diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/command.go b/cmd/hakurei/command.go
index 968bb56..f8173e6 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/command.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/command.go
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/env"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/outcome"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/state"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErr
 		Flag(&flagVerbose, "v", command.BoolFlag(false), "Increase log verbosity").
 		Flag(&flagJSON, "json", command.BoolFlag(false), "Serialise output in JSON when applicable")
 
-	c.Command("shim", command.UsageInternal, func([]string) error { app.Shim(msg); return errSuccess })
+	c.Command("shim", command.UsageInternal, func([]string) error { outcome.Shim(msg); return errSuccess })
 
 	c.Command("app", "Load and start container from configuration file", func(args []string) error {
 		if len(args) < 1 {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErr
 			config.Container.Args = append(config.Container.Args, args[1:]...)
 		}
 
-		app.Main(ctx, msg, config)
+		outcome.Main(ctx, msg, config)
 		panic("unreachable")
 	})
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErr
 				passwd     *user.User
 				passwdOnce sync.Once
 				passwdFunc = func() {
-					us := strconv.Itoa(app.HsuUid(new(app.Hsu).MustID(msg), flagIdentity))
+					us := strconv.Itoa(outcome.HsuUid(new(outcome.Hsu).MustID(msg), flagIdentity))
 					if u, err := user.LookupId(us); err != nil {
 						msg.Verbosef("cannot look up uid %s", us)
 						passwd = &user.User{
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErr
 				}
 			}
 
-			app.Main(ctx, msg, config)
+			outcome.Main(ctx, msg, config)
 			panic("unreachable")
 		}).
 			Flag(&flagDBusConfigSession, "dbus-config", command.StringFlag("builtin"),
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErr
 		var flagShort bool
 		c.NewCommand("ps", "List active instances", func(args []string) error {
 			var sc hst.Paths
-			env.CopyPaths().Copy(&sc, new(app.Hsu).MustID(nil))
+			env.CopyPaths().Copy(&sc, new(outcome.Hsu).MustID(nil))
 			printPs(os.Stdout, time.Now().UTC(), state.NewMulti(msg, sc.RunDirPath), flagShort, flagJSON)
 			return errSuccess
 		}).Flag(&flagShort, "short", command.BoolFlag(false), "Print instance id")
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/parse.go b/cmd/hakurei/parse.go
index 7041975..bbb9e81 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/parse.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/parse.go
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/env"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/outcome"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/state"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func shortIdentifierString(s string) string {
 func tryIdentifier(msg message.Msg, name string) (config *hst.Config, entry *hst.State) {
 	return tryIdentifierEntries(msg, name, func() map[hst.ID]*hst.State {
 		var sc hst.Paths
-		env.CopyPaths().Copy(&sc, new(app.Hsu).MustID(nil))
+		env.CopyPaths().Copy(&sc, new(outcome.Hsu).MustID(nil))
 		s := state.NewMulti(msg, sc.RunDirPath)
 		if entries, err := state.Join(s); err != nil {
 			msg.GetLogger().Printf("cannot join store: %v", err) // not fatal
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/print.go b/cmd/hakurei/print.go
index 0dcb59e..ff4764c 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/print.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/print.go
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/env"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/outcome"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/state"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func printShowSystem(output io.Writer, short, flagJSON bool) {
 	t := newPrinter(output)
 	defer t.MustFlush()
 
-	info := &hst.Info{Version: internal.Version(), User: new(app.Hsu).MustID(nil)}
+	info := &hst.Info{Version: internal.Version(), User: new(outcome.Hsu).MustID(nil)}
 	env.CopyPaths().Copy(&info.Paths, info.User)
 
 	if flagJSON {
diff --git a/cmd/hakurei/print_test.go b/cmd/hakurei/print_test.go
index 343073a..abdcefc 100644
--- a/cmd/hakurei/print_test.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/print_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/state"
 )
 
 var (
diff --git a/internal/app/dispatcher.go b/internal/outcome/dispatcher.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/dispatcher.go
rename to internal/outcome/dispatcher.go
index b081ece..77ef646 100644
--- a/internal/app/dispatcher.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/dispatcher.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/internal/app/dispatcher_test.go b/internal/outcome/dispatcher_test.go
similarity index 97%
rename from internal/app/dispatcher_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/dispatcher_test.go
index 839e9e4..e01946c 100644
--- a/internal/app/dispatcher_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/dispatcher_test.go
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log"
@@ -585,6 +586,23 @@ type errorReader struct{ val error }
 
