmain, fshim string
+	var fmain string
 	if p, ok := checkPath(Fmain); !ok {
 		log.Fatal("invalid fortify path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
 	} else {
 		fmain = p
 	}
-	if p, ok := checkPath(Fshim); !ok {
-		log.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fsu is not compiled correctly")
-	} else {
-		fshim = p
-	}

 	pexe := path.Join("/proc", strconv.Itoa(os.Getppid()), "exe")
 	if p, err := os.Readlink(pexe); err != nil {
@ -74,81 +61,84 @@ func main() {
 		uid += fid * 10000
 	}

+	// pass through setup path to shim
+	var shimSetupPath string
+	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(envShim); !ok {
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM not set")
+	} else if !path.IsAbs(s) {
+		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM is not absolute")
+	} else {
+		shimSetupPath = s
+	}
+
 	// allowed aid range 0 to 9999
 	if as, ok := os.LookupEnv(envAID); !ok {
 		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_APP_ID not set")
-	} else if aid, err := parseUint32Fast(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
+	} else if aid, err := strconv.Atoi(as); err != nil || aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
 		log.Fatal("invalid aid")
 	} else {
 		uid += aid
 	}

-	// pass through setup fd to shim
-	var shimSetupFd string
-	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(envShim); !ok {
-		// fortify requests target uid
-		// print resolved uid and exit
-		fmt.Print(uid)
-		os.Exit(0)
-	} else if len(s) != 1 || s[0] > '9' || s[0] < '3' {
-		log.Fatal("FORTIFY_SHIM holds an invalid value")
-	} else {
-		shimSetupFd = s
-	}
-
-	// supplementary groups
-	var suppGroups, suppCurrent []int
-
-	if gs, ok := os.LookupEnv(envGroups); ok {
-		if cur, err := os.Getgroups(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot get groups: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			suppCurrent = cur
-		}
-
-		// parse space-separated list of group ids
-		gss := bytes.Split([]byte(gs), []byte{' '})
-		suppGroups = make([]int, len(gss)+1)
-		for i, s := range gss {
-			if gid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(s)); err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("cannot parse %q: %v", string(s), err)
-			} else if gid > 0 && gid != uid && gid != os.Getgid() && slices.Contains(suppCurrent, gid) {
-				suppGroups[i] = gid
-			} else {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid gid %d", gid)
-			}
-		}
-		suppGroups[len(suppGroups)-1] = uid
-	} else {
-		suppGroups = []int{uid}
-	}
-
-	// final bounds check to catch any bugs
-	if uid < 1000000 || uid >= 2000000 {
-		panic("uid out of bounds")
-	}
-
-	// careful! users in the allowlist is effectively allowed to drop groups via fsu
-
 	if err := syscall.Setresgid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set gid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := syscall.Setgroups(suppGroups); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot set supplementary groups: %v", err)
-	}
 	if err := syscall.Setresuid(uid, uid, uid); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set uid: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, _, errno := syscall.AllThreadsSyscall(syscall.SYS_PRCTL, PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0); errno != 0 {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot set no_new_privs flag: %s", errno.Error())
-	}
-	if err := syscall.Exec(fshim, []string{"fshim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupFd}); err != nil {
+	if err := syscall.Exec(fmain, []string{"fortify", "shim"}, []string{envShim + "=" + shimSetupPath}); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot start shim: %v", err)
 	}

 	panic("unreachable")
 }

+func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
+	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
+	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
+		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
+	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
+		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
+	}
+
+	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+		return -1, false
+	} else {
+		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+		var line int
+		for s.Scan() {
+			line++
+
+			// <puid> <fid>
+			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
+			if len(lf) != 2 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			var puid0 int
+			if puid0, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
+				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
+			}
+
+			ok = puid0 == puid
+			if ok {
+				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
+				if fid, err = strconv.Atoi(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
+					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
+		}
+		return -1, false
+	}
+}
+
 func checkPath(p string) (string, bool) {
 	return p, p != compPoison && p != "" && path.IsAbs(p)
 }
--- a/cmd/fsu/parse.go
+++ b/cmd/fsu/parse.go
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"syscall"
-)
-
-func parseUint32Fast(s string) (int, error) {
-	sLen := len(s)
-	if sLen < 1 {
-		return -1, errors.New("zero length string")
-	}
-	if sLen > 10 {
-		return -1, errors.New("string too long")
-	}
-
-	n := 0
-	for i, ch := range []byte(s) {
-		ch -= '0'
-		if ch > 9 {
-			return -1, fmt.Errorf("invalid character '%s' at index %d", string([]byte{ch}), i)
-		}
-		n = n*10 + int(ch)
-	}
-	return n, nil
-}
-
-func parseConfig(p string, puid int) (fid int, ok bool) {
-	// refuse to run if fsurc is not protected correctly
-	if s, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	} else if s.Mode().Perm() != 0400 {
-		log.Fatal("bad fsurc perm")
-	} else if st := s.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t); st.Uid != 0 || st.Gid != 0 {
-		log.Fatal("fsurc must be owned by uid 0")
-	}
-
-	if r, err := os.Open(p); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-		return -1, false
-	} else {
-		s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
-		var line int
-		for s.Scan() {
-			line++
-
-			// <puid> <fid>
-			lf := strings.SplitN(s.Text(), " ", 2)
-			if len(lf) != 2 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid entry on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			var puid0 int
-			if puid0, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[0]); err != nil || puid0 < 1 {
-				log.Fatalf("invalid parent uid on line %d", line)
-			}
-
-			ok = puid0 == puid
-			if ok {
-				// allowed fid range 0 to 99
-				if fid, err = parseUint32Fast(lf[1]); err != nil || fid < 0 || fid > 99 {
-					log.Fatalf("invalid fortify uid on line %d", line)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-		}
-		if err = s.Err(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot read fsurc: %v", err)
-		}
-		return -1, false
-	}
-}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/main.go
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	fmsg.SetPrefix("fuserdb")
-
-	const varEmpty = "/var/empty"
-
-	out := flag.String("o", "userdb", "output directory")
-	homeDir := flag.String("d", varEmpty, "parent of home directories")
-	shell := flag.String("s", "/sbin/nologin", "absolute path to subordinate user shell")
-	flag.Parse()
-
-	type user struct {
-		name string
-		fid  int
-	}
-
-	users := make([]user, len(flag.Args()))
-	for i, s := range flag.Args() {
-		f := bytes.SplitN([]byte(s), []byte{':'}, 2)
-		if len(f) != 2 {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("invalid entry at index %d", i)
-		}
-		users[i].name = string(f[0])
-		if fid, err := strconv.Atoi(string(f[1])); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatal(err.Error())
-		} else {
-			users[i].fid = fid
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(*out, 0755); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create output: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, u := range users {
-		fidString := strconv.Itoa(u.fid)
-		for aid := 0; aid < 10000; aid++ {
-			userName := fmt.Sprintf("u%d_a%d", u.fid, aid)
-			uid := 1000000 + u.fid*10000 + aid
-			us := strconv.Itoa(uid)
-			realName := fmt.Sprintf("Fortify subordinate user %d (%s)", aid, u.name)
-			var homeDirectory string
-			if *homeDir != varEmpty {
-				homeDirectory = path.Join(*homeDir, "u"+fidString, "a"+strconv.Itoa(aid))
-			} else {
-				homeDirectory = varEmpty
-			}
-
-			writeUser(userName, uid, us, realName, homeDirectory, *shell, *out)
-			writeGroup(userName, uid, us, nil, *out)
-		}
-	}
-
-	fmsg.Printf("created %d entries", len(users)*2*10000)
-	fmsg.Exit(0)
-}
--- a/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
+++ b/cmd/fuserdb/payload.go
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-type payloadU struct {
-	UserName      string   `json:"userName"`
-	Uid           int      `json:"uid"`
-	Gid           int      `json:"gid"`
-	MemberOf      []string `json:"memberOf,omitempty"`
-	RealName      string   `json:"realName"`
-	HomeDirectory string   `json:"homeDirectory"`
-	Shell         string   `json:"shell"`
-}
-
-func writeUser(userName string, uid int, us string, realName, homeDirectory, shell string, out string) {
-	userFileName := userName + ".user"
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, userFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", userName, err)
-	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadU{
-		UserName:      userName,
-		Uid:           uid,
-		Gid:           uid,
-		RealName:      realName,
-		HomeDirectory: homeDirectory,
-		Shell:         shell,
-	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", userName, err)
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", userName, err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(userFileName, path.Join(out, us+".user")); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", userName, err)
-	}
-}
-
-type payloadG struct {
-	GroupName string   `json:"groupName"`
-	Gid       int      `json:"gid"`
-	Members   []string `json:"members,omitempty"`
-}
-
-func writeGroup(groupName string, gid int, gs string, members []string, out string) {
-	groupFileName := groupName + ".group"
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(path.Join(out, groupFileName), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0644); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	} else if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&payloadG{
-		GroupName: groupName,
-		Gid:       gid,
-		Members:   members,
-	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot serialise %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	}
-	if err := os.Symlink(groupFileName, path.Join(out, gs+".group")); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot link %s: %v", groupName, err)
-	}
-}
--- a/comp/_fortify
+++ b/comp/_fortify
@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#compdef fortify
-
-_fortify_app() {
-  _path_files -g "*.(json|ftfy)"
-}
-
-_fortify_run() {
-  _arguments \
-    '--id[App ID, leave empty to disable security context app_id]:id' \
-    '-a[Fortify application ID]: :_numbers' \
-    '-g[Groups inherited by the app process]: :_groups' \
-    '-d[Application home directory]: :_files -/' \
-    '-u[Passwd name within sandbox]: :_users' \
-    '--wayland[Share Wayland socket]' \
-    '-X[Share X11 socket and allow connection]' \
-    '--dbus[Proxy D-Bus connection]' \
-    '--pulse[Share PulseAudio socket and cookie]' \
-    '--dbus-config[Path to D-Bus proxy config file]: :_files -g "*.json"' \
-    '--dbus-system[Path to system D-Bus proxy config file]: :_files -g "*.json"' \
-    '--mpris[Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path]' \
-    '--dbus-log[Force logging in the D-Bus proxy]'
-}
-
-(( $+functions[_fortify_commands] )) || _fortify_commands()
-{
-  local -a _fortify_cmds
-  _fortify_cmds=(
-    "app:Launch app defined by the specified config file"
-    "run:Configure and start a permissive default sandbox"
-    "ps:List active apps and their state"
-    "version:Show fortify version"
-    "license:Show full license text"
-    "template:Produce a config template"
-    "help:Show help message"
-  )
-  if (( CURRENT == 1 )); then
-    _describe -t commands 'fortify command' _fortify_cmds || compadd "$@"
-  else
-    local curcontext="$curcontext"
-    cmd="${${_fortify_cmds[(r)$words[1]:*]%%:*}}"
-    if (( $+functions[_fortify_$cmd] )); then
-      _fortify_$cmd
-    else
-      _message "no more options"
-    fi
-  fi
-}
-
-_arguments -C \
-  '-v[Verbose output]' \
-  '*::fortify command:_fortify_commands'
--- a/config.go
+++ b/config.go
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
+)
+
+var (
+	printTemplate bool
+
+	confPath string
+
+	dbusConfigSession string
+	dbusConfigSystem  string
+	dbusID            string
+	mpris             bool
+	dbusVerbose       bool
+
+	userName    string
+	enablements [system.ELen]bool
+
+	launchMethodText string
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printTemplate, "template", false, "Print a full config template and exit")
+
+	// config file, disables every other flag here
+	flag.StringVar(&confPath, "c", "nil", "Path to full app configuration, or \"nil\" to configure from flags")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
+	flag.StringVar(&dbusID, "dbus-id", "", "D-Bus ID of application, leave empty to disable own paths, has no effect if custom config is available")
+	flag.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
+	flag.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
+
+	flag.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name of user to run as")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Share Wayland socket")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
+	flag.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
+}
+
+func init() {
+	methodHelpString := "Method of launching the child process, can be one of \"sudo\""
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		methodHelpString += ", \"systemd\""
+	}
+
+	flag.StringVar(&launchMethodText, "method", "sudo", methodHelpString)
+}
+
+func tryTemplate() {
+	if printTemplate {
+		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(app.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println(string(s))
+		}
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
+
+func loadConfig() *app.Config {
+	if confPath == "nil" {
+		// config from flags
+		return configFromFlags()
+	} else {
+		// config from file
+		c := new(app.Config)
+		if f, err := os.Open(confPath); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&c); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", confPath, err)
+			panic("unreachable")
+		} else {
+			return c
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func configFromFlags() (config *app.Config) {
+	// initialise config from flags
+	config = &app.Config{
+		ID:      dbusID,
+		User:    userName,
+		Command: flag.Args(),
+		Method:  launchMethodText,
+	}
+
+	// enablements from flags
+	for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
+		if enablements[i] {
+			config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
+	if enablements[system.EDBus] {
+		if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(dbusID, true, mpris)
+		} else {
+			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
+			} else {
+				config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
+			}
+		}
+
+		// system bus proxy is optional
+		if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
+			if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
+			} else {
+				config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
+			}
+		}
+
+		// override log from configuration
+		if dbusVerbose {
+			config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
+			config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
--- a/dbus/config_test.go
+++ b/dbus/config_test.go
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 )

 func TestConfig_Args(t *testing.T) {
--- a/dbus/dbus_test.go
+++ b/dbus/dbus_test.go
@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 )

 func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
--- a/dbus/proxy.go
+++ b/dbus/proxy.go
@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"sync"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
 )

 // ProxyName is the file name or path to the proxy program.
--- a/dbus/run.go
+++ b/dbus/run.go
@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/ldd"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/ldd"
 )

 // Start launches the D-Bus proxy and sets up the Wait method.
--- a/dbus/samples_test.go
+++ b/dbus/samples_test.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package dbus_test
 import (
 	"sync"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
 )

 var samples = []dbusTestCase{
--- a/dbus/stub_test.go
+++ b/dbus/stub_test.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package dbus_test
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 )

 func TestHelperChildStub(t *testing.T) {
--- a/dist/fsurc.default
+++ b/dist/fsurc.default
@ -1 +0,0 @@
-1000 0
--- a/dist/install.sh
+++ b/dist/install.sh
@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-cd "$(dirname -- "$0")" || exit 1
-
-install -vDm0755 "bin/fortify" "${FORTIFY_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/bin/fortify"
-install -vDm0755 "bin/fshim" "${FORTIFY_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim"
-install -vDm0755 "bin/finit" "${FORTIFY_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/libexec/fortify/finit"
-install -vDm0755 "bin/fuserdb" "${FORTIFY_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/libexec/fortify/fuserdb"
-
-install -vDm6511 "bin/fsu" "${FORTIFY_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/bin/fsu"
-install -vDm0400 "fsurc.default" "${FORTIFY_INSTALL_PREFIX}/etc/fsurc"
--- a/dist/release.sh
+++ b/dist/release.sh
@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh -e
-cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/.."
-VERSION="${FORTIFY_VERSION:-untagged}"
-pname="fortify-${VERSION}"
-out="dist/${pname}"
-
-mkdir -p "${out}"
-cp "README.md" "dist/fsurc.default" "dist/install.sh" "${out}"
-
-go build -v -o "${out}/bin/" -ldflags "-s -w
-  -X git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal.Version=${VERSION}
-  -X git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal.Fsu=/usr/bin/fsu
-  -X git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal.Finit=/usr/libexec/fortify/finit
-  -X main.Fmain=/usr/bin/fortify
-  -X main.Fshim=/usr/libexec/fortify/fshim" ./...
-
-rm -f "./${out}.tar.gz" && tar -C dist -czf "${out}.tar.gz" "${pname}"
-rm -rf "./${out}"
-sha512sum "${out}.tar.gz" > "${out}.tar.gz.sha512"
--- a/error.go
+++ b/error.go
@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/app"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 func logWaitError(err error) {
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@ -1,45 +1,23 @@
 {
  "nodes": {
-    "home-manager": {
-      "inputs": {
-        "nixpkgs": [
-          "nixpkgs"
-        ]
-      },
-      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1733951536,
-        "narHash": "sha256-Zb5ZCa7Xj+0gy5XVXINTSr71fCfAv+IKtmIXNrykT54=",
-        "owner": "nix-community",
-        "repo": "home-manager",
-        "rev": "1318c3f3b068cdcea922fa7c1a0a1f0c96c22f5f",
-        "type": "github"
-      },
-      "original": {
-        "owner": "nix-community",
-        "ref": "release-24.11",
-        "repo": "home-manager",
-        "type": "github"
-      }
-    },
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1734298236,
-        "narHash": "sha256-aWhhqY44xBjMoO9r5fyPp5u8tqUNWRZ/m/P+abMSs5c=",
+        "lastModified": 1725361206,
+        "narHash": "sha256-/HTUg+kMaqBPGrcQBYboAMsQHIWIkuKRDldss/035Hc=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "eb919d9300b6a18f8583f58aef16db458fbd7bec",
+        "rev": "2830c7c930311397d94c0b86a359c865c081c875",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
        "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixos-24.11-small",
+        "ref": "nixos-unstable-small",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
        "type": "github"
      }
    },
    "root": {
      "inputs": {
-        "home-manager": "home-manager",
        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
      }
    }
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
  description = "fortify sandbox tool and nixos module";

  inputs = {
-    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.11-small";
-
-    home-manager = {
-      url = "github:nix-community/home-manager/release-24.11";
-      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
-    };
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable-small";
  };

  outputs =
-    {
-      self,
-      nixpkgs,
-      home-manager,
-    }:
+    { self, nixpkgs }:
    let
      supportedSystems = [
        "aarch64-linux"
@ -29,55 +20,6 @@
    {
      nixosModules.fortify = import ./nixos.nix;

-      checks = forAllSystems (
-        system:
-        let
-          pkgs = nixpkgsFor.${system};
-
-          inherit (pkgs)
-            runCommandLocal
-            callPackage
-            nixfmt-rfc-style
-            deadnix
-            statix
-            ;
-        in
-        {
-          check-formatting =
-            runCommandLocal "check-formatting" { nativeBuildInputs = [ nixfmt-rfc-style ]; }
-              ''
-                cd ${./.}
-
-                echo "running nixfmt..."
-                nixfmt --check .
-
-                touch $out
-              '';
-
-          check-lint =
-            runCommandLocal "check-lint"
-              {
-                nativeBuildInputs = [
-                  deadnix
-                  statix
-                ];
-              }
-              ''
-                cd ${./.}
-
-                echo "running deadnix..."
-                deadnix --fail
-
-                echo "running statix..."
-                statix check .
-
-                touch $out
-              '';
-
-          nixos-tests = callPackage ./test.nix { inherit system self home-manager; };
-        }
-      );
-
      packages = forAllSystems (
        system:
        let
@ -95,58 +37,11 @@
          buildInputs = with nixpkgsFor.${system}; self.packages.${system}.fortify.buildInputs;
        };

