diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/command.go b/cmd/hakurei/command.go
index 1671902..58e8ace 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/command.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/command.go
@@ -17,17 +17,30 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 	"hakurei.app/system"
 	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )
 
-func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) command.Command {
+func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErrs, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 	var (
 		flagVerbose bool
 		flagJSON    bool
 	)
-	c := command.New(out, log.Printf, "hakurei", func([]string) error { internal.InstallOutput(flagVerbose); return nil }).
+	c := command.New(out, log.Printf, "hakurei", func([]string) error {
+		msg.SwapVerbose(flagVerbose)
+
+		if early.yamaLSM != nil {
+			msg.Verbosef("cannot enable ptrace protection via Yama LSM: %v", early.yamaLSM)
+			// not fatal
+		}
+
+		if early.dumpable != nil {
+			log.Printf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", early.dumpable)
+			// not fatal
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}).
 		Flag(&flagVerbose, "v", command.BoolFlag(false), "Increase log verbosity").
 		Flag(&flagJSON, "json", command.BoolFlag(false), "Serialise output in JSON when applicable")
 
@@ -39,10 +52,10 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 		}
 
 		// config extraArgs...
-		config := tryPath(args[0])
+		config := tryPath(msg, args[0])
 		config.Args = append(config.Args, args[1:]...)
 
-		app.Main(ctx, config)
+		app.Main(ctx, msg, config)
 		panic("unreachable")
 	})
 
@@ -78,9 +91,9 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 				passwd     *user.User
 				passwdOnce sync.Once
 				passwdFunc = func() {
-					us := strconv.Itoa(app.HsuUid(new(app.Hsu).MustID(), flagIdentity))
+					us := strconv.Itoa(app.HsuUid(new(app.Hsu).MustIDMsg(msg), flagIdentity))
 					if u, err := user.LookupId(us); err != nil {
-						hlog.Verbosef("cannot look up uid %s", us)
+						msg.Verbosef("cannot look up uid %s", us)
 						passwd = &user.User{
 							Uid:      us,
 							Gid:      us,
@@ -162,7 +175,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 				}
 			}
 
-			app.Main(ctx, config)
+			app.Main(ctx, msg, config)
 			panic("unreachable")
 		}).
 			Flag(&flagDBusConfigSession, "dbus-config", command.StringFlag("builtin"),
@@ -198,13 +211,13 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 		c.NewCommand("show", "Show live or local app configuration", func(args []string) error {
 			switch len(args) {
 			case 0: // system
-				printShowSystem(os.Stdout, flagShort, flagJSON)
+				printShowSystem(msg, os.Stdout, flagShort, flagJSON)
 
 			case 1: // instance
 				name := args[0]
-				config, entry := tryShort(name)
+				config, entry := tryShort(msg, name)
 				if config == nil {
-					config = tryPath(name)
+					config = tryPath(msg, name)
 				}
 				printShowInstance(os.Stdout, time.Now().UTC(), entry, config, flagShort, flagJSON)
 
@@ -219,8 +232,8 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 		var flagShort bool
 		c.NewCommand("ps", "List active instances", func(args []string) error {
 			var sc hst.Paths
-			app.CopyPaths(&sc, new(app.Hsu).MustID())
-			printPs(os.Stdout, time.Now().UTC(), state.NewMulti(sc.RunDirPath.String()), flagShort, flagJSON)
+			app.CopyPaths(msg, &sc, new(app.Hsu).MustID())
+			printPs(os.Stdout, time.Now().UTC(), state.NewMulti(msg, sc.RunDirPath.String()), flagShort, flagJSON)
 			return errSuccess
 		}).Flag(&flagShort, "short", command.BoolFlag(false), "Print instance id")
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/command_test.go b/cmd/hakurei/command_test.go
index 8ce9a23..dd16b25 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/command_test.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/command_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"hakurei.app/command"
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 )
 
 func TestHelp(t *testing.T) {
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ Flags:
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			out := new(bytes.Buffer)
-			c := buildCommand(t.Context(), out)
+			c := buildCommand(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), new(earlyHardeningErrs), out)
 			if err := c.Parse(tc.args); !errors.Is(err, command.ErrHelp) && !errors.Is(err, flag.ErrHelp) {
 				t.Errorf("Parse: error = %v; want %v",
 					err, command.ErrHelp)
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/main.go b/cmd/hakurei/main.go
index 2b9193b..5cc8224 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/main.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/main.go
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -24,20 +22,20 @@ var (
 	license string
 )
 
-func init() { hlog.Prepare("hakurei") }
+// earlyHardeningErrs are errors collected while setting up early hardening feature.
+type earlyHardeningErrs struct{ yamaLSM, dumpable error }
 
 func main() {
 	// early init path, skips root check and duplicate PR_SET_DUMPABLE
-	container.TryArgv0(hlog.Output{}, hlog.Prepare, internal.InstallOutput)
+	container.TryArgv0(nil)
 
-	if err := container.SetPtracer(0); err != nil {
-		hlog.Verbosef("cannot enable ptrace protection via Yama LSM: %v", err)
-		// not fatal: this program runs as the privileged user
-	}
+	log.SetPrefix("hakurei: ")
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	msg := container.NewMsg(log.Default())
 
-	if err := container.SetDumpable(container.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
-		// not fatal: this program runs as the privileged user
+	early := earlyHardeningErrs{
+		yamaLSM:  container.SetPtracer(0),
+		dumpable: container.SetDumpable(container.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE),
 	}
 
 	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
@@ -48,10 +46,10 @@ func main() {
 		syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
 	defer stop() // unreachable
 
-	buildCommand(ctx, os.Stderr).MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
-		hlog.Verbosef("command returned %v", err)
+	buildCommand(ctx, msg, &early, os.Stderr).MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
+		msg.Verbosef("command returned %v", err)
 		if errors.Is(err, errSuccess) {
-			hlog.BeforeExit()
+			msg.BeforeExit()
 			os.Exit(0)
 		}
 		// this catches faulty command handlers that fail to return before this point
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/parse.go b/cmd/hakurei/parse.go
index 897382e..3825ca1 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/parse.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/parse.go
@@ -10,20 +10,20 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
-func tryPath(name string) (config *hst.Config) {
+func tryPath(msg container.Msg, name string) (config *hst.Config) {
 	var r io.Reader
 	config = new(hst.Config)
 
 	if name != "-" {
-		r = tryFd(name)
+		r = tryFd(msg, name)
 		if r == nil {
-			hlog.Verbose("load configuration from file")
+			msg.Verbose("load configuration from file")
 
 			if f, err := os.Open(name); err != nil {
 				log.Fatalf("cannot access configuration file %q: %s", name, err)
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ func tryPath(name string) (config *hst.Config) {
 	return
 }
 
-func tryFd(name string) io.ReadCloser {
+func tryFd(msg container.Msg, name string) io.ReadCloser {
 	if v, err := strconv.Atoi(name); err != nil {
 		if !errors.Is(err, strconv.ErrSyntax) {
-			hlog.Verbosef("name cannot be interpreted as int64: %v", err)
+			msg.Verbosef("name cannot be interpreted as int64: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	} else {
-		hlog.Verbosef("trying config stream from %d", v)
+		msg.Verbosef("trying config stream from %d", v)
 		fd := uintptr(v)
 		if _, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_FCNTL, fd, syscall.F_GETFD, 0); errno != 0 {
 			if errors.Is(errno, syscall.EBADF) {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func tryFd(name string) io.ReadCloser {
 	}
 }
 
-func tryShort(name string) (config *hst.Config, entry *state.State) {
+func tryShort(msg container.Msg, name string) (config *hst.Config, entry *state.State) {
 	likePrefix := false
 	if len(name) <= 32 {
 		likePrefix = true
@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ func tryShort(name string) (config *hst.Config, entry *state.State) {
 
 	// try to match from state store
 	if likePrefix && len(name) >= 8 {
-		hlog.Verbose("argument looks like prefix")
+		msg.Verbose("argument looks like prefix")
 
 		var sc hst.Paths
-		app.CopyPaths(&sc, new(app.Hsu).MustID())
-		s := state.NewMulti(sc.RunDirPath.String())
+		app.CopyPaths(msg, &sc, new(app.Hsu).MustID())
+		s := state.NewMulti(msg, sc.RunDirPath.String())
 		if entries, err := state.Join(s); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("cannot join store: %v", err)
 			// drop to fetch from file
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func tryShort(name string) (config *hst.Config, entry *state.State) {
 					break
 				}
 
-				hlog.Verbosef("instance %s skipped", v)
+				msg.Verbosef("instance %s skipped", v)
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/print.go b/cmd/hakurei/print.go
index 938517b..2c57538 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/print.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/print.go
@@ -11,18 +11,19 @@ import (
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
 	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )
 
-func printShowSystem(output io.Writer, short, flagJSON bool) {
+func printShowSystem(msg container.Msg, output io.Writer, short, flagJSON bool) {
 	t := newPrinter(output)
 	defer t.MustFlush()
 
 	info := &hst.Info{User: new(app.Hsu).MustID()}
-	app.CopyPaths(&info.Paths, info.User)
+	app.CopyPaths(msg, &info.Paths, info.User)
 
 	if flagJSON {
 		printJSON(output, short, info)
diff --git a/cmd/hpkg/main.go b/cmd/hpkg/main.go
index 2ae646c..03247aa 100644
--- a/cmd/hpkg/main.go
+++ b/cmd/hpkg/main.go
@@ -13,22 +13,21 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/command"
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 var (
 	errSuccess = errors.New("success")
 )
 
-func init() {
-	hlog.Prepare("hpkg")
+func main() {
+	log.SetPrefix("hpkg: ")
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	msg := container.NewMsg(log.Default())
+
 	if err := os.Setenv("SHELL", pathShell.String()); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set $SHELL: %v", err)
 	}
-}
 
-func main() {
 	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
 		log.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
 	}
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ func main() {
 		flagVerbose   bool
 		flagDropShell bool
 	)
-	c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "hpkg", func([]string) error { internal.InstallOutput(flagVerbose); return nil }).
+	c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "hpkg", func([]string) error { msg.SwapVerbose(flagVerbose); return nil }).
 		Flag(&flagVerbose, "v", command.BoolFlag(false), "Print debug messages to the console").
 		Flag(&flagDropShell, "s", command.BoolFlag(false), "Drop to a shell in place of next hakurei action")
 
@@ -90,12 +89,12 @@ func main() {
 			}
 			cleanup := func() {
 				// should be faster than a native implementation
-				mustRun(chmod, "-R", "+w", workDir.String())
-				mustRun(rm, "-rf", workDir.String())
+				mustRun(msg, chmod, "-R", "+w", workDir.String())
+				mustRun(msg, rm, "-rf", workDir.String())
 			}
 			beforeRunFail.Store(&cleanup)
 
-			mustRun(tar, "-C", workDir.String(), "-xf", pkgPath)
+			mustRun(msg, tar, "-C", workDir.String(), "-xf", pkgPath)
 
 			/*
 				Parse bundle and app metadata, do pre-install checks.
@@ -148,10 +147,10 @@ func main() {
 				}
 
 				// sec: should compare version string
-				hlog.Verbosef("installing application %q version %q over local %q",
+				msg.Verbosef("installing application %q version %q over local %q",
 					bundle.ID, bundle.Version, a.Version)
 			} else {
-				hlog.Verbosef("application %q clean installation", bundle.ID)
+				msg.Verbosef("application %q clean installation", bundle.ID)
 				// sec: should install credentials
 			}
 
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ func main() {
 				Setup steps for files owned by the target user.
 			*/
 
-			withCacheDir(ctx, "install", []string{
+			withCacheDir(ctx, msg, "install", []string{
 				// export inner bundle path in the environment
 				"export BUNDLE=" + hst.Tmp + "/bundle",
 				// replace inner /etc
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ func main() {
 			}, workDir, bundle, pathSet, flagDropShell, cleanup)
 
 			if bundle.GPU {
-				withCacheDir(ctx, "mesa-wrappers", []string{
+				withCacheDir(ctx, msg, "mesa-wrappers", []string{
 					// link nixGL mesa wrappers
 					"mkdir -p nix/.nixGL",
 					"ln -s " + bundle.Mesa + "/bin/nixGLIntel nix/.nixGL/nixGL",
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ func main() {
 				Activate home-manager generation.
 			*/
 
-			withNixDaemon(ctx, "activate", []string{
+			withNixDaemon(ctx, msg, "activate", []string{
 				// clean up broken links
 				"mkdir -p .local/state/{nix,home-manager}",
 				"chmod -R +w .local/state/{nix,home-manager}",
@@ -261,7 +260,7 @@ func main() {
 			*/
 
 			if a.GPU && flagAutoDrivers {
-				withNixDaemon(ctx, "nix-gl", []string{
+				withNixDaemon(ctx, msg, "nix-gl", []string{
 					"mkdir -p /nix/.nixGL/auto",
 					"rm -rf /nix/.nixGL/auto",
 					"export NIXPKGS_ALLOW_UNFREE=1",
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ func main() {
 				Spawn app.
 			*/
 
-			mustRunApp(ctx, config, func() {})
+			mustRunApp(ctx, msg, config, func() {})
 			return errSuccess
 		}).
 			Flag(&flagDropShellNixGL, "s", command.BoolFlag(false), "Drop to a shell on nixGL build").
@@ -324,9 +323,9 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	c.MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
-		hlog.Verbosef("command returned %v", err)
+		msg.Verbosef("command returned %v", err)
 		if errors.Is(err, errSuccess) {
-			hlog.BeforeExit()
+			msg.BeforeExit()
 			os.Exit(0)
 		}
 	})
diff --git a/cmd/hpkg/paths.go b/cmd/hpkg/paths.go
index 0964a55..ee4b7e7 100644
--- a/cmd/hpkg/paths.go
+++ b/cmd/hpkg/paths.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 const bash = "bash"
@@ -51,8 +50,8 @@ func lookPath(file string) string {
 
 var beforeRunFail = new(atomic.Pointer[func()])
 
-func mustRun(name string, arg ...string) {
-	hlog.Verbosef("spawning process: %q %q", name, arg)
+func mustRun(msg container.Msg, name string, arg ...string) {
+	msg.Verbosef("spawning process: %q %q", name, arg)
 	cmd := exec.Command(name, arg...)
 	cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/hpkg/proc.go b/cmd/hpkg/proc.go
index d374e13..1bbf5b4 100644
--- a/cmd/hpkg/proc.go
+++ b/cmd/hpkg/proc.go
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 var hakureiPath = internal.MustHakureiPath()
 
-func mustRunApp(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config, beforeFail func()) {
+func mustRunApp(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, config *hst.Config, beforeFail func()) {
 	var (
 		cmd *exec.Cmd
 		st  io.WriteCloser
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ func mustRunApp(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config, beforeFail func()) {
 		beforeFail()
 		log.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
 	} else {
-		if hlog.Load() {
-			cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, hakureiPath, "-v", "app", "3")
+		if msg.IsVerbose() {
+			cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, hakureiPath.String(), "-v", "app", "3")
 		} else {
-			cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, hakureiPath, "app", "3")
+			cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, hakureiPath.String(), "app", "3")
 		}
 		cmd.Stdin, cmd.Stdout, cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 		cmd.ExtraFiles = []*os.File{r}
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ func mustRunApp(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config, beforeFail func()) {
 		var exitError *exec.ExitError
 		if errors.As(err, &exitError) {
 			beforeFail()
-			internal.Exit(exitError.ExitCode())
+			msg.BeforeExit()
+			os.Exit(exitError.ExitCode())
 		} else {
 			beforeFail()
 			log.Fatalf("cannot wait: %v", err)
diff --git a/cmd/hpkg/with.go b/cmd/hpkg/with.go
index 1895a06..578d525 100644
--- a/cmd/hpkg/with.go
+++ b/cmd/hpkg/with.go
@@ -2,20 +2,21 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
 )
 
 func withNixDaemon(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	msg container.Msg,
 	action string, command []string, net bool, updateConfig func(config *hst.Config) *hst.Config,
 	app *appInfo, pathSet *appPathSet, dropShell bool, beforeFail func(),
 ) {
-	mustRunAppDropShell(ctx, updateConfig(&hst.Config{
+	mustRunAppDropShell(ctx, msg, updateConfig(&hst.Config{
 		ID: app.ID,
 
 		Path: pathShell,
@@ -61,9 +62,10 @@ func withNixDaemon(
 
 func withCacheDir(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	msg container.Msg,
 	action string, command []string, workDir *container.Absolute,
 	app *appInfo, pathSet *appPathSet, dropShell bool, beforeFail func()) {
-	mustRunAppDropShell(ctx, &hst.Config{
+	mustRunAppDropShell(ctx, msg, &hst.Config{
 		ID: app.ID,
 
 		Path: pathShell,
@@ -97,12 +99,13 @@ func withCacheDir(
 	}, dropShell, beforeFail)
 }
 
-func mustRunAppDropShell(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config, dropShell bool, beforeFail func()) {
+func mustRunAppDropShell(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, config *hst.Config, dropShell bool, beforeFail func()) {
 	if dropShell {
 		config.Args = []string{bash, "-l"}
-		mustRunApp(ctx, config, beforeFail)
+		mustRunApp(ctx, msg, config, beforeFail)
 		beforeFail()
-		internal.Exit(0)
+		msg.BeforeExit()
+		os.Exit(0)
 	}
-	mustRunApp(ctx, config, beforeFail)
+	mustRunApp(ctx, msg, config, beforeFail)
 }
diff --git a/container/autoroot.go b/container/autoroot.go
index c37e49b..ee8bcbd 100644
--- a/container/autoroot.go
+++ b/container/autoroot.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (r *AutoRootOp) early(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		r.resolved = make([]*BindMountOp, 0, len(d))
 		for _, ent := range d {
 			name := ent.Name()
-			if IsAutoRootBindable(name) {
+			if IsAutoRootBindable(state, name) {
 				// careful: the Valid method is skipped, make sure this is always valid
 				op := &BindMountOp{
 					Source: r.Host.Append(name),
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *AutoRootOp) String() string {
 }
 
 // IsAutoRootBindable returns whether a dir entry name is selected for AutoRoot.
-func IsAutoRootBindable(name string) bool {
+func IsAutoRootBindable(msg Msg, name string) bool {
 	switch name {
 	case "proc", "dev", "tmp", "mnt", "etc":
 
diff --git a/container/autoroot_test.go b/container/autoroot_test.go
index 3c90431..fe66222 100644
--- a/container/autoroot_test.go
+++ b/container/autoroot_test.go
@@ -180,19 +180,26 @@ func TestIsAutoRootBindable(t *testing.T) {
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name string
 		want bool
+		log  bool
 	}{
-		{"proc", false},
-		{"dev", false},
-		{"tmp", false},
-		{"mnt", false},
-		{"etc", false},
-		{"", false},
+		{"proc", false, false},
+		{"dev", false, false},
+		{"tmp", false, false},
+		{"mnt", false, false},
+		{"etc", false, false},
+		{"", false, true},
 