 func (r errorReader) Read([]byte) (int, error) { return -1, r.val }
 
+// mustMarshal returns the result of [json.Marshal] as a string and panics on error.
+func mustMarshal(v any) string {
+	if b, err := json.Marshal(v); err != nil {
+		panic(err.Error())
+	} else {
+		return string(b)
+	}
+}
+
+// m is a shortcut for [check.MustAbs].
+func m(pathname string) *check.Absolute { return check.MustAbs(pathname) }
+
+// f returns [hst.FilesystemConfig] wrapped in its [json] adapter.
+func f(c hst.FilesystemConfig) hst.FilesystemConfigJSON {
+	return hst.FilesystemConfigJSON{FilesystemConfig: c}
+}
+
 // panicMsgContext implements [message.Msg] and [context.Context] with methods wrapping panic.
 // This should be assigned to test cases to be checked against.
 type panicMsgContext struct{}
diff --git a/internal/app/finalise.go b/internal/outcome/finalise.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/finalise.go
rename to internal/outcome/finalise.go
index 6cb4f58..184bd90 100644
--- a/internal/app/finalise.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/finalise.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/internal/app/hsu.go b/internal/outcome/hsu.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/hsu.go
rename to internal/outcome/hsu.go
index 1286249..b110733 100644
--- a/internal/app/hsu.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/hsu.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"errors"
diff --git a/internal/app/hsu_test.go b/internal/outcome/hsu_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/hsu_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/hsu_test.go
index fad724d..4ee7fa9 100644
--- a/internal/app/hsu_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/hsu_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"os"
diff --git a/internal/app/app.go b/internal/outcome/main.go
similarity index 87%
rename from internal/app/app.go
rename to internal/outcome/main.go
index 0360851..0632796 100644
--- a/internal/app/app.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/main.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-// Package app implements high-level hakurei container behaviour.
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/internal/app/app_test.go b/internal/outcome/main_test.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/app_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/main_test.go
index 96113eb..ee1c037 100644
--- a/internal/app/app_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/main_test.go
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/gob"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )
 
