541 lines
31 KiB
HTML
541 lines
31 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
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<title>CLI | Install | GrapheneOS</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Command-line installation instructions for GrapheneOS, a security and privacy focused mobile OS with Android app compatibility."/>
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</head>
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<body>
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<header>
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<nav id="site-menu">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="/">GrapheneOS</a></li>
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<li><a href="/features">Features</a></li>
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<li><a href="/install/">Install</a></li>
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<li><a href="/build">Build</a></li>
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<li><a href="/usage">Usage</a></li>
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<li><a href="/faq">FAQ</a></li>
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<li><a href="/releases">Releases</a></li>
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<li><a href="/source">Source</a></li>
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<li><a href="/articles/">Articles</a></li>
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<li><a href="/donate">Donate</a></li>
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<li><a href="/contact">Contact</a></li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</header>
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<main id="cli-install">
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<h1><a href="#cli-install">CLI install</a></h1>
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<p>This is a guide on installing GrapheneOS for the
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<a href="/faq#supported-devices">officially supported devices</a>. It can be followed
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for both the <a href="/releases">official releases</a> and <a href="/build">custom
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builds</a>. The <a href="/install/web">web installer</a> is an
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easier approach to installing the official releases via a browser with WebUSB
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support.</p>
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<p>We strongly recommend following these official instructions. The official guide has
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a lot of collaborative effort put into covering all of the edge cases and is regularly
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tested by many people on each supported OS. Following these instructions to the letter
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without skipping, reordering or adding any steps will give you a proper GrapheneOS
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installation unless there's a hardware issue. We strongly recommend against following
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unofficial guides deviating in any way from the official instructions.</p>
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<p>If you have trouble following this guide, ask for help on the
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<a href="/contact#community">official GrapheneOS chat channel</a>. There are almost
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always people around willing to help with it. Before asking for help, make an attempt
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to follow the guide on your own and then ask for help with anything you get stuck
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on.</p>
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<nav id="table-of-contents">
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<h2><a href="#table-of-contents">Table of contents</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
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<li><a href="#enabling-oem-unlocking">Enabling OEM unlocking</a></li>
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<li><a href="#opening-terminal">Opening terminal</a></li>
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<li>
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<a href="#obtaining-fastboot">Obtaining fastboot</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#standalone-platform-tools">Standalone platform-tools</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#checking-fastboot-version">Checking fastboot version</a></li>
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<li><a href="#flashing-as-non-root">Flashing as non-root</a></li>
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<li><a href="#connecting-phone">Connecting the phone</a></li>
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<li><a href="#unlocking-the-bootloader">Unlocking the bootloader</a></li>
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<li><a href="#obtaining-signify">Obtaining signify</a></li>
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<li><a href="#obtaining-factory-images">Obtaining factory images</a></li>
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<li>
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<a href="#flashing-factory-images">Flashing factory images</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#locking-the-bootloader">Locking the bootloader</a></li>
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<li>
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<a href="#post-installation">Post-installation</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#booting">Booting</a></li>
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<li><a href="#disabling-oem-unlocking">Disabling OEM unlocking</a></li>
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<li><a href="#verifying-installation">Verifying installation</a></li>
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<li><a href="#replacing-grapheneos-with-the-stock-os">Replacing GrapheneOS with the stock OS</a></li>
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<li><a href="#further-information">Further information</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<section id="prerequisites">
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<h2><a href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></h2>
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<p>You should have at least 2GB of free memory available and 8GB of free storage
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space.</p>
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<p>You need a USB cable for attaching the device to a laptop or desktop. Whenever
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possible, use the high quality standards compliant USB-C cable packaged with the
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device. If your computer doesn't have any USB-C ports, you'll need a high quality
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USB-C to USB-A cable. You should avoid using a USB hub such as the front panel on
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a desktop computer case. Connect directly to a rear port on a desktop or the ports