-		{"var", true},
+		{"var", true, false},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			if got := IsAutoRootBindable(tc.name); got != tc.want {
+			var msg Msg
+			if tc.log {
+				msg = &kstub{nil, stub.New(t, func(s *stub.Stub[syscallDispatcher]) syscallDispatcher { panic("unreachable") }, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
+					call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"got unexpected root entry"}}, nil, nil),
+				}})}
+			}
+			if got := IsAutoRootBindable(msg, tc.name); got != tc.want {
 				t.Errorf("IsAutoRootBindable: %v, want %v", got, tc.want)
 			}
 		})
diff --git a/container/container.go b/container/container.go
index f49faa8..c19c2e7 100644
--- a/container/container.go
+++ b/container/container.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ type (
 
 		cmd *exec.Cmd
 		ctx context.Context
+		msg Msg
 		Params
 	}
 
@@ -162,10 +163,10 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 
 	// map to overflow id to work around ownership checks
 	if p.Uid < 1 {
-		p.Uid = OverflowUid()
+		p.Uid = OverflowUid(p.msg)
 	}
 	if p.Gid < 1 {
-		p.Gid = OverflowGid()
+		p.Gid = OverflowGid(p.msg)
 	}
 
 	if !p.RetainSession {
@@ -263,19 +264,19 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 					}
 					return &StartError{false, "kernel version too old for LANDLOCK_SCOPE_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET", ENOSYS, true, false}
 				} else {
-					msg.Verbosef("landlock abi version %d", abi)
+					p.msg.Verbosef("landlock abi version %d", abi)
 				}
 
 				if rulesetFd, err := rulesetAttr.Create(0); err != nil {
 					return &StartError{true, "create landlock ruleset", err, false, false}
 				} else {
-					msg.Verbosef("enforcing landlock ruleset %s", rulesetAttr)
+					p.msg.Verbosef("enforcing landlock ruleset %s", rulesetAttr)
 					if err = LandlockRestrictSelf(rulesetFd, 0); err != nil {
 						_ = Close(rulesetFd)
 						return &StartError{true, "enforce landlock ruleset", err, false, false}
 					}
 					if err = Close(rulesetFd); err != nil {
-						msg.Verbosef("cannot close landlock ruleset: %v", err)
+						p.msg.Verbosef("cannot close landlock ruleset: %v", err)
 						// not fatal
 					}
 				}
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 			landlockOut:
 			}
 
-			msg.Verbose("starting container init")
+			p.msg.Verbose("starting container init")
 			if err := p.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 				return &StartError{false, "start container init", err, false, true}
 			}
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() error {
 			Getuid(),
 			Getgid(),
 			len(p.ExtraFiles),
-			msg.IsVerbose(),
+			p.msg.IsVerbose(),
 		},
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -392,17 +393,21 @@ func (p *Container) ProcessState() *os.ProcessState {
 }
 
 // New returns the address to a new instance of [Container] that requires further initialisation before use.
-func New(ctx context.Context) *Container {
-	p := &Container{ctx: ctx, Params: Params{Ops: new(Ops)}}
+func New(ctx context.Context, msg Msg) *Container {
+	if msg == nil {
+		msg = NewMsg(nil)
+	}
+
+	p := &Container{ctx: ctx, msg: msg, Params: Params{Ops: new(Ops)}}
 	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	p.cancel = cancel
-	p.cmd = exec.CommandContext(c, MustExecutable())
+	p.cmd = exec.CommandContext(c, MustExecutable(msg))
 	return p
 }
 
 // NewCommand calls [New] and initialises the [Params.Path] and [Params.Args] fields.
-func NewCommand(ctx context.Context, pathname *Absolute, name string, args ...string) *Container {
-	z := New(ctx)
+func NewCommand(ctx context.Context, msg Msg, pathname *Absolute, name string, args ...string) *Container {
+	z := New(ctx, msg)
 	z.Path = pathname
 	z.Args = append([]string{name}, args...)
 	return z
diff --git a/container/container_test.go b/container/container_test.go
index 0b6cdf5..2235648 100644
--- a/container/container_test.go
+++ b/container/container_test.go
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/container/vfs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 	"hakurei.app/ldd"
 )
 
@@ -351,8 +349,6 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 }
 
 func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
-	replaceOutput(t)
-
 	t.Run("cancel", testContainerCancel(nil, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
 		wantErr := context.Canceled
 		wantExitCode := 0
@@ -547,7 +543,8 @@ func testContainerCancel(
 }
 
 func TestContainerString(t *testing.T) {
-	c := container.NewCommand(t.Context(), container.MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/ldd"), "ldd", "/usr/bin/env")
+	msg := container.NewMsg(nil)
+	c := container.NewCommand(t.Context(), msg, container.MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/ldd"), "ldd", "/usr/bin/env")
 	c.SeccompFlags |= seccomp.AllowMultiarch
 	c.SeccompRules = seccomp.Preset(
 		seccomp.PresetExt|seccomp.PresetDenyNS|seccomp.PresetDenyTTY,
@@ -689,7 +686,7 @@ var (
 var helperCommands []func(c command.Command)
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	container.TryArgv0(hlog.Output{}, hlog.Prepare, internal.InstallOutput)
+	container.TryArgv0(nil)
 
 	if os.Getenv(envDoCheck) == "1" {
 		c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "helper", func(args []string) error {
@@ -712,12 +709,13 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 }
 
 func helperNewContainerLibPaths(ctx context.Context, libPaths *[]*container.Absolute, args ...string) (c *container.Container) {
-	c = container.NewCommand(ctx, absHelperInnerPath, "helper", args...)
+	msg := container.NewMsg(nil)
+	c = container.NewCommand(ctx, msg, absHelperInnerPath, "helper", args...)
 	c.Env = append(c.Env, envDoCheck+"=1")
 	c.Bind(container.MustAbs(os.Args[0]), absHelperInnerPath, 0)
 
 	// in case test has cgo enabled
-	if entries, err := ldd.Exec(ctx, os.Args[0]); err != nil {
+	if entries, err := ldd.Exec(ctx, msg, os.Args[0]); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("ldd: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		*libPaths = ldd.Path(entries)
diff --git a/container/dispatcher.go b/container/dispatcher.go
index 929421b..65881cc 100644
--- a/container/dispatcher.go
+++ b/container/dispatcher.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package container
 import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/signal"
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	setNoNewPrivs() error
 
 	// lastcap provides [LastCap].
-	lastcap() uintptr
+	lastcap(msg Msg) uintptr
 	// capset provides capset.
 	capset(hdrp *capHeader, datap *[2]capData) error
 	// capBoundingSetDrop provides capBoundingSetDrop.
@@ -53,9 +52,9 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	receive(key string, e any, fdp *uintptr) (closeFunc func() error, err error)
 
 	// bindMount provides procPaths.bindMount.
-	bindMount(source, target string, flags uintptr) error
+	bindMount(msg Msg, source, target string, flags uintptr) error
 	// remount provides procPaths.remount.
-	remount(target string, flags uintptr) error
+	remount(msg Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error
 	// mountTmpfs provides mountTmpfs.
 	mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error
 	// ensureFile provides ensureFile.
@@ -122,22 +121,12 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	// wait4 provides syscall.Wait4
 	wait4(pid int, wstatus *syscall.WaitStatus, options int, rusage *syscall.Rusage) (wpid int, err error)
 
-	// printf provides [log.Printf].
-	printf(format string, v ...any)
-	// fatal provides [log.Fatal]
-	fatal(v ...any)
-	// fatalf provides [log.Fatalf]
-	fatalf(format string, v ...any)
-	// verbose provides [Msg.Verbose].
-	verbose(v ...any)
-	// verbosef provides [Msg.Verbosef].
-	verbosef(format string, v ...any)
-	// suspend provides [Msg.Suspend].
-	suspend()
-	// resume provides [Msg.Resume].
-	resume() bool
-	// beforeExit provides [Msg.BeforeExit].
-	beforeExit()
+	// printf provides the Printf method of [log.Logger].
+	printf(msg Msg, format string, v ...any)
+	// fatal provides the Fatal method of [log.Logger]
+	fatal(msg Msg, v ...any)
+	// fatalf provides the Fatalf method of [log.Logger]
+	fatalf(msg Msg, format string, v ...any)
 }
 
 // direct implements syscallDispatcher on the current kernel.
@@ -151,7 +140,7 @@ func (direct) setPtracer(pid uintptr) error       { return SetPtracer(pid) }
 func (direct) setDumpable(dumpable uintptr) error { return SetDumpable(dumpable) }
 func (direct) setNoNewPrivs() error               { return SetNoNewPrivs() }
 
-func (direct) lastcap() uintptr                                { return LastCap() }
+func (direct) lastcap(msg Msg) uintptr                         { return LastCap(msg) }
 func (direct) capset(hdrp *capHeader, datap *[2]capData) error { return capset(hdrp, datap) }
 func (direct) capBoundingSetDrop(cap uintptr) error            { return capBoundingSetDrop(cap) }
 func (direct) capAmbientClearAll() error                       { return capAmbientClearAll() }
@@ -161,11 +150,11 @@ func (direct) receive(key string, e any, fdp *uintptr) (func() error, error) {
 	return Receive(key, e, fdp)
 }
 
-func (direct) bindMount(source, target string, flags uintptr) error {
-	return hostProc.bindMount(source, target, flags)
+func (direct) bindMount(msg Msg, source, target string, flags uintptr) error {
+	return hostProc.bindMount(msg, source, target, flags)
 }
-func (direct) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
-	return hostProc.remount(target, flags)
+func (direct) remount(msg Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error {
+	return hostProc.remount(msg, target, flags)
 }
 func (k direct) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error {
 	return mountTmpfs(k, fsname, target, flags, size, perm)
@@ -232,11 +221,6 @@ func (direct) wait4(pid int, wstatus *syscall.WaitStatus, options int, rusage *s
 	return syscall.Wait4(pid, wstatus, options, rusage)
 }
 
-func (direct) printf(format string, v ...any)   { log.Printf(format, v...) }
-func (direct) fatal(v ...any)                   { log.Fatal(v...) }
-func (direct) fatalf(format string, v ...any)   { log.Fatalf(format, v...) }
-func (direct) verbose(v ...any)                 { msg.Verbose(v...) }
-func (direct) verbosef(format string, v ...any) { msg.Verbosef(format, v...) }
-func (direct) suspend()                         { msg.Suspend() }
-func (direct) resume() bool                     { return msg.Resume() }
-func (direct) beforeExit()                      { msg.BeforeExit() }
+func (direct) printf(msg Msg, format string, v ...any) { msg.GetLogger().Printf(format, v...) }
+func (direct) fatal(msg Msg, v ...any)                 { msg.GetLogger().Fatal(v...) }
+func (direct) fatalf(msg Msg, format string, v ...any) { msg.GetLogger().Fatalf(format, v...) }
diff --git a/container/dispatcher_test.go b/container/dispatcher_test.go
index 7e14130..2a2685f 100644
--- a/container/dispatcher_test.go
+++ b/container/dispatcher_test.go
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package container
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
+	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"reflect"
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ func call(name string, args stub.ExpectArgs, ret any, err error) stub.Call {
 
 type simpleTestCase struct {
 	name    string
-	f       func(k syscallDispatcher) error
+	f       func(k *kstub) error
 	want    stub.Expect
 	wantErr error
 }
@@ -185,11 +187,11 @@ func checkOpBehaviour(t *testing.T, testCases []opBehaviourTestCase) {
 			t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Helper()
 
-				state := &setupState{Params: tc.params}
 				k := &kstub{nil, stub.New(t,
 					func(s *stub.Stub[syscallDispatcher]) syscallDispatcher { return &kstub{nil, s} },
 					stub.Expect{Calls: slices.Concat(tc.early, []stub.Call{{Name: stub.CallSeparator}}, tc.apply)},
 				)}
+				state := &setupState{Params: tc.params, Msg: k}
 				defer stub.HandleExit(t)
 				errEarly := tc.op.early(state, k)
 				k.Expects(stub.CallSeparator)
@@ -327,7 +329,11 @@ func (k *kstub) setDumpable(dumpable uintptr) error {
 }
 
 func (k *kstub) setNoNewPrivs() error { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("setNoNewPrivs").Err }
-func (k *kstub) lastcap() uintptr     { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("lastcap").Ret.(uintptr) }
+func (k *kstub) lastcap(msg Msg) uintptr {
+	k.Helper()
+	k.checkMsg(msg)
+	return k.Expects("lastcap").Ret.(uintptr)
+}
 
 func (k *kstub) capset(hdrp *capHeader, datap *[2]capData) error {
 	k.Helper()
@@ -403,16 +409,18 @@ func (k *kstub) receive(key string, e any, fdp *uintptr) (closeFunc func() error
 	return
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) bindMount(source, target string, flags uintptr) error {
+func (k *kstub) bindMount(msg Msg, source, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 	k.Helper()
+	k.checkMsg(msg)
 	return k.Expects("bindMount").Error(
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "source", source, 0),
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "target", target, 1),
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "flags", flags, 2))
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
+func (k *kstub) remount(msg Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 	k.Helper()
+	k.checkMsg(msg)
 	return k.Expects("remount").Error(
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "target", target, 0),
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "flags", flags, 1))
@@ -694,7 +702,7 @@ func (k *kstub) wait4(pid int, wstatus *syscall.WaitStatus, options int, rusage
 	return
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) printf(format string, v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) printf(_ Msg, format string, v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	if k.Expects("printf").Error(
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "format", format, 0),
@@ -703,7 +711,7 @@ func (k *kstub) printf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) fatal(v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) fatal(_ Msg, v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	if k.Expects("fatal").Error(
 		stub.CheckArgReflect(k.Stub, "v", v, 0)) != nil {
@@ -712,7 +720,7 @@ func (k *kstub) fatal(v ...any) {
 	panic(stub.PanicExit)
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) fatalf(format string, v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) fatalf(_ Msg, format string, v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	if k.Expects("fatalf").Error(
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "format", format, 0),
@@ -722,7 +730,35 @@ func (k *kstub) fatalf(format string, v ...any) {
 	panic(stub.PanicExit)
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) verbose(v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) checkMsg(msg Msg) {
+	k.Helper()
+	var target *kstub
+
+	if state, ok := msg.(*setupState); ok {
+		target = state.Msg.(*kstub)
+	} else {
+		target = msg.(*kstub)
+	}
+
+	if k != target {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected Msg: %#v", msg))
+	}
+}
+
+func (k *kstub) GetLogger() *log.Logger { panic("unreachable") }
+func (k *kstub) IsVerbose() bool        { panic("unreachable") }
+
+func (k *kstub) SwapVerbose(verbose bool) bool {
+	k.Helper()
+	expect := k.Expects("swapVerbose")
+	if expect.Error(
+		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "verbose", verbose, 0)) != nil {
+		k.FailNow()
+	}
+	return expect.Ret.(bool)
+}
+
+func (k *kstub) Verbose(v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	if k.Expects("verbose").Error(
 		stub.CheckArgReflect(k.Stub, "v", v, 0)) != nil {
@@ -730,7 +766,7 @@ func (k *kstub) verbose(v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) Verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	if k.Expects("verbosef").Error(
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "format", format, 0),
@@ -739,6 +775,6 @@ func (k *kstub) verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) suspend()     { k.Helper(); k.Expects("suspend") }
-func (k *kstub) resume() bool { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("resume").Ret.(bool) }
-func (k *kstub) beforeExit()  { k.Helper(); k.Expects("beforeExit") }
+func (k *kstub) Suspend() bool { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("suspend").Ret.(bool) }
+func (k *kstub) Resume() bool  { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("resume").Ret.(bool) }
+func (k *kstub) BeforeExit()   { k.Helper(); k.Expects("beforeExit") }
diff --git a/container/executable.go b/container/executable.go
index d19d56f..9b6d4f6 100644
--- a/container/executable.go
+++ b/container/executable.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package container
 
 import (
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
 )
@@ -11,16 +10,16 @@ var (
 	executableOnce sync.Once
 )
 
-func copyExecutable() {
+func copyExecutable(msg Msg) {
 	if name, err := os.Executable(); err != nil {
 		msg.BeforeExit()
-		log.Fatalf("cannot read executable path: %v", err)
+		msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot read executable path: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		executable = name
 	}
 }
 
-func MustExecutable() string {
-	executableOnce.Do(copyExecutable)
+func MustExecutable(msg Msg) string {
+	executableOnce.Do(func() { copyExecutable(msg) })
 	return executable
 }
diff --git a/container/executable_test.go b/container/executable_test.go
index 2a44017..5608a8a 100644
--- a/container/executable_test.go
+++ b/container/executable_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestExecutable(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
-		if got := container.MustExecutable(); got != os.Args[0] {
+		if got := container.MustExecutable(container.NewMsg(nil)); got != os.Args[0] {
 			t.Errorf("MustExecutable: %q, want %q",
 				got, os.Args[0])
 		}
diff --git a/container/init.go b/container/init.go
index 73478b5..e65472e 100644
--- a/container/init.go
+++ b/container/init.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package container
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path"
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ type (
 	setupState struct {
 		nonrepeatable uintptr
 		*Params
+		Msg
 	}
 )
 
@@ -91,20 +93,23 @@ type initParams struct {
 	Verbose bool
 }
 
-func Init(prepareLogger func(prefix string), setVerbose func(verbose bool)) {
-	initEntrypoint(direct{}, prepareLogger, setVerbose)
+// Init is called by [TryArgv0] if the current process is the container init.
+func Init(msg Msg) {
+	if msg == nil {
+		panic("attempting to call initEntrypoint with nil msg")
+	}
+	initEntrypoint(direct{}, msg)
 }
 
-func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setVerbose func(verbose bool)) {
+func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg Msg) {
 	k.lockOSThread()
-	prepareLogger("init")
 
 	if k.getpid() != 1 {
-		k.fatal("this process must run as pid 1")
+		k.fatal(msg, "this process must run as pid 1")
 	}
 
 	if err := k.setPtracer(0); err != nil {
-		k.verbosef("cannot enable ptrace protection via Yama LSM: %v", err)
+		msg.Verbosef("cannot enable ptrace protection via Yama LSM: %v", err)
 		// not fatal: this program has no additional privileges at initial program start
 	}
 
@@ -116,65 +121,65 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 	)
 	if f, err := k.receive(setupEnv, &params, &setupFd); err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, EBADF) {
-			k.fatal("invalid setup descriptor")
+			k.fatal(msg, "invalid setup descriptor")
 		}
 		if errors.Is(err, ErrReceiveEnv) {
-			k.fatal("HAKUREI_SETUP not set")
+			k.fatal(msg, "HAKUREI_SETUP not set")
 		}
 
-		k.fatalf("cannot decode init setup payload: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot decode init setup payload: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		if params.Ops == nil {
-			k.fatal("invalid setup parameters")
+			k.fatal(msg, "invalid setup parameters")
 		}
 		if params.ParentPerm == 0 {
 			params.ParentPerm = 0755
 		}
 