-        fhs = nixpkgsFor.${system}.buildFHSEnv {
-          pname = "fortify-fhs";
-          inherit (self.packages.${system}.fortify) version;
-          targetPkgs =
-            pkgs: with pkgs; [
-              go
-              gcc
-              pkg-config
-              acl
-              wayland
-              wayland-scanner
-              wayland-protocols
-              xorg.libxcb
-            ];
-          extraOutputsToInstall = [ "dev" ];
-          profile = ''
-            export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/share/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH"
-          '';
-        };
-
        withPackage = nixpkgsFor.${system}.mkShell {
          buildInputs =
            with nixpkgsFor.${system};
            self.packages.${system}.fortify.buildInputs ++ [ self.packages.${system}.fortify ];
        };
-
-        generateDoc =
-          let
-            pkgs = nixpkgsFor.${system};
-            inherit (pkgs) lib;
-
-            doc =
-              let
-                eval = lib.evalModules {
-                  specialArgs = {
-                    inherit pkgs;
-                  };
-                  modules = [ ./options.nix ];
-                };
-                cleanEval = lib.filterAttrsRecursive (n: _: n != "_module") eval;
-              in
-              pkgs.nixosOptionsDoc { inherit (cleanEval) options; };
-            docText = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-module-docs.md" { } ''
-              cat ${doc.optionsCommonMark} > $out
-              sed -i '/*Declared by:*/,+1 d' $out
-            '';
-          in
-          nixpkgsFor.${system}.mkShell {
-            shellHook = ''
-              exec cat ${docText} > options.md
-            '';
-          };
      });
    };
 }
--- a/fst/id.go
+++ b/fst/id.go
@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-package fst
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-type ID [16]byte
-
-var (
-	ErrInvalidLength = errors.New("string representation must have a length of 32")
-)
-
-func (a *ID) String() string {
-	return hex.EncodeToString(a[:])
-}
-
-func NewAppID(id *ID) error {
-	_, err := rand.Read(id[:])
-	return err
-}
-
-func ParseAppID(id *ID, s string) error {
-	if len(s) != 32 {
-		return ErrInvalidLength
-	}
-
-	for i, b := range s {
-		if b < '0' || b > 'f' {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid char %q at byte %d", b, i)
-		}
-
-		v := uint8(b)
-		if v > '9' {
-			v = 10 + v - 'a'
-		} else {
-			v -= '0'
-		}
-		if i%2 == 0 {
-			v <<= 4
-		}
-		id[i/2] += v
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/fst/id_test.go
+++ b/fst/id_test.go
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-package fst_test
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-)
-
-func TestParseAppID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("bad length", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if err := fst.ParseAppID(new(fst.ID), "meow"); !errors.Is(err, fst.ErrInvalidLength) {
-			t.Errorf("ParseAppID: error = %v, wantErr =  %v", err, fst.ErrInvalidLength)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("bad byte", func(t *testing.T) {
-		wantErr := "invalid char '\\n' at byte 15"
-		if err := fst.ParseAppID(new(fst.ID), "02bc7f8936b2af6\n\ne2535cd71ef0bb7"); err == nil || err.Error() != wantErr {
-			t.Errorf("ParseAppID: error = %v, wantErr =  %v", err, wantErr)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("fuzz 16 iterations", func(t *testing.T) {
-		for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
-			testParseAppIDWithRandom(t)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func FuzzParseAppID(f *testing.F) {
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
-		id := new(fst.ID)
-		if err := fst.NewAppID(id); err != nil {
-			panic(err.Error())
-		}
-		f.Add(id[0], id[1], id[2], id[3], id[4], id[5], id[6], id[7], id[8], id[9], id[10], id[11], id[12], id[13], id[14], id[15])
-	}
-
-	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8, b9, b10, b11, b12, b13, b14, b15 byte) {
-		testParseAppID(t, &fst.ID{b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8, b9, b10, b11, b12, b13, b14, b15})
-	})
-}
-
-func testParseAppIDWithRandom(t *testing.T) {
-	id := new(fst.ID)
-	if err := fst.NewAppID(id); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot generate app ID: %v", err)
-	}
-	testParseAppID(t, id)
-}
-
-func testParseAppID(t *testing.T, id *fst.ID) {
-	s := id.String()
-	got := new(fst.ID)
-	if err := fst.ParseAppID(got, s); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot parse app ID: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if *got != *id {
-		t.Fatalf("ParseAppID(%#v) = \n%#v, want \n%#v", s, got, id)
-	}
-}
--- a/fst/shared.go
+++ b/fst/shared.go
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-// Package fst exports shared fortify types.
-package fst
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-module git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify
+module git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify

 go 1.22
--- a/helper/args_test.go
+++ b/helper/args_test.go
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 )

 func Test_argsFD_String(t *testing.T) {
--- a/helper/bwrap.go
+++ b/helper/bwrap.go
@ -3,13 +3,11 @@ package helper
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/proc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
 )

 // BubblewrapName is the file name or path to bubblewrap.
@ -21,8 +19,6 @@ type bubblewrap struct {

 	// bwrap pipes
 	p *pipes
-	// sync pipe
-	sync *os.File
 	// returns an array of arguments passed directly
 	// to the child process spawned by bwrap
 	argF func(argsFD, statFD int) []string
@ -76,10 +72,6 @@ func (b *bubblewrap) StartNotify(ready chan error) error {
 		b.Cmd.Env = append(b.Cmd.Env, FortifyHelper+"=1", FortifyStatus+"=-1")
 	}

-	if b.sync != nil {
-		b.Cmd.Args = append(b.Cmd.Args, "--sync-fd", strconv.Itoa(int(proc.ExtraFile(b.Cmd, b.sync))))
-	}
-
 	if err := b.Cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@ -139,7 +131,6 @@ func NewBwrap(conf *bwrap.Config, wt io.WriterTo, name string, argF func(argsFD,
 		b.p = &pipes{args: args}
 	}

-	b.sync = conf.Sync()
 	b.argF = argF
 	b.name = name
 	if wt != nil {
--- a/helper/bwrap/config.go
+++ b/helper/bwrap/config.go
@ -68,16 +68,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	// (--as-pid-1)
 	AsInit bool `json:"as_init"`

-	// keep this fd open while sandbox is running
-	// (--sync-fd FD)
-	sync *os.File
-
 	/* unmapped options include:
 	    --unshare-user-try           Create new user namespace if possible else continue by skipping it
 	    --unshare-cgroup-try         Create new cgroup namespace if possible else continue by skipping it
 	    --userns FD                  Use this user namespace (cannot combine with --unshare-user)
 	    --userns2 FD                 After setup switch to this user namespace, only useful with --userns
 	    --pidns FD                   Use this pid namespace (as parent namespace if using --unshare-pid)
+		--sync-fd FD                 Keep this fd open while sandbox is running
 	    --exec-label LABEL           Exec label for the sandbox
 	    --file-label LABEL           File label for temporary sandbox content
 	    --file FD DEST               Copy from FD to destination DEST
@ -95,12 +92,6 @@ type Config struct {
 	among which --args is used internally for passing arguments */
 }

-// Sync keep this fd open while sandbox is running
-// (--sync-fd FD)
-func (c *Config) Sync() *os.File {
-	return c.sync
-}
-
 type UnshareConfig struct {
 	// (--unshare-user)
 	// create new user namespace
--- a/helper/bwrap/config.set.go
+++ b/helper/bwrap/config.set.go
@ -136,10 +136,3 @@ func (c *Config) SetGID(gid int) *Config {
 	}
 	return c
 }
-
-// SetSync sets the sync pipe kept open while sandbox is running
-// (--sync-fd FD)
-func (c *Config) SetSync(s *os.File) *Config {
-	c.sync = s
-	return c
-}
--- a/helper/bwrap_test.go
+++ b/helper/bwrap_test.go
@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
 )

 func TestBwrap(t *testing.T) {
--- a/helper/direct_test.go
+++ b/helper/direct_test.go
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 )

 func TestDirect(t *testing.T) {
--- a/helper/helper_test.go
+++ b/helper/helper_test.go
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 )

 var (
--- a/helper/pipe.go
+++ b/helper/pipe.go
@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/proc"
 )

 type pipes struct {
@ -49,21 +47,24 @@ func (p *pipes) pipe() error {
 }

 // calls pipe to create pipes and sets them up as ExtraFiles, returning their fd
-func (p *pipes) prepareCmd(cmd *exec.Cmd) (argsFd, statFd int, err error) {
-	argsFd, statFd = -1, -1
-	if err = p.pipe(); err != nil {
-		return
+func (p *pipes) prepareCmd(cmd *exec.Cmd) (int, int, error) {
+	if err := p.pipe(); err != nil {
+		return -1, -1, err
 	}

 	// save a reference of cmd for future use
 	p.cmd = cmd

-	argsFd = int(proc.ExtraFile(cmd, p.argsP[0]))
-	if p.ready != nil {
-		statFd = int(proc.ExtraFile(cmd, p.statP[1]))
-	}
+	// ExtraFiles: If non-nil, entry i becomes file descriptor 3+i.
+	argsFd := 3 + len(cmd.ExtraFiles)
+	cmd.ExtraFiles = append(cmd.ExtraFiles, p.argsP[0])

-	return
+	if p.ready != nil {
+		cmd.ExtraFiles = append(cmd.ExtraFiles, p.statP[1])
+		return argsFd, argsFd + 1, nil
+	} else {
+		return argsFd, -1, nil
+	}
 }

 func (p *pipes) readyWriteArgs() error {
--- a/helper/stub.go
+++ b/helper/stub.go
@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // InternalChildStub is an internal function but exported because it is cross-package;
--- a/helper/stub_test.go
+++ b/helper/stub_test.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package helper_test
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
 )

 func TestHelperChildStub(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/app/app.go
+++ b/internal/app/app.go
@ -2,16 +2,14 @@ package app

 import (
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 )

 type App interface {
 	// ID returns a copy of App's unique ID.
-	ID() fst.ID
+	ID() ID
 	// Start sets up the system and starts the App.
 	Start() error
 	// Wait waits for App's process to exit and reverts system setup.
@ -19,16 +17,13 @@ type App interface {
 	// WaitErr returns error returned by the underlying wait syscall.
 	WaitErr() error

-	Seal(config *fst.Config) error
+	Seal(config *Config) error
 	String() string
 }

 type app struct {
-	// single-use config reference
-	ct *appCt
-
 	// application unique identifier
-	id *fst.ID
+	id *ID
 	// operating system interface
 	os linux.System
 	// shim process manager
@ -41,7 +36,7 @@ type app struct {
 	lock sync.RWMutex
 }

-func (a *app) ID() fst.ID {
+func (a *app) ID() ID {
 	return *a.id
 }

@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ func (a *app) String() string {
 	}

 	if a.seal != nil {
-		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.us + ")"
+		return "(sealed fortified app as uid " + a.seal.sys.user.Uid + ")"
 	}

 	return "(unsealed fortified app)"
@ -70,28 +65,7 @@ func (a *app) WaitErr() error {

 func New(os linux.System) (App, error) {
 	a := new(app)
-	a.id = new(fst.ID)
+	a.id = new(ID)
 	a.os = os
-	return a, fst.NewAppID(a.id)
-}
-
-// appCt ensures its wrapped val is only accessed once
-type appCt struct {
-	val  *fst.Config
-	done *atomic.Bool
-}
-
-func (a *appCt) Unwrap() *fst.Config {
-	if !a.done.Load() {
-		defer a.done.Store(true)
-		return a.val
-	}
-	panic("attempted to access config reference twice")
-}
-
-func newAppCt(config *fst.Config) (ct *appCt) {
-	ct = new(appCt)
-	ct.done = new(atomic.Bool)
-	ct.val = config
-	return ct
+	return a, newAppID(a.id)
 }
--- a/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_nixos_test.go
@ -1,87 +1,278 @@
 package app_test