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on a laptop. Many widely distributed USB cables and hubs are broken and are the
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most common source of issues for installing GrapheneOS.</p>
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<p>Installing from an OS in a virtual machine is not recommended. USB passthrough
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is often not reliable. To rule out these problems, install from an OS running on
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bare metal. Virtual machines are also often configured to have overly limited
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memory and storage space.</p>
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<p>Windows 10, macOS Big Sur, Arch Linux, Debian buster and Ubuntu 20.04 LTS are the
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officially supported operating systems for installing GrapheneOS. You should make sure
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your operating system is up-to-date before proceeding with these instructions. Older
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versions and other Linux distributions usually work, but if you encounter problems try
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using one of the officially supported options.</p>
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<p>You need one of the officially supported devices. To make sure that the device can
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be unlocked to install GrapheneOS, avoid carrier variants of the devices. Carrier
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variants of Pixels use the same stock OS and firmware with a non-zero carrier id
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flashed onto the persist partition in the factory. The carrier id activates
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carrier-specific configuration in the stock OS including disabling carrier and
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bootloader unlocking. The carrier may be able to remotely disable this, but their
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support staff may not be aware and they probably won't do it. Get a carrier agnostic
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device to avoid the risk and potential hassle. If you CAN figure out a way to unlock a
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carrier device, it isn't a problem as GrapheneOS can just ignore the carrier id
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and the hardware is the same.</p>
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<p>It's best practice to update the stock OS on the device to make sure it's running
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the latest firmware before proceeding with these instructions. This avoids running
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into bugs, missing features or other differences in older firmware versions. You can
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either update the device via over-the-air updates or sideload a full update, which for
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Pixel phones can be obtained from the
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<a href="https://developers.google.com/android/ota">full update package page</a>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="enabling-oem-unlocking">
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<h2><a href="#enabling-oem-unlocking">Enabling OEM unlocking</a></h2>
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<p>OEM unlocking needs to be enabled from within the operating system.</p>
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<p>Enable the developer options menu by going to Settings ➔ About phone and
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pressing on the build number menu entry until developer mode is enabled.</p>
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<p>Next, go to Settings ➔ System ➔ Advanced ➔ Developer options and toggle on the
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'Enable OEM unlocking' setting. This requires internet access on devices with Google
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Play services as part of Factory Reset Protection (FRP) for anti-theft protection.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="opening-terminal">
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<h2><a href="#opening-terminal">Opening terminal</a></h2>
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<p>These instructions use command-line tools. Launch the terminal as you would any
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other application. On Windows, launch a regular non-administrator instance of the
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PowerShell terminal. Do not use the legacy Command Prompt or administrator variant
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of PowerShell.</p>
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<p>Use the same terminal for the whole installation process. If you close it,
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you'll lose the setup of the environment for the installation.</p>
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<p>On Windows, run the following command to remove PowerShell's legacy curl alias
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for the current shell to avoid needing to reference it as <code>curl.exe</code>
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instead of <code>curl</code>:</p>
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<pre>Remove-Item Alias:Curl</pre>
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</section>
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<section id="obtaining-fastboot">
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<h2><a href="#obtaining-fastboot">Obtaining fastboot</a></h2>
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<p>You need an updated copy of the <code>fastboot</code> tool and the
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directory containing it needs to be included in the <code>PATH</code>
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environment variable. You can run <code>fastboot --version</code> to determine
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the current version. It must be at least <code>29.0.6</code>. You can use a
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distribution package for this, but most of them mistakenly package development
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snapshots of fastboot, clobber the standard version scheme for platform-tools
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(adb, fastboot, etc.) with their own scheme and don't keep it up-to-date
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despite that being crucial.</p>
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<p>On Arch Linux, install <code>android-tools</code> and skip the section below on
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using the standalone release of platform-tools from Android:</p>
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<pre>sudo pacman -S android-tools</pre>
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<p>Debian and Ubuntu do not have a usable package for fastboot. Their packages for
