141 changed files with 1132 additions and 2205 deletions
--- a/.clang-format
+++ b/.clang-format
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-ColumnLimit: 0
-IndentWidth: 4
--- a/cmd/hakurei/command.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/command.go
@ -11,24 +11,21 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
+	_ "unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/command"
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
+	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/env"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/outcome"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

-// optionalErrorUnwrap calls [errors.Unwrap] and returns the resulting value
-// if it is not nil, or the original value if it is.
-//
 //go:linkname optionalErrorUnwrap hakurei.app/container.optionalErrorUnwrap
-func optionalErrorUnwrap(err error) error
+func optionalErrorUnwrap(_ error) error

 func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErrs, out io.Writer) command.Command {
 	var (
@ -353,7 +350,7 @@ func buildCommand(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, early *earlyHardeningErr
 		}).Flag(&flagShort, "short", command.BoolFlag(false), "Print instance id")
 	}

-	c.Command("version", "Display version information", func(args []string) error { fmt.Println(info.Version()); return errSuccess })
+	c.Command("version", "Display version information", func(args []string) error { fmt.Println(internal.Version()); return errSuccess })
 	c.Command("license", "Show full license text", func(args []string) error { fmt.Println(license); return errSuccess })
 	c.Command("template", "Produce a config template", func(args []string) error { encodeJSON(log.Fatal, os.Stdout, false, hst.Template()); return errSuccess })
 	c.Command("help", "Show this help message", func([]string) error { c.PrintHelp(); return errSuccess })
--- a/cmd/hakurei/json_test.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/json_test.go
@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
-package main
+package main_test

 import (
+	"io"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	_ "unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 )

+//go:linkname decodeJSON hakurei.app/cmd/hakurei.decodeJSON
+func decodeJSON(fatal func(v ...any), op string, r io.Reader, v any)
+
 func TestDecodeJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@ -57,6 +62,9 @@ func TestDecodeJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+//go:linkname encodeJSON hakurei.app/cmd/hakurei.encodeJSON
+func encodeJSON(fatal func(v ...any), output io.Writer, short bool, v any)
+
 func TestEncodeJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ func TestEncodeJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		want string
 	}{
 		{"marshaler", errorJSONMarshaler{},
-			`cannot encode json for main.errorJSONMarshaler: unique error 3735928559 injected by the test suite`},
+			`cannot encode json for main_test.errorJSONMarshaler: unique error 3735928559 injected by the test suite`},
 		{"default", func() {},
 			`cannot write json: json: unsupported type: func()`},
 	}
--- a/cmd/hakurei/print.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/print.go
@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"hakurei.app/hst"
+	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/env"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/outcome"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/store"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
@ -24,20 +24,20 @@ func printShowSystem(output io.Writer, short, flagJSON bool) {
 	t := newPrinter(output)
 	defer t.MustFlush()

-	hi := &hst.Info{Version: info.Version(), User: new(outcome.Hsu).MustID(nil)}
-	env.CopyPaths().Copy(&hi.Paths, hi.User)
+	info := &hst.Info{Version: internal.Version(), User: new(outcome.Hsu).MustID(nil)}
+	env.CopyPaths().Copy(&info.Paths, info.User)

 	if flagJSON {
-		encodeJSON(log.Fatal, output, short, hi)
+		encodeJSON(log.Fatal, output, short, info)
 		return
 	}

-	t.Printf("Version:\t%s\n", hi.Version)
-	t.Printf("User:\t%d\n", hi.User)
-	t.Printf("TempDir:\t%s\n", hi.TempDir)
-	t.Printf("SharePath:\t%s\n", hi.SharePath)
-	t.Printf("RuntimePath:\t%s\n", hi.RuntimePath)
-	t.Printf("RunDirPath:\t%s\n", hi.RunDirPath)
+	t.Printf("Version:\t%s\n", info.Version)
+	t.Printf("User:\t%d\n", info.User)
+	t.Printf("TempDir:\t%s\n", info.TempDir)
+	t.Printf("SharePath:\t%s\n", info.SharePath)
+	t.Printf("RuntimePath:\t%s\n", info.RuntimePath)
+	t.Printf("RunDirPath:\t%s\n", info.RunDirPath)
 }