-		setVerbose(params.Verbose)
-		k.verbose("received setup parameters")
+		msg.SwapVerbose(params.Verbose)
+		msg.Verbose("received setup parameters")
 		closeSetup = f
 		offsetSetup = int(setupFd + 1)
 	}
 
 	// write uid/gid map here so parent does not need to set dumpable
 	if err := k.setDumpable(SUID_DUMP_USER); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.writeFile(FHSProc+"self/uid_map",
 		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(params.Uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(params.HostUid)+" 1\n"...),
 		0); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("%v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.writeFile(FHSProc+"self/setgroups",
 		[]byte("deny\n"),
 		0); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		k.fatalf("%v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.writeFile(FHSProc+"self/gid_map",
 		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(params.Gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(params.HostGid)+" 1\n"...),
 		0); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("%v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.setDumpable(SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	oldmask := k.umask(0)
 	if params.Hostname != "" {
 		if err := k.sethostname([]byte(params.Hostname)); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot set hostname: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set hostname: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// cache sysctl before pivot_root
-	lastcap := k.lastcap()
+	lastcap := k.lastcap(msg)
 
 	if err := k.mount(zeroString, FHSRoot, zeroString, MS_SILENT|MS_SLAVE|MS_REC, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot make / rslave: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot make / rslave: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	state := &setupState{Params: &params.Params}
+	state := &setupState{Params: &params.Params, Msg: msg}
 
 	/* early is called right before pivot_root into intermediate root;
 	this step is mostly for gathering information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain
@@ -182,41 +187,41 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 	the state of the mount namespace */
 	for i, op := range *params.Ops {
 		if op == nil || !op.Valid() {
-			k.fatalf("invalid op at index %d", i)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "invalid op at index %d", i)
 		}
 
 		if err := op.early(state, k); err != nil {
 			if m, ok := messageFromError(err); ok {
-				k.fatal(m)
+				k.fatal(msg, m)
 			} else {
-				k.fatalf("cannot prepare op at index %d: %v", i, err)
+				k.fatalf(msg, "cannot prepare op at index %d: %v", i, err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot mount intermediate root: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if err := k.mkdir(sysrootDir, 0755); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("%v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.mount(sysrootDir, sysrootDir, zeroString, MS_SILENT|MS_BIND|MS_REC, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot bind sysroot: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot bind sysroot: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if err := k.mkdir(hostDir, 0755); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("%v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	// pivot_root uncovers intermediateHostPath in hostDir
 	if err := k.pivotRoot(intermediateHostPath, hostDir); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot pivot into intermediate root: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot pivot into intermediate root: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.chdir(FHSRoot); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot enter intermediate root: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate root: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	/* apply is called right after pivot_root and entering the new root;
@@ -226,23 +231,23 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 	for i, op := range *params.Ops {
 		// ops already checked during early setup
 		if prefix, ok := op.prefix(); ok {
-			k.verbosef("%s %s", prefix, op)
+			msg.Verbosef("%s %s", prefix, op)
 		}
 		if err := op.apply(state, k); err != nil {
 			if m, ok := messageFromError(err); ok {
-				k.fatal(m)
+				k.fatal(msg, m)
 			} else {
-				k.fatalf("cannot apply op at index %d: %v", i, err)
+				k.fatalf(msg, "cannot apply op at index %d: %v", i, err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	// setup requiring host root complete at this point
 	if err := k.mount(hostDir, hostDir, zeroString, MS_SILENT|MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot make host root rprivate: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot make host root rprivate: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.unmount(hostDir, MNT_DETACH); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot unmount host root: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot unmount host root: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	{
@@ -251,39 +256,39 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 			fd, err = k.open(FHSRoot, O_DIRECTORY|O_RDONLY, 0)
 			return
 		}); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot open intermediate root: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot open intermediate root: %v", err)
 		}
 		if err := k.chdir(sysrootPath); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot enter sysroot: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter sysroot: %v", err)
 		}
 
 		if err := k.pivotRoot(".", "."); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot pivot into sysroot: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot pivot into sysroot: %v", err)
 		}
 		if err := k.fchdir(fd); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot re-enter intermediate root: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot re-enter intermediate root: %v", err)
 		}
 		if err := k.unmount(".", MNT_DETACH); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot unmount intermediate root: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot unmount intermediate root: %v", err)
 		}
 		if err := k.chdir(FHSRoot); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot enter root: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter root: %v", err)
 		}
 
 		if err := k.close(fd); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot close intermediate root: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot close intermediate root: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if err := k.capAmbientClearAll(); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot clear the ambient capability set: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot clear the ambient capability set: %v", err)
 	}
 	for i := uintptr(0); i <= lastcap; i++ {
 		if params.Privileged && i == CAP_SYS_ADMIN {
 			continue
 		}
 		if err := k.capBoundingSetDrop(i); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot drop capability from bounding set: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot drop capability from bounding set: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -292,29 +297,29 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 		keep[capToIndex(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)] |= capToMask(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)
 
 		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(CAP_SYS_ADMIN); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf("cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 	if err := k.capset(
 		&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0},
 		&[2]capData{{0, keep[0], keep[0]}, {0, keep[1], keep[1]}},
 	); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("cannot capset: %v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot capset: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if !params.SeccompDisable {
 		rules := params.SeccompRules
 		if len(rules) == 0 { // non-empty rules slice always overrides presets
-			k.verbosef("resolving presets %#x", params.SeccompPresets)
+			msg.Verbosef("resolving presets %#x", params.SeccompPresets)
 			rules = seccomp.Preset(params.SeccompPresets, params.SeccompFlags)
 		}
 		if err := k.seccompLoad(rules, params.SeccompFlags); err != nil {
 			// this also indirectly asserts PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
-			k.fatalf("cannot load syscall filter: %v", err)
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot load syscall filter: %v", err)
 		}
-		k.verbosef("%d filter rules loaded", len(rules))
+		msg.Verbosef("%d filter rules loaded", len(rules))
 	} else {
-		k.verbose("syscall filter not configured")
+		msg.Verbose("syscall filter not configured")
 	}
 
 	extraFiles := make([]*os.File, params.Count)
@@ -331,14 +336,14 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 	cmd.ExtraFiles = extraFiles
 	cmd.Dir = params.Dir.String()
 
-	k.verbosef("starting initial program %s", params.Path)
+	msg.Verbosef("starting initial program %s", params.Path)
 	if err := k.start(cmd); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf("%v", err)
+		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
-	k.suspend()
+	msg.Suspend()
 
 	if err := closeSetup(); err != nil {
-		k.printf("cannot close setup pipe: %v", err)
+		k.printf(msg, "cannot close setup pipe: %v", err)
 		// not fatal
 	}
 
@@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 			}
 		}
 		if !errors.Is(err, ECHILD) {
-			k.printf("unexpected wait4 response: %v", err)
+			k.printf(msg, "unexpected wait4 response: %v", err)
 		}
 
 		close(done)
@@ -389,50 +394,50 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 	for {
 		select {
 		case s := <-sig:
-			if k.resume() {
-				k.verbosef("%s after process start", s.String())
+			if msg.Resume() {
+				msg.Verbosef("%s after process start", s.String())
 			} else {
-				k.verbosef("got %s", s.String())
+				msg.Verbosef("got %s", s.String())
 			}
 			if s == CancelSignal && params.ForwardCancel && cmd.Process != nil {
-				k.verbose("forwarding context cancellation")
+				msg.Verbose("forwarding context cancellation")
 				if err := k.signal(cmd, os.Interrupt); err != nil {
-					k.printf("cannot forward cancellation: %v", err)
+					k.printf(msg, "cannot forward cancellation: %v", err)
 				}
 				continue
 			}
-			k.beforeExit()
+			msg.BeforeExit()
 			k.exit(0)
 
 		case w := <-info:
 			if w.wpid == cmd.Process.Pid {
 				// initial process exited, output is most likely available again
-				k.resume()
+				msg.Resume()
 
 				switch {
 				case w.wstatus.Exited():
 					r = w.wstatus.ExitStatus()
-					k.verbosef("initial process exited with code %d", w.wstatus.ExitStatus())
+					msg.Verbosef("initial process exited with code %d", w.wstatus.ExitStatus())
 
 				case w.wstatus.Signaled():
 					r = 128 + int(w.wstatus.Signal())
-					k.verbosef("initial process exited with signal %s", w.wstatus.Signal())
+					msg.Verbosef("initial process exited with signal %s", w.wstatus.Signal())
 
 				default:
 					r = 255
-					k.verbosef("initial process exited with status %#x", w.wstatus)
+					msg.Verbosef("initial process exited with status %#x", w.wstatus)
 				}
 
 				go func() { time.Sleep(params.AdoptWaitDelay); close(timeout) }()
 			}
 
 		case <-done:
-			k.beforeExit()
+			msg.BeforeExit()
 			k.exit(r)
 
 		case <-timeout:
-			k.printf("timeout exceeded waiting for lingering processes")
-			k.beforeExit()
+			k.printf(msg, "timeout exceeded waiting for lingering processes")
+			msg.BeforeExit()
 			k.exit(r)
 		}
 	}
@@ -441,10 +446,16 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, prepareLogger func(prefix string), setV
 const initName = "init"
 
 // TryArgv0 calls [Init] if the last element of argv0 is "init".
-func TryArgv0(v Msg, prepare func(prefix string), setVerbose func(verbose bool)) {
+// If a nil msg is passed, the system logger is used instead.
+func TryArgv0(msg Msg) {
+	if msg == nil {
+		log.SetPrefix(initName + ": ")
+		log.SetFlags(0)
+		msg = NewMsg(log.Default())
+	}
+
 	if len(os.Args) > 0 && path.Base(os.Args[0]) == initName {
-		msg = v
-		Init(prepare, setVerbose)
+		Init(msg)
 		msg.BeforeExit()
 		os.Exit(0)
 	}
diff --git a/container/init_test.go b/container/init_test.go
index 7dd92c0..162afad 100644
--- a/container/init_test.go
+++ b/container/init_test.go
@@ -11,25 +11,9 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
-	assertPrefix := func(prefix string) {
-		if prefix != "init" {
-			t.Fatalf("prepareLogger: prefix = %q", prefix)
-		}
-	}
-
-	assertVerboseFalse := func(verbose bool) {
-		if verbose {
-			t.Fatal("setVerbose: verbose = true, want false")
-		}
-	}
-	assertVerboseTrue := func(verbose bool) {
-		if !verbose {
-			t.Fatal("setVerbose: verbose = false, want true")
-		}
-	}
 
 	checkSimple(t, "initEntrypoint", []simpleTestCase{
-		{"getpid", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"getpid", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1<<10, nil),
@@ -37,7 +21,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"receive bad fd", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"receive bad fd", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -47,7 +31,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"receive not set", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"receive not set", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -57,7 +41,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"receive payload decode", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"receive payload decode", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -67,7 +51,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"receive invalid params", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"receive invalid params", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -91,7 +75,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"setDumpable user", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"setDumpable user", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -112,13 +96,14 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(78), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(77)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(77)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"writeFile uid_map", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"writeFile uid_map", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -139,6 +124,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(76), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(75)),
@@ -146,7 +132,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"writeFile setgroups", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"writeFile setgroups", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -167,6 +153,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(74), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -175,7 +162,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"writeFile gid_map", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"writeFile gid_map", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -196,6 +183,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(72), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -205,7 +193,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"setDumpable disable", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"setDumpable disable", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -226,6 +214,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(70), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -236,7 +225,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"sethostname", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"sethostname", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -257,6 +246,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(68), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -269,7 +259,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"mount rslave root", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"mount rslave root", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -290,6 +280,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(66), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -304,7 +295,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"nil op", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"nil op", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -325,6 +316,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(64), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -341,7 +333,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"invalid op", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"invalid op", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -362,6 +354,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(63), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -378,7 +371,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"early unhandled error", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"early unhandled error", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -399,6 +392,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(62), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -416,7 +410,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"early", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"early", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -437,6 +431,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(60), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -454,7 +449,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"mount ih", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"mount ih", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -475,6 +470,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(59), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -493,7 +489,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"chdir ih", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"chdir ih", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -514,6 +510,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(57), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -533,7 +530,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"mkdir sysroot", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"mkdir sysroot", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -554,6 +551,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(55), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -574,7 +572,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"mount bind sysroot", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"mount bind sysroot", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -595,6 +593,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(53), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -616,7 +615,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"mkdir host", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"mkdir host", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -637,6 +636,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(51), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"pivotRoot ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"pivotRoot ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -680,6 +680,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(49), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"chdir ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"chdir ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -724,6 +725,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(47), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -748,7 +750,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"apply unhandled error", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"apply unhandled error", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -769,6 +771,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(45), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -802,7 +805,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"apply", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"apply", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -823,6 +826,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(43), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -856,7 +860,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"mount rprivate host", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"mount rprivate host", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -877,6 +881,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(42), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -911,7 +916,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"unmount host", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"unmount host", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -932,6 +937,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(40), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -967,7 +973,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"open ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"open ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -988,6 +994,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(38), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1025,7 +1032,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"chdir sysroot", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"chdir sysroot", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1046,6 +1053,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(36), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1084,7 +1092,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"pivotRoot sysroot", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"pivotRoot sysroot", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1105,6 +1113,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(34), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1144,7 +1153,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"fchdir ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"fchdir ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1165,6 +1174,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(32), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1205,7 +1215,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"unmount ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"unmount ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1226,6 +1236,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(30), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1267,7 +1278,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"chdir ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"chdir ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1288,6 +1299,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(28), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1330,7 +1342,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"close ir", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"close ir", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1351,6 +1363,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(26), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1394,7 +1407,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"capAmbientClearAll", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"capAmbientClearAll", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1415,6 +1428,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(24), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1459,7 +1473,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"capBoundingSetDrop", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"capBoundingSetDrop", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1480,6 +1494,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(22), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1532,7 +1547,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"capAmbientRaise", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"capAmbientRaise", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1553,6 +1568,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(20), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1638,7 +1654,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"capset", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"capset", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1659,6 +1675,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(18), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1745,7 +1762,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"seccompLoad", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"seccompLoad", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1766,6 +1783,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(16), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1854,7 +1872,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"start", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseFalse); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"start", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("getpid", stub.ExpectArgs{}, 1, nil),
@@ -1874,6 +1892,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					SeccompDisable: true,
 					ParentPerm:     0750,
 				}, 1971, 127, 2, false}, uintptr(0x39)}, stub.UniqueError(13), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{false}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("16777216 1971 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1966,7 +1985,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"lowlastcap signaled cancel forward error", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseFalse); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"lowlastcap signaled cancel forward error", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			/* entrypoint */
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
@@ -1987,6 +2006,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					SeccompDisable: true,
 					ParentPerm:     0750,
 				}, 1971, 127, 2, false}, uintptr(0x39)}, stub.UniqueError(10), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{false}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("16777216 1971 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2039,7 +2059,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("umask", stub.ExpectArgs{022}, 0, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"starting initial program %s", []any{MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash")}}, nil, nil),
 				call("start", stub.ExpectArgs{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash", []string{"bash", "-c", "false"}, ([]string)(nil), "/.hakurei/nonexistent"}, &os.Process{Pid: 0xbad}, nil),
-				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
+				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, true, nil),
 				call("printf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot close setup pipe: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(10)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("New", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("notify", stub.ExpectArgs{func(c chan<- os.Signal) { c <- CancelSignal }, []os.Signal{syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM}}, nil, nil),
@@ -2065,7 +2085,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			}}},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"lowlastcap signaled cancel", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseFalse); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"lowlastcap signaled cancel", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			/* entrypoint */
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
@@ -2086,6 +2106,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					SeccompDisable: true,
 					ParentPerm:     0750,
 				}, 1971, 127, 2, false}, uintptr(0x39)}, stub.UniqueError(7), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{false}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("16777216 1971 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2138,7 +2159,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("umask", stub.ExpectArgs{022}, 0, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"starting initial program %s", []any{MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash")}}, nil, nil),
 				call("start", stub.ExpectArgs{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash", []string{"bash", "-c", "false"}, ([]string)(nil), "/.hakurei/nonexistent"}, &os.Process{Pid: 0xbad}, nil),
-				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
+				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, true, nil),
 				call("printf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot close setup pipe: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(7)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("New", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("notify", stub.ExpectArgs{func(c chan<- os.Signal) { c <- os.Interrupt }, []os.Signal{syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM}}, nil, nil),
@@ -2155,7 +2176,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			}}},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"lowlastcap signaled timeout", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseFalse); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"lowlastcap signaled timeout", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			/* entrypoint */
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
@@ -2176,6 +2197,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					SeccompDisable: true,
 					ParentPerm:     0750,
 				}, 1971, 127, 2, false}, uintptr(0x39)}, stub.UniqueError(5), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{false}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("16777216 1971 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2228,7 +2250,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("umask", stub.ExpectArgs{022}, 0, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"starting initial program %s", []any{MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash")}}, nil, nil),
 				call("start", stub.ExpectArgs{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash", []string{"bash", "-c", "false"}, ([]string)(nil), "/.hakurei/nonexistent"}, &os.Process{Pid: 0xbad}, nil),
-				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
+				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, true, nil),
 				call("printf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot close setup pipe: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(5)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("New", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("notify", stub.ExpectArgs{nil, []os.Signal{syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM}}, nil, nil),
@@ -2247,7 +2269,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			}}},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"lowlastcap signaled", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseFalse); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"lowlastcap signaled", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			/* entrypoint */
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
@@ -2268,6 +2290,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					SeccompDisable: true,
 					ParentPerm:     0750,
 				}, 1971, 127, 2, false}, uintptr(0x39)}, stub.UniqueError(3), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{false}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("16777216 1971 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2320,7 +2343,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("umask", stub.ExpectArgs{022}, 0, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"starting initial program %s", []any{MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash")}}, nil, nil),
 				call("start", stub.ExpectArgs{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash", []string{"bash", "-c", "false"}, ([]string)(nil), "/.hakurei/nonexistent"}, &os.Process{Pid: 0xbad}, nil),
-				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
+				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, true, nil),
 				call("printf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot close setup pipe: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(3)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("New", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("notify", stub.ExpectArgs{nil, []os.Signal{syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM}}, nil, nil),
@@ -2346,7 +2369,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			}}},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"strangewait nopriv notty noseccomp yamafault", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseFalse); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"strangewait nopriv notty noseccomp yamafault", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			/* entrypoint */
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
@@ -2367,6 +2390,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					SeccompDisable: true,
 					ParentPerm:     0750,
 				}, 1971, 127, 2, false}, uintptr(0x39)}, stub.UniqueError(1), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{false}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("16777216 1971 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2455,7 +2479,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("umask", stub.ExpectArgs{022}, 0, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"starting initial program %s", []any{MustAbs("/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash")}}, nil, nil),
 				call("start", stub.ExpectArgs{"/run/current-system/sw/bin/bash", []string{"bash", "-c", "false"}, ([]string)(nil), "/.hakurei/nonexistent"}, &os.Process{Pid: 0xbad}, nil),
-				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
+				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, true, nil),
 				call("printf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot close setup pipe: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(1)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("New", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("notify", stub.ExpectArgs{nil, []os.Signal{syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM}}, nil, nil),
@@ -2481,7 +2505,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			}}},
 		}, nil},
 