 import (
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os/user"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 	{
-		"nixos chromium direct wayland", new(stubNixOS),
-		&fst.Config{
+		"nixos permissive defaults no enablements", new(stubNixOS),
+		&app.Config{
+			User:    "chronos",
+			Command: make([]string, 0),
+			Method:  "sudo",
+		},
+		app.ID{
+			0x4a, 0x45, 0x0b, 0x65,
+			0x96, 0xd7, 0xbc, 0x15,
+			0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
+			0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
+		},
+		system.New(150).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0701).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", acl.Execute).
+			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "chronos:x:65534:65534:Fortify:/home/chronos:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n").
+			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "fortify:x:65534:\n"),
+		(&bwrap.Config{
+			Net:      true,
+			UserNS:   true,
+			Clearenv: true,
+			SetEnv: map[string]string{
+				"HOME":              "/home/chronos",
+				"SHELL":             "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
+				"TERM":              "xterm-256color",
+				"USER":              "chronos",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":   "/run/user/65534",
+				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS": "user",
+				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE":  "tty"},
+			Chmod:         make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
+			DieWithParent: true,
+			AsInit:        true,
+		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
+			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
+			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
+			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
+			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
+			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
+			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
+			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
+			Bind("/nix", "/nix", false, true).
+			Bind("/root", "/root", false, true).
+			Bind("/srv", "/srv", false, true).
+			Bind("/sys", "/sys", false, true).
+			Bind("/usr", "/usr", false, true).
+			Bind("/var", "/var", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/agetty.reload", "/run/agetty.reload", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/binfmt", "/run/binfmt", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/booted-system", "/run/booted-system", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/credentials", "/run/credentials", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/cryptsetup", "/run/cryptsetup", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/current-system", "/run/current-system", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/host", "/run/host", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/keys", "/run/keys", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/libvirt", "/run/libvirt", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/libvirtd.pid", "/run/libvirtd.pid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/lock", "/run/lock", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/log", "/run/log", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/lvm", "/run/lvm", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/mount", "/run/mount", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/NetworkManager", "/run/NetworkManager", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/nginx", "/run/nginx", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/nixos", "/run/nixos", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/nscd", "/run/nscd", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/opengl-driver", "/run/opengl-driver", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/pppd", "/run/pppd", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/resolvconf", "/run/resolvconf", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/sddm", "/run/sddm", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/store", "/run/store", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/syncoid", "/run/syncoid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/system", "/run/system", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/systemd", "/run/systemd", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/tmpfiles.d", "/run/tmpfiles.d", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/udev", "/run/udev", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/udisks2", "/run/udisks2", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/utmp", "/run/utmp", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/virtlogd.pid", "/run/virtlogd.pid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
+			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
+			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "/etc/group").
+			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
+	},
+	{
+		"nixos permissive defaults chromium", new(stubNixOS),
+		&app.Config{
 			ID:      "org.chromium.Chromium",
-			Command: []string{"/nix/store/yqivzpzzn7z5x0lq9hmbzygh45d8rhqd-chromium-start"},
-			Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID: 1, Groups: []string{}, Username: "u0_a1",
-				Outer: "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1",
-				Sandbox: &fst.SandboxConfig{
-					UserNS: true, Net: true, MapRealUID: true, DirectWayland: true, Env: nil,
-					Filesystem: []*fst.FilesystemConfig{
-						{Src: "/bin", Must: true}, {Src: "/usr/bin", Must: true},
-						{Src: "/nix/store", Must: true}, {Src: "/run/current-system", Must: true},
-						{Src: "/sys/block"}, {Src: "/sys/bus"}, {Src: "/sys/class"}, {Src: "/sys/dev"}, {Src: "/sys/devices"},
-						{Src: "/run/opengl-driver", Must: true}, {Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true},
-					}, AutoEtc: true,
-					Override: []string{"/var/run/nscd"},
-				},
-				SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
-					Talk:   []string{"org.bluez", "org.freedesktop.Avahi", "org.freedesktop.UPower"},
-					Filter: true,
-				},
+			User:    "chronos",
+			Command: []string{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
+			Confinement: app.ConfinementConfig{
 				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
 					Talk: []string{
-						"org.freedesktop.FileManager1", "org.freedesktop.Notifications",
-						"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver", "org.freedesktop.secrets",
-						"org.kde.kwalletd5", "org.kde.kwalletd6",
+						"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
+						"org.freedesktop.FileManager1",
+						"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver",
+						"org.freedesktop.secrets",
+						"org.kde.kwalletd5",
+						"org.kde.kwalletd6",
+						"org.gnome.SessionManager",
 					},
 					Own: []string{
 						"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
 						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
 						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
 					},
-					Call: map[string]string{}, Broadcast: map[string]string{},
+					Call: map[string]string{
+						"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "*",
+					},
+					Broadcast: map[string]string{
+						"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*",
+					},
+					Filter: true,
+				},
+				SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
+					Talk: []string{
+						"org.bluez",
+						"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
+						"org.freedesktop.UPower",
+					},
 					Filter: true,
 				},
 				Enablements: system.EWayland.Mask() | system.EDBus.Mask() | system.EPulse.Mask(),
 			},
+			Method: "systemd",
 		},
-		fst.ID{
-			0x8e, 0x2c, 0x76, 0xb0,
-			0x66, 0xda, 0xbe, 0x57,
-			0x4c, 0xf0, 0x73, 0xbd,
-			0xb4, 0x6e, 0xb5, 0xc1,
+		app.ID{
+			0xeb, 0xf0, 0x83, 0xd1,
+			0xb1, 0x75, 0x91, 0x17,
+			0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
+			0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
 		},
-		system.New(1000001).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1", 0711).
+		system.New(150).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0701).
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0701).
 			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/1", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/1", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
+			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
 			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1", acl.Execute).
-			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/passwd", "u0_a1:x:1971:1971:Fortify:/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n").
-			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/group", "fortify:x:1971:\n").
-			Link("/run/user/1971/wayland-0", "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/wayland").
+			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", acl.Execute).
+			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "chronos:x:65534:65534:Fortify:/home/chronos:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n").
+			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "fortify:x:65534:\n").
+			Link("/run/user/1971/wayland-0", "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland").
 			UpdatePermType(system.EWayland, "/run/user/1971/wayland-0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
-			Link("/run/user/1971/pulse/native", "/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse").
-			CopyFile("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse-cookie", "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie").
-			MustProxyDBus("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/bus", &dbus.Config{
+			Link("/run/user/1971/pulse/native", "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse").
+			CopyFile("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie", "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie").
+			MustProxyDBus("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", &dbus.Config{
 				Talk: []string{
-					"org.freedesktop.FileManager1", "org.freedesktop.Notifications",
-					"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver", "org.freedesktop.secrets",
-					"org.kde.kwalletd5", "org.kde.kwalletd6",
+					"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
+					"org.freedesktop.FileManager1",
+					"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver",
+					"org.freedesktop.secrets",
+					"org.kde.kwalletd5",
+					"org.kde.kwalletd6",
+					"org.gnome.SessionManager",
 				},
 				Own: []string{
 					"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
 					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
 					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
 				},
-				Call: map[string]string{}, Broadcast: map[string]string{},
+				Call: map[string]string{
+					"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "*",
+				},
+				Broadcast: map[string]string{
+					"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*",
+				},
 				Filter: true,
-			}, "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/system_bus_socket", &dbus.Config{
+			}, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", &dbus.Config{
 				Talk: []string{
 					"org.bluez",
 					"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
@ -89,137 +280,317 @@ var testCasesNixos = []sealTestCase{
 				},
 				Filter: true,
 			}).
-			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/bus", acl.Read, acl.Write).
-			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/system_bus_socket", acl.Read, acl.Write),
+			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", acl.Read, acl.Write).
+			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", acl.Read, acl.Write),
 		(&bwrap.Config{
 			Net:      true,
 			UserNS:   true,
-			Chdir:    "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1",
 			Clearenv: true,
 			SetEnv: map[string]string{
-				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/1971/bus",
+				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/65534/bus",
 				"DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS":  "unix:path=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket",
-				"HOME":                     "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1",
-				"PULSE_COOKIE":             "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse-cookie",
-				"PULSE_SERVER":             "unix:/run/user/1971/pulse/native",
+				"HOME":                     "/home/chronos",
+				"PULSE_COOKIE":             "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie",
+				"PULSE_SERVER":             "unix:/run/user/65534/pulse/native",
 				"SHELL":                    "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
 				"TERM":                     "xterm-256color",
-				"USER":                     "u0_a1",
-				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY":          "/run/user/1971/wayland-0",
-				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":          "/run/user/1971",
+				"USER":                     "chronos",
+				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY":          "/run/user/65534/wayland-0",
+				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":          "/run/user/65534",
 				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS":        "user",
 				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE":         "tty",
 			},
 			Chmod:         make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
-			NewSession:    true,
 			DieWithParent: true,
 			AsInit:        true,
-		}).SetUID(1971).SetGID(1971).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
-			Bind("/bin", "/bin").
-			Bind("/usr/bin", "/usr/bin").
-			Bind("/nix/store", "/nix/store").
-			Bind("/run/current-system", "/run/current-system").
-			Bind("/sys/block", "/sys/block", true).
-			Bind("/sys/bus", "/sys/bus", true).
-			Bind("/sys/class", "/sys/class", true).
-			Bind("/sys/dev", "/sys/dev", true).
-			Bind("/sys/devices", "/sys/devices", true).
-			Bind("/run/opengl-driver", "/run/opengl-driver").
+		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
+			Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+			Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4096).
+			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
+			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
+			Bind("/etc", "/dev/fortify/etc").
+			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
+			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
+			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
+			Bind("/nix", "/nix", false, true).
+			Bind("/root", "/root", false, true).
+			Bind("/srv", "/srv", false, true).
+			Bind("/sys", "/sys", false, true).
+			Bind("/usr", "/usr", false, true).
+			Bind("/var", "/var", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/agetty.reload", "/run/agetty.reload", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/binfmt", "/run/binfmt", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/booted-system", "/run/booted-system", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/credentials", "/run/credentials", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/cryptsetup", "/run/cryptsetup", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/current-system", "/run/current-system", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/host", "/run/host", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/keys", "/run/keys", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/libvirt", "/run/libvirt", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/libvirtd.pid", "/run/libvirtd.pid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/lock", "/run/lock", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/log", "/run/log", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/lvm", "/run/lvm", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/mount", "/run/mount", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/NetworkManager", "/run/NetworkManager", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/nginx", "/run/nginx", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/nixos", "/run/nixos", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/nscd", "/run/nscd", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/opengl-driver", "/run/opengl-driver", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/pppd", "/run/pppd", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/resolvconf", "/run/resolvconf", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/sddm", "/run/sddm", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/store", "/run/store", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/syncoid", "/run/syncoid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/system", "/run/system", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/systemd", "/run/systemd", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/tmpfiles.d", "/run/tmpfiles.d", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/udev", "/run/udev", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/udisks2", "/run/udisks2", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/utmp", "/run/utmp", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/virtlogd.pid", "/run/virtlogd.pid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
+			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
 			Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", true, true, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
 			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/1", "/tmp", false, true).
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
+			Symlink("/dev/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/150", "/tmp", false, true).
 			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
 			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user/1971", 8388608).
-			Bind("/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1", "/var/lib/persist/module/fortify/0/1", false, true).
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/group", "/etc/group").
-			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/wayland", "/run/user/1971/wayland-0").
-			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse", "/run/user/1971/pulse/native").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse-cookie", "/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/pulse-cookie").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/bus", "/run/user/1971/bus").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/8e2c76b066dabe574cf073bdb46eb5c1/system_bus_socket", "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket").
+			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "/etc/group").
+			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", "/run/user/65534/wayland-0").
+			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse", "/run/user/65534/pulse/native").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie", "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", "/run/user/65534/bus").
+			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket").
 			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
 	},
 }
+
+// fs methods are not implemented using a real FS
+// to help better understand filesystem access behaviour
+type stubNixOS struct {
+	lookPathErr map[string]error
+	usernameErr map[string]error
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Geteuid() int {
+	return 1971
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool) {
+	switch key {
+	case "SHELL":
+		return "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", true
+	case "TERM":
+		return "xterm-256color", true
+	case "WAYLAND_DISPLAY":
+		return "wayland-0", true
+	case "PULSE_COOKIE":
+		return "", false
+	case "HOME":
+		return "/home/ophestra", true
+	case "XDG_CONFIG_HOME":
+		return "/home/ophestra/xdg/config", true
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to access unexpected environment variable %q", key))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) TempDir() string {
+	return "/tmp"
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) LookPath(file string) (string, error) {
+	if s.lookPathErr != nil {
+		if err, ok := s.lookPathErr[file]; ok {
+			return "", err
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch file {
+	case "sudo":
+		return "/run/wrappers/bin/sudo", nil
+	case "machinectl":
+		return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/machinectl", nil
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to look up unexpected executable %q", file))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Executable() (string, error) {
+	return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/fortify", nil
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) {
+	if s.usernameErr != nil {
+		if err, ok := s.usernameErr[username]; ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch username {
+	case "chronos":
+		return &user.User{
+			Uid:      "150",
+			Gid:      "101",
+			Username: "chronos",
+			HomeDir:  "/home/chronos",
+		}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, user.UnknownUserError(username)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error) {
+	switch name {
+	case "/":
+		return stubDirEntries("bin", "boot", "dev", "etc", "home", "lib",
+			"lib64", "nix", "proc", "root", "run", "srv", "sys", "tmp", "usr", "var")
+	case "/run":
+		return stubDirEntries("agetty.reload", "binfmt", "booted-system",
+			"credentials", "cryptsetup", "current-system", "dbus", "host", "keys",
+			"libvirt", "libvirtd.pid", "lock", "log", "lvm", "mount", "NetworkManager",
+			"nginx", "nixos", "nscd", "opengl-driver", "pppd", "resolvconf", "sddm",
+			"store", "syncoid", "system", "systemd", "tmpfiles.d", "udev", "udisks2",
+			"user", "utmp", "virtlogd.pid", "wrappers", "zed.pid", "zed.state")
+	case "/etc":
+		return stubDirEntries("alsa", "bashrc", "binfmt.d", "dbus-1", "default",
+			"ethertypes", "fonts", "fstab", "fuse.conf", "group", "host.conf", "hostid",
+			"hostname", "hostname.CHECKSUM", "hosts", "inputrc", "ipsec.d", "issue", "kbd",
+			"libblockdev", "locale.conf", "localtime", "login.defs", "lsb-release", "lvm",
+			"machine-id", "man_db.conf", "modprobe.d", "modules-load.d", "mtab", "nanorc",
+			"netgroup", "NetworkManager", "nix", "nixos", "NIXOS", "nscd.conf", "nsswitch.conf",
+			"opensnitchd", "os-release", "pam", "pam.d", "passwd", "pipewire", "pki", "polkit-1",
+			"profile", "protocols", "qemu", "resolv.conf", "resolvconf.conf", "rpc", "samba",
+			"sddm.conf", "secureboot", "services", "set-environment", "shadow", "shells", "ssh",
+			"ssl", "static", "subgid", "subuid", "sudoers", "sysctl.d", "systemd", "terminfo",
+			"tmpfiles.d", "udev", "udisks2", "UPower", "vconsole.conf", "X11", "zfs", "zinputrc",
+			"zoneinfo", "zprofile", "zshenv", "zshrc")
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to read unexpected directory %q", name))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	switch name {
+	case "/var/run/nscd":
+		return nil, nil
+	case "/run/user/1971/pulse":
+		return nil, nil
+	case "/run/user/1971/pulse/native":
+		return stubFileInfoMode(0666), nil
+	case "/home/ophestra/.pulse-cookie":
+		return stubFileInfoIsDir(true), nil
+	case "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie":
+		return stubFileInfoIsDir(false), nil
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to stat unexpected path %q", name))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Open(name string) (fs.File, error) {
+	switch name {
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to open unexpected file %q", name))
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Exit(code int) {
+	panic("called exit on stub with code " + strconv.Itoa(code))
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) FshimPath() string {
+	return "/nix/store/00000000000000000000000000000000-fortify-0.0.10/bin/.fshim"
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
+	return linux.Paths{
+		SharePath:   "/tmp/fortify.1971",
+		RuntimePath: "/run/user/1971",
+		RunDirPath:  "/run/user/1971/fortify",
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *stubNixOS) SdBooted() bool {
+	return true
+}
--- a/internal/app/app_pd_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_pd_test.go
@ -1,452 +0,0 @@
-package app_test
-
-import (
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
-)
-
-var testCasesPd = []sealTestCase{
-	{
-		"nixos permissive defaults no enablements", new(stubNixOS),
-		&fst.Config{
-			Command: make([]string, 0),
-			Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID:    0,
-				Username: "chronos",
-				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
-			},
-		},
-		fst.ID{
-			0x4a, 0x45, 0x0b, 0x65,
-			0x96, 0xd7, 0xbc, 0x15,
-			0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
-			0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
-		},
-		system.New(1000000).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0711).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac", acl.Execute).
-			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "chronos:x:65534:65534:Fortify:/home/chronos:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n").
-			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "fortify:x:65534:\n"),
-		(&bwrap.Config{
-			Net:      true,
-			UserNS:   true,
-			Clearenv: true,
-			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
-			SetEnv: map[string]string{
-				"HOME":              "/home/chronos",
-				"SHELL":             "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
-				"TERM":              "xterm-256color",
-				"USER":              "chronos",
-				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":   "/run/user/65534",
-				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS": "user",
-				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE":  "tty"},
-			Chmod:         make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
-			DieWithParent: true,
-			AsInit:        true,
-		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
-			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
-			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
-			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
-			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
-			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
-			Bind("/nix", "/nix", false, true).
-			Bind("/root", "/root", false, true).
-			Bind("/srv", "/srv", false, true).
-			Bind("/sys", "/sys", false, true).
-			Bind("/usr", "/usr", false, true).
-			Bind("/var", "/var", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/agetty.reload", "/run/agetty.reload", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/binfmt", "/run/binfmt", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/booted-system", "/run/booted-system", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/credentials", "/run/credentials", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/cryptsetup", "/run/cryptsetup", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/current-system", "/run/current-system", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/host", "/run/host", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/keys", "/run/keys", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/libvirt", "/run/libvirt", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/libvirtd.pid", "/run/libvirtd.pid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/lock", "/run/lock", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/log", "/run/log", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/lvm", "/run/lvm", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/mount", "/run/mount", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/NetworkManager", "/run/NetworkManager", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/nginx", "/run/nginx", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/nixos", "/run/nixos", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/nscd", "/run/nscd", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/opengl-driver", "/run/opengl-driver", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/pppd", "/run/pppd", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/resolvconf", "/run/resolvconf", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/sddm", "/run/sddm", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/store", "/run/store", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/syncoid", "/run/syncoid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/system", "/run/system", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/systemd", "/run/systemd", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/tmpfiles.d", "/run/tmpfiles.d", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/udev", "/run/udev", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/udisks2", "/run/udisks2", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/utmp", "/run/utmp", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/virtlogd.pid", "/run/virtlogd.pid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
-			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/0", "/tmp", false, true).
-			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
-			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/4a450b6596d7bc15bd01780eb9a607ac/group", "/etc/group").
-			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
-	},
-	{
-		"nixos permissive defaults chromium", new(stubNixOS),
-		&fst.Config{
-			ID:      "org.chromium.Chromium",
-			Command: []string{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", "-c", "exec chromium "},
-			Confinement: fst.ConfinementConfig{
-				AppID:    9,
-				Groups:   []string{"video"},
-				Username: "chronos",
-				Outer:    "/home/chronos",
-				SessionBus: &dbus.Config{
-					Talk: []string{
-						"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
-						"org.freedesktop.FileManager1",
-						"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver",
-						"org.freedesktop.secrets",
-						"org.kde.kwalletd5",
-						"org.kde.kwalletd6",
-						"org.gnome.SessionManager",
-					},
-					Own: []string{
-						"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
-						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
-						"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
-					},
-					Call: map[string]string{
-						"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "*",
-					},
-					Broadcast: map[string]string{
-						"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*",
-					},
-					Filter: true,
-				},
-				SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
-					Talk: []string{
-						"org.bluez",
-						"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
-						"org.freedesktop.UPower",
-					},
-					Filter: true,
-				},
-				Enablements: system.EWayland.Mask() | system.EDBus.Mask() | system.EPulse.Mask(),
-			},
-		},
-		fst.ID{
-			0xeb, 0xf0, 0x83, 0xd1,
-			0xb1, 0x75, 0x91, 0x17,
-			0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
-			0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
-		},
-		system.New(1000009).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971", 0711).
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0711).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", 01700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/run/user/1971/fortify", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971/fortify", acl.Execute).
-			Ensure("/run/user/1971", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/run/user/1971", acl.Execute). // this is ordered as is because the previous Ensure only calls mkdir if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is unset
-			Ephemeral(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.Process, "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", acl.Execute).
-			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "chronos:x:65534:65534:Fortify:/home/chronos:/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh\n").
-			WriteType(system.Process, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "fortify:x:65534:\n").
-			Ensure("/tmp/fortify.1971/wayland", 0711).
-			Wayland("/tmp/fortify.1971/wayland/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", "/run/user/1971/wayland-0", "org.chromium.Chromium", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c").
-			Link("/run/user/1971/pulse/native", "/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse").
-			CopyFile("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie", "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie").
-			MustProxyDBus("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", &dbus.Config{
-				Talk: []string{
-					"org.freedesktop.Notifications",
-					"org.freedesktop.FileManager1",
-					"org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver",
-					"org.freedesktop.secrets",
-					"org.kde.kwalletd5",
-					"org.kde.kwalletd6",
-					"org.gnome.SessionManager",
-				},
-				Own: []string{
-					"org.chromium.Chromium.*",
-					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.org.chromium.Chromium.*",
-					"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.chromium.*",
-				},
-				Call: map[string]string{
-					"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "*",
-				},
-				Broadcast: map[string]string{
-					"org.freedesktop.portal.*": "@/org/freedesktop/portal/*",
-				},
-				Filter: true,
-			}, "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", &dbus.Config{
-				Talk: []string{
-					"org.bluez",
-					"org.freedesktop.Avahi",
-					"org.freedesktop.UPower",
-				},
-				Filter: true,
-			}).
-			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", acl.Read, acl.Write).
-			UpdatePerm("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", acl.Read, acl.Write),
-		(&bwrap.Config{
-			Net:      true,
-			UserNS:   true,
-			Chdir:    "/home/chronos",
-			Clearenv: true,
-			SetEnv: map[string]string{
-				"DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS": "unix:path=/run/user/65534/bus",
-				"DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS":  "unix:path=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket",
-				"HOME":                     "/home/chronos",
-				"PULSE_COOKIE":             "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie",
-				"PULSE_SERVER":             "unix:/run/user/65534/pulse/native",
-				"SHELL":                    "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh",
-				"TERM":                     "xterm-256color",
-				"USER":                     "chronos",
-				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY":          "/run/user/65534/wayland-0",
-				"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR":          "/run/user/65534",
-				"XDG_SESSION_CLASS":        "user",
-				"XDG_SESSION_TYPE":         "tty",
-			},
-			Chmod:         make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
-			DieWithParent: true,
-			AsInit:        true,
-		}).SetUID(65534).SetGID(65534).
-			Procfs("/proc").
-			Tmpfs("/fortify", 4096).
-			DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
-			Bind("/bin", "/bin", false, true).
-			Bind("/boot", "/boot", false, true).
-			Bind("/home", "/home", false, true).
-			Bind("/lib", "/lib", false, true).
-			Bind("/lib64", "/lib64", false, true).
-			Bind("/nix", "/nix", false, true).
-			Bind("/root", "/root", false, true).
-			Bind("/srv", "/srv", false, true).
-			Bind("/sys", "/sys", false, true).
-			Bind("/usr", "/usr", false, true).
-			Bind("/var", "/var", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/agetty.reload", "/run/agetty.reload", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/binfmt", "/run/binfmt", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/booted-system", "/run/booted-system", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/credentials", "/run/credentials", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/cryptsetup", "/run/cryptsetup", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/current-system", "/run/current-system", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/host", "/run/host", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/keys", "/run/keys", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/libvirt", "/run/libvirt", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/libvirtd.pid", "/run/libvirtd.pid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/lock", "/run/lock", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/log", "/run/log", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/lvm", "/run/lvm", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/mount", "/run/mount", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/NetworkManager", "/run/NetworkManager", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/nginx", "/run/nginx", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/nixos", "/run/nixos", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/nscd", "/run/nscd", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/opengl-driver", "/run/opengl-driver", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/pppd", "/run/pppd", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/resolvconf", "/run/resolvconf", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/sddm", "/run/sddm", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/store", "/run/store", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/syncoid", "/run/syncoid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/system", "/run/system", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/systemd", "/run/systemd", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/tmpfiles.d", "/run/tmpfiles.d", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/udev", "/run/udev", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/udisks2", "/run/udisks2", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/utmp", "/run/utmp", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/virtlogd.pid", "/run/virtlogd.pid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/wrappers", "/run/wrappers", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/zed.pid", "/run/zed.pid", false, true).
-			Bind("/run/zed.state", "/run/zed.state", false, true).
-			Bind("/dev/dri", "/dev/dri", true, true, true).
-			Bind("/etc", "/fortify/etc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/alsa", "/etc/alsa").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/bashrc", "/etc/bashrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/binfmt.d", "/etc/binfmt.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/dbus-1", "/etc/dbus-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/default", "/etc/default").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ethertypes", "/etc/ethertypes").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fonts", "/etc/fonts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fstab", "/etc/fstab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/fuse.conf", "/etc/fuse.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/host.conf", "/etc/host.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostid", "/etc/hostid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname", "/etc/hostname").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM", "/etc/hostname.CHECKSUM").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/hosts", "/etc/hosts").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/inputrc", "/etc/inputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ipsec.d", "/etc/ipsec.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/issue", "/etc/issue").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/kbd", "/etc/kbd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/libblockdev", "/etc/libblockdev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/locale.conf", "/etc/locale.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/localtime", "/etc/localtime").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/login.defs", "/etc/login.defs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lsb-release", "/etc/lsb-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/lvm", "/etc/lvm").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/man_db.conf", "/etc/man_db.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modprobe.d", "/etc/modprobe.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/modules-load.d", "/etc/modules-load.d").
-			Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/mtab").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nanorc", "/etc/nanorc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/netgroup", "/etc/netgroup").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NetworkManager", "/etc/NetworkManager").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nix", "/etc/nix").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nixos", "/etc/nixos").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/NIXOS", "/etc/NIXOS").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nscd.conf", "/etc/nscd.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/nsswitch.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/opensnitchd", "/etc/opensnitchd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/os-release", "/etc/os-release").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam", "/etc/pam").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pam.d", "/etc/pam.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pipewire", "/etc/pipewire").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/pki", "/etc/pki").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/polkit-1", "/etc/polkit-1").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/profile", "/etc/profile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/protocols", "/etc/protocols").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/qemu", "/etc/qemu").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolv.conf", "/etc/resolv.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/resolvconf.conf", "/etc/resolvconf.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/rpc", "/etc/rpc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/samba", "/etc/samba").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sddm.conf", "/etc/sddm.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/secureboot", "/etc/secureboot").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/services", "/etc/services").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/set-environment", "/etc/set-environment").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shadow", "/etc/shadow").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/shells", "/etc/shells").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssh", "/etc/ssh").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/ssl", "/etc/ssl").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/static", "/etc/static").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subgid", "/etc/subgid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/subuid", "/etc/subuid").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sudoers", "/etc/sudoers").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/sysctl.d", "/etc/sysctl.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/systemd", "/etc/systemd").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/terminfo", "/etc/terminfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/tmpfiles.d", "/etc/tmpfiles.d").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udev", "/etc/udev").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/udisks2", "/etc/udisks2").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/UPower", "/etc/UPower").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/vconsole.conf", "/etc/vconsole.conf").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/X11", "/etc/X11").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zfs", "/etc/zfs").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zinputrc", "/etc/zinputrc").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zoneinfo", "/etc/zoneinfo").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zprofile", "/etc/zprofile").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshenv", "/etc/zshenv").
-			Symlink("/fortify/etc/zshrc", "/etc/zshrc").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/tmpdir/9", "/tmp", false, true).
-			Tmpfs("/tmp/fortify.1971", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user", 1048576).
-			Tmpfs("/run/user/65534", 8388608).
-			Bind("/home/chronos", "/home/chronos", false, true).
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/passwd", "/etc/passwd").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/group", "/etc/group").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/wayland/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c", "/run/user/65534/wayland-0").
-			Bind("/run/user/1971/fortify/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse", "/run/user/65534/pulse/native").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie", "/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/pulse-cookie").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/bus", "/run/user/65534/bus").
-			Bind("/tmp/fortify.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/system_bus_socket", "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket").
-			Tmpfs("/var/run/nscd", 8192),
-	},
-}
--- a/internal/app/app_stub_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_stub_test.go
@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-package app_test
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"io/fs"
-	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-)
-
-// fs methods are not implemented using a real FS
-// to help better understand filesystem access behaviour
-type stubNixOS struct {
-	lookPathErr map[string]error
-	usernameErr map[string]error
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Geteuid() int {
-	return 1971
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool) {
-	switch key {
-	case "SHELL":
-		return "/run/current-system/sw/bin/zsh", true
-	case "TERM":
-		return "xterm-256color", true
-	case "WAYLAND_DISPLAY":
-		return "wayland-0", true
-	case "PULSE_COOKIE":
-		return "", false
-	case "HOME":
-		return "/home/ophestra", true
-	case "XDG_CONFIG_HOME":
-		return "/home/ophestra/xdg/config", true
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to access unexpected environment variable %q", key))
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) TempDir() string {
-	return "/tmp"
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) LookPath(file string) (string, error) {
-	if s.lookPathErr != nil {
-		if err, ok := s.lookPathErr[file]; ok {
-			return "", err
-		}
-	}
-
-	switch file {
-	case "sudo":
-		return "/run/wrappers/bin/sudo", nil
-	case "machinectl":
-		return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/machinectl", nil
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to look up unexpected executable %q", file))
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Executable() (string, error) {
-	return "/home/ophestra/.nix-profile/bin/fortify", nil
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) {
-	switch name {
-	case "video":
-		return &user.Group{Gid: "26", Name: "video"}, nil
-	default:
-		return nil, user.UnknownGroupError(name)
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error) {
-	switch name {
-	case "/":
-		return stubDirEntries("bin", "boot", "dev", "etc", "home", "lib",
-			"lib64", "nix", "proc", "root", "run", "srv", "sys", "tmp", "usr", "var")
-	case "/run":
-		return stubDirEntries("agetty.reload", "binfmt", "booted-system",
-			"credentials", "cryptsetup", "current-system", "dbus", "host", "keys",
-			"libvirt", "libvirtd.pid", "lock", "log", "lvm", "mount", "NetworkManager",
-			"nginx", "nixos", "nscd", "opengl-driver", "pppd", "resolvconf", "sddm",
-			"store", "syncoid", "system", "systemd", "tmpfiles.d", "udev", "udisks2",
-			"user", "utmp", "virtlogd.pid", "wrappers", "zed.pid", "zed.state")
-	case "/etc":
-		return stubDirEntries("alsa", "bashrc", "binfmt.d", "dbus-1", "default",
-			"ethertypes", "fonts", "fstab", "fuse.conf", "group", "host.conf", "hostid",
-			"hostname", "hostname.CHECKSUM", "hosts", "inputrc", "ipsec.d", "issue", "kbd",
-			"libblockdev", "locale.conf", "localtime", "login.defs", "lsb-release", "lvm",
-			"machine-id", "man_db.conf", "modprobe.d", "modules-load.d", "mtab", "nanorc",
-			"netgroup", "NetworkManager", "nix", "nixos", "NIXOS", "nscd.conf", "nsswitch.conf",
-			"opensnitchd", "os-release", "pam", "pam.d", "passwd", "pipewire", "pki", "polkit-1",
-			"profile", "protocols", "qemu", "resolv.conf", "resolvconf.conf", "rpc", "samba",
-			"sddm.conf", "secureboot", "services", "set-environment", "shadow", "shells", "ssh",
-			"ssl", "static", "subgid", "subuid", "sudoers", "sysctl.d", "systemd", "terminfo",
-			"tmpfiles.d", "udev", "udisks2", "UPower", "vconsole.conf", "X11", "zfs", "zinputrc",
-			"zoneinfo", "zprofile", "zshenv", "zshrc")
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to read unexpected directory %q", name))
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
-	switch name {
-	case "/var/run/nscd":
-		return nil, nil
-	case "/run/user/1971/pulse":
-		return nil, nil
-	case "/run/user/1971/pulse/native":
-		return stubFileInfoMode(0666), nil
-	case "/home/ophestra/.pulse-cookie":
-		return stubFileInfoIsDir(true), nil
-	case "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie":
-		return stubFileInfoIsDir(false), nil
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to stat unexpected path %q", name))
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Open(name string) (fs.File, error) {
-	switch name {
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("attempted to open unexpected file %q", name))
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Exit(code int) {
-	panic("called exit on stub with code " + strconv.Itoa(code))
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Stdout() io.Writer {
-	panic("requested stdout")
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Paths() linux.Paths {
-	return linux.Paths{
-		SharePath:   "/tmp/fortify.1971",
-		RuntimePath: "/run/user/1971",
-		RunDirPath:  "/run/user/1971/fortify",
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
-	return 1000000 + 0*10000 + aid, nil
-}
-
-func (s *stubNixOS) SdBooted() bool {
-	return true
-}
--- a/internal/app/app_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_test.go
@ -6,24 +6,23 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/app"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 type sealTestCase struct {
 	name      string
 	os        linux.System
-	config    *fst.Config
-	id        fst.ID
+	config    *app.Config
+	id        app.ID
 	wantSys   *system.I
 	wantBwrap *bwrap.Config
 }

 func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
-	testCases := append(testCasesPd, testCasesNixos...)
+	testCases := append(testCasesNixos)