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these tools are both broken and many years out-of-date. Follow the instructions
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below for platforms without a proper package.</p>
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<section id="standalone-platform-tools">
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<h3><a href="#standalone-platform-tools">Standalone platform-tools</a></h3>
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<!-- https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/platform-tools -->
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<p>If your operating system doesn't include a usable version of fastboot,
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you can use the official standalone releases of platform-tools. This is
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our recommendation for most users. The flashing process won't work unless
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you follow these instructions including setting up PATH.</p>
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<p>To download, verify and extract the standalone platform-tools on Debian and
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Ubuntu:</p>
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<pre>sudo apt install libarchive-tools
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curl -O https://dl.google.com/android/repository/platform-tools_r30.0.5-linux.zip
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echo 'd6d72d006c03bd55d49b6cef9f00295db02f0a31da10e121427e1f4cb43e7cb9 platform-tools_r30.0.5-linux.zip' | sha256sum -c
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bsdtar xvf platform-tools_r30.0.5-linux.zip</pre>
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<p>To download, verify and extract the standalone platform-tools on macOS:</p>
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<pre>curl -O https://dl.google.com/android/repository/eabcd8b4b7ab518c6af9c941af8494072f17ec4b.platform-tools_r30.0.5-darwin.zip
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echo 'SHA256 (eabcd8b4b7ab518c6af9c941af8494072f17ec4b.platform-tools_r30.0.5-darwin.zip) = e5780bad71a53cf9d693e1053a0748f49e4a67cc1f71d16a94ab4c943af3345f' | shasum -c
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tar xvf eabcd8b4b7ab518c6af9c941af8494072f17ec4b.platform-tools_r30.0.5-darwin.zip</pre>
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<p>To download, verify and extract the standalone platform-tools on Windows:</p>
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<pre>curl -O https://dl.google.com/android/repository/platform-tools_r30.0.5-windows.zip
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(Get-FileHash platform-tools_r30.0.5-windows.zip).hash -eq "549ba2bdc31f335eb8a504f005f77606a479cc216d6b64a3e8b64c780003661f"
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tar xvf platform-tools_r30.0.5-windows.zip</pre>
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<p>Next, add the tools to your <code>PATH</code> in the current shell so they can be
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used without referencing them by file path, enabling usage by the flashing script.</p>
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<p>On Debian, Ubuntu and macOS:</p>
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<pre>export PATH="$PWD/platform-tools:$PATH"</pre>
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<p>On Windows:</p>
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<pre>$env:Path = "$pwd\platform-tools;$env:Path"</pre>
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<p>This only changes <code>PATH</code> for the current shell and will need
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to be done again if you open a new terminal.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="checking-fastboot-version">
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<h2><a href="#checking-fastboot-version">Checking fastboot version</a></h2>
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<p>Check the output of <code>fastboot --version</code> before continuing.</p>
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<p>Example of the output after following the instructions above for the
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standalone platform-tools:</p>
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<pre>fastboot version 30.0.5-6877874
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Installed as /home/username/platform-tools/fastboot</pre>
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</section>
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<section id="flashing-as-non-root">
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<h2><a href="#flashing-as-non-root">Flashing as non-root</a></h2>
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<p>On Linux, in order for to connect to a device as non-root, the appropriate udev
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rules need to be set up. This is not an issue on either macOS or Windows.</p>
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<p>On Arch Linux:</p>
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<pre>sudo pacman -S android-udev</pre>
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<p>On Debian and Ubuntu:</p>
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<pre>sudo apt install android-sdk-platform-tools-common</pre>
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<p>The udev rules on Debian and Ubuntu are very out-of-date but the package has
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the rules needed for Pixel phones since the same USB IDs have been used for many
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years.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="connecting-phone">
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<h2><a href="#connecting-phone">Connecting the phone</a></h2>
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<p>Connect the phone to the computer. On Linux, you'll need to do this again if
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you didn't have the udev rules set up when you connected it.</p>
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<p>On Windows, you may need to install a driver for fastboot. You can obtain this
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via the Windows Update optional updates if you don't already have it.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="unlocking-the-bootloader">
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<h2><a href="#unlocking-the-bootloader">Unlocking the bootloader</a></h2>
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<p>First, boot into the bootloader interface. You can do this by turning off the
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device and then turning it on by holding both the Volume Down and Power buttons.</p>
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<p>Unlock the bootloader to allow flashing the OS and firmware:</p>
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<pre>fastboot flashing unlock</pre>
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<p>The command needs to be confirmed on the device and will wipe all data. Use one
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of the volume buttons to switch the selection to accepting it and the power button