-		{"success", func(k syscallDispatcher) error { initEntrypoint(k, assertPrefix, assertVerboseTrue); return nil }, stub.Expect{
+		{"success", func(k *kstub) error { initEntrypoint(k, k); return nil }, stub.Expect{
 			/* entrypoint */
 			Calls: []stub.Call{
 				call("lockOSThread", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
@@ -2503,6 +2527,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RetainSession:  true,
 					Privileged:     true,
 				}, 1000, 100, 3, true}, uintptr(9)}, stub.UniqueError(0), nil),
+				call("swapVerbose", stub.ExpectArgs{true}, false, nil),
 				call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"received setup parameters"}}, nil, nil),
 				call("setDumpable", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 				call("writeFile", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/uid_map", []byte("4294967296 1000 1\n"), os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2594,7 +2619,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("umask", stub.ExpectArgs{022}, 0, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"starting initial program %s", []any{MustAbs("/bin/zsh")}}, nil, nil),
 				call("start", stub.ExpectArgs{"/bin/zsh", []string{"zsh", "-c", "exec vim"}, []string{"DISPLAY=:0"}, "/.hakurei"}, &os.Process{Pid: 0xcafe}, nil),
-				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
+				call("suspend", stub.ExpectArgs{}, true, nil),
 				call("printf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot close setup pipe: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(0)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("New", stub.ExpectArgs{}, nil, nil),
 				call("notify", stub.ExpectArgs{nil, []os.Signal{syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM}}, nil, nil),
diff --git a/container/initbind.go b/container/initbind.go
index ad8bfaf..43c8310 100644
--- a/container/initbind.go
+++ b/container/initbind.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func (b *BindMountOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	}
 }
 
-func (b *BindMountOp) apply(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
+func (b *BindMountOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	if b.sourceFinal == nil {
 		if b.Flags&BindOptional == 0 {
 			// unreachable
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ func (b *BindMountOp) apply(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	}
 
 	if b.sourceFinal.String() == b.Target.String() {
-		k.verbosef("mounting %q flags %#x", target, flags)
+		state.Verbosef("mounting %q flags %#x", target, flags)
 	} else {
-		k.verbosef("mounting %q on %q flags %#x", source, target, flags)
+		state.Verbosef("mounting %q on %q flags %#x", source, target, flags)
 	}
-	return k.bindMount(source, target, flags)
+	return k.bindMount(state, source, target, flags)
 }
 
 func (b *BindMountOp) Is(op Op) bool {
diff --git a/container/initdev.go b/container/initdev.go
index cfb4b8b..335cac0 100644
--- a/container/initdev.go
+++ b/container/initdev.go
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ func (d *MountDevOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		if err := k.bindMount(
+			state,
 			toHost(FHSDev+name),
 			targetPath,
 			0,
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ func (d *MountDevOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if name, err := k.readlink(hostProc.stdout()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else if err = k.bindMount(
+				state,
 				toHost(name),
 				consolePath,
 				0,
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ func (d *MountDevOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if err := k.remount(target, MS_RDONLY); err != nil {
+	if err := k.remount(state, target, MS_RDONLY); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return k.mountTmpfs(SourceTmpfs, devShmPath, MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV, 0, 01777)
diff --git a/container/initplace.go b/container/initplace.go
index 5775ad7..5975bba 100644
--- a/container/initplace.go
+++ b/container/initplace.go
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ func (t *TmpfileOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	if err := k.ensureFile(target, 0444, state.ParentPerm); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if err = k.bindMount(
+		state,
 		tmpPath,
 		target,
 		syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV,
diff --git a/container/initremount.go b/container/initremount.go
index 09f141d..b89ed54 100644
--- a/container/initremount.go
+++ b/container/initremount.go
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ type RemountOp struct {
 
 func (r *RemountOp) Valid() bool                              { return r != nil && r.Target != nil }
 func (*RemountOp) early(*setupState, syscallDispatcher) error { return nil }
-func (r *RemountOp) apply(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
-	return k.remount(toSysroot(r.Target.String()), r.Flags)
+func (r *RemountOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
+	return k.remount(state, toSysroot(r.Target.String()), r.Flags)
 }
 
 func (r *RemountOp) Is(op Op) bool {
diff --git a/container/mount.go b/container/mount.go
index c5a82aa..dbd39cb 100644
--- a/container/mount.go
+++ b/container/mount.go
@@ -96,18 +96,17 @@ const (
 )
 
 // bindMount mounts source on target and recursively applies flags if MS_REC is set.
-func (p *procPaths) bindMount(source, target string, flags uintptr) error {
+func (p *procPaths) bindMount(msg Msg, source, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 	// syscallDispatcher.bindMount and procPaths.remount must not be called from this function
 
 	if err := p.k.mount(source, target, FstypeNULL, MS_SILENT|MS_BIND|flags&MS_REC, zeroString); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	return p.k.remount(target, flags)
+	return p.k.remount(msg, target, flags)
 }
 
 // remount applies flags on target, recursively if MS_REC is set.
-func (p *procPaths) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
+func (p *procPaths) remount(msg Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 	// syscallDispatcher methods bindMount, remount must not be called from this function
 
 	var targetFinal string
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ func (p *procPaths) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
 	} else {
 		targetFinal = v
 		if targetFinal != target {
-			p.k.verbosef("target resolves to %q", targetFinal)
+			msg.Verbosef("target resolves to %q", targetFinal)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ func (p *procPaths) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		if err = remountWithFlags(p.k, n, mf); err != nil {
+		if err = remountWithFlags(p.k, msg, n, mf); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		if flags&MS_REC == 0 {
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ func (p *procPaths) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			if err = remountWithFlags(p.k, cur, mf); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, EACCES) {
+			if err = remountWithFlags(p.k, msg, cur, mf); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, EACCES) {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -169,12 +168,12 @@ func (p *procPaths) remount(target string, flags uintptr) error {
 }
 
 // remountWithFlags remounts mount point described by [vfs.MountInfoNode].
-func remountWithFlags(k syscallDispatcher, n *vfs.MountInfoNode, mf uintptr) error {
+func remountWithFlags(k syscallDispatcher, msg Msg, n *vfs.MountInfoNode, mf uintptr) error {
 	// syscallDispatcher methods bindMount, remount must not be called from this function
 
 	kf, unmatched := n.Flags()
 	if len(unmatched) != 0 {
-		k.verbosef("unmatched vfs options: %q", unmatched)
+		msg.Verbosef("unmatched vfs options: %q", unmatched)
 	}
 
 	if kf&mf != mf {
diff --git a/container/mount_test.go b/container/mount_test.go
index 5d274e2..5391623 100644
--- a/container/mount_test.go
+++ b/container/mount_test.go
@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@ import (
 
 func TestBindMount(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSimple(t, "bindMount", []simpleTestCase{
-		{"mount", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).bindMount("/host/nix", "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY)
+		{"mount", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).bindMount(nil, "/host/nix", "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"/host/nix", "/sysroot/nix", "", uintptr(0x9000), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)),
 		}}, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
 
-		{"success ne", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).bindMount("/host/nix", "/sysroot/.host-nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY)
+		{"success ne", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).bindMount(k, "/host/nix", "/sysroot/.host-nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"/host/nix", "/sysroot/.host-nix", "", uintptr(0x9000), ""}, nil, nil),
 			call("remount", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/.host-nix", uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"success", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).bindMount("/host/nix", "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY)
+		{"success", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).bindMount(k, "/host/nix", "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"/host/nix", "/sysroot/nix", "", uintptr(0x9000), ""}, nil, nil),
 			call("remount", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", uintptr(1)}, nil, nil),
@@ -77,29 +77,29 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 416 415 0:30 / /sysroot/nix/store ro,relatime master:5 - overlay overlay rw,lowerdir=/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store,upperdir=/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/upper,workdir=/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/work`
 
 	checkSimple(t, "remount", []simpleTestCase{
-		{"evalSymlinks", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"evalSymlinks", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", stub.UniqueError(6)),
 		}}, stub.UniqueError(6)},
 
-		{"open", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"open", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, stub.UniqueError(5)),
 		}}, &os.PathError{Op: "open", Path: "/sysroot/nix", Err: stub.UniqueError(5)}},
 
-		{"readlink", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"readlink", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
 			call("readlink", stub.ExpectArgs{"/host/proc/self/fd/3735928559"}, "/sysroot/nix", stub.UniqueError(4)),
 		}}, stub.UniqueError(4)},
 
-		{"close", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"close", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("close", stub.ExpectArgs{0xdeadbeef}, nil, stub.UniqueError(3)),
 		}}, &os.PathError{Op: "close", Path: "/sysroot/nix", Err: stub.UniqueError(3)}},
 
-		{"mountinfo no match", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"mountinfo no match", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(k, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/.hakurei", nil),
 			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"target resolves to %q", []any{"/sysroot/.hakurei"}}, nil, nil),
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("openNew", stub.ExpectArgs{"/host/proc/self/mountinfo"}, newConstFile(sampleMountinfoNix), nil),
 		}}, &vfs.DecoderError{Op: "unfold", Line: -1, Err: vfs.UnfoldTargetError("/sysroot/.hakurei")}},
 
-		{"mountinfo", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"mountinfo", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("openNew", stub.ExpectArgs{"/host/proc/self/mountinfo"}, newConstFile("\x00"), nil),
 		}}, &vfs.DecoderError{Op: "parse", Line: 0, Err: vfs.ErrMountInfoFields}},
 
-		{"mount", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"mount", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "/sysroot/nix", "", uintptr(0x209027), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(2)),
 		}}, stub.UniqueError(2)},
 
-		{"mount propagate", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"mount propagate", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "/sysroot/nix/.ro-store", "", uintptr(0x209027), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(1)),
 		}}, stub.UniqueError(1)},
 
-		{"success toplevel", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/bin", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"success toplevel", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/bin", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/bin"}, "/sysroot/bin", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/bin", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xbabe, nil),
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "/sysroot/bin", "", uintptr(0x209027), ""}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"success EACCES", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"success EACCES", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "/sysroot/nix/store", "", uintptr(0x209027), ""}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"success no propagate", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"success no propagate", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "/sysroot/nix", "", uintptr(0x209027), ""}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"success case sensitive", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"success case sensitive", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(nil, "/sysroot/nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix"}, "/sysroot/nix", nil),
 			call("open", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix", 0x280000, uint32(0)}, 0xdeadbeef, nil),
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "/sysroot/nix/store", "", uintptr(0x209027), ""}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"success", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount("/sysroot/.nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
+		{"success", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return newProcPaths(k, hostPath).remount(k, "/sysroot/.nix", syscall.MS_REC|syscall.MS_RDONLY|syscall.MS_NODEV)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/.nix"}, "/sysroot/NIX", nil),
 			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"target resolves to %q", []any{"/sysroot/NIX"}}, nil, nil),
@@ -217,18 +217,18 @@ func TestRemount(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRemountWithFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSimple(t, "remountWithFlags", []simpleTestCase{
-		{"noop unmatched", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return remountWithFlags(k, &vfs.MountInfoNode{MountInfoEntry: &vfs.MountInfoEntry{VfsOptstr: "rw,relatime,cat"}}, 0)
+		{"noop unmatched", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return remountWithFlags(k, k, &vfs.MountInfoNode{MountInfoEntry: &vfs.MountInfoEntry{VfsOptstr: "rw,relatime,cat"}}, 0)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"unmatched vfs options: %q", []any{[]string{"cat"}}}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"noop", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return remountWithFlags(k, &vfs.MountInfoNode{MountInfoEntry: &vfs.MountInfoEntry{VfsOptstr: "rw,relatime"}}, 0)
+		{"noop", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return remountWithFlags(k, nil, &vfs.MountInfoNode{MountInfoEntry: &vfs.MountInfoEntry{VfsOptstr: "rw,relatime"}}, 0)
 		}, stub.Expect{}, nil},
 
-		{"success", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
-			return remountWithFlags(k, &vfs.MountInfoNode{MountInfoEntry: &vfs.MountInfoEntry{VfsOptstr: "rw,relatime"}}, syscall.MS_RDONLY)
+		{"success", func(k *kstub) error {
+			return remountWithFlags(k, nil, &vfs.MountInfoNode{MountInfoEntry: &vfs.MountInfoEntry{VfsOptstr: "rw,relatime"}}, syscall.MS_RDONLY)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"none", "", "", uintptr(0x209021), ""}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
@@ -237,20 +237,20 @@ func TestRemountWithFlags(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestMountTmpfs(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSimple(t, "mountTmpfs", []simpleTestCase{
-		{"mkdirAll", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
+		{"mkdirAll", func(k *kstub) error {
 			return mountTmpfs(k, "ephemeral", "/sysroot/run/user/1000", 0, 1<<10, 0700)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/run/user/1000", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
 		}}, stub.UniqueError(0)},
 
-		{"success no size", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
+		{"success no size", func(k *kstub) error {
 			return mountTmpfs(k, "ephemeral", "/sysroot/run/user/1000", 0, 0, 0710)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/run/user/1000", os.FileMode(0750)}, nil, nil),
 			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"ephemeral", "/sysroot/run/user/1000", "tmpfs", uintptr(0), "mode=0710"}, nil, nil),
 		}}, nil},
 
-		{"success", func(k syscallDispatcher) error {
+		{"success", func(k *kstub) error {
 			return mountTmpfs(k, "ephemeral", "/sysroot/run/user/1000", 0, 1<<10, 0700)
 		}, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/run/user/1000", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
diff --git a/container/msg.go b/container/msg.go
index 1512a58..38c38ec 100644
--- a/container/msg.go
+++ b/container/msg.go
@@ -23,45 +23,88 @@ func GetErrorMessage(err error) (string, bool) {
 	return e.Message(), true
 }
 
+// Msg is used for package-wide verbose logging.
 type Msg interface {
+	// GetLogger returns the address of the underlying [log.Logger].
+	GetLogger() *log.Logger
+
+	// IsVerbose atomically loads and returns whether [Msg] has verbose logging enabled.
 	IsVerbose() bool
+	// SwapVerbose atomically stores a new verbose state and returns the previous value held by [Msg].
+	SwapVerbose(verbose bool) bool
+	// Verbose passes its argument to the Println method of the underlying [log.Logger] if IsVerbose returns true.
 	Verbose(v ...any)
+	// Verbosef passes its argument to the Printf method of the underlying [log.Logger] if IsVerbose returns true.
 	Verbosef(format string, v ...any)
 
-	Suspend()
+	// Suspend causes the embedded [Suspendable] to withhold writes to its downstream [io.Writer].
+	// Suspend returns false and is a noop if called between calls to Suspend and Resume.
+	Suspend() bool
+
+	// Resume dumps the entire buffer held by the embedded [Suspendable] and stops withholding future writes.
+	// Resume returns false and is a noop if a call to Suspend does not precede it.
 	Resume() bool
+
+	// BeforeExit runs implementation-specific cleanup code, and optionally prints warnings.
+	// BeforeExit is called before [os.Exit].
 	BeforeExit()
 }
 
-type DefaultMsg struct{ inactive atomic.Bool }
+// defaultMsg is the default implementation of the [Msg] interface.
+// The zero value is not safe for use. Callers should use the [NewMsg] function instead.
+type defaultMsg struct {
+	verbose atomic.Bool
 
-func (msg *DefaultMsg) IsVerbose() bool { return true }
-func (msg *DefaultMsg) Verbose(v ...any) {
-	if !msg.inactive.Load() {
-		log.Println(v...)
+	logger *log.Logger
+	Suspendable
+}
+
+// NewMsg initialises a downstream [log.Logger] for a new [Msg].
+// The [log.Logger] should no longer be configured after NewMsg returns.
+// If downstream is nil, a new logger is initialised in its place.
+func NewMsg(downstream *log.Logger) Msg {
+	if downstream == nil {
+		downstream = log.New(log.Writer(), "container: ", 0)
+	}
+
+	m := defaultMsg{logger: downstream}
+	m.Suspendable.Downstream = downstream.Writer()
+	downstream.SetOutput(&m.Suspendable)
+	return &m
+}
+
+func (msg *defaultMsg) GetLogger() *log.Logger { return msg.logger }
+
+func (msg *defaultMsg) IsVerbose() bool               { return msg.verbose.Load() }
+func (msg *defaultMsg) SwapVerbose(verbose bool) bool { return msg.verbose.Swap(verbose) }
+func (msg *defaultMsg) Verbose(v ...any) {
+	if msg.verbose.Load() {
+		msg.logger.Println(v...)
 	}
 }
-func (msg *DefaultMsg) Verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
-	if !msg.inactive.Load() {
-		log.Printf(format, v...)
+func (msg *defaultMsg) Verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
+	if msg.verbose.Load() {
+		msg.logger.Printf(format, v...)
 	}
 }
 
-func (msg *DefaultMsg) Suspend()     { msg.inactive.Store(true) }
-func (msg *DefaultMsg) Resume() bool { return msg.inactive.CompareAndSwap(true, false) }
-func (msg *DefaultMsg) BeforeExit()  {}
+// Resume calls [Suspendable.Resume] and prints a message if buffer was filled
+// between calls to [Suspendable.Suspend] and Resume.
+func (msg *defaultMsg) Resume() bool {
+	resumed, dropped, _, err := msg.Suspendable.Resume()
+	if err != nil {
+		// probably going to result in an error as well, so this message is as good as unreachable
+		msg.logger.Printf("cannot dump buffer on resume: %v", err)
+	}
+	if resumed && dropped > 0 {
+		msg.logger.Printf("dropped %d bytes while output is suspended", dropped)
+	}
+	return resumed
+}
 
-// msg is the [Msg] implemented used by all exported [container] functions.
-var msg Msg = new(DefaultMsg)
-
-// GetOutput returns the current active [Msg] implementation.
-func GetOutput() Msg { return msg }
-
-// SetOutput replaces the current active [Msg] implementation.
-func SetOutput(v Msg) {
-	if v == nil {
-		msg = new(DefaultMsg)
-	} else {
-		msg = v
+// BeforeExit prints a message if called between calls to [Suspendable.Suspend] and Resume.
+func (msg *defaultMsg) BeforeExit() {
+	if msg.Resume() {
+		msg.logger.Printf("beforeExit reached on suspended output")
 	}
 }
diff --git a/container/msg_test.go b/container/msg_test.go
index 1b36a1d..ed5c0c5 100644
--- a/container/msg_test.go
+++ b/container/msg_test.go
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 package container_test
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"log"
 	"strings"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
+	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 )
 
 func TestMessageError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -39,146 +41,137 @@ func TestMessageError(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDefaultMsg(t *testing.T) {
-	{
-		w := log.Writer()
-		f := log.Flags()
-		t.Cleanup(func() { log.SetOutput(w); log.SetFlags(f) })
-	}
-	msg := new(container.DefaultMsg)
+	// copied from output.go
+	const suspendBufMax = 1 << 24
 