 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/app/config.go
+++ b/internal/app/config.go
@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
-package fst
+package app

 import (
-	"errors"
+	"os"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-const fTmp = "/fortify"
-
 // Config is used to seal an *App
 type Config struct {
 	// D-Bus application ID
 	ID string `json:"id"`
+	// username of the target user to switch to
+	User string `json:"user"`
 	// value passed through to the child process as its argv
 	Command []string `json:"command"`
+	// string representation of the child's launch method
+	Method string `json:"method"`

 	// child confinement configuration
 	Confinement ConfinementConfig `json:"confinement"`
@ -24,16 +25,6 @@ type Config struct {

 // ConfinementConfig defines fortified child's confinement
 type ConfinementConfig struct {
-	// numerical application id, determines uid in the init namespace
-	AppID int `json:"app_id"`
-	// list of supplementary groups to inherit
-	Groups []string `json:"groups"`
-	// passwd username in the sandbox, defaults to chronos
-	Username string `json:"username,omitempty"`
-	// home directory in sandbox, empty for outer
-	Inner string `json:"home_inner"`
-	// home directory in init namespace
-	Outer string `json:"home"`
 	// bwrap sandbox confinement configuration
 	Sandbox *SandboxConfig `json:"sandbox"`

@ -56,14 +47,12 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	UserNS bool `json:"userns,omitempty"`
 	// share net namespace
 	Net bool `json:"net,omitempty"`
-	// share all devices
-	Dev bool `json:"dev,omitempty"`
 	// do not run in new session
 	NoNewSession bool `json:"no_new_session,omitempty"`
 	// map target user uid to privileged user uid in the user namespace
-	MapRealUID bool `json:"map_real_uid"`
-	// direct access to wayland socket
-	DirectWayland bool `json:"direct_wayland,omitempty"`
+	UseRealUID bool `json:"use_real_uid"`
+	// mediated access to wayland socket
+	Wayland bool `json:"wayland,omitempty"`

 	// final environment variables
 	Env map[string]string `json:"env"`
@ -71,8 +60,6 @@ type SandboxConfig struct {
 	Filesystem []*FilesystemConfig `json:"filesystem"`
 	// symlinks created inside the sandbox
 	Link [][2]string `json:"symlink"`
-	// automatically set up /etc symlinks
-	AutoEtc bool `json:"auto_etc"`
 	// paths to override by mounting tmpfs over them
 	Override []string `json:"override"`
 }
@ -92,16 +79,13 @@ type FilesystemConfig struct {

 // Bwrap returns the address of the corresponding bwrap.Config to s.
 // Note that remaining tmpfs entries must be queued by the caller prior to launch.
-func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
+func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(uid int) *bwrap.Config {
 	if s == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("nil sandbox config")
+		return nil
 	}

-	var uid int
-	if !s.MapRealUID {
+	if !s.UseRealUID {
 		uid = 65534
-	} else {
-		uid = os.Geteuid()
 	}

 	conf := (&bwrap.Config{
@ -115,21 +99,11 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 		AsInit:        true,

 		// initialise map
-		Chmod: make(bwrap.ChmodConfig),
+		Chmod: make(map[string]os.FileMode),
 	}).
 		SetUID(uid).SetGID(uid).
-		Procfs("/proc").
-		Tmpfs(fTmp, 4*1024)
-
-	if !s.Dev {
-		conf.DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue")
-	} else {
-		conf.Bind("/dev", "/dev", false, true, true)
-	}
-
-	if !s.AutoEtc {
-		conf.Dir("/etc")
-	}
+		Procfs("/proc").DevTmpfs("/dev").Mqueue("/dev/mqueue").
+		Tmpfs("/dev/fortify", 4*1024)

 	for _, c := range s.Filesystem {
 		if c == nil {
@ -147,35 +121,14 @@ func (s *SandboxConfig) Bwrap(os linux.System) (*bwrap.Config, error) {
 		conf.Symlink(l[0], l[1])
 	}

-	if s.AutoEtc {
-		conf.Bind("/etc", fTmp+"/etc")
-
-		// link host /etc contents to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
-		if d, err := os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		} else {
-			for _, ent := range d {
-				name := ent.Name()
-				switch name {
-				case "passwd":
-				case "group":
-
-				case "mtab":
-					conf.Symlink("/proc/mounts", "/etc/"+name)
-				default:
-					conf.Symlink(fTmp+"/etc/"+name, "/etc/"+name)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return conf, nil
+	return conf
 }

 // Template returns a fully populated instance of Config.
 func Template() *Config {
 	return &Config{
 		ID:   "org.chromium.Chromium",
+		User: "chronos",
 		Command: []string{
 			"chromium",
 			"--ignore-gpu-blocklist",
@ -183,20 +136,14 @@ func Template() *Config {
 			"--enable-features=UseOzonePlatform",
 			"--ozone-platform=wayland",
 		},
+		Method: "sudo",
 		Confinement: ConfinementConfig{
-			AppID:    9,
-			Groups:   []string{"video"},
-			Username: "chronos",
-			Outer:    "/var/lib/persist/home/org.chromium.Chromium",
-			Inner:    "/var/lib/fortify",
 			Sandbox: &SandboxConfig{
 				Hostname:     "localhost",
 				UserNS:       true,
 				Net:          true,
 				NoNewSession: true,
-				MapRealUID:    true,
-				Dev:           true,
-				DirectWayland: false,
+				Wayland:      false,
 				// example API credentials pulled from Google Chrome
 				// DO NOT USE THESE IN A REAL BROWSER
 				Env: map[string]string{
@ -205,15 +152,12 @@ func Template() *Config {
 					"GOOGLE_DEFAULT_CLIENT_SECRET": "OTJgUOQcT7lO7GsGZq2G4IlT",
 				},
 				Filesystem: []*FilesystemConfig{
-					{Src: "/nix/store"},
-					{Src: "/run/current-system"},
-					{Src: "/run/opengl-driver"},
-					{Src: "/var/db/nix-channels"},
-					{Src: "/home/chronos", Write: true, Must: true},
-					{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true},
+					{Src: "/nix"},
+					{Src: "/storage/emulated/0", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/data/user/0", Dst: "/data/data", Write: true, Must: true},
+					{Src: "/var/tmp", Write: true},
 				},
-				Link:     [][2]string{{"/run/user/65534", "/run/user/150"}},
-				AutoEtc:  true,
+				Link:     [][2]string{{"/dev/fortify/etc", "/etc"}},
 				Override: []string{"/var/run/nscd"},
 			},
 			SystemBus: &dbus.Config{
--- a/internal/app/export_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/export_test.go
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 package app

 import (
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-func NewWithID(id fst.ID, os linux.System) App {
+func NewWithID(id ID, os linux.System) App {
 	a := new(app)
 	a.id = &id
 	a.os = os
--- a/internal/app/id.go
+++ b/internal/app/id.go
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+)
+
+type ID [16]byte
+
+func (a *ID) String() string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(a[:])
+}
+
+func newAppID(id *ID) error {
+	_, err := rand.Read(id[:])
+	return err
+}
--- a/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.machinectl.go
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+func (a *app) commandBuilderMachineCtl(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
+	args = make([]string, 0, 9+len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv))
+
+	// shell --uid=$USER
+	args = append(args, "shell", "--uid="+a.seal.sys.user.Username)
+
+	// --quiet
+	if !fmsg.Verbose() {
+		args = append(args, "--quiet")
+	}
+
+	// environ
+	envQ := make([]string, 0, len(a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv)+1)
+	for k, v := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
+		envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+k+"="+v)
+	}
+	// add shim payload to environment for shim path
+	envQ = append(envQ, "-E"+shimEnv)
+	args = append(args, envQ...)
+
+	// -- .host
+	args = append(args, "--", ".host")
+
+	// /bin/sh -c
+	if sh, err := a.os.LookPath("sh"); err != nil {
+		// hardcode /bin/sh path since it exists more often than not
+		args = append(args, "/bin/sh", "-c")
+	} else {
+		args = append(args, sh, "-c")
+	}
+
+	// build inner command expression ran as target user
+	innerCommand := strings.Builder{}
+
+	// apply custom environment variables to activation environment
+	innerCommand.WriteString("dbus-update-activation-environment --systemd")
+	for k := range a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv {
+		innerCommand.WriteString(" " + k)
+	}
+	innerCommand.WriteString("; ")
+
+	// launch fortify shim
+	innerCommand.WriteString("exec " + a.os.FshimPath())
+
+	// append inner command
+	args = append(args, innerCommand.String())
+
+	return
+}
--- a/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
+++ b/internal/app/launch.sudo.go
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package app
+
+import (
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+)
+
+const (
+	sudoAskPass = "SUDO_ASKPASS"
+)
+
+func (a *app) commandBuilderSudo(shimEnv string) (args []string) {
+	args = make([]string, 0, 8)
+
+	// -Hiu $USER
+	args = append(args, "-Hiu", a.seal.sys.user.Username)
+
+	// -A?
+	if _, ok := a.os.LookupEnv(sudoAskPass); ok {
+		fmsg.VPrintln(sudoAskPass, "set, adding askpass flag")
+		args = append(args, "-A")
+	}
+
+	// shim payload
+	args = append(args, shimEnv)
+
+	// -- $@
+	args = append(args, "--", a.os.FshimPath())
+
+	return
+}
--- a/internal/app/seal.go
+++ b/internal/app/seal.go
@ -2,33 +2,45 @@ package app

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
+	"os/user"
 	"path"
-	"regexp"
 	"strconv"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/state"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	shim "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

+const (
+	LaunchMethodSudo uint8 = iota
+	LaunchMethodMachineCtl
+)
+
+var method = [...]string{
+	LaunchMethodSudo:       "sudo",
+	LaunchMethodMachineCtl: "systemd",
+}
+
 var (
 	ErrConfig = errors.New("no configuration to seal")
-	ErrUser   = errors.New("invalid aid")
-	ErrHome   = errors.New("invalid home directory")
-	ErrName   = errors.New("invalid username")
-)
+	ErrUser   = errors.New("unknown user")
+	ErrLaunch = errors.New("invalid launch method")

-var posixUsername = regexp.MustCompilePOSIX("^[a-z_]([A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,31}|[A-Za-z0-9_-]{0,30}\\$)$")
+	ErrSudo       = errors.New("sudo not available")
+	ErrSystemd    = errors.New("systemd not available")
+	ErrMachineCtl = errors.New("machinectl not available")
+)

 // appSeal seals the application with child-related information
 type appSeal struct {
 	// app unique ID string representation
 	id string
+	// wayland mediation, disabled if nil
+	wl *shim.Wayland
 	// dbus proxy message buffer retriever
 	dbusMsg func(f func(msgbuf []string))

@ -39,15 +51,17 @@ type appSeal struct {
 	// persistent process state store
 	store state.Store

+	// uint8 representation of launch method sealed from config
+	launchOption uint8
 	// process-specific share directory path
 	share string
 	// process-specific share directory path local to XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
 	shareLocal string

+	// path to launcher program
+	toolPath string
 	// pass-through enablement tracking from config
 	et system.Enablements
-	// wayland socket direct access
-	directWayland bool

 	// prevents sharing from happening twice
 	shared bool
@ -60,7 +74,7 @@ type appSeal struct {
 }

 // Seal seals the app launch context
-func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
+func (a *app) Seal(config *Config) error {
 	a.lock.Lock()
 	defer a.lock.Unlock()

@ -84,11 +98,39 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 	seal.fid = config.ID
 	seal.command = config.Command

+	// parses launch method text and looks up tool path
+	switch config.Method {
+	case method[LaunchMethodSudo]:
+		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodSudo
+		if sudoPath, err := a.os.LookPath("sudo"); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSudo,
+				"sudo not found")
+		} else {
+			seal.toolPath = sudoPath
+		}
+	case method[LaunchMethodMachineCtl]:
+		seal.launchOption = LaunchMethodMachineCtl
+		if !a.os.SdBooted() {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrSystemd,
+				"system has not been booted with systemd as init system")
+		}
+
+		if machineCtlPath, err := a.os.LookPath("machinectl"); err != nil {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrMachineCtl,
+				"machinectl not found")
+		} else {
+			seal.toolPath = machineCtlPath
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrLaunch,
+			"invalid launch method")
+	}
+
 	// create seal system component
 	seal.sys = new(appSealSys)

 	// mapped uid
-	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.MapRealUID {
+	if config.Confinement.Sandbox != nil && config.Confinement.Sandbox.UseRealUID {
 		seal.sys.mappedID = a.os.Geteuid()
 	} else {
 		seal.sys.mappedID = 65534
@ -96,51 +138,16 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 	seal.sys.mappedIDString = strconv.Itoa(seal.sys.mappedID)
 	seal.sys.runtime = path.Join("/run/user", seal.sys.mappedIDString)

-	// validate uid and set user info
-	if config.Confinement.AppID < 0 || config.Confinement.AppID > 9999 {
-		return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser,
-			fmt.Sprintf("aid %d out of range", config.Confinement.AppID))
+	// look up user from system
+	if u, err := a.os.Lookup(config.User); err != nil {
+		if errors.As(err, new(user.UnknownUserError)) {
+			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrUser, "unknown user", config.User)
 		} else {
-		seal.sys.user = appUser{
-			aid:      config.Confinement.AppID,
-			as:       strconv.Itoa(config.Confinement.AppID),
-			data:     config.Confinement.Outer,
-			home:     config.Confinement.Inner,
-			username: config.Confinement.Username,
+			// unreachable
+			panic(err)
 		}
-		if seal.sys.user.username == "" {
-			seal.sys.user.username = "chronos"
-		} else if !posixUsername.MatchString(seal.sys.user.username) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrName,
-				fmt.Sprintf("invalid user name %q", seal.sys.user.username))
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.data == "" || !path.IsAbs(seal.sys.user.data) {
-			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrHome,
-				fmt.Sprintf("invalid home directory %q", seal.sys.user.data))
-		}
-		if seal.sys.user.home == "" {
-			seal.sys.user.home = seal.sys.user.data
-		}
-
-		// invoke fsu for full uid
-		if u, err := a.os.Uid(seal.sys.user.aid); err != nil {
-			return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-				"cannot obtain uid from fsu:")
 	} else {
-			seal.sys.user.uid = u
-			seal.sys.user.us = strconv.Itoa(u)
-		}
-
-		// resolve supplementary group ids from names
-		seal.sys.user.supp = make([]string, len(config.Confinement.Groups))
-		for i, name := range config.Confinement.Groups {
-			if g, err := a.os.LookupGroup(name); err != nil {
-				return fmsg.WrapError(err,
-					fmt.Sprintf("unknown group %q", name))
-			} else {
-				seal.sys.user.supp[i] = g.Gid
-			}
-		}
+		seal.sys.user = u
 	}

 	// map sandbox config to bwrap
@ -148,17 +155,16 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 		fmsg.VPrintln("sandbox configuration not supplied, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")

 		// permissive defaults
-		conf := &fst.SandboxConfig{
+		conf := &SandboxConfig{
 			UserNS:       true,
 			Net:          true,
 			NoNewSession: true,
-			AutoEtc:      true,
 		}
 		// bind entries in /
 		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/"); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
-			b := make([]*fst.FilesystemConfig, 0, len(d))
+			b := make([]*FilesystemConfig, 0, len(d))
 			for _, ent := range d {
 				p := "/" + ent.Name()
 				switch p {
@ -167,10 +173,11 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 				case "/run":
 				case "/tmp":
 				case "/mnt":
-				case "/etc":

+				case "/etc":
+					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Dst: "/dev/fortify/etc", Write: false, Must: true})
 				default:
-					b = append(b, &fst.FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
+					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
 				}
 			}
 			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, b...)
@ -179,7 +186,7 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/run"); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
-			b := make([]*fst.FilesystemConfig, 0, len(d))
+			b := make([]*FilesystemConfig, 0, len(d))
 			for _, ent := range d {
 				name := ent.Name()
 				switch name {
@ -187,7 +194,7 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 				case "dbus":
 				default:
 					p := "/run/" + name
-					b = append(b, &fst.FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
+					b = append(b, &FilesystemConfig{Src: p, Write: true, Must: true})
 				}
 			}
 			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, b...)
@ -199,29 +206,60 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 		}
 		// bind GPU stuff
 		if config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EX11) || config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(system.EWayland) {
-			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &fst.FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true})
+			conf.Filesystem = append(conf.Filesystem, &FilesystemConfig{Src: "/dev/dri", Device: true})
+		}
+		// link host /etc to prevent passwd/group from being overwritten
+		if d, err := a.os.ReadDir("/etc"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			b := make([][2]string, 0, len(d))
+			for _, ent := range d {
+				name := ent.Name()
+				switch name {
+				case "passwd":
+				case "group":
+
+				case "mtab":
+					b = append(b, [2]string{
+						"/proc/mounts",
+						"/etc/" + name,
+					})
+				default:
+					b = append(b, [2]string{
+						"/dev/fortify/etc/" + name,
+						"/etc/" + name,
+					})
+				}
+			}
+			conf.Link = append(conf.Link, b...)
 		}

 		config.Confinement.Sandbox = conf
 	}
-	seal.directWayland = config.Confinement.Sandbox.DirectWayland
-	if b, err := config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else {
-		seal.sys.bwrap = b
-	}
+	seal.sys.bwrap = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Bwrap(a.os.Geteuid())
 	seal.sys.override = config.Confinement.Sandbox.Override
 	if seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv == nil {
 		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv = make(map[string]string)
 	}

+	// create wayland struct and client wait channel if mediated wayland is enabled
+	// this field being set enables mediated wayland setup later on
+	if config.Confinement.Sandbox.Wayland {
+		seal.wl = shim.NewWayland()
+	}
+
 	// open process state store
 	// the simple store only starts holding an open file after first action
 	// store activity begins after Start is called and must end before Wait
-	seal.store = state.NewMulti(seal.RunDirPath)
+	seal.store = state.NewSimple(seal.RunDirPath, seal.sys.user.Uid)