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to confirm.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="obtaining-signify">
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<h2><a href="#obtaining-signify">Obtaining signify</a></h2>
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<p>On the supported Linux distributions, the signify tool is used to verify the
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download of the OS beyond the security offered by HTTPS. You should skip this on
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macOS and Windows. It only makes sense to do this if you can obtain signify from
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the distribution package repositories. GrapheneOS releases are hosted on our
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servers and we do not have third party mirrors.</p>
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<p>On Arch Linux:</p>
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<pre>sudo pacman -S signify</pre>
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<p>On Debian and Ubuntu:</p>
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<pre>sudo apt install signify-openbsd
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alias signify=signify-openbsd</pre>
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<p>On Debian-based distributions, the <code>signify</code> package and command are an
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<a href="http://signify.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">unmaintained mail-related
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tool for generating mail signatures (not cryptographic signatures)</a> with the final
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releases from 2003-2004 made directly by the developer via the Debian package without
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upstream releases. Make sure to install <code>signify-openbsd</code>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="obtaining-factory-images">
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<h2><a href="#obtaining-factory-images">Obtaining factory images</a></h2>
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<p>You need to obtain the GrapheneOS factory images for your device to proceed with
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the installation process.</p>
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<p>You can either download the files with your browser or using a command like
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<code>curl</code>. It's generally easier to use the command-line since you're already
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using it for the rest of the installation process, so these instructions use
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<code>curl</code>.</p>
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<p>Download <a href="https://releases.grapheneos.org/factory.pub">the factory images
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public key (factory.pub)</a> in order to verify the factory images:</p>
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<pre>curl -O https://releases.grapheneos.org/factory.pub</pre>
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<p>This is the content of <code>factory.pub</code>:</p>
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<pre>untrusted comment: GrapheneOS factory images public key
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RWQZW9NItOuQYJ86EooQBxScfclrWiieJtAO9GpnfEjKbCO/3FriLGX3</pre>
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<p>The public key has also been published via the official
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<a href="https://twitter.com/GrapheneOS/status/1145259815851253762">@GrapheneOS Twitter
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account</a>,
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<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GrapheneOS/comments/c7gb3f/grapheneos_factory_images_are_now_signed_with/esewpm9">the /u/GrapheneOS
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Reddit account</a> and <a href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/releases.grapheneos.org/blob/master/static/factory.pub">is available on GitHub</a>.
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When the current signing key is replaced, the new key will be signed with it.</p>
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<p>Download the factory images for the device from <a href="/releases">the releases
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page</a>. For example, to download the 2021.02.07.17 release for the Pixel 4a (sunfish):</p>
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<pre>curl -O https://releases.grapheneos.org/sunfish-factory-2021.02.07.17.zip
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curl -O https://releases.grapheneos.org/sunfish-factory-2021.02.07.17.zip.sig</pre>
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<p>Verify the factory images using the signature if you were able to obtain
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<code>signify</code> from trusted package repositories (see above), otherwise
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continue on to the next section without this:</p>
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<pre>signify -Cqp factory.pub -x sunfish-factory-2021.02.07.17.zip.sig && echo verified</pre>
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<p>This will output <code>verified</code> if verification is successful. If something
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goes wrong, it will output an error message rather than <code>verified</code>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="flashing-factory-images">
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<h2><a href="#flashing-factory-images">Flashing factory images</a></h2>
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<p>The initial install will be performed by flashing the factory images. This will
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replace the existing OS installation and wipe all the existing data.</p>
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<p>Next, extract the factory images.</p>
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<p>On Linux:</p>
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<pre>bsdtar xvf sunfish-factory-2021.02.07.17.zip</pre>
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<p>On macOS and Windows:</p>
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<pre>tar xvf sunfish-factory-2021.02.07.17.zip</pre>
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<p>Move into the directory:</p>
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<pre>cd sunfish-factory-2021.02.07.17</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>Flash the images with the flash-all script in the directory.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>On Linux and macOS:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>./flash-all.sh</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>On Windows:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>./flash-all.bat</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>Wait for the flashing process to complete. It will automatically handle
|
|
flashing the firmware, rebooting into the bootloader interface, flashing the core
|
|
OS, rebooting into the userspace fastboot mode, flashing the rest of the OS and