-	t.Run("is verbose", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if !msg.IsVerbose() {
-			t.Error("IsVerbose unexpected outcome")
-		}
-	})
+	t.Run("logger", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := container.NewMsg(nil).GetLogger()
 
-	t.Run("verbose", func(t *testing.T) {
-		log.SetOutput(panicWriter{})
-		msg.Suspend()
-		msg.Verbose()
-		msg.Verbosef("\x00")
-		msg.Resume()
-
-		buf := new(strings.Builder)
-		log.SetOutput(buf)
-		log.SetFlags(0)
-		msg.Verbose()
-		msg.Verbosef("\x00")
-
-		want := "\n\x00\n"
-		if buf.String() != want {
-			t.Errorf("Verbose: %q, want %q", buf.String(), want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("inactive", func(t *testing.T) {
-		{
-			inactive := msg.Resume()
-			if inactive {
-				t.Cleanup(func() { msg.Suspend() })
+			if out := got.Writer().(*container.Suspendable).Downstream; out != log.Writer() {
+				t.Errorf("GetLogger: Downstream = %#v", out)
 			}
-		}
 
-		if msg.Resume() {
-			t.Error("Resume unexpected outcome")
-		}
+			if prefix := got.Prefix(); prefix != "container: " {
+				t.Errorf("GetLogger: prefix = %q", prefix)
+			}
+		})
 
-		msg.Suspend()
-		if !msg.Resume() {
-			t.Error("Resume unexpected outcome")
-		}
+		t.Run("takeover", func(t *testing.T) {
+			l := log.New(io.Discard, "\x00", 0xdeadbeef)
+			got := container.NewMsg(l)
+
+			if logger := got.GetLogger(); logger != l {
+				t.Errorf("GetLogger: %#v, want %#v", logger, l)
+			}
+
+			if ds := l.Writer().(*container.Suspendable).Downstream; ds != io.Discard {
+				t.Errorf("GetLogger: Downstream = %#v", ds)
+			}
+		})
 	})
 
-	// the function is a noop
-	t.Run("beforeExit", func(t *testing.T) { msg.BeforeExit() })
-}
+	dw := expectWriter{t: t}
 
-type panicWriter struct{}
+	steps := []struct {
+		name     string
+		pt, next []byte
+		err      error
 
-func (panicWriter) Write([]byte) (int, error) { panic("unreachable") }
+		f func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg)
+	}{
+		{"zero verbose", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if msg.IsVerbose() {
+				t.Error("IsVerbose unexpected true")
+			}
+		}},
 
-func saveRestoreOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	out := container.GetOutput()
-	t.Cleanup(func() { container.SetOutput(out) })
-}
+		{"swap false", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if msg.SwapVerbose(false) {
+				t.Error("SwapVerbose unexpected true")
+			}
+		}},
+		{"write discard", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.Verbose("\x00")
+			msg.Verbosef("\x00")
+		}},
+		{"verbose false", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if msg.IsVerbose() {
+				t.Error("IsVerbose unexpected true")
+			}
+		}},
 
-func replaceOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	saveRestoreOutput(t)
-	container.SetOutput(&testOutput{t: t})
-}
+		{"swap true", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if msg.SwapVerbose(true) {
+				t.Error("SwapVerbose unexpected true")
+			}
+		}},
+		{"write verbose", []byte("test: \x00\n"), nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.Verbose("\x00")
+		}},
+		{"write verbosef", []byte(`test: "\x00"` + "\n"), nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.Verbosef("%q", "\x00")
+		}},
+		{"verbose true", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if !msg.IsVerbose() {
+				t.Error("IsVerbose unexpected false")
+			}
+		}},
 
-type testOutput struct {
-	t         *testing.T
-	suspended atomic.Bool
-}
+		{"resume noop", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if msg.Resume() {
+				t.Error("Resume unexpected success")
+			}
+		}},
+		{"beforeExit noop", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.BeforeExit()
+		}},
 
-func (out *testOutput) IsVerbose() bool { return testing.Verbose() }
+		{"beforeExit suspend", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.Suspend()
+		}},
+		{"beforeExit message", []byte("test: beforeExit reached on suspended output\n"), nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.BeforeExit()
+		}},
+		{"post beforeExit resume noop", nil, nil, nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if msg.Resume() {
+				t.Error("Resume unexpected success")
+			}
+		}},
 
-func (out *testOutput) Verbose(v ...any) {
-	if !out.IsVerbose() {
-		return
-	}
-	out.t.Log(v...)
-}
+		{"suspend", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.Suspend()
+		}},
+		{"suspend write", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.GetLogger().Print("\x00")
+		}},
+		{"resume error", []byte("test: \x00\n"), []byte("test: cannot dump buffer on resume: unique error 0 injected by the test suite\n"), stub.UniqueError(0), func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if !msg.Resume() {
+				t.Error("Resume unexpected failure")
+			}
+		}},
 
-func (out *testOutput) Verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
-	if !out.IsVerbose() {
-		return
-	}
-	out.t.Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (out *testOutput) Suspend() {
-	if out.suspended.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
-		out.Verbose("suspend called")
-		return
-	}
-	out.Verbose("suspend called on suspended output")
-}
-
-func (out *testOutput) Resume() bool {
-	if out.suspended.CompareAndSwap(true, false) {
-		out.Verbose("resume called")
-		return true
-	}
-	out.Verbose("resume called on unsuspended output")
-	return false
-}
-
-func (out *testOutput) BeforeExit() { out.Verbose("beforeExit called") }
-
-func TestGetSetOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	{
-		out := container.GetOutput()
-		t.Cleanup(func() { container.SetOutput(out) })
+		{"suspend drop", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.Suspend()
+		}},
+		{"suspend write fill", nil, nil, nil, func(_ *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			msg.GetLogger().Print(strings.Repeat("\x00", suspendBufMax))
+		}},
+		{"resume dropped", append([]byte("test: "), bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, suspendBufMax-6)...), []byte("test: dropped 7 bytes while output is suspended\n"), nil, func(t *testing.T, msg container.Msg) {
+			if !msg.Resume() {
+				t.Error("Resume unexpected failure")
+			}
+		}},
 	}
 
-	t.Run("default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		container.SetOutput(new(stubOutput))
-		if v, ok := container.GetOutput().(*container.DefaultMsg); ok {
-			t.Fatalf("SetOutput: got unexpected output %#v", v)
+	msg := container.NewMsg(log.New(&dw, "test: ", 0))
+	for _, step := range steps {
+		// these share the same writer, so cannot be subtests
+		t.Logf("running step %q", step.name)
+		dw.expect, dw.next, dw.err = step.pt, step.next, step.err
+		step.f(t, msg)
+		if dw.expect != nil {
+			t.Errorf("expect: %q", string(dw.expect))
 		}
-		container.SetOutput(nil)
-		if _, ok := container.GetOutput().(*container.DefaultMsg); !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("SetOutput: got unexpected output %#v", container.GetOutput())
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("stub", func(t *testing.T) {
-		container.SetOutput(new(stubOutput))
-		if _, ok := container.GetOutput().(*stubOutput); !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("SetOutput: got unexpected output %#v", container.GetOutput())
-		}
-	})
+	}
 }
-
-type stubOutput struct {
-	wrapF func(error, ...any) error
-}
-
-func (*stubOutput) IsVerbose() bool         { panic("unreachable") }
-func (*stubOutput) Verbose(...any)          { panic("unreachable") }
-func (*stubOutput) Verbosef(string, ...any) { panic("unreachable") }
-func (*stubOutput) Suspend()                { panic("unreachable") }
-func (*stubOutput) Resume() bool            { panic("unreachable") }
-func (*stubOutput) BeforeExit()             { panic("unreachable") }
diff --git a/container/output_test.go b/container/output_test.go
index cfa8e0d..b6dedf1 100644
--- a/container/output_test.go
+++ b/container/output_test.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func TestSuspendable(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 
 	// shares the same writer
-	testCases := []struct {
+	steps := []struct {
 		name    string
 		w, pt   []byte
 		err     error
@@ -75,25 +75,25 @@ func TestSuspendable(t *testing.T) {
 	var dw expectWriter
 
 	w := container.Suspendable{Downstream: &dw}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
+	for _, step := range steps {
 		// these share the same writer, so cannot be subtests
-		t.Logf("writing step %q", tc.name)
-		dw.expect, dw.err = tc.pt, tc.err
+		t.Logf("writing step %q", step.name)
+		dw.expect, dw.err = step.pt, step.err
 
 		var (
 			gotN   int
 			gotErr error
 		)
 
-		wantN := tc.n
+		wantN := step.n
 		switch wantN {
 		case nSpecialPtEquiv:
-			wantN = len(tc.pt)
-			gotN, gotErr = w.Write(tc.w)
+			wantN = len(step.pt)
+			gotN, gotErr = w.Write(step.w)
 
 		case nSpecialWEquiv:
-			wantN = len(tc.w)
-			gotN, gotErr = w.Write(tc.w)
+			wantN = len(step.w)
+			gotN, gotErr = w.Write(step.w)
 
 		case nSpecialSuspend:
 			s := w.IsSuspended()
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ func TestSuspendable(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatal("Suspend: unexpected success")
 			}
 
-			wantN = len(tc.w)
-			gotN, gotErr = w.Write(tc.w)
+			wantN = len(step.w)
+			gotN, gotErr = w.Write(step.w)
 
 		default:
 			if wantN <= nSpecialDump {
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ func TestSuspendable(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("Resume: dropped = %d, want %d", dropped, wantDropped)
 				}
 
-				wantN = len(tc.pt)
+				wantN = len(step.pt)
 				gotN, gotErr = int(n), err
 			} else {
-				gotN, gotErr = w.Write(tc.w)
+				gotN, gotErr = w.Write(step.w)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -129,9 +129,13 @@ func TestSuspendable(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("Write: n = %d, want %d", gotN, wantN)
 		}
 
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotErr, tc.wantErr) {
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotErr, step.wantErr) {
 			t.Errorf("Write: %v", gotErr)
 		}
+
+		if dw.expect != nil {
+			t.Errorf("expect: %q", string(dw.expect))
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -139,17 +143,31 @@ func TestSuspendable(t *testing.T) {
 type expectWriter struct {
 	expect []byte
 	err    error
+
+	// optional consecutive write
+	next []byte
+
+	// optional, calls Error on failure if not nil
+	t *testing.T
 }
 
 func (w *expectWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
-	defer func() { w.expect = nil }()
+	defer func() { w.expect = w.next; w.next = nil }()
 
 	n, err = len(p), w.err
 	if w.expect == nil {
-		return 0, errors.New("unexpected call to Write: " + strconv.Quote(string(p)))
+		n, err = 0, errors.New("unexpected call to Write: "+strconv.Quote(string(p)))
+		if w.t != nil {
+			w.t.Error(err.Error())
+		}
+		return
 	}
 	if string(p) != string(w.expect) {
-		return 0, errors.New("p = " + strconv.Quote(string(p)) + ", want " + strconv.Quote(string(w.expect)))
+		n, err = 0, errors.New("p = "+strconv.Quote(string(p))+", want "+strconv.Quote(string(w.expect)))
+		if w.t != nil {
+			w.t.Error(err.Error())
+		}
+		return
 	}
 	return
 }
diff --git a/container/sysctl.go b/container/sysctl.go
index bfcf278..327872b 100644
--- a/container/sysctl.go
+++ b/container/sysctl.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package container
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
@@ -22,26 +21,28 @@ const (
 	kernelCapLastCapPath  = FHSProcSys + "kernel/cap_last_cap"
 )
 
-func mustReadSysctl() {
-	if v, err := os.ReadFile(kernelOverflowuidPath); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot read %q: %v", kernelOverflowuidPath, err)
-	} else if kernelOverflowuid, err = strconv.Atoi(string(bytes.TrimSpace(v))); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot interpret %q: %v", kernelOverflowuidPath, err)
-	}
+func mustReadSysctl(msg Msg) {
+	sysctlOnce.Do(func() {
+		if v, err := os.ReadFile(kernelOverflowuidPath); err != nil {
+			msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot read %q: %v", kernelOverflowuidPath, err)
+		} else if kernelOverflowuid, err = strconv.Atoi(string(bytes.TrimSpace(v))); err != nil {
+			msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot interpret %q: %v", kernelOverflowuidPath, err)
+		}
 
-	if v, err := os.ReadFile(kernelOverflowgidPath); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot read %q: %v", kernelOverflowgidPath, err)
-	} else if kernelOverflowgid, err = strconv.Atoi(string(bytes.TrimSpace(v))); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot interpret %q: %v", kernelOverflowgidPath, err)
-	}
+		if v, err := os.ReadFile(kernelOverflowgidPath); err != nil {
+			msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot read %q: %v", kernelOverflowgidPath, err)
+		} else if kernelOverflowgid, err = strconv.Atoi(string(bytes.TrimSpace(v))); err != nil {
+			msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot interpret %q: %v", kernelOverflowgidPath, err)
+		}
 
-	if v, err := os.ReadFile(kernelCapLastCapPath); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot read %q: %v", kernelCapLastCapPath, err)
-	} else if kernelCapLastCap, err = strconv.Atoi(string(bytes.TrimSpace(v))); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot interpret %q: %v", kernelCapLastCapPath, err)
-	}
+		if v, err := os.ReadFile(kernelCapLastCapPath); err != nil {
+			msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot read %q: %v", kernelCapLastCapPath, err)
+		} else if kernelCapLastCap, err = strconv.Atoi(string(bytes.TrimSpace(v))); err != nil {
+			msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot interpret %q: %v", kernelCapLastCapPath, err)
+		}
+	})
 }
 
-func OverflowUid() int { sysctlOnce.Do(mustReadSysctl); return kernelOverflowuid }
-func OverflowGid() int { sysctlOnce.Do(mustReadSysctl); return kernelOverflowgid }
-func LastCap() uintptr { sysctlOnce.Do(mustReadSysctl); return uintptr(kernelCapLastCap) }
+func OverflowUid(msg Msg) int { mustReadSysctl(msg); return kernelOverflowuid }
+func OverflowGid(msg Msg) int { mustReadSysctl(msg); return kernelOverflowgid }
+func LastCap(msg Msg) uintptr { mustReadSysctl(msg); return uintptr(kernelCapLastCap) }
diff --git a/helper/container.go b/helper/container.go
index a3b2257..9bab0df 100644
--- a/helper/container.go
+++ b/helper/container.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 // New initialises a Helper instance with wt as the null-terminated argument writer.
 func New(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	msg container.Msg,
 	pathname *container.Absolute, name string,
 	wt io.WriterTo,
 	stat bool,
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ func New(
 	var args []string
 	h := new(helperContainer)
 	h.helperFiles, args = newHelperFiles(ctx, wt, stat, argF, extraFiles)
-	h.Container = container.NewCommand(ctx, pathname, name, args...)
+	h.Container = container.NewCommand(ctx, msg, pathname, name, args...)
 	h.WaitDelay = WaitDelay
 	if cmdF != nil {
 		cmdF(h.Container)
diff --git a/helper/container_test.go b/helper/container_test.go
index 9aaeec8..a3f0a3f 100644
--- a/helper/container_test.go
+++ b/helper/container_test.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("start invalid container", func(t *testing.T) {
-		h := helper.New(t.Context(), container.MustAbs(container.Nonexistent), "hakurei", argsWt, false, argF, nil, nil)
+		h := helper.New(t.Context(), nil, container.MustAbs(container.Nonexistent), "hakurei", argsWt, false, argF, nil, nil)
 
 		wantErr := "container: starting an invalid container"
 		if err := h.Start(); err == nil || err.Error() != wantErr {
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("valid new helper nil check", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if got := helper.New(t.Context(), container.MustAbs(container.Nonexistent), "hakurei", argsWt, false, argF, nil, nil); got == nil {
+		if got := helper.New(t.Context(), nil, container.MustAbs(container.Nonexistent), "hakurei", argsWt, false, argF, nil, nil); got == nil {
 			t.Errorf("New(%q, %q) got nil",
 				argsWt, "hakurei")
 			return
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("implementation compliance", func(t *testing.T) {
 		testHelper(t, func(ctx context.Context, setOutput func(stdoutP, stderrP *io.Writer), stat bool) helper.Helper {
-			return helper.New(ctx, container.MustAbs(os.Args[0]), "helper", argsWt, stat, argF, func(z *container.Container) {
+			return helper.New(ctx, nil, container.MustAbs(os.Args[0]), "helper", argsWt, stat, argF, func(z *container.Container) {
 				setOutput(&z.Stdout, &z.Stderr)
 				z.
 					Bind(container.AbsFHSRoot, container.AbsFHSRoot, 0).
diff --git a/helper/stub_test.go b/helper/stub_test.go
index dc057ac..0679a73 100644
--- a/helper/stub_test.go
+++ b/helper/stub_test.go
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/helper"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	container.TryArgv0(hlog.Output{}, hlog.Prepare, internal.InstallOutput)
+	container.TryArgv0(nil)
 	helper.InternalHelperStub()
 	os.Exit(m.Run())
 }
diff --git a/internal/app/app.go b/internal/app/app.go
index b533156..c5a3e0f 100644
--- a/internal/app/app.go
+++ b/internal/app/app.go
@@ -6,23 +6,24 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
 )
 
 // Main runs an app according to [hst.Config] and terminates. Main does not return.
-func Main(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) {
+func Main(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, config *hst.Config) {
 	var id state.ID
 	if err := state.NewAppID(&id); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	seal := outcome{id: &stringPair[state.ID]{id, id.String()}, syscallDispatcher: direct{}}
-	if err := seal.finalise(ctx, config); err != nil {
+	if err := seal.finalise(ctx, msg, config); err != nil {
 		printMessageError("cannot seal app:", err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	seal.main()
+	seal.main(msg)
 	panic("unreachable")
 }
diff --git a/internal/app/app_stub_test.go b/internal/app/app_stub_test.go
index ff21849..8d33cd1 100644
--- a/internal/app/app_stub_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_stub_test.go
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os/exec"
 	"os/user"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 )
 
 type stubNixOS struct {
@@ -187,10 +189,10 @@ func (k *stubNixOS) cmdOutput(cmd *exec.Cmd) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (k *stubNixOS) overflowUid() int { return 65534 }
-func (k *stubNixOS) overflowGid() int { return 65534 }
+func (k *stubNixOS) overflowUid(container.Msg) int { return 65534 }
+func (k *stubNixOS) overflowGid(container.Msg) int { return 65534 }
 