-	// initialise system interface with full uid
-	seal.sys.I = system.New(seal.sys.user.uid)
+	// parse string UID
+	if u, err := strconv.Atoi(seal.sys.user.Uid); err != nil {
+		// unreachable unless kernel bug
+		panic("uid parse")
+	} else {
+		seal.sys.I = system.New(u)
+	}

 	// pass through enablements
 	seal.et = config.Confinement.Enablements
@ -232,11 +270,13 @@ func (a *app) Seal(config *fst.Config) error {
 	}

 	// verbose log seal information
-	fmsg.VPrintf("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, command: %s",
-		seal.sys.user.us, seal.sys.user.username, config.Confinement.Groups, config.Command)
+	fmsg.VPrintln("created application seal as user",
+		seal.sys.user.Username, "("+seal.sys.user.Uid+"),",
+		"method:", config.Method+",",
+		"launcher:", seal.toolPath+",",
+		"command:", config.Command)

 	// seal app and release lock
 	a.seal = seal
-	a.ct = newAppCt(config)
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/app/share.dbus.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.dbus.go
@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package app
 import (
 	"path"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 const (
--- a/internal/app/share.display.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.display.go
@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"path"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 const (
@ -31,36 +31,23 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os linux.System) error {

 	// set up wayland
 	if seal.et.Has(system.EWayland) {
-		var wp string
 		if wd, ok := os.LookupEnv(waylandDisplay); !ok {
 			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrWayland,
 				"WAYLAND_DISPLAY is not set")
-		} else {
-			wp = path.Join(seal.RuntimePath, wd)
-		}
-
-		w := path.Join(seal.sys.runtime, "wayland-0")
-		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[waylandDisplay] = w
-
-		if seal.directWayland {
+		} else if seal.wl == nil {
 			// hardlink wayland socket
+			wp := path.Join(seal.RuntimePath, wd)
 			wpi := path.Join(seal.shareLocal, "wayland")
+			w := path.Join(seal.sys.runtime, "wayland-0")
 			seal.sys.Link(wp, wpi)
+			seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[waylandDisplay] = w
 			seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(wpi, w)

 			// ensure Wayland socket ACL (e.g. `/run/user/%d/wayland-%d`)
 			seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.EWayland, wp, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
 		} else {
-			wc := path.Join(seal.SharePath, "wayland")
-			wt := path.Join(wc, seal.id)
-			seal.sys.Ensure(wc, 0711)
-			appID := seal.fid
-			if appID == "" {
-				// use instance ID in case app id is not set
-				appID = "moe.ophivana.fortify." + seal.id
-			}
-			seal.sys.Wayland(wt, wp, appID, seal.id)
-			seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(wt, w)
+			// set wayland socket path for mediation (e.g. `/run/user/%d/wayland-%d`)
+			seal.wl.Path = path.Join(seal.RuntimePath, wd)
 		}
 	}

@ -71,7 +58,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareDisplay(os linux.System) error {
 			return fmsg.WrapError(ErrXDisplay,
 				"DISPLAY is not set")
 		} else {
-			seal.sys.ChangeHosts("#" + seal.sys.user.us)
+			seal.sys.ChangeHosts(seal.sys.user.Username)
 			seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv[display] = d
 			seal.sys.bwrap.Bind("/tmp/.X11-unix", "/tmp/.X11-unix")
 		}
--- a/internal/app/share.pulse.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.pulse.go
@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"io/fs"
 	"path"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 const (
--- a/internal/app/share.runtime.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.runtime.go
@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package app
 import (
 	"path"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 const (
--- a/internal/app/share.system.go
+++ b/internal/app/share.system.go
@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package app
 import (
 	"path"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 const (
@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ const (
 func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	// ensure Share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
-	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0711)
+	seal.sys.Ensure(seal.SharePath, 0701)

 	// ensure process-specific share (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/%s`)
 	// acl is unnecessary as this directory is world executable
 	seal.share = path.Join(seal.SharePath, seal.id)
-	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0711)
+	seal.sys.Ephemeral(system.Process, seal.share, 0701)

 	// ensure child tmpdir parent directory (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir`)
 	targetTmpdirParent := path.Join(seal.SharePath, "tmpdir")
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (seal *appSeal) shareSystem() {
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdirParent, acl.Execute)

 	// ensure child tmpdir (e.g. `/tmp/fortify.%d/tmpdir/%d`)
-	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.as)
+	targetTmpdir := path.Join(targetTmpdirParent, seal.sys.user.Uid)
 	seal.sys.Ensure(targetTmpdir, 01700)
 	seal.sys.UpdatePermType(system.User, targetTmpdir, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
 	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(targetTmpdir, "/tmp", false, true)
@ -49,21 +49,15 @@ func (seal *appSeal) sharePasswd(os linux.System) {
 	// generate /etc/passwd
 	passwdPath := path.Join(seal.share, "passwd")
 	username := "chronos"
-	if seal.sys.user.username != "" {
-		username = seal.sys.user.username
+	if seal.sys.user.Username != "" {
+		username = seal.sys.user.Username
+		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = seal.sys.user.Username
 	}
 	homeDir := "/var/empty"
-	if seal.sys.user.home != "" {
-		homeDir = seal.sys.user.home
+	if seal.sys.user.HomeDir != "" {
+		homeDir = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
+		seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = seal.sys.user.HomeDir
 	}
-
-	// bind home directory
-	seal.sys.bwrap.Bind(seal.sys.user.data, homeDir, false, true)
-	seal.sys.bwrap.Chdir = homeDir
-
-	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["USER"] = username
-	seal.sys.bwrap.SetEnv["HOME"] = homeDir
-
 	passwd := username + ":x:" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":" + seal.sys.mappedIDString + ":Fortify:" + homeDir + ":" + sh + "\n"
 	seal.sys.Write(passwdPath, passwd)

--- a/internal/app/start.go
+++ b/internal/app/start.go
@ -4,15 +4,16 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

-	shim0 "git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/state"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	shim0 "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/cmd/fshim/ipc/shim"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 // Start selects a user switcher and starts shim.
@ -40,18 +41,30 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 		}
 	}

+	// select command builder
+	var commandBuilder shim.CommandBuilder
+	switch a.seal.launchOption {
+	case LaunchMethodSudo:
+		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderSudo
+	case LaunchMethodMachineCtl:
+		commandBuilder = a.commandBuilderMachineCtl
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+
 	// construct shim manager
-	a.shim = shim.New(
-		uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()),
-		a.seal.sys.user.as,
-		a.seal.sys.user.supp,
+	a.shim = shim.New(a.seal.toolPath, uint32(a.seal.sys.UID()), path.Join(a.seal.share, "shim"), a.seal.wl,
 		&shim0.Payload{
 			Argv:  a.seal.command,
 			Exec:  shimExec,
 			Bwrap: a.seal.sys.bwrap,
+			WL:    a.seal.wl != nil,

 			Verbose: fmsg.Verbose(),
 		},
+		// checkPid is impossible at the moment since there is no reliable way to obtain shim's pid
+		// this feature is disabled here until sudo is replaced by fortify suid wrapper
+		false,
 	)

 	// startup will go ahead, commit system setup
@ -60,24 +73,23 @@ func (a *app) Start() error {
 	}
 	a.seal.sys.needRevert = true

-	// export sync pipe from sys
-	a.seal.sys.bwrap.SetSync(a.seal.sys.Sync())
-
-	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(); err != nil {
+	if startTime, err := a.shim.Start(commandBuilder); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else {
 		// shim start and setup success, create process state
 		sd := state.State{
-			ID:     *a.id,
 			PID:        a.shim.Unwrap().Process.Pid,
-			Config: a.ct.Unwrap(),
+			Command:    a.seal.command,
+			Capability: a.seal.et,
+			Method:     method[a.seal.launchOption],
+			Argv:       a.shim.Unwrap().Args,
 			Time:       *startTime,
 		}

 		// register process state
 		var err0 = new(StateStoreError)
-		err0.Inner, err0.DoErr = a.seal.store.Do(a.seal.sys.user.aid, func(c state.Cursor) {
-			err0.InnerErr = c.Save(&sd)
+		err0.Inner, err0.DoErr = a.seal.store.Do(func(b state.Backend) {
+			err0.InnerErr = b.Save(&sd)
 		})
 		a.seal.sys.saveState = true
 		return err0.equiv("cannot save process state:")
@ -154,13 +166,8 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 		// failure prior to process start
 		r = 255
 	} else {
-		wait := make(chan error, 1)
-		go func() { wait <- cmd.Wait() }()
-
-		select {
 		// wait for process and resolve exit code
-		case err := <-wait:
-			if err != nil {
+		if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
 			var exitError *exec.ExitError
 			if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
 				// should be unreachable
@ -173,16 +180,6 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 			r = cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode()
 		}
 		fmsg.VPrintf("process %d exited with exit code %d", cmd.Process.Pid, r)
-
-		// alternative exit path when kill was unsuccessful
-		case err := <-a.shim.WaitFallback():
-			r = 255
-			if err != nil {
-				fmsg.Printf("cannot terminate shim on faulted setup: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				fmsg.VPrintln("alternative exit path selected")
-			}
-		}
 	}

 	// child process exited, resume output
@ -197,13 +194,20 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 		})
 	}

+	// close wayland connection
+	if a.seal.wl != nil {
+		if err := a.seal.wl.Close(); err != nil {
+			fmsg.Println("cannot close wayland connection:", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// update store and revert app setup transaction
 	e := new(StateStoreError)
-	e.Inner, e.DoErr = a.seal.store.Do(a.seal.sys.user.aid, func(b state.Cursor) {
+	e.Inner, e.DoErr = a.seal.store.Do(func(b state.Backend) {
 		e.InnerErr = func() error {
 			// destroy defunct state entry
 			if cmd := a.shim.Unwrap(); cmd != nil && a.seal.sys.saveState {
-				if err := b.Destroy(*a.id); err != nil {
+				if err := b.Destroy(cmd.Process.Pid); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 			}
@ -224,12 +228,8 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 				}

 				// accumulate capabilities of other launchers
-				for i, s := range states {
-					if s.Config != nil {
-						*rt |= s.Config.Confinement.Enablements
-					} else {
-						fmsg.Printf("state entry %d does not contain config", i)
-					}
+				for _, s := range states {
+					*rt |= s.Capability
 				}
 			}
 			// invert accumulated enablements for cleanup
@ -250,11 +250,10 @@ func (a *app) Wait() (int, error) {
 				}
 			}

-			if a.seal.sys.needRevert {
+			a.shim.AbortWait(errors.New("shim exited"))
 			if err := a.seal.sys.Revert(ec); err != nil {
 				return err.(RevertCompoundError)
 			}
-			}

 			return nil
 		}()
--- a/internal/app/system.go
+++ b/internal/app/system.go
@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 package app

 import (
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"os/user"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 // appSealSys encapsulates app seal behaviour with OS interactions
@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// default formatted XDG_RUNTIME_DIR of User
 	runtime string
 	// target user sealed from config
-	user appUser
+	user *user.User

 	// mapped uid and gid in user namespace
 	mappedID int
@ -30,28 +32,6 @@ type appSealSys struct {
 	// protected by upstream mutex
 }

-type appUser struct {
-	// full uid resolved by fsu
-	uid int
-	// string representation of uid
-	us string
-
-	// supplementary group ids
-	supp []string
-
-	// application id
-	aid int
-	// string representation of aid
-	as string
-
-	// home directory host path
-	data string
-	// app user home directory
-	home string
-	// passwd database username
-	username string
-}
-
 // shareAll calls all share methods in sequence
 func (seal *appSeal) shareAll(bus [2]*dbus.Config, os linux.System) error {
 	if seal.shared {
--- a/internal/fmsg/defer.go
+++ b/internal/fmsg/defer.go
@ -33,17 +33,16 @@ func dequeue() {
 // queue submits ops to msgbuf but drops messages
 // when the buffer is full and dequeue is withholding
 func queue(op dOp) {
-	queueSync.Add(1)
-
 	select {
 	case msgbuf <- op:
+		queueSync.Add(1)
 	default:
 		// send the op anyway if not withholding
 		// as dequeue will get to it eventually
 		if !wstate.Load() {
+			queueSync.Add(1)
 			msgbuf <- op
 		} else {
-			queueSync.Done()
 			// increment dropped message count
 			dropped.Add(1)
 		}
@ -57,10 +56,9 @@ func Exit(code int) {
 	os.Exit(code)
 }

-func Suspend() {
+func Withhold() {
 	dequeueOnce.Do(dequeue)
 	if wstate.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
-		queueSync.Wait()
 		withhold <- struct{}{}
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/linux/interface.go
+++ b/internal/linux/interface.go
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 package linux

 import (
-	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os/user"
 	"path"
 	"strconv"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // System provides safe access to operating system resources.
@ -22,8 +21,8 @@ type System interface {
 	LookPath(file string) (string, error)
 	// Executable provides [os.Executable].
 	Executable() (string, error)
-	// LookupGroup provides [user.LookupGroup].
-	LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error)
+	// Lookup provides [user.Lookup].
+	Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error)
 	// ReadDir provides [os.ReadDir].
 	ReadDir(name string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
 	// Stat provides [os.Stat].
@ -32,13 +31,13 @@ type System interface {
 	Open(name string) (fs.File, error)
 	// Exit provides [os.Exit].
 	Exit(code int)
-	// Stdout provides [os.Stdout].
-	Stdout() io.Writer

+	// FshimPath returns an absolute path to the fshim binary.
+	FshimPath() string
 	// Paths returns a populated [Paths] struct.
 	Paths() Paths
-	// Uid invokes fsu and returns target uid.
-	Uid(aid int) (int, error)
+	// SdBooted implements https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/sd_booted.html
+	SdBooted() bool
 }

 // Paths contains environment dependent paths used by fortify.
--- a/internal/linux/std.go
+++ b/internal/linux/std.go
@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 package linux

 import (
-	"io"
+	"errors"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // Std implements System using the standard library.
@ -18,12 +17,11 @@ type Std struct {
 	paths     Paths
 	pathsOnce sync.Once

-	uidOnce sync.Once
-	uidCopy map[int]struct {
-		uid int
-		err error
-	}
-	uidMu sync.RWMutex
+	sdBooted     bool
+	sdBootedOnce sync.Once
+
+	fshim     string
+	fshimOnce sync.Once
 }

 func (s *Std) Geteuid() int                               { return os.Geteuid() }
@ -31,58 +29,55 @@ func (s *Std) LookupEnv(key string) (string, bool)          { return os.LookupEn
 func (s *Std) TempDir() string                            { return os.TempDir() }
 func (s *Std) LookPath(file string) (string, error)       { return exec.LookPath(file) }
 func (s *Std) Executable() (string, error)                { return os.Executable() }
-func (s *Std) LookupGroup(name string) (*user.Group, error) { return user.LookupGroup(name) }
+func (s *Std) Lookup(username string) (*user.User, error) { return user.Lookup(username) }
 func (s *Std) ReadDir(name string) ([]os.DirEntry, error) { return os.ReadDir(name) }
 func (s *Std) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error)      { return os.Stat(name) }
 func (s *Std) Open(name string) (fs.File, error)          { return os.Open(name) }
 func (s *Std) Exit(code int)                              { fmsg.Exit(code) }
-func (s *Std) Stdout() io.Writer                            { return os.Stdout }

 const xdgRuntimeDir = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"

+func (s *Std) FshimPath() string {
+	s.fshimOnce.Do(func() {
+		p, ok := internal.Path(internal.Fshim)
+		if !ok {
+			fmsg.Fatal("invalid fshim path, this copy of fortify is not compiled correctly")
+		}
+		s.fshim = p
+	})
+
+	return s.fshim
+}
+
 func (s *Std) Paths() Paths {
 	s.pathsOnce.Do(func() { CopyPaths(s, &s.paths) })
 	return s.paths
 }

-func (s *Std) Uid(aid int) (int, error) {
-	s.uidOnce.Do(func() {
-		s.uidCopy = make(map[int]struct {
-			uid int
-			err error
-		})
-	})
-
-	s.uidMu.RLock()
-	if u, ok := s.uidCopy[aid]; ok {
-		s.uidMu.RUnlock()
-		return u.uid, u.err
+func (s *Std) SdBooted() bool {
+	s.sdBootedOnce.Do(func() { s.sdBooted = copySdBooted() })
+	return s.sdBooted
 }

-	s.uidMu.RUnlock()
-	s.uidMu.Lock()
-	defer s.uidMu.Unlock()
+const systemdCheckPath = "/run/systemd/system"

-	u := struct {
-		uid int
-		err error
-	}{}
-	defer func() { s.uidCopy[aid] = u }()
-
-	u.uid = -1
-	if fsu, ok := internal.Check(internal.Fsu); !ok {
-		fmsg.Fatal("invalid fsu path, this copy of fshim is not compiled correctly")
-		panic("unreachable")
+func copySdBooted() bool {
+	if v, err := sdBooted(); err != nil {
+		fmsg.Println("cannot read systemd marker:", err)
+		return false
 	} else {
-		cmd := exec.Command(fsu)
-		cmd.Path = fsu
-		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr // pass through fatal messages
-		cmd.Env = []string{"FORTIFY_APP_ID=" + strconv.Itoa(aid)}
-		cmd.Dir = "/"
-		var p []byte
-		if p, u.err = cmd.Output(); u.err == nil {
-			u.uid, u.err = strconv.Atoi(string(p))
-		}
-		return u.uid, u.err
+		return v
 	}
 }
+
+func sdBooted() (bool, error) {
+	_, err := os.Stat(systemdCheckPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+			err = nil
+		}
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return true, nil
+}
--- a/internal/path.go
+++ b/internal/path.go
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import "path"

 var (
 	Fsu   = compPoison
+	Fshim = compPoison
 	Finit = compPoison
 )