-func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
+func TestOutcomeMain(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	msg := message.NewMsg(nil)
 	msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())
@@ -653,14 +652,6 @@ func TestApp(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func mustMarshal(v any) string {
-	if b, err := json.Marshal(v); err != nil {
-		panic(err.Error())
-	} else {
-		return string(b)
-	}
-}
-
 func stubDirEntries(names ...string) (e []fs.DirEntry, err error) {
 	e = make([]fs.DirEntry, len(names))
 	for i, name := range names {
@@ -930,11 +921,3 @@ func (k *stubNixOS) fatalf(format string, v ...any) { panic(fmt.Sprintf(format,
 func (k *stubNixOS) isVerbose() bool                  { return true }
 func (k *stubNixOS) verbose(v ...any)                 { log.Print(v...) }
 func (k *stubNixOS) verbosef(format string, v ...any) { log.Printf(format, v...) }
-
-func m(pathname string) *check.Absolute {
-	return check.MustAbs(pathname)
-}
-
-func f(c hst.FilesystemConfig) hst.FilesystemConfigJSON {
-	return hst.FilesystemConfigJSON{FilesystemConfig: c}
-}
diff --git a/internal/app/outcome.go b/internal/outcome/outcome.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/outcome.go
rename to internal/outcome/outcome.go
index 59cdfbd..2397b72 100644
--- a/internal/app/outcome.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/outcome.go
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-package app
+// Package outcome implements the outcome of the privileged and container sides of a hakurei container.
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"errors"
diff --git a/internal/app/outcome_test.go b/internal/outcome/outcome_test.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/outcome_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/outcome_test.go
index 5ea3ff9..a03e250 100644
--- a/internal/app/outcome_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/outcome_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"testing"
diff --git a/internal/app/process.go b/internal/outcome/process.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/process.go
rename to internal/outcome/process.go
index 7873109..d96c7ef 100644
--- a/internal/app/process.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/process.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/state"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 	"hakurei.app/system"
 )
diff --git a/internal/app/shim-signal.c b/internal/outcome/shim-signal.c
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/shim-signal.c
rename to internal/outcome/shim-signal.c
diff --git a/internal/app/shim-signal.h b/internal/outcome/shim-signal.h
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/shim-signal.h
rename to internal/outcome/shim-signal.h
diff --git a/internal/app/shim.go b/internal/outcome/shim.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/shim.go
rename to internal/outcome/shim.go
index 11affdd..53d04ea 100644
--- a/internal/app/shim.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/shim.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"context"
diff --git a/internal/app/shim_test.go b/internal/outcome/shim_test.go
similarity index 97%
rename from internal/app/shim_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/shim_test.go
index 19dedd6..e4de9c3 100644
--- a/internal/app/shim_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/shim_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func TestShimEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					spTmpdirOp{},
 					spAccountOp{},
 					&spWaylandOp{},
-					&spPulseOp{(*[256]byte)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, pulseCookieSizeMax)), pulseCookieSizeMax},
+					&spPulseOp{(*[pulseCookieSizeMax]byte)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, pulseCookieSizeMax)), pulseCookieSizeMax},
 					&spDBusOp{true},
 					&spFilesystemOp{},
 				}},
diff --git a/internal/app/spaccount.go b/internal/outcome/spaccount.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/spaccount.go
rename to internal/outcome/spaccount.go
index c9f08fe..0e9c602 100644
--- a/internal/app/spaccount.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spaccount.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/spaccount_test.go b/internal/outcome/spaccount_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spaccount_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/spaccount_test.go
index c5fb7b5..c1693dd 100644
--- a/internal/app/spaccount_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spaccount_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"os"
diff --git a/internal/app/spcontainer.go b/internal/outcome/spcontainer.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spcontainer.go
rename to internal/outcome/spcontainer.go
index d411cb9..13808ca 100644
--- a/internal/app/spcontainer.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spcontainer.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/spcontainer_test.go b/internal/outcome/spcontainer_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spcontainer_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/spcontainer_test.go
index 154b929..3b00305 100644
--- a/internal/app/spcontainer_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spcontainer_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"errors"
diff --git a/internal/app/spdbus.go b/internal/outcome/spdbus.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spdbus.go
rename to internal/outcome/spdbus.go
index 429674d..afb62ca 100644
--- a/internal/app/spdbus.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spdbus.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/spdbus_test.go b/internal/outcome/spdbus_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spdbus_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/spdbus_test.go
index 8dcf102..26f1fdc 100644
--- a/internal/app/spdbus_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spdbus_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"syscall"
diff --git a/internal/app/sppulse.go b/internal/outcome/sppulse.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/sppulse.go
rename to internal/outcome/sppulse.go
index fe63f36..a2dc240 100644
--- a/internal/app/sppulse.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sppulse.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/sppulse_test.go b/internal/outcome/sppulse_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/sppulse_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/sppulse_test.go
index c622073..9aecb19 100644
--- a/internal/app/sppulse_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sppulse_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
diff --git a/internal/app/spruntime.go b/internal/outcome/spruntime.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spruntime.go
rename to internal/outcome/spruntime.go
index 25c04b8..b458826 100644
--- a/internal/app/spruntime.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spruntime.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/spruntime_test.go b/internal/outcome/spruntime_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spruntime_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/spruntime_test.go
index 1675a7e..00056ed 100644
--- a/internal/app/spruntime_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spruntime_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"testing"
diff --git a/internal/app/sptmpdir.go b/internal/outcome/sptmpdir.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/sptmpdir.go
rename to internal/outcome/sptmpdir.go
index 5b7b54b..4776dad 100644
--- a/internal/app/sptmpdir.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sptmpdir.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/sptmpdir_test.go b/internal/outcome/sptmpdir_test.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/sptmpdir_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/sptmpdir_test.go
index 53b44fb..afa641f 100644
--- a/internal/app/sptmpdir_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sptmpdir_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"testing"
diff --git a/internal/app/spwayland.go b/internal/outcome/spwayland.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spwayland.go
rename to internal/outcome/spwayland.go
index d8c1838..54119de 100644
--- a/internal/app/spwayland.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spwayland.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/spwayland_test.go b/internal/outcome/spwayland_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spwayland_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/spwayland_test.go
index 89c8147..5cee8de 100644
--- a/internal/app/spwayland_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spwayland_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"testing"
diff --git a/internal/app/spx11.go b/internal/outcome/spx11.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spx11.go
rename to internal/outcome/spx11.go
index 109cf0c..506fa9a 100644
--- a/internal/app/spx11.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spx11.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
diff --git a/internal/app/spx11_test.go b/internal/outcome/spx11_test.go
similarity index 99%
rename from internal/app/spx11_test.go
rename to internal/outcome/spx11_test.go
index 0486a1e..c958e94 100644
--- a/internal/app/spx11_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spx11_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package app
+package outcome
 
 import (
 	"os"
diff --git a/internal/app/state/data.go b/internal/state/data.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/data.go
rename to internal/state/data.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/data_test.go b/internal/state/data_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/data_test.go
rename to internal/state/data_test.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/header.go b/internal/state/header.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/header.go
rename to internal/state/header.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/header_test.go b/internal/state/header_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/header_test.go
rename to internal/state/header_test.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/join.go b/internal/state/join.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/join.go
rename to internal/state/join.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/segment.go b/internal/state/segment.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/segment.go
rename to internal/state/segment.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/segment_test.go b/internal/state/segment_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/segment_test.go
rename to internal/state/segment_test.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/state.go b/internal/state/state.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/state.go
rename to internal/state/state.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/state_test.go b/internal/state/state_test.go
similarity index 98%
rename from internal/app/state/state_test.go
rename to internal/state/state_test.go
index c387b2e..eed2c89 100644
--- a/internal/app/state/state_test.go
+++ b/internal/state/state_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/app/state"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/state"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )
 
diff --git a/internal/app/state/store.go b/internal/state/store.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/store.go
rename to internal/state/store.go
diff --git a/internal/app/state/store_test.go b/internal/state/store_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from internal/app/state/store_test.go
rename to internal/state/store_test.go