-func (k *stubNixOS) mustHsuPath() string { return "/proc/nonexistent/hsu" }
+func (k *stubNixOS) mustHsuPath() *container.Absolute { return m("/proc/nonexistent/hsu") }
 
 func (k *stubNixOS) fatalf(format string, v ...any) { panic(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...)) }
 
diff --git a/internal/app/app_test.go b/internal/app/app_test.go
index 005b721..fa85c46 100644
--- a/internal/app/app_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/app_test.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
 				0xbd, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
 				0xb9, 0xa6, 0x07, 0xac,
 			},
-			system.New(context.TODO(), 1000000).
+			system.New(context.TODO(), container.NewMsg(nil), 1000000).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0", 0711).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime", acl.Execute).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/0", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/0", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
 				0x82, 0xd4, 0x13, 0x36,
 				0x9b, 0x64, 0xce, 0x7c,
 			},
-			system.New(context.TODO(), 1000009).
+			system.New(context.TODO(), container.NewMsg(nil), 1000009).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0", 0711).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime", acl.Execute).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/9", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/9", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
 				0x4c, 0xf0, 0x73, 0xbd,
 				0xb4, 0x6e, 0xb5, 0xc1,
 			},
-			system.New(context.TODO(), 1000001).
+			system.New(context.TODO(), container.NewMsg(nil), 1000001).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0", 0711).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime", acl.Execute).
 				Ensure("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/1", 0700).UpdatePermType(system.User, "/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/1", acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute).
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Run("finalise", func(t *testing.T) {
 				seal := outcome{syscallDispatcher: tc.k, id: &stringPair[state.ID]{tc.id, tc.id.String()}}
-				err := seal.finalise(t.Context(), tc.config)
+				err := seal.finalise(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), tc.config)
 				if err != nil {
 					if s, ok := container.GetErrorMessage(err); !ok {
 						t.Fatalf("Seal: error = %v", err)
diff --git a/internal/app/container.go b/internal/app/container.go
index d406d21..ae9dbf3 100644
--- a/internal/app/container.go
+++ b/internal/app/container.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ const preallocateOpsCount = 1 << 5
 // newContainer initialises [container.Params] via [hst.ContainerConfig].
 // Note that remaining container setup must be queued by the caller.
 func newContainer(
+	msg container.Msg,
 	k syscallDispatcher,
 	s *hst.ContainerConfig,
 	prefix string,
@@ -73,8 +74,8 @@ func newContainer(
 		params.Gid = k.getgid()
 		*gid = params.Gid
 	} else {
-		*uid = k.overflowUid()
-		*gid = k.overflowGid()
+		*uid = k.overflowUid(msg)
+		*gid = k.overflowGid(msg)
 	}
 
 	filesystem := s.Filesystem
@@ -126,11 +127,11 @@ func newContainer(
 						// get parent dir of socket
 						dir := path.Dir(pair[1])
 						if dir == "." || dir == container.FHSRoot {
-							k.verbosef("dbus socket %q is in an unusual location", pair[1])
+							msg.Verbosef("dbus socket %q is in an unusual location", pair[1])
 						}
 						hidePaths = append(hidePaths, dir)
 					} else {
-						k.verbosef("dbus socket %q is not absolute", pair[1])
+						msg.Verbosef("dbus socket %q is not absolute", pair[1])
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ func newContainer(
 	}
 	hidePathMatch := make([]bool, len(hidePaths))
 	for i := range hidePaths {
-		if err := evalSymlinks(k, &hidePaths[i]); err != nil {
+		if err := evalSymlinks(msg, k, &hidePaths[i]); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ func newContainer(
 	if autoroot != nil {
 		for _, ent := range autoRootEntries {
 			name := ent.Name()
-			if container.IsAutoRootBindable(name) {
+			if container.IsAutoRootBindable(msg, name) {
 				hidePathSource = append(hidePathSource, autoroot.Source.Append(name))
 			}
 		}
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ func newContainer(
 		}
 
 		hidePathSourceEval[i] = [2]string{a.String(), a.String()}
-		if err := evalSymlinks(k, &hidePathSourceEval[i][0]); err != nil {
+		if err := evalSymlinks(msg, k, &hidePathSourceEval[i][0]); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ func newContainer(
 				return nil, nil, err
 			} else if ok {
 				hidePathMatch[i] = true
-				k.verbosef("hiding path %q from %q", hidePaths[i], p[1])
+				msg.Verbosef("hiding path %q from %q", hidePaths[i], p[1])
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -241,12 +242,12 @@ func newContainer(
 }
 
 // evalSymlinks calls syscallDispatcher.evalSymlinks but discards errors unwrapping to [fs.ErrNotExist].
-func evalSymlinks(k syscallDispatcher, v *string) error {
+func evalSymlinks(msg container.Msg, k syscallDispatcher, v *string) error {
 	if p, err := k.evalSymlinks(*v); err != nil {
 		if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 			return err
 		}
-		k.verbosef("path %q does not yet exist", *v)
+		msg.Verbosef("path %q does not yet exist", *v)
 	} else {
 		*v = p
 	}
diff --git a/internal/app/dispatcher.go b/internal/app/dispatcher.go
index deecfa9..8ab6073 100644
--- a/internal/app/dispatcher.go
+++ b/internal/app/dispatcher.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 // syscallDispatcher provides methods that make state-dependent system calls as part of their behaviour.
@@ -45,19 +44,15 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	cmdOutput(cmd *exec.Cmd) ([]byte, error)
 
 	// overflowUid provides [container.OverflowUid].
-	overflowUid() int
+	overflowUid(msg container.Msg) int
 	// overflowGid provides [container.OverflowGid].
-	overflowGid() int
+	overflowGid(msg container.Msg) int
 
 	// mustHsuPath provides [internal.MustHsuPath].
-	mustHsuPath() string
+	mustHsuPath() *container.Absolute
 
 	// fatalf provides [log.Fatalf].
 	fatalf(format string, v ...any)
-
-	isVerbose() bool
-	verbose(v ...any)
-	verbosef(format string, v ...any)
 }
 
 // direct implements syscallDispatcher on the current kernel.
@@ -87,13 +82,9 @@ func (direct) lookupGroupId(name string) (gid string, err error) {
 
 func (direct) cmdOutput(cmd *exec.Cmd) ([]byte, error) { return cmd.Output() }
 
-func (direct) overflowUid() int { return container.OverflowUid() }
-func (direct) overflowGid() int { return container.OverflowGid() }
+func (direct) overflowUid(msg container.Msg) int { return container.OverflowUid(msg) }
+func (direct) overflowGid(msg container.Msg) int { return container.OverflowGid(msg) }
 
-func (direct) mustHsuPath() string { return internal.MustHsuPath() }
+func (direct) mustHsuPath() *container.Absolute { return internal.MustHsuPath() }
 
 func (direct) fatalf(format string, v ...any) { log.Fatalf(format, v...) }
-
-func (k direct) isVerbose() bool                { return hlog.Load() }
-func (direct) verbose(v ...any)                 { hlog.Verbose(v...) }
-func (direct) verbosef(format string, v ...any) { hlog.Verbosef(format, v...) }
diff --git a/internal/app/finalise.go b/internal/app/finalise.go
index 2a0e5e6..d2c685f 100644
--- a/internal/app/finalise.go
+++ b/internal/app/finalise.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 	"hakurei.app/system"
 	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ type hsuUser struct {
 	username string
 }
 
-func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
+func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, config *hst.Config) error {
 	const (
 		home  = "HOME"
 		shell = "SHELL"
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 	} else if !isValidUsername(k.user.username) {
 		return newWithMessage(fmt.Sprintf("invalid user name %q", k.user.username))
 	}
-	k.user.uid = newInt(HsuUid(hsu.MustID(), k.user.identity.unwrap()))
+	k.user.uid = newInt(HsuUid(hsu.MustIDMsg(msg), k.user.identity.unwrap()))
 
 	k.user.supp = make([]string, len(config.Groups))
 	for i, name := range config.Groups {
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 
 	// permissive defaults
 	if config.Container == nil {
-		hlog.Verbose("container configuration not supplied, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")
+		msg.Verbose("container configuration not supplied, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")
 
 		if config.Shell == nil {
 			config.Shell = container.AbsFHSRoot.Append("bin", "sh")
@@ -276,13 +275,14 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 
 	// TODO(ophestra): revert this after params to shim
 	share := &shareHost{seal: k}
-	copyPaths(k.syscallDispatcher, &share.sc, hsu.MustID())
+	copyPaths(k.syscallDispatcher, msg, &share.sc, hsu.MustIDMsg(msg))
+	msg.Verbosef("process share directory at %q, runtime directory at %q", share.sc.SharePath, share.sc.RunDirPath)
 
 	var mapuid, mapgid *stringPair[int]
 	{
 		var uid, gid int
 		var err error
-		k.container, k.env, err = newContainer(k, config.Container, k.id.String(), &share.sc, &uid, &gid)
+		k.container, k.env, err = newContainer(msg, k, config.Container, k.id.String(), &share.sc, &uid, &gid)
 		k.waitDelay = config.Container.WaitDelay
 		if err != nil {
 			return &hst.AppError{Step: "initialise container configuration", Err: err}
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 	k.env[xdgSessionType] = "tty"
 
 	k.runDirPath = share.sc.RunDirPath
-	k.sys = system.New(k.ctx, k.user.uid.unwrap())
+	k.sys = system.New(k.ctx, msg, k.user.uid.unwrap())
 	k.sys.Ensure(share.sc.SharePath.String(), 0711)
 
 	{
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 		// outer wayland socket (usually `/run/user/%d/wayland-%d`)
 		var socketPath *container.Absolute
 		if name, ok := k.lookupEnv(wayland.WaylandDisplay); !ok {
-			hlog.Verbose(wayland.WaylandDisplay + " is not set, assuming " + wayland.FallbackName)
+			msg.Verbose(wayland.WaylandDisplay + " is not set, assuming " + wayland.FallbackName)
 			socketPath = share.sc.RuntimePath.Append(wayland.FallbackName)
 		} else if a, err := container.NewAbs(name); err != nil {
 			socketPath = share.sc.RuntimePath.Append(name)
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 			k.sys.Wayland(&k.sync, outerPath.String(), socketPath.String(), appID, k.id.String())
 			k.container.Bind(outerPath, innerPath, 0)
 		} else { // bind mount wayland socket (insecure)
-			hlog.Verbose("direct wayland access, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")
+			msg.Verbose("direct wayland access, PROCEED WITH CAUTION")
 			share.ensureRuntimeDir()
 			k.container.Bind(socketPath, innerPath, 0)
 			k.sys.UpdatePermType(system.EWayland, socketPath.String(), acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute)
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 			k.container.PlaceP(innerDst, &payload)
 			k.sys.CopyFile(payload, paCookiePath.String(), 256, 256)
 		} else {
-			hlog.Verbose("cannot locate PulseAudio cookie (tried " +
+			msg.Verbose("cannot locate PulseAudio cookie (tried " +
 				"$PULSE_COOKIE, " +
 				"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pulse/cookie, " +
 				"$HOME/.pulse-cookie)")
@@ -596,8 +596,8 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(ctx context.Context, config *hst.Config) error {
 	}
 	slices.Sort(k.container.Env)
 
-	if hlog.Load() {
-		hlog.Verbosef("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, argv: %s, ops: %d",
+	if msg.IsVerbose() {
+		msg.Verbosef("created application seal for uid %s (%s) groups: %v, argv: %s, ops: %d",
 			k.user.uid, k.user.username, config.Groups, k.container.Args, len(*k.container.Ops))
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/app/hsu.go b/internal/app/hsu.go
index 0078ef0..93b6bb8 100644
--- a/internal/app/hsu.go
+++ b/internal/app/hsu.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 // Hsu caches responses from cmd/hsu.
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ func (h *Hsu) ID() (int, error) {
 	h.ensureDispatcher()
 	h.idOnce.Do(func() {
 		h.id = -1
-		hsuPath := h.k.mustHsuPath()
+		hsuPath := h.k.mustHsuPath().String()
 
 		cmd := exec.Command(hsuPath)
 		cmd.Path = hsuPath
@@ -71,7 +70,10 @@ func (h *Hsu) ID() (int, error) {
 }
 
 // MustID calls [Hsu.ID] and terminates on error.
-func (h *Hsu) MustID() int {
+func (h *Hsu) MustID() int { return h.MustIDMsg(nil) }
+
+// MustIDMsg implements MustID with a custom [container.Msg].
+func (h *Hsu) MustIDMsg(msg container.Msg) int {
 	id, err := h.ID()
 	if err == nil {
 		return id
@@ -79,7 +81,9 @@ func (h *Hsu) MustID() int {
 
 	const fallback = "cannot retrieve user id from setuid wrapper:"
 	if errors.Is(err, ErrHsuAccess) {
-		hlog.Verbose("*"+fallback, err)
+		if msg != nil {
+			msg.Verbose("*"+fallback, err)
+		}
 		os.Exit(1)
 		return -0xdeadbeef
 	} else if m, ok := container.GetErrorMessage(err); ok {
diff --git a/internal/app/paths.go b/internal/app/paths.go
index 3316a22..442317c 100644
--- a/internal/app/paths.go
+++ b/internal/app/paths.go
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 // CopyPaths populates a [hst.Paths] struct.
-func CopyPaths(v *hst.Paths, userid int) { copyPaths(direct{}, v, userid) }
+func CopyPaths(msg container.Msg, v *hst.Paths, userid int) { copyPaths(direct{}, msg, v, userid) }
 
 // copyPaths populates a [hst.Paths] struct.
-func copyPaths(k syscallDispatcher, v *hst.Paths, userid int) {
+func copyPaths(k syscallDispatcher, msg container.Msg, v *hst.Paths, userid int) {
 	const xdgRuntimeDir = "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"
 
 	if tempDir, err := container.NewAbs(k.tempdir()); err != nil {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func copyPaths(k syscallDispatcher, v *hst.Paths, userid int) {
 	}
 
 	v.SharePath = v.TempDir.Append("hakurei." + strconv.Itoa(userid))
-	k.verbosef("process share directory at %q", v.SharePath)
+	msg.Verbosef("process share directory at %q", v.SharePath)
 
 	r, _ := k.lookupEnv(xdgRuntimeDir)
 	if a, err := container.NewAbs(r); err != nil {
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ func copyPaths(k syscallDispatcher, v *hst.Paths, userid int) {
 		v.RuntimePath = a
 		v.RunDirPath = v.RuntimePath.Append("hakurei")
 	}
-	k.verbosef("runtime directory at %q", v.RunDirPath)
+	msg.Verbosef("runtime directory at %q", v.RunDirPath)
 }
diff --git a/internal/app/process.go b/internal/app/process.go
index 8ac0585..1b9c037 100644
--- a/internal/app/process.go
+++ b/internal/app/process.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 	"hakurei.app/system"
 )
 
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ type mainState struct {
 	cmdWait chan error
 
 	k *outcome
+	container.Msg
 	uintptr
 }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (ms mainState) beforeExit(isFault bool) {
 		panic("attempting to call beforeExit twice")
 	}
 	ms.done = true
-	defer hlog.BeforeExit()
+	defer ms.BeforeExit()
 
 	if isFault && ms.cancel != nil {
 		ms.cancel()
@@ -97,37 +97,37 @@ func (ms mainState) beforeExit(isFault bool) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if hlog.Load() {
+			if ms.IsVerbose() {
 				if !ok {
 					if err != nil {
-						hlog.Verbosef("wait: %v", err)
+						ms.Verbosef("wait: %v", err)
 					}
 				} else {
 					switch {
 					case wstatus.Exited():
-						hlog.Verbosef("process %d exited with code %d", ms.cmd.Process.Pid, wstatus.ExitStatus())
+						ms.Verbosef("process %d exited with code %d", ms.cmd.Process.Pid, wstatus.ExitStatus())
 
 					case wstatus.CoreDump():
-						hlog.Verbosef("process %d dumped core", ms.cmd.Process.Pid)
+						ms.Verbosef("process %d dumped core", ms.cmd.Process.Pid)
 
 					case wstatus.Signaled():
-						hlog.Verbosef("process %d got %s", ms.cmd.Process.Pid, wstatus.Signal())
+						ms.Verbosef("process %d got %s", ms.cmd.Process.Pid, wstatus.Signal())
 
 					default:
-						hlog.Verbosef("process %d exited with status %#x", ms.cmd.Process.Pid, wstatus)
+						ms.Verbosef("process %d exited with status %#x", ms.cmd.Process.Pid, wstatus)
 					}
 				}
 			}
 
 		case <-waitDone:
-			hlog.Resume()
+			ms.Resume()
 			// this is only reachable when shim did not exit within shimWaitTimeout, after its WaitDelay has elapsed.
 			// This is different from the container failing to terminate within its timeout period, as that is enforced
 			// by the shim. This path is instead reached when there is a lockup in shim preventing it from completing.
 			log.Printf("process %d did not terminate", ms.cmd.Process.Pid)
 		}
 
-		hlog.Resume()
+		ms.Resume()
 		if ms.k.sync != nil {
 			if err := ms.k.sync.Close(); err != nil {
 				perror(err, "close wayland security context")
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func (ms mainState) beforeExit(isFault bool) {
 				if l := len(states); l == 0 {
 					ec |= system.User
 				} else {
-					hlog.Verbosef("found %d instances, cleaning up without user-scoped operations", l)
+					ms.Verbosef("found %d instances, cleaning up without user-scoped operations", l)
 				}
 
 				// accumulate enablements of remaining launchers
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ func (ms mainState) beforeExit(isFault bool) {
 				}
 
 				ec |= rt ^ (system.EWayland | system.EX11 | system.EDBus | system.EPulse)
-				if hlog.Load() {
+				if ms.IsVerbose() {
 					if ec > 0 {
-						hlog.Verbose("reverting operations scope", system.TypeString(ec))
+						ms.Verbose("reverting operations scope", system.TypeString(ec))
 					}
 				}
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func (ms mainState) fatal(fallback string, ferr error) {
 }
 
 // main carries out outcome and terminates. main does not return.
-func (k *outcome) main() {
+func (k *outcome) main(msg container.Msg) {
 	if !k.active.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 		panic("outcome: attempted to run twice")
 	}
@@ -228,19 +228,19 @@ func (k *outcome) main() {
 	hsuPath := internal.MustHsuPath()
 
 	// ms.beforeExit required beyond this point
-	ms := &mainState{k: k}
+	ms := &mainState{Msg: msg, k: k}
 
 	if err := k.sys.Commit(); err != nil {
 		ms.fatal("cannot commit system setup:", err)
 	}
 	ms.uintptr |= mainNeedsRevert
-	ms.store = state.NewMulti(k.runDirPath.String())
+	ms.store = state.NewMulti(msg, k.runDirPath.String())
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(k.ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 	ms.cancel = cancel
 
-	ms.cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, hsuPath)
+	ms.cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, hsuPath.String())
 	ms.cmd.Stdin, ms.cmd.Stdout, ms.cmd.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 	ms.cmd.Dir = container.FHSRoot // container init enters final working directory
 	// shim runs in the same session as monitor; see shim.go for behaviour
@@ -260,13 +260,13 @@ func (k *outcome) main() {
 	}
 
 	if len(k.user.supp) > 0 {
-		hlog.Verbosef("attaching supplementary group ids %s", k.user.supp)
+		msg.Verbosef("attaching supplementary group ids %s", k.user.supp)
 		// interpreted by hsu
 		ms.cmd.Env = append(ms.cmd.Env, "HAKUREI_GROUPS="+strings.Join(k.user.supp, " "))
 	}
 