 // printShowInstance writes a representation of [hst.State] or [hst.Config] to output.
@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ func printShowInstance(
 		t.Printf(" Groups:\t%s\n", strings.Join(config.Groups, ", "))
 	}
 	if config.Container != nil {
+		if config.Container.Home != nil {
+			t.Printf(" Home:\t%s\n", config.Container.Home)
+		}
+		if config.Container.Hostname != "" {
+			t.Printf(" Hostname:\t%s\n", config.Container.Hostname)
+		}
 		flags := config.Container.Flags.String()

 		// this is included in the upper hst.Config struct but is relevant here
@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ func printShowInstance(
 		}
 		t.Printf(" Flags:\t%s\n", flags)

-		if config.Container.Home != nil {
-			t.Printf(" Home:\t%s\n", config.Container.Home)
-		}
-		if config.Container.Hostname != "" {
-			t.Printf(" Hostname:\t%s\n", config.Container.Hostname)
-		}
 		if config.Container.Path != nil {
 			t.Printf(" Path:\t%s\n", config.Container.Path)
 		}
--- a/cmd/hakurei/print_test.go
+++ b/cmd/hakurei/print_test.go
@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ func TestPrintShowInstance(t *testing.T) {
 Identity:       9 (org.chromium.Chromium)
 Enablements:    wayland, dbus, pulseaudio
 Groups:         video, dialout, plugdev
- Flags:          multiarch, compat, devel, userns, net, abstract, tty, mapuid, device, runtime, tmpdir
 Home:           /data/data/org.chromium.Chromium
 Hostname:       localhost
+ Flags:          multiarch, compat, devel, userns, net, abstract, tty, mapuid, device, runtime, tmpdir
 Path:           /run/current-system/sw/bin/chromium
 Arguments:      chromium --ignore-gpu-blocklist --disable-smooth-scrolling --enable-features=UseOzonePlatform --ozone-platform=wayland

@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ App
 Identity:       9 (org.chromium.Chromium)
 Enablements:    wayland, dbus, pulseaudio
 Groups:         video, dialout, plugdev
- Flags:          multiarch, compat, devel, userns, net, abstract, tty, mapuid, device, runtime, tmpdir
 Home:           /data/data/org.chromium.Chromium
 Hostname:       localhost
+ Flags:          multiarch, compat, devel, userns, net, abstract, tty, mapuid, device, runtime, tmpdir
 Path:           /run/current-system/sw/bin/chromium
 Arguments:      chromium --ignore-gpu-blocklist --disable-smooth-scrolling --enable-features=UseOzonePlatform --ozone-platform=wayland

--- a/cmd/hpkg/proc.go
+++ b/cmd/hpkg/proc.go
@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"

 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )

-var hakureiPathVal = info.MustHakureiPath().String()
+var hakureiPathVal = internal.MustHakureiPath().String()

 func mustRunApp(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, config *hst.Config, beforeFail func()) {
 	var (
--- a/container/check/absolute.go
+++ b/container/check/absolute.go
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func NewAbs(pathname string) (*Absolute, error) {
 // MustAbs calls [NewAbs] and panics on error.
 func MustAbs(pathname string) *Absolute {
 	if a, err := NewAbs(pathname); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
+		panic(err.Error())
 	} else {
 		return a
 	}
--- a/container/check/absolute_test.go
+++ b/container/check/absolute_test.go
@ -14,10 +14,8 @@ import (
 	. "hakurei.app/container/check"
 )

-// unsafeAbs returns check.Absolute on any string value.
-//
 //go:linkname unsafeAbs hakurei.app/container/check.unsafeAbs
-func unsafeAbs(pathname string) *Absolute
+func unsafeAbs(_ string) *Absolute

 func TestAbsoluteError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
@ -84,9 +82,9 @@ func TestNewAbs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()

 		defer func() {
-			wantPanic := &AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}
+			wantPanic := `path "etc" is not absolute`

-			if r := recover(); !reflect.DeepEqual(r, wantPanic) {
+			if r := recover(); r != wantPanic {
 				t.Errorf("MustAbs: panic = %v; want %v", r, wantPanic)
 			}
 		}()
--- a/container/container_test.go
+++ b/container/container_test.go
@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/command"
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/container/vfs"
@ -30,45 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )

-// Note: this package requires cgo, which is unavailable in the Go playground.
-func Example() {
-	// Must be called early if the current process starts containers.
-	container.TryArgv0(nil)
-
-	// Configure the container.
-	z := container.New(context.Background(), nil)
-	z.Hostname = "hakurei-example"
-	z.Proc(fhs.AbsProc).Dev(fhs.AbsDev, true)
-	z.Stdin, z.Stdout, z.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
-
-	// Bind / for demonstration.
-	z.Bind(fhs.AbsRoot, fhs.AbsRoot, 0)
-	if name, err := exec.LookPath("hostname"); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	} else {
-		z.Path = check.MustAbs(name)
-	}
-
-	// This completes the first stage of container setup and starts the container init process.
-	// The new process blocks until the Serve method is called.
-	if err := z.Start(); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	// This serves the setup payload to the container init process,
-	// starting the second stage of container setup.
-	if err := z.Serve(); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	// Must be called if the Start method succeeds.
-	if err := z.Wait(); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	// Output: hakurei-example
-}
-
 func TestStartError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@ -762,14 +722,12 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 func helperNewContainerLibPaths(ctx context.Context, libPaths *[]*check.Absolute, args ...string) (c *container.Container) {
 	msg := message.New(nil)
 	msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())
-	executable := check.MustAbs(container.MustExecutable(msg))
-
 	c = container.NewCommand(ctx, msg, absHelperInnerPath, "helper", args...)
 	c.Env = append(c.Env, envDoCheck+"=1")
-	c.Bind(executable, absHelperInnerPath, 0)
+	c.Bind(check.MustAbs(os.Args[0]), absHelperInnerPath, 0)

 	// in case test has cgo enabled
-	if entries, err := ldd.Resolve(ctx, msg, executable); err != nil {
+	if entries, err := ldd.Exec(ctx, msg, os.Args[0]); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("ldd: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		*libPaths = ldd.Path(entries)
--- a/container/fhs/abs.go
+++ b/container/fhs/abs.go
@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ import (

 /* constants in this file bypass abs check, be extremely careful when changing them! */

-// unsafeAbs returns check.Absolute on any string value.
-//
 //go:linkname unsafeAbs hakurei.app/container/check.unsafeAbs
-func unsafeAbs(pathname string) *check.Absolute
+func unsafeAbs(_ string) *check.Absolute

 var (
 	// AbsRoot is [Root] as [check.Absolute].
@ -36,8 +34,6 @@ var (

 	// AbsDev is [Dev] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsDev = unsafeAbs(Dev)
-	// AbsDevShm is [DevShm] as [check.Absolute].
-	AbsDevShm = unsafeAbs(DevShm)
 	// AbsProc is [Proc] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProc = unsafeAbs(Proc)
 	// AbsSys is [Sys] as [check.Absolute].
--- a/container/fhs/fhs.go
+++ b/container/fhs/fhs.go
@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ const (

 	// Dev points to the root directory for device nodes.
 	Dev = "/dev/"
-	// DevShm is the place for POSIX shared memory segments, as created via shm_open(3).
-	DevShm = "/dev/shm/"
 	// Proc points to a virtual kernel file system exposing the process list and other functionality.
 	Proc = "/proc/"
 	// ProcSys points to a hierarchy below /proc/ that exposes a number of kernel tunables.
--- a/container/seccomp/libseccomp-helper.c
+++ b/container/seccomp/libseccomp-helper.c
@ -9,8 +9,7 @@

 #define LEN(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))

-int32_t hakurei_scmp_make_filter(
-    int *ret_p, uintptr_t allocate_p,
+int32_t hakurei_scmp_make_filter(int *ret_p, uintptr_t allocate_p,
                                 uint32_t arch, uint32_t multiarch,
                                 struct hakurei_syscall_rule *rules,
                                 size_t rules_sz, hakurei_export_flag flags) {
@ -73,9 +72,11 @@ int32_t hakurei_scmp_make_filter(
    assert(rule->m_errno == EPERM || rule->m_errno == ENOSYS);

    if (rule->arg)
-            *ret_p = seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(rule->m_errno), rule->syscall, 1, *rule->arg);
+      *ret_p = seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(rule->m_errno),
+                                rule->syscall, 1, *rule->arg);
    else
-            *ret_p = seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(rule->m_errno), rule->syscall, 0);
+      *ret_p = seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(rule->m_errno),
+                                rule->syscall, 0);

    if (*ret_p == -EFAULT) {
      res = 4;
@ -92,17 +93,22 @@ int32_t hakurei_scmp_make_filter(
  last_allowed_family = -1;
  for (i = 0; i < LEN(socket_family_allowlist); i++) {
    if (socket_family_allowlist[i].flags_mask != 0 &&
-            (socket_family_allowlist[i].flags_mask & flags) != socket_family_allowlist[i].flags_mask)
+        (socket_family_allowlist[i].flags_mask & flags) !=
+            socket_family_allowlist[i].flags_mask)
      continue;