--- a/internal/proc/fd.go
+++ b/internal/proc/fd.go
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package proc
-
-import (
-	"encoding/gob"
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"strconv"
-)
-
-var (
-	ErrNotSet  = errors.New("environment variable not set")
-	ErrInvalid = errors.New("bad file descriptor")
-)
-
-func Setup(extraFiles *[]*os.File) (int, *gob.Encoder, error) {
-	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
-		return -1, nil, err
-	} else {
-		fd := 3 + len(*extraFiles)
-		*extraFiles = append(*extraFiles, r)
-		return fd, gob.NewEncoder(w), nil
-	}
-}
-
-func Receive(key string, e any) (func() error, error) {
-	var setup *os.File
-
-	if s, ok := os.LookupEnv(key); !ok {
-		return nil, ErrNotSet
-	} else {
-		if fd, err := strconv.Atoi(s); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		} else {
-			setup = os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "setup")
-			if setup == nil {
-				return nil, ErrInvalid
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return func() error { return setup.Close() }, gob.NewDecoder(setup).Decode(e)
-}
--- a/internal/proc/files.go
+++ b/internal/proc/files.go
@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package proc
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-)
-
-func ExtraFile(cmd *exec.Cmd, f *os.File) (fd uintptr) {
-	// ExtraFiles: If non-nil, entry i becomes file descriptor 3+i.
-	fd = uintptr(3 + len(cmd.ExtraFiles))
-	cmd.ExtraFiles = append(cmd.ExtraFiles, f)
-	return
-}
--- a/internal/state/multi.go
+++ b/internal/state/multi.go
@ -1,292 +0,0 @@
-package state
-
-import (
-	"encoding/gob"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-	"syscall"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-)
-
-// fine-grained locking and access
-type multiStore struct {
-	base string
-
-	// initialised backends
-	backends *sync.Map
-
-	lock sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-func (s *multiStore) Do(aid int, f func(c Cursor)) (bool, error) {
-	s.lock.RLock()
-	defer s.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	// load or initialise new backend
-	b := new(multiBackend)
-	if v, ok := s.backends.LoadOrStore(aid, b); ok {
-		b = v.(*multiBackend)
-	} else {
-		b.lock.Lock()
-		b.path = path.Join(s.base, strconv.Itoa(aid))
-
-		// ensure directory
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(b.path, 0700); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrExist) {
-			s.backends.CompareAndDelete(aid, b)
-			return false, err
-		}
-
-		// open locker file
-		if l, err := os.OpenFile(b.path+".lock", os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0600); err != nil {
-			s.backends.CompareAndDelete(aid, b)
-			return false, err
-		} else {
-			b.lockfile = l
-		}
-		b.lock.Unlock()
-	}
-
-	// lock backend
-	if err := b.lockFile(); err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	// expose backend methods without exporting the pointer
-	c := new(struct{ *multiBackend })
-	c.multiBackend = b
-	f(b)
-	// disable access to the backend on a best-effort basis
-	c.multiBackend = nil
-
-	// unlock backend
-	return true, b.unlockFile()
-}
-
-func (s *multiStore) List() ([]int, error) {
-	var entries []os.DirEntry
-
-	// read base directory to get all aids
-	if v, err := os.ReadDir(s.base); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-		return nil, err
-	} else {
-		entries = v
-	}
-
-	aidsBuf := make([]int, 0, len(entries))
-	for _, e := range entries {
-		// skip non-directories
-		if !e.IsDir() {
-			fmsg.VPrintf("skipped non-directory entry %q", e.Name())
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// skip non-numerical names
-		if v, err := strconv.Atoi(e.Name()); err != nil {
-			fmsg.VPrintf("skipped non-aid entry %q", e.Name())
-			continue
-		} else {
-			if v < 0 || v > 9999 {
-				fmsg.VPrintf("skipped out of bounds entry %q", e.Name())
-				continue
-			}
-
-			aidsBuf = append(aidsBuf, v)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return append([]int(nil), aidsBuf...), nil
-}
-
-func (s *multiStore) Close() error {
-	s.lock.Lock()
-	defer s.lock.Unlock()
-
-	var errs []error
-	s.backends.Range(func(_, value any) bool {
-		b := value.(*multiBackend)
-		errs = append(errs, b.close())
-		return true
-	})
-
-	return errors.Join(errs...)
-}
-
-type multiBackend struct {
-	path string
-
-	// created/opened by prepare
-	lockfile *os.File
-
-	lock sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) filename(id *fst.ID) string {
-	return path.Join(b.path, id.String())
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) lockFileAct(lt int) (err error) {
-	op := "LockAct"
-	switch lt {
-	case syscall.LOCK_EX:
-		op = "Lock"
-	case syscall.LOCK_UN:
-		op = "Unlock"
-	}
-
-	for {
-		err = syscall.Flock(int(b.lockfile.Fd()), lt)
-		if !errors.Is(err, syscall.EINTR) {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return &fs.PathError{
-			Op:   op,
-			Path: b.lockfile.Name(),
-			Err:  err,
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) lockFile() error {
-	return b.lockFileAct(syscall.LOCK_EX)
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) unlockFile() error {
-	return b.lockFileAct(syscall.LOCK_UN)
-}
-
-// reads all launchers in simpleBackend
-// file contents are ignored if decode is false
-func (b *multiBackend) load(decode bool) (Entries, error) {
-	b.lock.RLock()
-	defer b.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	// read directory contents, should only contain files named after ids
-	var entries []os.DirEntry
-	if pl, err := os.ReadDir(b.path); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else {
-		entries = pl
-	}
-
-	// allocate as if every entry is valid
-	// since that should be the case assuming no external interference happens
-	r := make(Entries, len(entries))
-
-	for _, e := range entries {
-		if e.IsDir() {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected directory %q in store", e.Name())
-		}
-
-		id := new(fst.ID)
-		if err := fst.ParseAppID(id, e.Name()); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		// run in a function to better handle file closing
-		if err := func() error {
-			// open state file for reading
-			if f, err := os.Open(path.Join(b.path, e.Name())); err != nil {
-				return err
-			} else {
-				defer func() {
-					if f.Close() != nil {
-						// unreachable
-						panic("foreign state file closed prematurely")
-					}
-				}()
-
-				s := new(State)
-				r[*id] = s
-
-				// append regardless, but only parse if required, used to implement Len
-				if decode {
-					if err = gob.NewDecoder(f).Decode(s); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					if s.ID != *id {
-						return fmt.Errorf("state entry %s has unexpected id %s", id, &s.ID)
-					}
-				}
-
-				return nil
-			}
-		}(); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return r, nil
-}
-
-// Save writes process state to filesystem
-func (b *multiBackend) Save(state *State) error {
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	defer b.lock.Unlock()
-
-	if state.Config == nil {
-		return errors.New("state does not contain config")
-	}
-
-	statePath := b.filename(&state.ID)
-
-	// create and open state data file
-	if f, err := os.OpenFile(statePath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, 0600); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else {
-		defer func() {
-			if f.Close() != nil {
-				// unreachable
-				panic("state file closed prematurely")
-			}
-		}()
-		// encode into state file
-		return gob.NewEncoder(f).Encode(state)
-	}
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) Destroy(id fst.ID) error {
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	defer b.lock.Unlock()
-
-	return os.Remove(b.filename(&id))
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) Load() (Entries, error) {
-	return b.load(true)
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) Len() (int, error) {
-	// rn consists of only nil entries but has the correct length
-	rn, err := b.load(false)
-	return len(rn), err
-}
-
-func (b *multiBackend) close() error {
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	defer b.lock.Unlock()
-
-	err := b.lockfile.Close()
-	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, os.ErrInvalid) || errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// NewMulti returns an instance of the multi-file store.
-func NewMulti(runDir string) Store {
-	b := new(multiStore)
-	b.base = path.Join(runDir, "state")
-	b.backends = new(sync.Map)
-	return b
-}
--- a/internal/state/multi_test.go
+++ b/internal/state/multi_test.go
@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-package state_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/state"
-)
-
-func TestMulti(t *testing.T) {
-	testStore(t, state.NewMulti(t.TempDir()))
-}
--- a/internal/state/print.go
+++ b/internal/state/print.go
@ -1,45 +1,62 @@
 package state

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 // MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal prints active launcher states of all simple stores
 // in an implementation-specific way.
 func MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(w **tabwriter.Writer, runDir string) {
 	now := time.Now().UTC()
-	s := NewMulti(runDir)

 	// read runtime directory to get all UIDs
-	if aids, err := s.List(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatal("cannot list store:", err)
+	if dirs, err := os.ReadDir(path.Join(runDir, "state")); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		fmsg.Fatal("cannot read runtime directory:", err)
 	} else {
-		for _, aid := range aids {
+		for _, e := range dirs {
+			// skip non-directories
+			if !e.IsDir() {
+				fmsg.VPrintf("skipped non-directory entry %q", e.Name())
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// skip non-numerical names
+			if _, err = strconv.Atoi(e.Name()); err != nil {
+				fmsg.VPrintf("skipped non-uid entry %q", e.Name())
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// obtain temporary store
+			s := NewSimple(runDir, e.Name()).(*simpleStore)
+
 			// print states belonging to this store
-			s.(*multiStore).mustPrintLauncherState(aid, w, now)
-		}
-	}
+			s.mustPrintLauncherState(w, now)

 			// mustPrintLauncherState causes store activity so store needs to be closed
-	if err := s.Close(); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot close store: %v", err)
+			if err = s.Close(); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Printf("cannot close store for user %q: %s", e.Name(), err)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 }

-func (s *multiStore) mustPrintLauncherState(aid int, w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time) {
+func (s *simpleStore) mustPrintLauncherState(w **tabwriter.Writer, now time.Time) {
 	var innerErr error

-	if ok, err := s.Do(aid, func(c Cursor) {
+	if ok, err := s.Do(func(b Backend) {
 		innerErr = func() error {
 			// read launcher states
-			states, err := c.Load()
+			states, err := b.Load()
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@ -50,10 +67,10 @@ func (s *multiStore) mustPrintLauncherState(aid int, w **tabwriter.Writer, now t

 				// write header when initialising
 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tUptime\tEnablements\tCommand")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tUptime\tEnablements\tMethod\tCommand")
 				} else {
 					// argv is emitted in body when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tPID\tApp\tArgv")
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(*w, "\tUID\tPID\tArgv")
 				}
 			}

@ -65,54 +82,40 @@ func (s *multiStore) mustPrintLauncherState(aid int, w **tabwriter.Writer, now t
 					continue
 				}

-				// build enablements and command string
-				var (
-					ets *strings.Builder
-					cs  = "(No command information)"
-				)
-
-				// check if enablements are provided
-				if state.Config != nil {
-					ets = new(strings.Builder)
+				// build enablements string
+				ets := strings.Builder{}
 				// append enablement strings in order
 				for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
-						if state.Config.Confinement.Enablements.Has(i) {
+					if state.Capability.Has(i) {
 						ets.WriteString(", " + i.String())
 					}
 				}
-
-					cs = fmt.Sprintf("%q", state.Config.Command)
-				}
-				if ets != nil {
-					// prevent an empty string
+				// prevent an empty string when
 				if ets.Len() == 0 {
 					ets.WriteString("(No enablements)")
 				}
-				} else {
-					ets = new(strings.Builder)
-					ets.WriteString("(No confinement information)")
-				}

 				if !fmsg.Verbose() {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
-						state.PID, aid, now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "), cs)
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n",
+						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, now.Sub(state.Time).Round(time.Second).String(), strings.TrimPrefix(ets.String(), ", "), state.Method,
+						state.Command)
 				} else {
 					// emit argv instead when verbose
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%d\t%d\t%s\n",
-						state.PID, aid, state.ID)
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(*w, "\t%s\t%d\t%s\n",
+						s.path[len(s.path)-1], state.PID, state.Argv)
 				}
 			}

 			return nil
 		}()
 	}); err != nil {
-		fmsg.Printf("cannot perform action on app %d: %v", aid, err)
+		fmsg.Printf("cannot perform action on store %q: %s", path.Join(s.path...), err)
 		if !ok {
 			fmsg.Fatal("store faulted before printing")
 		}
 	}

 	if innerErr != nil {
-		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot print launcher state of app %d: %s", aid, innerErr)
+		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot print launcher state for store %q: %s", path.Join(s.path...), innerErr)
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/state/simple.go
+++ b/internal/state/simple.go
@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+package state
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// file-based locking
+type simpleStore struct {
+	path []string
+
+	// created/opened by prepare
+	lockfile *os.File
+	// enforce prepare method
+	init sync.Once
+	// error returned by prepare
+	initErr error
+
+	lock sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func (s *simpleStore) Do(f func(b Backend)) (bool, error) {
+	s.init.Do(s.prepare)
+	if s.initErr != nil {
+		return false, s.initErr
+	}
+
+	s.lock.Lock()
+	defer s.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// lock store
+	if err := s.lockFile(); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	// initialise new backend for caller
+	b := new(simpleBackend)
+	b.path = path.Join(s.path...)
+	f(b)
+	// disable backend
+	b.lock.Lock()
+
+	// unlock store
+	return true, s.unlockFile()
+}
+
+func (s *simpleStore) lockFileAct(lt int) (err error) {
+	op := "LockAct"
+	switch lt {
+	case syscall.LOCK_EX:
+		op = "Lock"
+	case syscall.LOCK_UN:
+		op = "Unlock"
+	}
+
+	for {
+		err = syscall.Flock(int(s.lockfile.Fd()), lt)
+		if !errors.Is(err, syscall.EINTR) {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return &fs.PathError{
+			Op:   op,
+			Path: s.lockfile.Name(),
+			Err:  err,
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *simpleStore) lockFile() error {
+	return s.lockFileAct(syscall.LOCK_EX)
+}
+
+func (s *simpleStore) unlockFile() error {
+	return s.lockFileAct(syscall.LOCK_UN)
+}
+
+func (s *simpleStore) prepare() {
+	s.initErr = func() error {
+		prefix := path.Join(s.path...)
+		// ensure directory
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(prefix, 0700); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrExist) {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// open locker file
+		if f, err := os.OpenFile(prefix+".lock", os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0600); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			s.lockfile = f
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}()
+}
+
+func (s *simpleStore) Close() error {
+	s.lock.Lock()
+	defer s.lock.Unlock()
+
+	err := s.lockfile.Close()
+	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, os.ErrInvalid) || errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+type simpleBackend struct {
+	path string
+
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+func (b *simpleBackend) filename(pid int) string {
+	return path.Join(b.path, strconv.Itoa(pid))
+}
+
+// reads all launchers in simpleBackend
+// file contents are ignored if decode is false
+func (b *simpleBackend) load(decode bool) ([]*State, error) {
+	b.lock.RLock()
+	defer b.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	var (
+		r []*State
+		f *os.File
+	)
+
+	// read directory contents, should only contain files named after PIDs
+	if pl, err := os.ReadDir(b.path); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else {
+		for _, e := range pl {
+			// run in a function to better handle file closing
+			if err = func() error {
+				// open state file for reading
+				if f, err = os.Open(path.Join(b.path, e.Name())); err != nil {
+					return err
+				} else {
+					defer func() {
+						if f.Close() != nil {
+							// unreachable
+							panic("foreign state file closed prematurely")
+						}
+					}()
+
+					var s State
+					r = append(r, &s)
+
+					// append regardless, but only parse if required, used to implement Len
+					if decode {
+						return gob.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&s)
+					} else {
+						return nil
+					}
+				}
+			}(); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// Save writes process state to filesystem
+func (b *simpleBackend) Save(state *State) error {
+	b.lock.Lock()
+	defer b.lock.Unlock()
+
+	statePath := b.filename(state.PID)
+
+	// create and open state data file
+	if f, err := os.OpenFile(statePath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, 0600); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else {
+		defer func() {
+			if f.Close() != nil {
+				// unreachable
+				panic("state file closed prematurely")
+			}
+		}()
+		// encode into state file
+		return gob.NewEncoder(f).Encode(state)
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *simpleBackend) Destroy(pid int) error {
+	b.lock.Lock()
+	defer b.lock.Unlock()
+
+	return os.Remove(b.filename(pid))
+}
+
+func (b *simpleBackend) Load() ([]*State, error) {
+	return b.load(true)
+}
+
+func (b *simpleBackend) Len() (int, error) {
+	// rn consists of only nil entries but has the correct length
+	rn, err := b.load(false)
+	return len(rn), err
+}
+
+// NewSimple returns an instance of a file-based store.
+func NewSimple(runDir string, prefix ...string) Store {
+	b := new(simpleStore)
+	b.path = append([]string{runDir, "state"}, prefix...)
+	return b
+}
--- a/internal/state/state.go
+++ b/internal/state/state.go
@ -3,42 +3,40 @@ package state
 import (
 	"time"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

-type Entries map[fst.ID]*State
-
 type Store interface {
 	// Do calls f exactly once and ensures store exclusivity until f returns.
 	// Returns whether f is called and any errors during the locking process.
-	// Cursor provided to f becomes invalid as soon as f returns.
-	Do(aid int, f func(c Cursor)) (ok bool, err error)
-
-	// List queries the store and returns a list of aids known to the store.
-	// Note that some or all returned aids might not have any active apps.
-	List() (aids []int, err error)
+	// Backend provided to f becomes invalid as soon as f returns.
+	Do(f func(b Backend)) (bool, error)

 	// Close releases any resources held by Store.
 	Close() error
 }

-// Cursor provides access to the store
-type Cursor interface {
+// Backend provides access to the store
+type Backend interface {
 	Save(state *State) error
-	Destroy(id fst.ID) error
-	Load() (Entries, error)
+	Destroy(pid int) error
+	Load() ([]*State, error)
 	Len() (int, error)
 }

 // State is the on-disk format for a fortified process's state information
 type State struct {
-	// fortify instance id
-	ID fst.ID `json:"instance"`
 	// child process PID value
-	PID int `json:"pid"`
-	// sealed app configuration
-	Config *fst.Config `json:"config"`
+	PID int
+	// command used to seal the app
+	Command []string
+	// capability enablements applied to child
+	Capability system.Enablements

+	// user switch method
+	Method string
+	// full argv whe launching
+	Argv []string
 	// process start time
 	Time time.Time
 }
--- a/internal/state/state_test.go
+++ b/internal/state/state_test.go
@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-package state_test
-
-import (
-	"math/rand/v2"
-	"reflect"
-	"slices"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/state"
-)
-
-func testStore(t *testing.T, s state.Store) {
-	t.Run("list empty store", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if aids, err := s.List(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("List: error = %v", err)
-		} else if len(aids) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("List: aids = %#v", aids)
-		}
-	})
-
-	const (
-		insertEntryChecked = iota
-		insertEntryNoCheck
-		insertEntryOtherApp
-
-		tl
-	)
-
-	var tc [tl]state.State
-	for i := 0; i < tl; i++ {
-		makeState(t, &tc[i])
-	}
-
-	do := func(aid int, f func(c state.Cursor)) {
-		if ok, err := s.Do(aid, f); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Do: ok = %v, error = %v", ok, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	insert := func(i, aid int) {
-		do(aid, func(c state.Cursor) {
-			if err := c.Save(&tc[i]); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Save(&tc[%v]): error = %v", i, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-
-	check := func(i, aid int) {
-		do(aid, func(c state.Cursor) {
-			if entries, err := c.Load(); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Load: error = %v", err)
-			} else if got, ok := entries[tc[i].ID]; !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("Load: entry %s missing",
-					&tc[i].ID)
-			} else {
-				got.Time = tc[i].Time
-				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, &tc[i]) {
-					t.Fatalf("Load: entry %s got %#v, want %#v",
-						&tc[i].ID, got, &tc[i])
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-
-	t.Run("insert entry checked", func(t *testing.T) {
-		insert(insertEntryChecked, 0)
-		check(insertEntryChecked, 0)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("insert entry unchecked", func(t *testing.T) {
-		insert(insertEntryNoCheck, 0)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("insert entry different aid", func(t *testing.T) {
-		insert(insertEntryOtherApp, 1)
-		check(insertEntryOtherApp, 1)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("check previous insertion", func(t *testing.T) {
-		check(insertEntryNoCheck, 0)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("list aids", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if aids, err := s.List(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("List: error = %v", err)
-		} else {
-			slices.Sort(aids)
-			want := []int{0, 1}
-			if slices.Compare(aids, want) != 0 {
-				t.Fatalf("List() = %#v, want %#v", aids, want)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("clear aid 1", func(t *testing.T) {
-		do(1, func(c state.Cursor) {
-			if err := c.Destroy(tc[insertEntryOtherApp].ID); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Destroy: error = %v", err)
-			}
-		})
-		do(1, func(c state.Cursor) {
-			if l, err := c.Len(); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Len: error = %v", err)
-			} else if l != 0 {
-				t.Fatalf("Len() = %d, want 0", l)
-			}
-		})
-	})
-
-	t.Run("close store", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if err := s.Close(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func makeState(t *testing.T, s *state.State) {
-	if err := fst.NewAppID(&s.ID); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot create dummy state: %v", err)
-	}
-	s.Config = fst.Template()
-	s.PID = rand.Int()
-	s.Time = time.Now()
-}
--- a/internal/system/acl.go
+++ b/internal/system/acl.go
@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // UpdatePerm appends an ephemeral acl update Op.
--- a/internal/system/acl_test.go
+++ b/internal/system/acl_test.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package system
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
 )

 func TestUpdatePerm(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/system/dbus.go
+++ b/internal/system/dbus.go
@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/dbus"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 var (
--- a/internal/system/mkdir.go
+++ b/internal/system/mkdir.go
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // Ensure the existence and mode of a directory.
--- a/internal/system/op.go
+++ b/internal/system/op.go
@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package system

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"os"
 	"sync"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 const (
@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ func TypeString(e Enablement) string {
 type I struct {
 	uid int
 	ops []Op
-	sp  *os.File

 	state [2]bool
 	lock  sync.Mutex
@ -67,10 +65,6 @@ func (sys *I) UID() int {
 	return sys.uid
 }

-func (sys *I) Sync() *os.File {
-	return sys.sp
-}
-
 func (sys *I) Equal(v *I) bool {
 	if v == nil || sys.uid != v.uid || len(sys.ops) != len(v.ops) {
 		return false
--- a/internal/system/op_test.go
+++ b/internal/system/op_test.go
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/system"
 )

 func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/system/tmpfiles.go
+++ b/internal/system/tmpfiles.go
@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
 )