-	hlog.Verbosef("setuid helper at %s", hsuPath)
-	hlog.Suspend()
+	msg.Verbosef("setuid helper at %s", hsuPath)
+	msg.Suspend()
 	if err := ms.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		ms.fatal("cannot start setuid wrapper:", err)
 	}
@@ -286,18 +286,18 @@ func (k *outcome) main() {
 				os.Getpid(),
 				k.waitDelay,
 				k.container,
-				hlog.Load(),
+				msg.IsVerbose(),
 			})
 		}()
 		return
 	}():
 		if err != nil {
-			hlog.Resume()
+			msg.Resume()
 			ms.fatal("cannot transmit shim config:", err)
 		}
 
 	case <-ctx.Done():
-		hlog.Resume()
+		msg.Resume()
 		ms.fatal("shim context canceled:", newWithMessageError("shim setup canceled", ctx.Err()))
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/app/shim.go b/internal/app/shim.go
index e38104c..8c860e1 100644
--- a/internal/app/shim.go
+++ b/internal/app/shim.go
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 //#include "shim-signal.h"
@@ -53,7 +51,9 @@ const (
 
 // ShimMain is the main function of the shim process and runs as the unconstrained target user.
 func ShimMain() {
-	hlog.Prepare("shim")
+	log.SetPrefix("shim: ")
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	msg := container.NewMsg(log.Default())
 
 	if err := container.SetDumpable(container.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set SUID_DUMP_DISABLE: %s", err)
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func ShimMain() {
 
 		log.Fatalf("cannot receive shim setup params: %v", err)
 	} else {
-		internal.InstallOutput(params.Verbose)
+		msg.SwapVerbose(params.Verbose)
 		closeSetup = f
 	}
 
@@ -111,12 +111,12 @@ func ShimMain() {
 				}
 
 				// setup has not completed, terminate immediately
-				hlog.Resume()
+				msg.Resume()
 				os.Exit(ShimExitRequest)
 				return
 
 			case 1: // got SIGCONT after adoption: monitor died before delivering signal
-				hlog.BeforeExit()
+				msg.BeforeExit()
 				os.Exit(ShimExitOrphan)
 				return
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func ShimMain() {
 
 	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
 	cancelContainer.Store(&stop)
-	z := container.New(ctx)
+	z := container.New(ctx, msg)
 	z.Params = *params.Container
 	z.Stdin, z.Stdout, z.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
 
diff --git a/internal/app/state/multi.go b/internal/app/state/multi.go
index 9a400ac..822cddc 100644
--- a/internal/app/state/multi.go
+++ b/internal/app/state/multi.go
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 // fine-grained locking and access
@@ -24,16 +24,17 @@ type multiStore struct {
 	// initialised backends
 	backends *sync.Map
 
-	lock sync.RWMutex
+	msg container.Msg
+	mu  sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 func (s *multiStore) Do(identity int, f func(c Cursor)) (bool, error) {
-	s.lock.RLock()
-	defer s.lock.RUnlock()
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	// load or initialise new backend
 	b := new(multiBackend)
-	b.lock.Lock()
+	b.mu.Lock()
 	if v, ok := s.backends.LoadOrStore(identity, b); ok {
 		b = v.(*multiBackend)
 	} else {
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ func (s *multiStore) Do(identity int, f func(c Cursor)) (bool, error) {
 		} else {
 			b.lockfile = l
 		}
-		b.lock.Unlock()
+		b.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 
 	// lock backend
@@ -85,17 +86,17 @@ func (s *multiStore) List() ([]int, error) {
 	for _, e := range entries {
 		// skip non-directories
 		if !e.IsDir() {
-			hlog.Verbosef("skipped non-directory entry %q", e.Name())
+			s.msg.Verbosef("skipped non-directory entry %q", e.Name())
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// skip non-numerical names
 		if v, err := strconv.Atoi(e.Name()); err != nil {
-			hlog.Verbosef("skipped non-aid entry %q", e.Name())
+			s.msg.Verbosef("skipped non-aid entry %q", e.Name())
 			continue
 		} else {
 			if v < 0 || v > 9999 {
-				hlog.Verbosef("skipped out of bounds entry %q", e.Name())
+				s.msg.Verbosef("skipped out of bounds entry %q", e.Name())
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -107,8 +108,8 @@ func (s *multiStore) List() ([]int, error) {
 }
 
 func (s *multiStore) Close() error {
-	s.lock.Lock()
-	defer s.lock.Unlock()
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 
 	var errs []error
 	s.backends.Range(func(_, value any) bool {
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ type multiBackend struct {
 	// created/opened by prepare
 	lockfile *os.File
 
-	lock sync.RWMutex
+	mu sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 func (b *multiBackend) filename(id *ID) string {
@@ -169,8 +170,8 @@ func (b *multiBackend) unlockFile() error {
 // reads all launchers in simpleBackend
 // file contents are ignored if decode is false
 func (b *multiBackend) load(decode bool) (Entries, error) {
-	b.lock.RLock()
-	defer b.lock.RUnlock()
+	b.mu.RLock()
+	defer b.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	// read directory contents, should only contain files named after ids
 	var entries []os.DirEntry
@@ -280,8 +281,8 @@ func (b *multiBackend) decodeState(r io.ReadSeeker, state *State) error {
 
 // Save writes process state to filesystem
 func (b *multiBackend) Save(state *State, configWriter io.WriterTo) error {
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	defer b.lock.Unlock()
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	defer b.mu.Unlock()
 
 	if configWriter == nil && state.Config == nil {
 		return ErrNoConfig
@@ -336,8 +337,8 @@ func (b *multiBackend) encodeState(w io.WriteSeeker, state *State, configWriter
 }
 
 func (b *multiBackend) Destroy(id ID) error {
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	defer b.lock.Unlock()
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	defer b.mu.Unlock()
 
 	return os.Remove(b.filename(&id))
 }
@@ -353,8 +354,8 @@ func (b *multiBackend) Len() (int, error) {
 }
 
 func (b *multiBackend) close() error {
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	defer b.lock.Unlock()
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	defer b.mu.Unlock()
 
 	err := b.lockfile.Close()
 	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, os.ErrInvalid) || errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
@@ -364,9 +365,10 @@ func (b *multiBackend) close() error {
 }
 
 // NewMulti returns an instance of the multi-file store.
-func NewMulti(runDir string) Store {
-	b := new(multiStore)
-	b.base = path.Join(runDir, "state")
-	b.backends = new(sync.Map)
-	return b
+func NewMulti(msg container.Msg, runDir string) Store {
+	return &multiStore{
+		msg:      msg,
+		base:     path.Join(runDir, "state"),
+		backends: new(sync.Map),
+	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/app/state/multi_test.go b/internal/app/state/multi_test.go
index d493a38..b8e1db9 100644
--- a/internal/app/state/multi_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/state/multi_test.go
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 package state_test
 
 import (
+	"log"
 	"testing"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
 )
 
-func TestMulti(t *testing.T) { testStore(t, state.NewMulti(t.TempDir())) }
+func TestMulti(t *testing.T) {
+	testStore(t, state.NewMulti(container.NewMsg(log.New(log.Writer(), "multi: ", 0)), t.TempDir()))
+}
diff --git a/internal/app/state/state.go b/internal/app/state/state.go
index 6a3a82d..59fbc8c 100644
--- a/internal/app/state/state.go
+++ b/internal/app/state/state.go
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ type Store interface {
 	// Cursor provided to f becomes invalid as soon as f returns.
 	Do(identity int, f func(c Cursor)) (ok bool, err error)
 
-	// List queries the store and returns a list of aids known to the store.
-	// Note that some or all returned aids might not have any active apps.
-	List() (aids []int, err error)
+	// List queries the store and returns a list of identities known to the store.
+	// Note that some or all returned identities might not have any active apps.
+	List() (identities []int, err error)
 
 	// Close releases any resources held by Store.
 	Close() error
diff --git a/internal/app/state/state_test.go b/internal/app/state/state_test.go
index 0025918..cc57865 100644
--- a/internal/app/state/state_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/state/state_test.go
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ import (
 
 func testStore(t *testing.T, s state.Store) {
 	t.Run("list empty store", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if aids, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+		if identities, err := s.List(); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("List: error = %v", err)
-		} else if len(aids) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("List: aids = %#v", aids)
+		} else if len(identities) != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("List: identities = %#v", identities)
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -39,22 +39,22 @@ func testStore(t *testing.T, s state.Store) {
 		makeState(t, &tc[i].state, &tc[i].ct)
 	}
 
-	do := func(aid int, f func(c state.Cursor)) {
-		if ok, err := s.Do(aid, f); err != nil {
+	do := func(identity int, f func(c state.Cursor)) {
+		if ok, err := s.Do(identity, f); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Do: ok = %v, error = %v", ok, err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	insert := func(i, aid int) {
-		do(aid, func(c state.Cursor) {
+	insert := func(i, identity int) {
+		do(identity, func(c state.Cursor) {
 			if err := c.Save(&tc[i].state, &tc[i].ct); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Save(&tc[%v]): error = %v", i, err)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 
-	check := func(i, aid int) {
-		do(aid, func(c state.Cursor) {
+	check := func(i, identity int) {
+		do(identity, func(c state.Cursor) {
 			if entries, err := c.Load(); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Load: error = %v", err)
 			} else if got, ok := entries[tc[i].state.ID]; !ok {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func testStore(t *testing.T, s state.Store) {
 		insert(insertEntryNoCheck, 0)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("insert entry different aid", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("insert entry different identity", func(t *testing.T) {
 		insert(insertEntryOtherApp, 1)
 		check(insertEntryOtherApp, 1)
 	})
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ func testStore(t *testing.T, s state.Store) {
 		check(insertEntryNoCheck, 0)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("list aids", func(t *testing.T) {
-		if aids, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+	t.Run("list identities", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if identities, err := s.List(); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("List: error = %v", err)
 		} else {
-			slices.Sort(aids)
+			slices.Sort(identities)
 			want := []int{0, 1}
-			if !slices.Equal(aids, want) {
-				t.Fatalf("List() = %#v, want %#v", aids, want)
+			if !slices.Equal(identities, want) {
+				t.Fatalf("List() = %#v, want %#v", identities, want)
 			}
 		}
 	})
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func testStore(t *testing.T, s state.Store) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("clear aid 1", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("clear identity 1", func(t *testing.T) {
 		do(1, func(c state.Cursor) {
 			if err := c.Destroy(tc[insertEntryOtherApp].state.ID); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Destroy: error = %v", err)
diff --git a/internal/exit.go b/internal/exit.go
deleted file mode 100644
index fe2a7ce..0000000
--- a/internal/exit.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-import (
-	"os"
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
-)
-
-func Exit(code int) { hlog.BeforeExit(); os.Exit(code) }
diff --git a/internal/output.go b/internal/output.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d2b0d8..0000000
--- a/internal/output.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-import (
-	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
-	"hakurei.app/system"
-)
-
-func InstallOutput(verbose bool) {
-	hlog.Store(verbose)
-	container.SetOutput(hlog.Output{})
-	system.SetOutput(hlog.Output{})
-}
diff --git a/internal/path.go b/internal/path.go
index 81af5a2..fca0fdf 100644
--- a/internal/path.go
+++ b/internal/path.go
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ package internal
 
 import (
 	"log"
-	"path"
 
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -12,22 +11,23 @@ var (
 	hsu   = compPoison
 )
 
-func MustHakureiPath() string {
-	if name, ok := checkPath(hmain); ok {
-		return name
-	}
-	hlog.BeforeExit()
-	log.Fatal("invalid hakurei path, this program is compiled incorrectly")
-	return compPoison // unreachable
-}
+// MustHakureiPath returns the absolute path to hakurei, configured at compile time.
+func MustHakureiPath() *container.Absolute { return mustCheckPath(log.Fatal, "hakurei", hmain) }
 
-func MustHsuPath() string {
-	if name, ok := checkPath(hsu); ok {
-		return name
-	}
-	hlog.BeforeExit()
-	log.Fatal("invalid hsu path, this program is compiled incorrectly")
-	return compPoison // unreachable
-}
+// MustHsuPath returns the absolute path to hakurei, configured at compile time.
+func MustHsuPath() *container.Absolute { return mustCheckPath(log.Fatal, "hsu", hsu) }
 
-func checkPath(p string) (string, bool) { return p, p != compPoison && p != "" && path.IsAbs(p) }
+// mustCheckPath checks a pathname against compPoison, then [container.NewAbs], calling fatal if either step fails.
+func mustCheckPath(fatal func(v ...any), name, pathname string) *container.Absolute {
+	if pathname != compPoison && pathname != "" {
+		if a, err := container.NewAbs(pathname); err != nil {
+			fatal(err.Error())
+			return nil // unreachable
+		} else {
+			return a
+		}
+	} else {
+		fatal("invalid " + name + " path, this program is compiled incorrectly")
+		return nil // unreachable
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/path_test.go b/internal/path_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97a8f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/path_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container"
+)
+
+func TestMustCheckPath(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		pathname  string
+		wantFatal string
+	}{
+		{"poison", compPoison, "invalid test path, this program is compiled incorrectly"},
+		{"zero", "", "invalid test path, this program is compiled incorrectly"},
+		{"not absolute", "\x00", `path "\x00" is not absolute`},
+		{"success", "/proc/nonexistent", ""},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fatal := func(v ...any) { t.Fatal(append([]any{"invalid call to fatal:"}, v...)...) }
+			if tc.wantFatal != "" {
+				fatal = func(v ...any) {
+					if len(v) != 1 {
+						t.Errorf("mustCheckPath: fatal %#v", v)
+					} else if gotFatal, ok := v[0].(string); !ok {
+						t.Errorf("mustCheckPath: fatal = %#v", v[0])
+					} else if gotFatal != tc.wantFatal {
+						t.Errorf("mustCheckPath: fatal = %q, want %q", gotFatal, tc.wantFatal)
+					}
+
+					// do not simulate exit
+				}
+			}
+
+			if got := mustCheckPath(fatal, "test", tc.pathname); got != nil && !reflect.DeepEqual(got, container.MustAbs(tc.pathname)) {
+				t.Errorf("mustCheckPath: %q", got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/ldd/exec.go b/ldd/exec.go
index 79083d4..bdd8fa9 100644
--- a/ldd/exec.go
+++ b/ldd/exec.go
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ var (
 	msgStaticGlibc = []byte("not a dynamic executable")
 )
 
-func Exec(ctx context.Context, p string) ([]*Entry, error) {
+func Exec(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, p string) ([]*Entry, error) {
 	c, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, lddTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func Exec(ctx context.Context, p string) ([]*Entry, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	z := container.NewCommand(c, toolPath, lddName, p)
+	z := container.NewCommand(c, msg, toolPath, lddName, p)
 	z.Hostname = "hakurei-" + lddName
 	z.SeccompFlags |= seccomp.AllowMultiarch
 	z.SeccompPresets |= seccomp.PresetStrict
diff --git a/system/acl.go b/system/acl.go
index b49b3df..f65ba91 100644
--- a/system/acl.go
+++ b/system/acl.go
@@ -31,22 +31,22 @@ type aclUpdateOp struct {
 func (a *aclUpdateOp) Type() Enablement { return a.et }
 
 func (a *aclUpdateOp) apply(sys *I) error {
-	sys.verbose("applying ACL", a)
+	sys.msg.Verbose("applying ACL", a)
 	return newOpError("acl", sys.aclUpdate(a.path, sys.uid, a.perms...), false)
 }
 
 func (a *aclUpdateOp) revert(sys *I, ec *Criteria) error {
 	if ec.hasType(a.Type()) {
-		sys.verbose("stripping ACL", a)
+		sys.msg.Verbose("stripping ACL", a)
 		err := sys.aclUpdate(a.path, sys.uid)
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			// the ACL is effectively stripped if the file no longer exists
-			sys.verbosef("target of ACL %s no longer exists", a)
+			sys.msg.Verbosef("target of ACL %s no longer exists", a)
 			err = nil
 		}
 		return newOpError("acl", err, true)
 	} else {
-		sys.verbose("skipping ACL", a)
+		sys.msg.Verbose("skipping ACL", a)
 		return nil
 	}
 }
diff --git a/system/dbus.go b/system/dbus.go
index de52e78..97c567a 100644
--- a/system/dbus.go
+++ b/system/dbus.go
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ func (sys *I) ProxyDBus(session, system *dbus.Config, sessionPath, systemPath st
 		return nil, newOpErrorMessage("dbus", err,
 			fmt.Sprintf("cannot finalise message bus proxy: %v", err), false)
 	} else {
-		if sys.isVerbose() {
-			sys.verbose("session bus proxy:", session.Args(sessionBus))
+		if sys.msg.IsVerbose() {
+			sys.msg.Verbose("session bus proxy:", session.Args(sessionBus))
 			if system != nil {
-				sys.verbose("system bus proxy:", system.Args(systemBus))
+				sys.msg.Verbose("system bus proxy:", system.Args(systemBus))
 			}
 
 			// this calls the argsWt String method
-			sys.verbose("message bus proxy final args:", final.WriterTo)
+			sys.msg.Verbose("message bus proxy final args:", final.WriterTo)
 		}
 
 		d.final = final
@@ -84,28 +84,28 @@ type dbusProxyOp struct {
 func (d *dbusProxyOp) Type() Enablement { return Process }
 
 func (d *dbusProxyOp) apply(sys *I) error {
-	sys.verbosef("session bus proxy on %q for upstream %q", d.final.Session[1], d.final.Session[0])
+	sys.msg.Verbosef("session bus proxy on %q for upstream %q", d.final.Session[1], d.final.Session[0])
 	if d.system {
-		sys.verbosef("system bus proxy on %q for upstream %q", d.final.System[1], d.final.System[0])
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("system bus proxy on %q for upstream %q", d.final.System[1], d.final.System[0])
 	}
 