-        for (disallowed = last_allowed_family + 1; disallowed < socket_family_allowlist[i].family; disallowed++) {
+    for (disallowed = last_allowed_family + 1;
+         disallowed < socket_family_allowlist[i].family; disallowed++) {
      /* Blocklist the in-between valid families */
-            seccomp_rule_add_exact(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EAFNOSUPPORT), SCMP_SYS(socket), 1, SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, disallowed));
+      seccomp_rule_add_exact(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EAFNOSUPPORT),
+                             SCMP_SYS(socket), 1,
+                             SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, disallowed));
    }
    last_allowed_family = socket_family_allowlist[i].family;
  }
  /* Blocklist the rest */
-    seccomp_rule_add_exact(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EAFNOSUPPORT), SCMP_SYS(socket), 1, SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_GE, last_allowed_family + 1));
+  seccomp_rule_add_exact(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EAFNOSUPPORT), SCMP_SYS(socket), 1,
+                         SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_GE, last_allowed_family + 1));

  if (allocate_p == 0) {
    *ret_p = seccomp_load(ctx);
--- a/container/seccomp/libseccomp-helper.h
+++ b/container/seccomp/libseccomp-helper.h
@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ struct hakurei_syscall_rule {
 };

 extern void *hakurei_scmp_allocate(uintptr_t f, size_t len);
-int32_t hakurei_scmp_make_filter(
-    int *ret_p, uintptr_t allocate_p,
+int32_t hakurei_scmp_make_filter(int *ret_p, uintptr_t allocate_p,
                                 uint32_t arch, uint32_t multiarch,
                                 struct hakurei_syscall_rule *rules,
                                 size_t rules_sz, hakurei_export_flag flags);
--- a/container/stub/exit_test.go
+++ b/container/stub/exit_test.go
@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 )

-// Made available here to check panic recovery behaviour.
-//
 //go:linkname handleExitNew hakurei.app/container/stub.handleExitNew
-func handleExitNew(t testing.TB)
+func handleExitNew(_ testing.TB)

 // overrideTFailNow overrides the Fail and FailNow method.
 type overrideTFailNow struct {
--- a/dist/release.sh
+++ b/dist/release.sh
@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ cp -rv "dist/comp" "${out}"

 go generate ./...
 go build -trimpath -v -o "${out}/bin/" -ldflags "-s -w -buildid= -extldflags '-static'
-  -X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion=${VERSION}
-  -X hakurei.app/internal/info.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei
-  -X hakurei.app/internal/info.hsuPath=/usr/bin/hsu
+  -X hakurei.app/internal.buildVersion=${VERSION}
+  -X hakurei.app/internal.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei
+  -X hakurei.app/internal.hsuPath=/usr/bin/hsu
  -X main.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei" ./...

 rm -f "./${out}.tar.gz" && tar -C dist -czf "${out}.tar.gz" "${pname}"
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
            inherit (pkgs)
              # passthru.buildInputs
              go
-              clang
+              gcc

              # nativeBuildInputs
              pkg-config
@ -129,10 +129,6 @@
              zstd
              gnutar
              coreutils
-
-              # for check
-              util-linux
-              nettools
              ;
          };
          hsu = pkgs.callPackage ./cmd/hsu/package.nix { inherit (self.packages.${system}) hakurei; };
@ -148,7 +144,7 @@
                && chmod -R +w .

            export HAKUREI_VERSION="v${hakurei.version}"
-            CC="clang -O3 -Werror" ./dist/release.sh && mkdir $out && cp -v "dist/hakurei-$HAKUREI_VERSION.tar.gz"* $out
+            ./dist/release.sh && mkdir $out && cp -v "dist/hakurei-$HAKUREI_VERSION.tar.gz"* $out
          '';
        }
      );
--- a/internal/helper/args.go
+++ b/internal/helper/args.go
--- a/internal/helper/args_test.go
+++ b/internal/helper/args_test.go
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )

 func TestArgsString(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/helper/cmd.go
+++ b/internal/helper/cmd.go
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc"
+	"hakurei.app/helper/proc"
 )