 // CopyFile registers an Op that copies path dst from src.
--- a/internal/system/tmpfiles_test.go
+++ b/internal/system/tmpfiles_test.go
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/acl"
 )

 func TestCopyFile(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/system/wayland.go
+++ b/internal/system/wayland.go
@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-package system
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/acl"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/wl"
-)
-
-// Wayland sets up a wayland socket with a security context attached.
-func (sys *I) Wayland(dst, src, appID, instanceID string) *I {
-	sys.lock.Lock()
-	defer sys.lock.Unlock()
-
-	sys.ops = append(sys.ops, Wayland{[2]string{dst, src}, new(wl.Conn), appID, instanceID})
-
-	return sys
-}
-
-type Wayland struct {
-	pair [2]string
-	conn *wl.Conn
-
-	appID, instanceID string
-}
-
-func (w Wayland) Type() Enablement {
-	return Process
-}
-
-func (w Wayland) apply(sys *I) error {
-	// the Wayland op is not repeatable
-	if sys.sp != nil {
-		return errors.New("attempted to attach multiple wayland sockets")
-	}
-
-	if err := w.conn.Attach(w.pair[1]); err != nil {
-		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			fmt.Sprintf("cannot attach to wayland on %q:", w.pair[1]))
-	} else {
-		fmsg.VPrintf("wayland attached on %q", w.pair[1])
-	}
-
-	if sp, err := w.conn.Bind(w.pair[0], w.appID, w.instanceID); err != nil {
-		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(err,
-			fmt.Sprintf("cannot bind to socket on %q:", w.pair[0]))
-	} else {
-		sys.sp = sp
-		fmsg.VPrintf("wayland listening on %q", w.pair[0])
-		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(errors.Join(os.Chmod(w.pair[0], 0), acl.UpdatePerm(w.pair[0], sys.uid, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)),
-			fmt.Sprintf("cannot chmod socket on %q:", w.pair[0]))
-	}
-}
-
-func (w Wayland) revert(_ *I, ec *Criteria) error {
-	if ec.hasType(w) {
-		fmsg.VPrintf("removing wayland socket on %q", w.pair[0])
-		if err := os.Remove(w.pair[0]); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		fmsg.VPrintf("detaching from wayland on %q", w.pair[1])
-		return fmsg.WrapErrorSuffix(w.conn.Close(),
-			fmt.Sprintf("cannot detach from wayland on %q:", w.pair[1]))
-	} else {
-		fmsg.VPrintf("skipping wayland cleanup on %q", w.pair[0])
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func (w Wayland) Is(o Op) bool {
-	w0, ok := o.(Wayland)
-	return ok && w.pair == w0.pair
-}
-
-func (w Wayland) Path() string {
-	return w.pair[0]
-}
-
-func (w Wayland) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("wayland socket at %q", w.pair[0])
-}
--- a/internal/system/xhost.go
+++ b/internal/system/xhost.go
@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package system
 import (
 	"fmt"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/xcb"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/xcb"
 )

 // ChangeHosts appends an X11 ChangeHosts command Op.
--- a/ldd/exec.go
+++ b/ldd/exec.go
@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/helper/bwrap"
 )

 func Exec(p string) ([]*Entry, error) {
--- a/ldd/ldd_test.go
+++ b/ldd/ldd_test.go
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/ldd"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/ldd"
 )

 func TestParseError(t *testing.T) {
--- a/license.go
+++ b/license.go
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	//go:embed LICENSE
+	license string
+
+	printLicense bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printLicense, "license", false, "Print license")
+}
+
+func tryLicense() {
+	if printLicense {
+		fmt.Println(license)
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@ -1,31 +1,16 @@
 package main

 import (
-	_ "embed"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"os/user"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"text/tabwriter"

-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/dbus"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/fst"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/app"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/linux"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/state"
-	"git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal/system"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/app"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/linux"
 )

 var (
 	flagVerbose bool
-
-	//go:embed LICENSE
-	license string
 )

 func init() {
@ -34,253 +19,38 @@ func init() {

 var os = new(linux.Std)

-type gl []string
-
-func (g *gl) String() string {
-	if g == nil {
-		return "<nil>"
-	}
-	return strings.Join(*g, " ")
-}
-
-func (g *gl) Set(v string) error {
-	*g = append(*g, v)
-	return nil
-}
-
 func main() {
 	if err := internal.PR_SET_DUMPABLE__SUID_DUMP_DISABLE(); err != nil {
 		fmsg.Printf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
 		// not fatal: this program runs as the privileged user
 	}

+	flag.Parse()
+	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
+
+	if os.SdBooted() {
+		fmsg.VPrintln("system booted with systemd as init system")
+	}
+
+	// root check
 	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
 		fmsg.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
 		panic("unreachable")
 	}

-	flag.CommandLine.Usage = func() {
-		fmt.Println()
-		fmt.Println("Usage:\tfortify [-v] COMMAND [OPTIONS]")
-		fmt.Println()
-		fmt.Println("Commands:")
-		w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout(), 0, 1, 4, ' ', 0)
-		commands := [][2]string{
-			{"app", "Launch app defined by the specified config file"},
-			{"run", "Configure and start a permissive default sandbox"},
-			{"ps", "List active apps and their state"},
-			{"version", "Show fortify version"},
-			{"license", "Show full license text"},
-			{"template", "Produce a config template"},
-			{"help", "Show this help message"},
-		}
-		for _, c := range commands {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s\t%s\n", c[0], c[1])
-		}
-		if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("fortify: cannot write command list: %v\n", err)
-		}
-		fmt.Println()
-	}
-	flag.Parse()
-	fmsg.SetVerbose(flagVerbose)
+	// version/license/template command early exit
+	tryVersion()
+	tryLicense()
+	tryTemplate()

-	args := flag.Args()
-	if len(args) == 0 {
-		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	}
-
-	switch args[0] {
-	case "version": // print version string
-		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
-			fmt.Println(v)
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("impure")
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "license": // print embedded license
-		fmt.Println(license)
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "template": // print full template configuration
-		if s, err := json.MarshalIndent(fst.Template(), "", "  "); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot generate template: %v", err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println(string(s))
-		}
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "help": // print help message
-		flag.CommandLine.Usage()
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "ps": // print all state info
-		var w *tabwriter.Writer
-		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
-		if w != nil {
-			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
-				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			fmt.Println("No information available")
-		}
-
-		fmsg.Exit(0)
-	case "app": // launch app from configuration file
-		if len(args) < 2 {
-			fmsg.Fatal("app requires at least 1 argument")
-		}
-
-		config := new(fst.Config)
-		if f, err := os.Open(args[1]); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot access config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		} else if err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&config); err != nil {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("cannot parse config file %q: %s", args[1], err)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}
-
-		// append extra args
-		config.Command = append(config.Command, args[2:]...)
+	// state query command early exit
+	tryState()

 	// invoke app
-		runApp(config)
-	case "run": // run app in permissive defaults usage pattern
-		set := flag.NewFlagSet("run", flag.ExitOnError)
-
-		var (
-			dbusConfigSession string
-			dbusConfigSystem  string
-			mpris             bool
-			dbusVerbose       bool
-
-			fid         string
-			aid         int
-			groups      gl
-			homeDir     string
-			userName    string
-			enablements [system.ELen]bool
-		)
-
-		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSession, "dbus-config", "builtin", "Path to D-Bus proxy config file, or \"builtin\" for defaults")
-		set.StringVar(&dbusConfigSystem, "dbus-system", "nil", "Path to system D-Bus proxy config file, or \"nil\" to disable")
-		set.BoolVar(&mpris, "mpris", false, "Allow owning MPRIS D-Bus path, has no effect if custom config is available")
-		set.BoolVar(&dbusVerbose, "dbus-log", false, "Force logging in the D-Bus proxy")
-
-		set.StringVar(&fid, "id", "", "App ID, leave empty to disable security context app_id")
-		set.IntVar(&aid, "a", 0, "Fortify application ID")
-		set.Var(&groups, "g", "Groups inherited by the app process")
-		set.StringVar(&homeDir, "d", "os", "Application home directory")
-		set.StringVar(&userName, "u", "chronos", "Passwd name within sandbox")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EWayland], "wayland", false, "Allow Wayland connections")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EX11], "X", false, "Share X11 socket and allow connection")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EDBus], "dbus", false, "Proxy D-Bus connection")
-		set.BoolVar(&enablements[system.EPulse], "pulse", false, "Share PulseAudio socket and cookie")
-
-		// Ignore errors; set is set for ExitOnError.
-		_ = set.Parse(args[1:])
-
-		// initialise config from flags
-		config := &fst.Config{
-			ID:      fid,
-			Command: set.Args(),
-		}
-
-		if aid < 0 || aid > 9999 {
-			fmsg.Fatalf("aid %d out of range", aid)
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}
-
-		// resolve home/username from os when flag is unset
-		var (
-			passwd     *user.User
-			passwdOnce sync.Once
-			passwdFunc = func() {
-				var us string
-				if uid, err := os.Uid(aid); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot obtain uid from fsu: %v", err)
-				} else {
-					us = strconv.Itoa(uid)
-				}
-
-				if u, err := user.LookupId(us); err != nil {
-					fmsg.VPrintf("cannot look up uid %s", us)
-					passwd = &user.User{
-						Uid:      us,
-						Gid:      us,
-						Username: "chronos",
-						Name:     "Fortify",
-						HomeDir:  "/var/empty",
-					}
-				} else {
-					passwd = u
-				}
-			}
-		)
-
-		if homeDir == "os" {
-			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
-			homeDir = passwd.HomeDir
-		}
-
-		if userName == "chronos" {
-			passwdOnce.Do(passwdFunc)
-			userName = passwd.Username
-		}
-
-		config.Confinement.AppID = aid
-		config.Confinement.Groups = groups
-		config.Confinement.Outer = homeDir
-		config.Confinement.Username = userName
-
-		// enablements from flags
-		for i := system.Enablement(0); i < system.Enablement(system.ELen); i++ {
-			if enablements[i] {
-				config.Confinement.Enablements.Set(i)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// parse D-Bus config file from flags if applicable
-		if enablements[system.EDBus] {
-			if dbusConfigSession == "builtin" {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus = dbus.NewConfig(fid, true, mpris)
-			} else {
-				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSession); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load session bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSession, err)
-				} else {
-					config.Confinement.SessionBus = c
-				}
-			}
-
-			// system bus proxy is optional
-			if dbusConfigSystem != "nil" {
-				if c, err := dbus.NewConfigFromFile(dbusConfigSystem); err != nil {
-					fmsg.Fatalf("cannot load system bus proxy config from %q: %s", dbusConfigSystem, err)
-				} else {
-					config.Confinement.SystemBus = c
-				}
-			}
-
-			// override log from configuration
-			if dbusVerbose {
-				config.Confinement.SessionBus.Log = true
-				config.Confinement.SystemBus.Log = true
-			}
-		}
-
-		// invoke app
-		runApp(config)
-	default:
-		fmsg.Fatalf("%q is not a valid command", args[0])
-	}
-
-	panic("unreachable")
-}
-
-func runApp(config *fst.Config) {
 	a, err := app.New(os)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmsg.Fatalf("cannot create app: %s\n", err)
-	} else if err = a.Seal(config); err != nil {
+	} else if err = a.Seal(loadConfig()); err != nil {
 		logBaseError(err, "cannot seal app:")
 		fmsg.Exit(1)
 	} else if err = a.Start(); err != nil {
@ -299,5 +69,4 @@ func runApp(config *fst.Config) {
 		fmsg.Println("inner wait failed:", err)
 	}
 	fmsg.Exit(r)
-	panic("unreachable")
 }
--- a/nixos.nix
+++ b/nixos.nix
@ -7,214 +7,290 @@

 let
  inherit (lib)
+    types
+    mkOption
+    mkEnableOption
    mkIf
-    mkDefault
    mapAttrs
-    mergeAttrsList
-    imap1
-    foldr
+    mapAttrsToList
    foldlAttrs
    optional
-    optionals
    ;

  cfg = config.environment.fortify;
 in

 {
-  imports = [ ./options.nix ];
+  options = {
+    environment.fortify = {
+      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";

-  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
-    security.wrappers.fsu = {
-      source = "${cfg.package}/libexec/fsu";
-      setuid = true;
-      owner = "root";
-      setgid = true;
-      group = "root";
-    };
-
-    environment.etc = {
-      fsurc = {
-        mode = "0400";
-        text = foldlAttrs (
-          acc: username: fid:
-          "${toString config.users.users.${username}.uid} ${toString fid}\n" + acc
-        ) "" cfg.users;
-      };
-
-      userdb.source = pkgs.runCommand "fortify-userdb" { } ''
-        ${cfg.package}/libexec/fuserdb -o $out ${
-          foldlAttrs (
-            acc: username: fid:
-            acc + " ${username}:${toString fid}"
-          ) "-s /run/current-system/sw/bin/nologin -d ${cfg.stateDir}" cfg.users
-        }
+      target = mkOption {
+        default = { };
+        type =
+          let
+            inherit (types)
+              str
+              enum
+              bool
+              package
+              anything
+              submodule
+              listOf
+              attrsOf
+              nullOr
+              ;
+          in
+          attrsOf (submodule {
+            options = {
+              packages = mkOption {
+                type = listOf package;
+                default = [ ];
+                description = ''
+                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
                '';
              };

-    systemd.services.nix-daemon.unitConfig.RequiresMountsFor = [ "/etc/userdb" ];
-
-    services.userdbd.enable = mkDefault true;
-
-    home-manager =
-      let
-        privPackages = mapAttrs (username: fid: {
-          home.packages =
-            let
-              # aid 0 is reserved
-              wrappers = imap1 (
-                aid: app:
-                let
-                  extendDBusDefault = id: ext: {
-                    filter = true;
-
-                    talk = [ "org.freedesktop.Notifications" ] ++ ext.talk;
-                    own =
-                      (optionals (app.id != null) [
-                        "${id}.*"
-                        "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.${id}.*"
-                      ])
-                      ++ ext.own;
-
-                    inherit (ext) call broadcast;
+              launchers = mkOption {
+                type = attrsOf (submodule {
+                  options = {
+                    command = mkOption {
+                      type = nullOr str;
+                      default = null;
+                      description = ''
+                        Command to run as the target user.
+                        Setting this to null will default command to wrapper name.
+                      '';
                    };
-                  dbusConfig =
-                    let
-                      default = {
-                        talk = [ ];
-                        own = [ ];
-                        call = { };
-                        broadcast = { };
+
+                    dbus = {
+                      config = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr anything;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus custom configuration.
+                          Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
+                        '';
                      };
-                    in
-                    {
-                      session_bus =
-                        if app.dbus.session != null then
-                          (app.dbus.session (extendDBusDefault app.id))
-                        else
-                          (extendDBusDefault app.id default);
-                      system_bus = app.dbus.system;
+
+                      configSystem = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr anything;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
+                          Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
+                        '';
                      };
-                  command = if app.command == null then app.name else app.command;
-                  script = if app.script == null then ("exec " + command + " $@") else app.script;
-                  enablements =
-                    with app.capability;
-                    (if wayland then 1 else 0)
-                    + (if x11 then 2 else 0)
-                    + (if dbus then 4 else 0)
-                    + (if pulse then 8 else 0);
-                  conf = {
-                    inherit (app) id;
-                    command = [
-                      (pkgs.writeScript "${app.name}-start" ''
-                        #!${pkgs.zsh}${pkgs.zsh.shellPath}
-                        ${script}
-                      '')
+
+                      id = mkOption {
+                        type = nullOr str;
+                        default = null;
+                        description = ''
+                          D-Bus application id.
+                          Setting this to null will disable own path in defaults.
+                          Has no effect if custom configuration is set.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      mpris = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = false;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to enable MPRIS in D-Bus defaults.
+                        '';
+                      };
+                    };
+
+                    capability = {
+                      wayland = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the Wayland socket.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      x11 = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = false;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      dbus = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to proxy D-Bus.
+                        '';
+                      };
+
+                      pulse = mkOption {
+                        type = bool;
+                        default = true;
+                        description = ''
+                          Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
+                        '';
+                      };
+                    };
+
+                    share = mkOption {
+                      type = nullOr package;
+                      default = null;
+                      description = ''
+                        Package containing share files.
+                        Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
+                      '';
+                    };
+
+                    method = mkOption {
+                      type = enum [
+                        "simple"
+                        "sudo"
+                        "systemd"
                      ];
-                    confinement = {
-                      app_id = aid;
-                      inherit (app) groups;
-                      username = "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}";
-                      home = "${cfg.stateDir}/u${toString fid}/a${toString aid}";
-                      sandbox = {
-                        inherit (app)
-                          userns
-                          net
-                          dev
-                          env
-                          ;
-                        map_real_uid = app.mapRealUid;
-                        no_new_session = app.tty;
-                        filesystem =
-                          [
-                            { src = "/bin"; }
-                            { src = "/usr/bin"; }
-                            { src = "/nix/store"; }
-                            { src = "/run/current-system"; }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/block";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/bus";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/class";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/dev";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                            {
-                              src = "/sys/devices";
-                              require = false;
-                            }
-                          ]
-                          ++ optionals app.nix [
-                            { src = "/nix/var"; }
-                            { src = "/var/db/nix-channels"; }
-                          ]
-                          ++ optionals (if app.gpu != null then app.gpu else app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) [
-                            { src = "/run/opengl-driver"; }
-                            {
-                              src = "/dev/dri";
-                              dev = true;
-                            }
-                          ]
-                          ++ app.extraPaths;
-                        auto_etc = true;
-                        override = [ "/var/run/nscd" ];
-                      };
-                      inherit enablements;
-                      inherit (dbusConfig) session_bus system_bus;
+                      default = "systemd";
+                      description = ''
+                        Launch method for the sandboxed program.
+                      '';
                    };
                  };
-                in
-                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin app.name ''
-                  exec fortify app ${pkgs.writeText "fortify-${app.name}.json" (builtins.toJSON conf)} $@
-                ''
-              ) cfg.apps;
-            in
-            foldr (
-              app: acc:
+                });
+                default = { };
+              };
+
+              persistence = mkOption {
+                type = submodule {
+                  options = {
+                    directories = mkOption {
+                      type = listOf anything;
+                      default = [ ];
+                    };
+
+                    files = mkOption {
+                      type = listOf anything;
+                      default = [ ];
+                    };
+                  };
+                };
+                description = ''
+                  Per-user state passed to github:nix-community/impermanence.
+                '';
+              };
+
+              extraConfig = mkOption {
+                type = anything;
+                default = { };
+                description = "Extra home-manager configuration.";
+              };
+            };
+          });
+      };
+
+      package = mkOption {
+        type = types.package;
+        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
+        description = "Package providing fortify.";
+      };
+
+      user = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = "Privileged user account.";
+      };
+
+      stateDir = mkOption {
+        type = types.str;
+        description = ''
+          The path to persistent storage where per-user state should be stored.
+        '';
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  config = mkIf cfg.enable {
+    environment.persistence.${cfg.stateDir}.users = mapAttrs (_: target: target.persistence) cfg.target;
+
+    home-manager.users =
+      mapAttrs (_: target: target.extraConfig // { home.packages = target.packages; }) cfg.target
+      // {
+        ${cfg.user}.home.packages =
          let
-                pkg = if app.share != null then app.share else pkgs.${app.name};
-                copy = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && cp -Lrv '${source}' $out/share || true";
+            wrap =
+              user: launchers:
+              mapAttrsToList (
+                name: launcher:
+                with launcher.capability;
+                let
+                  command = if launcher.command == null then name else launcher.command;
+                  dbusConfig =
+                    if launcher.dbus.config != null then
+                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.config)
+                    else
+                      null;
+                  dbusSystem =
+                    if launcher.dbus.configSystem != null then
+                      pkgs.writeText "${name}-dbus-system.json" (builtins.toJSON launcher.dbus.configSystem)
+                    else
+                      null;
+                  capArgs =
+                    (if wayland then " --wayland" else "")
+                    + (if x11 then " -X" else "")
+                    + (if dbus then " --dbus" else "")
+                    + (if pulse then " --pulse" else "")
+                    + (if launcher.dbus.mpris then " --mpris" else "")
+                    + (if launcher.dbus.id != null then " --dbus-id ${launcher.dbus.id}" else "")
+                    + (if dbusConfig != null then " --dbus-config ${dbusConfig}" else "")
+                    + (if dbusSystem != null then " --dbus-system ${dbusSystem}" else "");
                in
-              optional (app.capability.wayland || app.capability.x11) (
-                pkgs.runCommand "${app.name}-share" { } ''
-                  mkdir -p $out/share
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/applications"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/pixmaps"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/icons"}
-                  ${copy "${pkg}/share/man"}
-
-                  substituteInPlace $out/share/applications/* \
-                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/bin/' "" \
-                    --replace-warn '${pkg}/libexec/' ""
+                pkgs.writeShellScriptBin name (
+                  if launcher.method == "simple" then
+                    ''
+                      exec sudo -u ${user} -i ${command} $@
+                    ''
+                  else
+                    ''
+                      exec fortify${capArgs} --method ${launcher.method} -u ${user} $SHELL -c "exec ${command} $@"
                    ''
                )
-              ++ acc
-            ) (wrappers ++ [ cfg.package ]) cfg.apps;
-        }) cfg.users;
+              ) launchers;
          in
-      {
-        useUserPackages = false; # prevent users.users entries from being added
-
-        users = foldlAttrs (
-          acc: _: fid:
-          mergeAttrsList (
-            # aid 0 is reserved
-            imap1 (aid: app: {
-              "u${toString fid}_a${toString aid}" = app.extraConfig // {
-                home.packages = app.packages;
-              };
-            }) cfg.apps
+          foldlAttrs (
+            acc: user: target:
+            acc
+            ++ (foldlAttrs (
+              shares: name: launcher:
+              let
+                pkg = if launcher.share != null then launcher.share else pkgs.${name};
+                link = source: "[ -d '${source}' ] && ln -sv '${source}' $out/share || true";
+              in
+              shares
+              ++
+                optional (launcher.method != "simple" && (launcher.capability.wayland || launcher.capability.x11))
+                  (
+                    pkgs.runCommand "${name}-share" { } ''
+                      mkdir -p $out/share
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/applications"}
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/icons"}
+                      ${link "${pkg}/share/man"}
+                    ''
                  )
-          // acc
-        ) privPackages cfg.users;
+            ) (wrap user target.launchers) target.launchers)
+          ) [ cfg.package ] cfg.target;
      };
+
+    security.polkit.extraConfig =
+      let
+        allowList = builtins.toJSON (mapAttrsToList (name: _: name) cfg.target);
+      in
+      ''
+        polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
+          if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.machine1.host-shell" &&
+            ${allowList}.indexOf(action.lookup("user")) > -1 &&
+            subject.user == "${cfg.user}") {
+                return polkit.Result.YES;
+          }
+        });
+      '';
  };
 }
--- a/options.md
+++ b/options.md
@ -1,555 +0,0 @@
-## environment\.fortify\.enable
-
-
-
-Whether to enable fortify\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.package
-
-
-
-The fortify package to use\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` <derivation fortify-0.2.5> `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps
-
-Declarative fortify apps\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of (submodule)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.packages
-
-
-
-List of extra packages to install via home-manager\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.dbus
-
-
-
-Whether to proxy D-Bus\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.pulse
-
-
-
-Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.wayland
-
-
-
-Whether to share the Wayland socket\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.capability\.x11
-
-
-
-Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.command
-
-
-
-Command to run as the target user\.
-Setting this to null will default command to launcher name\.
-Has no effect when script is set\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.session
-
-
-
-D-Bus session bus custom configuration\.
-Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or (function that evaluates to a(n) anything)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dbus\.system
-
-
-
-D-Bus system bus custom configuration\.
-Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.dev
-
-
-
-Whether to enable access to all devices within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.env
-
-
-
-Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or (attribute set of string)
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraConfig
-
-
-
-Extra home-manager configuration\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` { } `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.extraPaths
-
-
-
-Extra paths to make available to the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of anything
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.gpu
-
-
-
-Target process GPU and driver access\.
-Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.groups
-
-
-
-List of groups to inherit from the privileged user\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-list of string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` [ ] `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.id
-
-
-
-Freedesktop application ID\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.mapRealUid
-
-
-
-Whether to enable mapping to fortify’s real UID within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.name
-
-
-
-Name of the app’s launcher script\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-string
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.net
-
-
-
-Whether to enable network access within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.nix
-
-
-
-Whether to enable nix daemon access within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.script
-
-
-
-Application launch script\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or string
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.share
-
-
-
-Package containing share files\.
-Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-null or package
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` null `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.tty
-
-
-
-Whether to enable allow access to the controlling terminal\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.apps\.\*\.userns
-
-
-
-Whether to enable userns within the sandbox\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-boolean
-
-
-
-*Default:*
-` false `
-
-
-
-*Example:*
-` true `
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.stateDir
-
-
-
-The state directory where app home directories are stored\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-string
-
-
-
-
-## environment\.fortify\.users
-
-
-
-Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid\.
-
-
-
-*Type:*
-attribute set of integer between 0 and 99 (both inclusive)
-
-
-
--- a/options.nix
+++ b/options.nix
@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-{ lib, pkgs, ... }:
-
-let
-  inherit (lib) types mkOption mkEnableOption;
-in
-
-{
-  options = {
-    environment.fortify = {
-      enable = mkEnableOption "fortify";
-
-      package = mkOption {
-        type = types.package;
-        default = pkgs.callPackage ./package.nix { };
-        description = "The fortify package to use.";
-      };
-
-      users = mkOption {
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types) attrsOf ints;
-          in
-          attrsOf (ints.between 0 99);
-        description = ''
-          Users allowed to spawn fortify apps and their corresponding fortify fid.
-        '';
-      };
-
-      apps = mkOption {
-        type =
-          let
-            inherit (types)
-              str
-              bool
-              package
-              anything
-              submodule
-              listOf
-              attrsOf
-              nullOr
-              functionTo
-              ;
-          in
-          listOf (submodule {
-            options = {
-              name = mkOption {
-                type = str;
-                description = ''
-                  Name of the app's launcher script.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              id = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Freedesktop application ID.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              packages = mkOption {
-                type = listOf package;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of extra packages to install via home-manager.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraConfig = mkOption {
-                type = anything;
-                default = { };
-                description = ''
-                  Extra home-manager configuration.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              script = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Application launch script.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              command = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr str;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Command to run as the target user.
-                  Setting this to null will default command to launcher name.
-                  Has no effect when script is set.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              groups = mkOption {
-                type = listOf str;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  List of groups to inherit from the privileged user.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              dbus = {
-                session = mkOption {
-                  type = nullOr (functionTo anything);
-                  default = null;
-                  description = ''
-                    D-Bus session bus custom configuration.
-                    Setting this to null will enable built-in defaults.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                system = mkOption {
-                  type = nullOr anything;
-                  default = null;
-                  description = ''
-                    D-Bus system bus custom configuration.
-                    Setting this to null will disable the system bus proxy.
-                  '';
-                };
-              };
-
-              env = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr (attrsOf str);
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Environment variables to set for the initial process in the sandbox.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              nix = mkEnableOption "nix daemon access within the sandbox";
-              userns = mkEnableOption "userns within the sandbox";
-              mapRealUid = mkEnableOption "mapping to fortify's real UID within the sandbox";
-              dev = mkEnableOption "access to all devices within the sandbox";
-              tty = mkEnableOption "allow access to the controlling terminal";
-
-              net = mkEnableOption "network access within the sandbox" // {
-                default = true;
-              };
-
-              gpu = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr bool;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Target process GPU and driver access.
-                  Setting this to null will enable GPU whenever X or Wayland is enabled.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              extraPaths = mkOption {
-                type = listOf anything;
-                default = [ ];
-                description = ''
-                  Extra paths to make available to the sandbox.
-                '';
-              };
-
-              capability = {
-                wayland = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the Wayland socket.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                x11 = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = false;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the X11 socket and allow connection.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                dbus = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to proxy D-Bus.
-                  '';
-                };
-
-                pulse = mkOption {
-                  type = bool;
-                  default = true;
-                  description = ''
-                    Whether to share the PulseAudio socket and cookie.
-                  '';
-                };
-              };
-
-              share = mkOption {
-                type = nullOr package;
-                default = null;
-                description = ''
-                  Package containing share files.
-                  Setting this to null will default package name to wrapper name.
-                '';
-              };
-            };
-          });
-        default = [ ];
-        description = "Declarative fortify apps.";
-      };
-
-      stateDir = mkOption {
-        type = types.str;
-        description = ''
-          The state directory where app home directories are stored.
-        '';
-      };
-    };
-  };
-}
--- a/package.nix
+++ b/package.nix
@ -4,17 +4,13 @@
  makeBinaryWrapper,
  xdg-dbus-proxy,
  bubblewrap,
-  pkg-config,
  acl,
-  wayland,
-  wayland-scanner,
-  wayland-protocols,
  xorg,
 }:

 buildGoModule rec {
  pname = "fortify";
-  version = "0.2.5";
+  version = "0.0.11";

  src = ./.;
  vendorHash = null;
@ -26,55 +22,39 @@ buildGoModule rec {
        ldflags
        ++ [
          "-X"
-          "git.gensokyo.uk/security/fortify/internal.${name}=${value}"
+          "git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal.${name}=${value}"
        ]
      )
      [
        "-s"
        "-w"
        "-X"
-        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fortify"
-        "-X"
-        "main.Fshim=${placeholder "out"}/libexec/fshim"
+        "main.Fmain=${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fortify-wrapped"
      ]
      {
        Version = "v${version}";
        Fsu = "/run/wrappers/bin/fsu";
-        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/libexec/finit";
+        Fshim = "${placeholder "out"}/bin/.fshim";
+        Finit = "${placeholder "out"}/bin/.finit";
      };

-  # nix build environment does not allow acls
-  GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;
-
  buildInputs = [
    acl
-    wayland
-    wayland-protocols
    xorg.libxcb
  ];

-  nativeBuildInputs = [
-    pkg-config
-    wayland-scanner
-    makeBinaryWrapper
-  ];
-
-  preConfigure = ''
-    HOME=$(mktemp -d) go generate ./...
-  '';
+  nativeBuildInputs = [ makeBinaryWrapper ];

  postInstall = ''
-    install -D --target-directory=$out/share/zsh/site-functions comp/*
-
-    mkdir "$out/libexec"
-    mv "$out"/bin/* "$out/libexec/"
-
-    makeBinaryWrapper "$out/libexec/fortify" "$out/bin/fortify" \
-      --inherit-argv0 --prefix PATH : ${
+    wrapProgram $out/bin/${pname} --prefix PATH : ${
      lib.makeBinPath [
        bubblewrap
        xdg-dbus-proxy
      ]
    }
+
+    mv $out/bin/fsu $out/bin/.fsu
+    mv $out/bin/fshim $out/bin/.fshim
+    mv $out/bin/finit $out/bin/.finit
  '';
 }
--- a/state.go
+++ b/state.go
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/fmsg"
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal/state"
+)
+
+var (
+	stateActionEarly bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&stateActionEarly, "state", false, "print state information of active launchers")
+}
+
+// tryState is called after app initialisation
+func tryState() {
+	if stateActionEarly {
+		var w *tabwriter.Writer
+		state.MustPrintLauncherStateSimpleGlobal(&w, os.Paths().RunDirPath)
+		if w != nil {
+			if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+				fmsg.Println("cannot format output:", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("No information available")
+		}
+
+		fmsg.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/test.nix
+++ b/test.nix
@ -1,221 +0,0 @@
-{
-  system,
-  self,
-  home-manager,
-  nixosTest,
-}:
-
-nixosTest {
-  name = "fortify";
-
-  # adapted from nixos sway integration tests
-
-  # testScriptWithTypes:49: error: Cannot call function of unknown type
-  #           (machine.succeed if succeed else machine.execute)(
-  #           ^
-  # Found 1 error in 1 file (checked 1 source file)
-  skipTypeCheck = true;
-
-  nodes.machine =
-    { lib, pkgs, ... }:
-    {
-      users.users.alice = {
-        isNormalUser = true;
-        description = "Alice Foobar";
-        password = "foobar";
-        uid = 1000;
-      };
-
-      home-manager.users.alice.home.stateVersion = "24.11";
-
-      # Automatically login on tty1 as a normal user:
-      services.getty.autologinUser = "alice";
-
-      environment = {
-        systemPackages = with pkgs; [
-          # For glinfo and wayland-info:
-          mesa-demos
-          wayland-utils
-          alacritty
-
-          # For go tests:
-          self.devShells.${system}.fhs
-        ];
-
-        variables = {
-          SWAYSOCK = "/tmp/sway-ipc.sock";
-          WLR_RENDERER = "pixman";
-        };
-
-        # To help with OCR:
-        etc."xdg/foot/foot.ini".text = lib.generators.toINI { } {
-          main = {
-            font = "inconsolata:size=14";
-          };
-          colors = rec {
-            foreground = "000000";
-            background = "ffffff";
-            regular2 = foreground;
-          };
-        };
-      };
-
-      fonts.packages = [ pkgs.inconsolata ];
-
-      # Automatically configure and start Sway when logging in on tty1:
-      programs.bash.loginShellInit = ''
-        if [ "$(tty)" = "/dev/tty1" ]; then
-          set -e
-
-          mkdir -p ~/.config/sway
-          sed s/Mod4/Mod1/ /etc/sway/config > ~/.config/sway/config
-
-          sway --validate
-          sway && touch /tmp/sway-exit-ok
-        fi
-      '';
-
-      programs.sway.enable = true;
-
-      virtualisation.qemu.options = [
-        # Need to switch to a different GPU driver than the default one (-vga std) so that Sway can launch:
-        "-vga none -device virtio-gpu-pci"
-
-        # Increase Go test compiler performance:
-        "-smp 8"
-      ];
-
-      environment.fortify = {
-        enable = true;
-        stateDir = "/var/lib/fortify";
-        users.alice = 0;
-      };
-
-      imports = [
-        self.nixosModules.fortify
-        home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
-      ];
-    };
-
-  testScript = ''
-    import shlex
-    import json
-
-    q = shlex.quote
-    NODE_GROUPS = ["nodes", "floating_nodes"]
-
-
-    def swaymsg(command: str = "", succeed=True, type="command"):
-        assert command != "" or type != "command", "Must specify command or type"
-        shell = q(f"swaymsg -t {q(type)} -- {q(command)}")
-        with machine.nested(
-            f"sending swaymsg {shell!r}" + " (allowed to fail)" * (not succeed)
-        ):
-            ret = (machine.succeed if succeed else machine.execute)(
-                f"su - alice -c {shell}"
-            )
-
-        # execute also returns a status code, but disregard.
-        if not succeed:
-            _, ret = ret
-
-        if not succeed and not ret:
-            return None
-
-        parsed = json.loads(ret)
-        return parsed
-
-
-    def walk(tree):
-        yield tree
-        for group in NODE_GROUPS:
-          for node in tree.get(group, []):
-              yield from walk(node)
-
-
-    def wait_for_window(pattern):
-        def func(last_chance):
-            nodes = (node["name"] for node in walk(swaymsg(type="get_tree")))
-
-            if last_chance:
-                nodes = list(nodes)
-                machine.log(f"Last call! Current list of windows: {nodes}")
-
-            return any(pattern in name for name in nodes)
-
-        retry(func)
-
-    def collect_state_ui(name):
-        swaymsg(f"exec fortify ps > '/tmp/{name}.ps'")
-        machine.copy_from_vm(f"/tmp/{name}.ps", "")
-        machine.screenshot(name)
-
-    start_all()
-    machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
-
-    # Run fortify Go tests outside of nix build:
-    machine.succeed("rm -rf /tmp/src && cp -a '${self.packages.${system}.fortify.src}' /tmp/src")
-    print(machine.succeed("fortify-fhs -c '(cd /tmp/src && go generate ./... && go test ./...)'"))
-
-    # To check sway's version:
-    print(machine.succeed("sway --version"))
-
-    # Wait for Sway to complete startup:
-    machine.wait_for_file("/run/user/1000/wayland-1")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/sway-ipc.sock")
-
-    # Create fortify aid 0 home directory:
-    machine.succeed("install -dm 0700 -o 1000000 -g 1000000 /var/lib/fortify/u0/a0")
-
-    # Start fortify outside Wayland session:
-    print(machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i fortify -v run -a 0 touch /tmp/success-bare"))
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-bare")
-
-    # Start fortify within Wayland session:
-    swaymsg("exec fortify -v run --wayland touch /tmp/success-session")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-session")
-
-    # Start a terminal (foot) within fortify on workspace 3:
-    machine.send_key("alt-3")
-    machine.sleep(3)
-    swaymsg("exec fortify run --wayland foot")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a0@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-client\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-client")
-    collect_state_ui("foot_wayland_permissive")
-    # Verify acl on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
-    print(machine.succeed("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000000"))
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
-    # Verify acl cleanup on XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:
-    machine.wait_until_fails("getfacl --absolute-names --omit-header --numeric /run/user/1000 | grep 1000000")
-
-    # Start a terminal (foot) within fortify from a terminal on workspace 4:
-    machine.send_key("alt-4")
-    machine.sleep(3)
-    swaymsg("exec foot fortify run --wayland foot")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a0@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("wayland-info && touch /tmp/success-client-term\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-client-term")
-    collect_state_ui("foot_wayland_permissive_term")
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep foot")
-
-    # Test XWayland (foot does not support X):
-    swaymsg("exec fortify run -X alacritty")
-    wait_for_window("u0_a0@machine")
-    machine.send_chars("glinfo && touch /tmp/success-client-x11\n")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/fortify.1000/tmpdir/0/success-client-x11")
-    collect_state_ui("alacritty_x11_permissive")
-    machine.send_chars("exit\n")
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep alacritty")
-
-    # Exit Sway and verify process exit status 0:
-    swaymsg("exit", succeed=False)
-    machine.wait_until_fails("pgrep -x sway")
-    machine.wait_for_file("/tmp/sway-exit-ok")
-
-    # Print fortify runDir contents:
-    print(machine.succeed("find /run/user/1000/fortify"))
-  '';
-}
--- a/version.go
+++ b/version.go
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.ophivana.moe/security/fortify/internal"
+)
+
+var (
+	printVersion bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	flag.BoolVar(&printVersion, "V", false, "Print version")
+}
+
+func tryVersion() {
+	if printVersion {
+		if v, ok := internal.Check(internal.Version); ok {
+			fmt.Println(v)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("impure")
+		}
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
--- a/wl/c.go
+++ b/wl/c.go
@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-package wl
-
-//go:generate sh -c "wayland-scanner client-header `pkg-config --variable=datarootdir wayland-protocols`/wayland-protocols/staging/security-context/security-context-v1.xml security-context-v1-protocol.h"
-//go:generate sh -c "wayland-scanner private-code `pkg-config --variable=datarootdir wayland-protocols`/wayland-protocols/staging/security-context/security-context-v1.xml security-context-v1-protocol.c"
-
-/*
-#cgo linux pkg-config: wayland-client
-#cgo freebsd openbsd LDFLAGS: -lwayland-client
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-
-#include <wayland-client.h>
-#include "security-context-v1-protocol.h"
-
-static void registry_handle_global(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name, const char *interface, uint32_t version) {
-  struct wp_security_context_manager_v1 **out = data;
-
-  if (strcmp(interface, wp_security_context_manager_v1_interface.name) == 0)
-      *out = wl_registry_bind(registry, name, &wp_security_context_manager_v1_interface, 1);
-}
-
-static void registry_handle_global_remove(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name) { } // no-op
-
-static const struct wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {
-  .global = registry_handle_global,
-  .global_remove = registry_handle_global_remove,
-};
-
-static int32_t bind_wayland_fd(char *socket_path, int fd, const char *app_id, const char *instance_id, int sync_fd) {
-  int32_t res = 0; // refer to resErr for meaning
-
-  struct wl_display *display;
-  display = wl_display_connect_to_fd(fd);
-  if (!display) {
-    res = 1;
-    goto out;
-  };
-
-  struct wl_registry *registry;
-  registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
-
-  struct wp_security_context_manager_v1 *security_context_manager = NULL;
-  wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, &security_context_manager);
-  int ret;
-  ret = wl_display_roundtrip(display);
-  wl_registry_destroy(registry);
-  if (ret < 0)
-    goto out;
-
-  if (!security_context_manager) {
-    res = 2;
-    goto out;
-  }
-
-  int listen_fd = -1;
-  listen_fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-  if (listen_fd < 0)
-    goto out;
-
-  struct sockaddr_un sockaddr = {0};
-  sockaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
-  snprintf(sockaddr.sun_path, sizeof(sockaddr.sun_path), "%s", socket_path);
-  if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sockaddr, sizeof(sockaddr)) != 0)
-    goto out;
-
-  if (listen(listen_fd, 0) != 0)
-    goto out;
-
-  struct wp_security_context_v1 *security_context;
-  security_context = wp_security_context_manager_v1_create_listener(security_context_manager, listen_fd, sync_fd);
-  wp_security_context_v1_set_sandbox_engine(security_context, "moe.ophivana.fortify");
-  wp_security_context_v1_set_app_id(security_context, app_id);
-  wp_security_context_v1_set_instance_id(security_context, instance_id);
-  wp_security_context_v1_commit(security_context);
-  wp_security_context_v1_destroy(security_context);
-  if (wl_display_roundtrip(display) < 0)
-    goto out;
-
-out:
-  if (listen_fd >= 0)
-    close(listen_fd);
-  if (security_context_manager)
-    wp_security_context_manager_v1_destroy(security_context_manager);
-  if (display)
-    wl_display_disconnect(display);
-
-  free((void *)socket_path);
-  free((void *)app_id);
-  free((void *)instance_id);
-  return res;
-}
-*/
-import "C"
-import "errors"
-
-var resErr = [...]error{
-	0: nil,
-	1: errors.New("wl_display_connect_to_fd() failed"),
-	2: errors.New("wp_security_context_v1 not available"),
-}
-
-func bindWaylandFd(socketPath string, fd uintptr, appID, instanceID string, syncFD uintptr) error {
-	res := C.bind_wayland_fd(C.CString(socketPath), C.int(fd), C.CString(appID), C.CString(instanceID), C.int(syncFD))
-	return resErr[int32(res)]
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More