|
|
finally rebooting back into the bootloader interface. Avoid interacting with the
|
|
device until the flashing script is finished and the device is back at the
|
|
bootloader menu. Then, proceed to <a href="#locking-the-bootloader">locking the
|
|
bootloader</a> before using the device as locking wipes the data again.</p>
|
|
|
|
<section id="troubleshooting">
|
|
<h3><a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The text output from a failed attempt at flashing will contain valuable
|
|
diagnostic information which is essential in knowing where and how the process
|
|
went wrong. Please provide this information when asking for help on the
|
|
GrapheneOS IRC / Matrix channel.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A common issue on Linux distributions is that they mount the default temporary file
|
|
directory <code>/tmp</code> as tmpfs which results in it being backed by memory and
|
|
swap rather than persistent storage. By default, the size is 50% of the available
|
|
virtual memory. This is often not enough for the flashing process, especially since
|
|
<code>/tmp</code> is shared between applications and users. To use a different
|
|
temporary directory if your <code>/tmp</code> doesn't have enough space available:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>mkdir tmp && TMPDIR="$PWD/tmp" ./flash-all.sh</pre>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="locking-the-bootloader">
|
|
<h2><a href="#locking-the-bootloader">Locking the bootloader</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Locking the bootloader is important as it enables full verified boot. It also
|
|
prevents using fastboot to flash, format or erase partitions. Verified boot will
|
|
detect modifications to any of the OS partitions and it will prevent reading any
|
|
modified / corrupted data. If changes are detected, error correction data is used
|
|
to attempt to obtain the original data at which point it's verified again which
|
|
makes verified boot robust to non-malicious corruption.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In the bootloader interface, set it to locked:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>fastboot flashing lock</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>The command needs to be confirmed on the device and will wipe all data. Use one
|
|
of the volume buttons to switch the selection to accepting it and the power button
|
|
to confirm.</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="post-installation">
|
|
<h2><a href="#post-installation">Post-installation</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<section id="booting">
|
|
<h3><a href="#booting">Booting</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>You've now successfully installed GrapheneOS and can boot it. Pressing the
|
|
power button with the default Start option selected in the bootloader menu
|
|
will boot the OS.</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="disabling-oem-unlocking">
|
|
<h3><a href="#disabling-oem-unlocking">Disabling OEM unlocking</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>OEM unlocking can be disabled again in the developer settings menu within the
|
|
operating system after booting it up again.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>After disabling OEM unlocking, we recommend disabling developer options as
|
|
a whole for a device that's not being used for app or OS development.</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="verifying-installation">
|
|
<h3><a href="#verifying-installation">Verifying installation</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verified boot authenticates and validates the firmware images and OS from the
|
|
hardware root of trust. Since GrapheneOS supports full verified boot, the OS images
|
|
are entirely verified. However, it's possible that the computer you used to flash the
|
|
OS was compromised, leading to flashing a malicious verified boot public key and
|
|
images. To detect this kind of attack, you can use the Auditor app included in
|
|
GrapheneOS in the Auditee mode and verify it with another Android device in the
|
|
Auditor mode.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The Auditor app works best once it's already paired with a device and has
|
|
pinned a persistent hardware-backed key and the attestation certificate chain.
|
|
However, it can still provide a bit of security for the initial verification
|
|
via the attestation root. Ideally, you should also do this before connecting
|
|
the device to the network, so an attacker can't proxy to another device (which
|
|
stops being possible after the initial verification). Further protection
|
|
against proxying the initial pairing will be provided in the future via
|
|
optional support for ID attestation to include the serial number in the
|
|
hardware verified information to allow checking against the one on the box /
|
|
displayed in the bootloader. See the <a href="https://attestation.app/tutorial">Auditor tutorial</a>
|
|
for a guide.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>After the initial verification, which results in pairing, performing verification
|
|
against between the same Auditor and Auditee (as long as the app data hasn't been
|
|
cleared) will provide strong validation of the identity and integrity of the
|
|
device. That makes it best to get the pairing done right after installation. You can
|
|
also consider setting up the optional remote attestation service.</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="replacing-grapheneos-with-the-stock-os">
|
|
<h3><a href="#replacing-grapheneos-with-the-stock-os">Replacing GrapheneOS with the stock OS</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Installation of the stock OS via the stock factory images is the same process
|
|
described above. However, before locking, there's an additional step to fully revert
|
|
the device to a clean factory state.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The GrapheneOS factory images flash a non-stock Android Verified Boot key which
|
|
needs to be erased to fully revert back to a stock device state. After flashing the
|
|
stock factory images and before locking the bootloader, you should erase the custom
|
|
Android Verified Boot key to untrust it:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>fastboot erase avb_custom_key</pre>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="further-information">
|
|
<h3><a href="#further-information">Further information</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Please look through the <a href="/usage">usage guide</a> and
|
|
<a href="/faq">FAQ</a> for more information. If you have further questions not
|
|
covered by the site, join the <a href="/contact#community">official GrapheneOS
|
|
chat channels</a> and ask the questions in the appropriate channel.</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</main>
|
|
<footer>
|
|
<a href="/"><img src="/logo.png" width="512" height="512" alt=""/>GrapheneOS</a>
|
|
<ul id="social">
|
|
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/GrapheneOS">Twitter</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS">GitHub</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://reddit.com/r/GrapheneOS">Reddit</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/grapheneos/">LinkedIn</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</footer>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|