-	d.proxy = dbus.New(sys.ctx, d.final, d.out)
+	d.proxy = dbus.New(sys.ctx, sys.msg, d.final, d.out)
 	if err := sys.dbusProxyStart(d.proxy); err != nil {
 		d.out.Dump()
 		return newOpErrorMessage("dbus", err,
 			fmt.Sprintf("cannot start message bus proxy: %v", err), false)
 	}
-	sys.verbose("starting message bus proxy", d.proxy)
+	sys.msg.Verbose("starting message bus proxy", d.proxy)
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (d *dbusProxyOp) revert(sys *I, _ *Criteria) error {
 	// criteria ignored here since dbus is always process-scoped
-	sys.verbose("terminating message bus proxy")
+	sys.msg.Verbose("terminating message bus proxy")
 	sys.dbusProxyClose(d.proxy)
 
 	exitMessage := "message bus proxy exit"
-	defer func() { sys.verbose(exitMessage) }()
+	defer func() { sys.msg.Verbose(exitMessage) }()
 
 	err := sys.dbusProxyWait(d.proxy)
 	if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
diff --git a/system/dbus/dbus_test.go b/system/dbus/dbus_test.go
index 9d969ba..2599ef8 100644
--- a/system/dbus/dbus_test.go
+++ b/system/dbus/dbus_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/helper"
 	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )
@@ -92,9 +93,9 @@ func testProxyFinaliseStartWaitCloseString(t *testing.T, useSandbox bool) {
 
 	t.Run("invalid start", func(t *testing.T) {
 		if !useSandbox {
-			p = dbus.NewDirect(t.Context(), nil, nil)
+			p = dbus.NewDirect(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), nil, nil)
 		} else {
-			p = dbus.New(t.Context(), nil, nil)
+			p = dbus.New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), nil, nil)
 		}
 
 		if err := p.Start(); !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOTRECOVERABLE) {
@@ -127,9 +128,9 @@ func testProxyFinaliseStartWaitCloseString(t *testing.T, useSandbox bool) {
 				defer cancel()
 				output := new(strings.Builder)
 				if !useSandbox {
-					p = dbus.NewDirect(ctx, final, output)
+					p = dbus.NewDirect(ctx, container.NewMsg(nil), final, output)
 				} else {
-					p = dbus.New(ctx, final, output)
+					p = dbus.New(ctx, container.NewMsg(nil), final, output)
 				}
 
 				t.Run("invalid wait", func(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/system/dbus/export_test.go b/system/dbus/export_test.go
index 574a4a7..b1dc365 100644
--- a/system/dbus/export_test.go
+++ b/system/dbus/export_test.go
@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ package dbus
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 )
 
 // NewDirect returns a new instance of [Proxy] with its sandbox disabled.
-func NewDirect(ctx context.Context, final *Final, output io.Writer) *Proxy {
-	p := New(ctx, final, output)
+func NewDirect(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, final *Final, output io.Writer) *Proxy {
+	p := New(ctx, msg, final, output)
 	p.useSandbox = false
 	return p
 }
diff --git a/system/dbus/proc.go b/system/dbus/proc.go
index 7c98282..24f8c40 100644
--- a/system/dbus/proc.go
+++ b/system/dbus/proc.go
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ func (p *Proxy) Start() error {
 		}
 
 		var libPaths []*container.Absolute
-		if entries, err := ldd.Exec(ctx, toolPath.String()); err != nil {
+		if entries, err := ldd.Exec(ctx, p.msg, toolPath.String()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
 			libPaths = ldd.Path(entries)
 		}
 
 		p.helper = helper.New(
-			ctx, toolPath, "xdg-dbus-proxy",
+			ctx, p.msg, toolPath, "xdg-dbus-proxy",
 			p.final, true,
 			argF, func(z *container.Container) {
 				z.SeccompFlags |= seccomp.AllowMultiarch
diff --git a/system/dbus/proc_test.go b/system/dbus/proc_test.go
index 5e93ace..8b41c04 100644
--- a/system/dbus/proc_test.go
+++ b/system/dbus/proc_test.go
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/helper"
-	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	container.TryArgv0(hlog.Output{}, hlog.Prepare, internal.InstallOutput)
+	container.TryArgv0(nil)
 	helper.InternalHelperStub()
 	os.Exit(m.Run())
 }
diff --git a/system/dbus/proxy.go b/system/dbus/proxy.go
index 2f625f6..a83bc9c 100644
--- a/system/dbus/proxy.go
+++ b/system/dbus/proxy.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ func (e *BadInterfaceError) Error() string {
 type Proxy struct {
 	helper helper.Helper
 	ctx    context.Context
+	msg    container.Msg
 
 	cancel context.CancelCauseFunc
 	cause  func() error
@@ -107,6 +109,6 @@ func Finalise(sessionBus, systemBus ProxyPair, session, system *Config) (final *
 }
 
 // New returns a new instance of [Proxy].
-func New(ctx context.Context, final *Final, output io.Writer) *Proxy {
-	return &Proxy{name: ProxyName, ctx: ctx, final: final, output: output, useSandbox: true}
+func New(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, final *Final, output io.Writer) *Proxy {
+	return &Proxy{name: ProxyName, ctx: ctx, msg: msg, final: final, output: output, useSandbox: true}
 }
diff --git a/system/dispatcher.go b/system/dispatcher.go
index 36defd1..38aab88 100644
--- a/system/dispatcher.go
+++ b/system/dispatcher.go
@@ -57,10 +57,6 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	dbusProxyClose(proxy *dbus.Proxy)
 	// dbusProxyWait provides the Wait method of [dbus.Proxy].
 	dbusProxyWait(proxy *dbus.Proxy) error
-
-	isVerbose() bool
-	verbose(v ...any)
-	verbosef(format string, v ...any)
 }
 
 // direct implements syscallDispatcher on the current kernel.
@@ -96,7 +92,3 @@ func (k direct) dbusFinalise(sessionBus, systemBus dbus.ProxyPair, session, syst
 func (k direct) dbusProxyStart(proxy *dbus.Proxy) error { return proxy.Start() }
 func (k direct) dbusProxyClose(proxy *dbus.Proxy)       { proxy.Close() }
 func (k direct) dbusProxyWait(proxy *dbus.Proxy) error  { return proxy.Wait() }
-
-func (k direct) isVerbose() bool                { return msg.IsVerbose() }
-func (direct) verbose(v ...any)                 { msg.Verbose(v...) }
-func (direct) verbosef(format string, v ...any) { msg.Verbosef(format, v...) }
diff --git a/system/dispatcher_test.go b/system/dispatcher_test.go
index 9676929..d83b46b 100644
--- a/system/dispatcher_test.go
+++ b/system/dispatcher_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package system
 import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
+	"log"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"slices"
@@ -214,10 +215,10 @@ func (r *readerOsFile) Close() error {
 
 // InternalNew initialises [I] with a stub syscallDispatcher.
 func InternalNew(t *testing.T, want stub.Expect, uid int) (*I, *stub.Stub[syscallDispatcher]) {
-	k := stub.New(t, func(s *stub.Stub[syscallDispatcher]) syscallDispatcher { return &kstub{s} }, want)
-	sys := New(t.Context(), uid)
-	sys.syscallDispatcher = &kstub{k}
-	return sys, k
+	k := &kstub{stub.New(t, func(s *stub.Stub[syscallDispatcher]) syscallDispatcher { return &kstub{s} }, want)}
+	sys := New(t.Context(), k, uid)
+	sys.syscallDispatcher = k
+	return sys, k.Stub
 }
 
 type kstub struct{ *stub.Stub[syscallDispatcher] }
@@ -357,12 +358,23 @@ func (k *kstub) dbusProxySCW(expect *stub.Call, proxy *dbus.Proxy) error {
 	return expect.Err
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) isVerbose() bool { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("isVerbose").Ret.(bool) }
+func (k *kstub) GetLogger() *log.Logger { panic("unreachable") }
+
+func (k *kstub) IsVerbose() bool { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("isVerbose").Ret.(bool) }
+func (k *kstub) SwapVerbose(verbose bool) bool {
+	k.Helper()
+	expect := k.Expects("swapVerbose")
+	if expect.Error(
+		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "verbose", verbose, 0)) != nil {
+		k.FailNow()
+	}
+	return expect.Ret.(bool)
+}
 
 // ignoreValue marks a value to be ignored by the test suite.
 type ignoreValue struct{}
 
-func (k *kstub) verbose(v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) Verbose(v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	expect := k.Expects("verbose")
 
@@ -381,7 +393,7 @@ func (k *kstub) verbose(v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (k *kstub) verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
+func (k *kstub) Verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
 	k.Helper()
 	if k.Expects("verbosef").Error(
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "format", format, 0),
@@ -389,3 +401,7 @@ func (k *kstub) verbosef(format string, v ...any) {
 		k.FailNow()
 	}
 }
+
+func (k *kstub) Suspend() bool { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("suspend").Ret.(bool) }
+func (k *kstub) Resume() bool  { k.Helper(); return k.Expects("resume").Ret.(bool) }
+func (k *kstub) BeforeExit()   { k.Helper(); k.Expects("beforeExit") }
diff --git a/system/link.go b/system/link.go
index 2eb658a..d463b62 100644
--- a/system/link.go
+++ b/system/link.go
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ type hardlinkOp struct {
 func (l *hardlinkOp) Type() Enablement { return l.et }
 
 func (l *hardlinkOp) apply(sys *I) error {
-	sys.verbose("linking", l)
+	sys.msg.Verbose("linking", l)
 	return newOpError("hardlink", sys.link(l.src, l.dst), false)
 }
 
 func (l *hardlinkOp) revert(sys *I, ec *Criteria) error {
 	if ec.hasType(l.Type()) {
-		sys.verbosef("removing hard link %q", l.dst)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("removing hard link %q", l.dst)
 		return newOpError("hardlink", sys.remove(l.dst), true)
 	} else {
-		sys.verbosef("skipping hard link %q", l.dst)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("skipping hard link %q", l.dst)
 		return nil
 	}
 }
diff --git a/system/mkdir.go b/system/mkdir.go
index 97673f0..c4e6163 100644
--- a/system/mkdir.go
+++ b/system/mkdir.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ type mkdirOp struct {
 func (m *mkdirOp) Type() Enablement { return m.et }
 
 func (m *mkdirOp) apply(sys *I) error {
-	sys.verbose("ensuring directory", m)
+	sys.msg.Verbose("ensuring directory", m)
 
 	if err := sys.mkdir(m.path, m.perm); err != nil {
 		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ func (m *mkdirOp) revert(sys *I, ec *Criteria) error {
 	}
 
 	if ec.hasType(m.Type()) {
-		sys.verbose("destroying ephemeral directory", m)
+		sys.msg.Verbose("destroying ephemeral directory", m)
 		return newOpError("mkdir", sys.remove(m.path), true)
 	} else {
-		sys.verbose("skipping ephemeral directory", m)
+		sys.msg.Verbose("skipping ephemeral directory", m)
 		return nil
 	}
 }
diff --git a/system/output.go b/system/output.go
index f183ebf..022164f 100644
--- a/system/output.go
+++ b/system/output.go
@@ -8,16 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 )
 
-var msg container.Msg = new(container.DefaultMsg)
-
-func SetOutput(v container.Msg) {
-	if v == nil {
-		msg = new(container.DefaultMsg)
-	} else {
-		msg = v
-	}
-}
-
 // OpError is returned by [I.Commit] and [I.Revert].
 type OpError struct {
 	Op     string
diff --git a/system/output_test.go b/system/output_test.go
index 80abcf8..b144d79 100644
--- a/system/output_test.go
+++ b/system/output_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/hlog"
 )
 
 func TestOpError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -87,33 +86,6 @@ func TestOpError(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func TestSetOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	oldmsg := msg
-	t.Cleanup(func() { msg = oldmsg })
-	msg = nil
-
-	t.Run("nil", func(t *testing.T) {
-		SetOutput(nil)
-		if _, ok := msg.(*container.DefaultMsg); !ok {
-			t.Errorf("SetOutput: %#v", msg)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("hlog", func(t *testing.T) {
-		SetOutput(hlog.Output{})
-		if _, ok := msg.(hlog.Output); !ok {
-			t.Errorf("SetOutput: %#v", msg)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("reset", func(t *testing.T) {
-		SetOutput(nil)
-		if _, ok := msg.(*container.DefaultMsg); !ok {
-			t.Errorf("SetOutput: %#v", msg)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
 func TestPrintJoinedError(t *testing.T) {
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name string
diff --git a/system/system.go b/system/system.go
index ea6d9d5..0d16a14 100644
--- a/system/system.go
+++ b/system/system.go
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -65,11 +67,11 @@ func TypeString(e Enablement) string {
 }
 
 // New returns the address of a new [I] targeting uid.
-func New(ctx context.Context, uid int) (sys *I) {
-	if ctx == nil || uid < 0 {
+func New(ctx context.Context, msg container.Msg, uid int) (sys *I) {
+	if ctx == nil || msg == nil || uid < 0 {
 		panic("invalid call to New")
 	}
-	return &I{ctx: ctx, uid: uid, syscallDispatcher: direct{}}
+	return &I{ctx: ctx, msg: msg, uid: uid, syscallDispatcher: direct{}}
 }
 
 // An I provides deferred operating system interaction. [I] must not be copied.
@@ -86,6 +88,7 @@ type I struct {
 	// the behaviour of Revert is only defined for up to one call
 	reverted bool
 
+	msg container.Msg
 	syscallDispatcher
 }
 
@@ -114,14 +117,14 @@ func (sys *I) Commit() error {
 	}
 	sys.committed = true
 
-	sp := New(sys.ctx, sys.uid)
+	sp := New(sys.ctx, sys.msg, sys.uid)
 	sp.syscallDispatcher = sys.syscallDispatcher
 	sp.ops = make([]Op, 0, len(sys.ops)) // prevent copies during commits
 	defer func() {
 		// sp is set to nil when all ops are applied
 		if sp != nil {
 			// rollback partial commit
-			sys.verbosef("commit faulted after %d ops, rolling back partial commit", len(sp.ops))
+			sys.msg.Verbosef("commit faulted after %d ops, rolling back partial commit", len(sp.ops))
 			if err := sp.Revert(nil); err != nil {
 				printJoinedError(sys.println, "cannot revert partial commit:", err)
 			}
diff --git a/system/system_test.go b/system/system_test.go
index 12eb6fe..73b70fc 100644
--- a/system/system_test.go
+++ b/system/system_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/system/internal/xcb"
 )
@@ -71,7 +72,17 @@ func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("recover: %v, want %v", r, want)
 				}
 			}()
-			New(nil, 0)
+			New(nil, container.NewMsg(nil), 0)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("msg", func(t *testing.T) {
+			defer func() {
+				want := "invalid call to New"
+				if r := recover(); r != want {
+					t.Errorf("recover: %v, want %v", r, want)
+				}
+			}()
+			New(t.Context(), nil, 0)
 		})
 
 		t.Run("uid", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -81,11 +92,11 @@ func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("recover: %v, want %v", r, want)
 				}
 			}()
-			New(t.Context(), -1)
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), -1)
 		})
 	})
 
-	sys := New(t.Context(), 0xdeadbeef)
+	sys := New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 0xdeadbeef)
 	if sys.ctx == nil {
 		t.Error("New: ctx = nil")
 	}
@@ -102,51 +113,51 @@ func TestEqual(t *testing.T) {
 		want bool
 	}{
 		{"simple UID",
-			New(t.Context(), 150),
-			New(t.Context(), 150),
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150),
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150),
 			true},
 
 		{"simple UID differ",
-			New(t.Context(), 150),
-			New(t.Context(), 151),
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150),
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 151),
 			false},
 
 		{"simple UID nil",
-			New(t.Context(), 150),
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150),
 			nil,
 			false},
 
 		{"op length mismatch",
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos"),
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				Ensure("/run", 0755),
 			false},
 
 		{"op value mismatch",
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				Ensure("/run", 0644),
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				Ensure("/run", 0755),
 			false},
 
 		{"op type mismatch",
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				CopyFile(new([]byte), "/home/ophestra/xdg/config/pulse/cookie", 0, 256),
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				Ensure("/run", 0755),
 			false},
 
 		{"op equals",
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				Ensure("/run", 0755),
-			New(t.Context(), 150).
+			New(t.Context(), container.NewMsg(nil), 150).
 				ChangeHosts("chronos").
 				Ensure("/run", 0755),
 			true},
diff --git a/system/tmpfiles.go b/system/tmpfiles.go
index d2a6c93..845b43a 100644
--- a/system/tmpfiles.go
+++ b/system/tmpfiles.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (t *tmpfileOp) apply(sys *I) error {
 		return errors.New("invalid payload")
 	}
 
-	sys.verbose("copying", t)
+	sys.msg.Verbose("copying", t)
 
 	if b, err := sys.stat(t.src); err != nil {
 		return newOpError("tmpfile", err, false)
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (t *tmpfileOp) apply(sys *I) error {
 			_ = r.Close()
 			return newOpError("tmpfile", err, false)
 		}
-		sys.verbosef("copied %d bytes from %q", n, t.src)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("copied %d bytes from %q", n, t.src)
 	}
 	if err := r.Close(); err != nil {
 		return newOpError("tmpfile", err, false)
diff --git a/system/wayland.go b/system/wayland.go
index 2dd0d98..5a87ab9 100644
--- a/system/wayland.go
+++ b/system/wayland.go
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ func (w *waylandOp) apply(sys *I) error {
 	if err := w.conn.Attach(w.src); err != nil {
 		return newOpError("wayland", err, false)
 	} else {
-		sys.verbosef("wayland attached on %q", w.src)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("wayland attached on %q", w.src)
 	}
 
 	if sp, err := w.conn.Bind(w.dst, w.appID, w.instanceID); err != nil {
 		return newOpError("wayland", err, false)
 	} else {
 		*w.sync = sp
-		sys.verbosef("wayland listening on %q", w.dst)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("wayland listening on %q", w.dst)
 		if err = sys.chmod(w.dst, 0); err != nil {
 			return newOpError("wayland", err, false)
 		}
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ func (w *waylandOp) apply(sys *I) error {
 }
 
 func (w *waylandOp) revert(sys *I, _ *Criteria) error {
-	sys.verbosef("removing wayland socket on %q", w.dst)
+	sys.msg.Verbosef("removing wayland socket on %q", w.dst)
 	if err := sys.remove(w.dst); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 		return newOpError("wayland", err, true)
 	}
 
-	sys.verbosef("detaching from wayland on %q", w.src)
+	sys.msg.Verbosef("detaching from wayland on %q", w.src)
 	return newOpError("wayland", w.conn.Close(), true)
 }
 
diff --git a/system/xhost.go b/system/xhost.go
index 4ee4993..e5ea258 100644
--- a/system/xhost.go
+++ b/system/xhost.go
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ type xhostOp string
 func (x xhostOp) Type() Enablement { return EX11 }
 
 func (x xhostOp) apply(sys *I) error {
-	sys.verbosef("inserting entry %s to X11", x)
+	sys.msg.Verbosef("inserting entry %s to X11", x)
 	return newOpError("xhost",
 		sys.xcbChangeHosts(xcb.HostModeInsert, xcb.FamilyServerInterpreted, "localuser\x00"+string(x)), false)
 }
 
 func (x xhostOp) revert(sys *I, ec *Criteria) error {
 	if ec.hasType(x.Type()) {
-		sys.verbosef("deleting entry %s from X11", x)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("deleting entry %s from X11", x)
 		return newOpError("xhost",
 			sys.xcbChangeHosts(xcb.HostModeDelete, xcb.FamilyServerInterpreted, "localuser\x00"+string(x)), true)
 	} else {
-		sys.verbosef("skipping entry %s in X11", x)
+		sys.msg.Verbosef("skipping entry %s in X11", x)
 		return nil
 	}
 }