 // NewDirect initialises a new direct Helper instance with wt as the null-terminated argument writer.
--- a/internal/helper/cmd_test.go
+++ b/internal/helper/cmd_test.go
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )

 func TestCmd(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/helper/container.go
+++ b/internal/helper/container.go
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc"
+	"hakurei.app/helper/proc"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )

--- a/internal/helper/container_test.go
+++ b/internal/helper/container_test.go
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )

 func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
--- a/helper/deprecated.go
+++ b/helper/deprecated.go
@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// Package helper exposes the internal/helper package.
-//
-// Deprecated: This package will be removed in 0.4.
-package helper
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"time"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
-
-	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
-	"hakurei.app/message"
-)
-
-//go:linkname WaitDelay hakurei.app/internal/helper.WaitDelay
-var WaitDelay time.Duration
-
-const (
-	// HakureiHelper is set to 1 when args fd is enabled and 0 otherwise.
-	HakureiHelper = helper.HakureiHelper
-	// HakureiStatus is set to 1 when stat fd is enabled and 0 otherwise.
-	HakureiStatus = helper.HakureiStatus
-)
-
-type Helper = helper.Helper
-
-// NewCheckedArgs returns a checked null-terminated argument writer for a copy of args.
-//
-//go:linkname NewCheckedArgs hakurei.app/internal/helper.NewCheckedArgs
-func NewCheckedArgs(args ...string) (wt io.WriterTo, err error)
-
-// MustNewCheckedArgs returns a checked null-terminated argument writer for a copy of args.
-// If s contains a NUL byte this function panics instead of returning an error.
-//
-//go:linkname MustNewCheckedArgs hakurei.app/internal/helper.MustNewCheckedArgs
-func MustNewCheckedArgs(args ...string) io.WriterTo
-
-// NewDirect initialises a new direct Helper instance with wt as the null-terminated argument writer.
-// Function argF returns an array of arguments passed directly to the child process.
-//
-//go:linkname NewDirect hakurei.app/internal/helper.NewDirect
-func NewDirect(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	name string,
-	wt io.WriterTo,
-	stat bool,
-	argF func(argsFd, statFd int) []string,
-	cmdF func(cmd *exec.Cmd),
-	extraFiles []*os.File,
-) Helper
-
-// New initialises a Helper instance with wt as the null-terminated argument writer.
-//
-//go:linkname New hakurei.app/internal/helper.New
-func New(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	msg message.Msg,
-	pathname *check.Absolute, name string,
-	wt io.WriterTo,
-	stat bool,
-	argF func(argsFd, statFd int) []string,
-	cmdF func(z *container.Container),
-	extraFiles []*os.File,
-) Helper
-
-// InternalHelperStub is an internal function but exported because it is cross-package;
-// it is part of the implementation of the helper stub.
-func InternalHelperStub() { helper.InternalHelperStub() }
--- a/internal/helper/helper.go
+++ b/internal/helper/helper.go
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc"
+	"hakurei.app/helper/proc"
 )

 var WaitDelay = 2 * time.Second
--- a/internal/helper/helper_test.go
+++ b/internal/helper/helper_test.go
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )

 var (
--- a/helper/proc/deprecated.go
+++ b/helper/proc/deprecated.go
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-// Deprecated: This package will be removed in 0.4.
-package proc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"time"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc"
-)
-
-//go:linkname FulfillmentTimeout hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.FulfillmentTimeout
-var FulfillmentTimeout time.Duration
-
-// A File is an extra file with deferred initialisation.
-type File = proc.File
-
-// ExtraFilesPre is a linked list storing addresses of [os.File].
-type ExtraFilesPre = proc.ExtraFilesPre
-
-// Fulfill calls the [File.Fulfill] method on all files, starts cmd and blocks until all fulfillment completes.
-//
-//go:linkname Fulfill hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.Fulfill
-func Fulfill(ctx context.Context,
-	v *[]*os.File, start func() error,
-	files []File, extraFiles *ExtraFilesPre,
-) (err error)
-
-// InitFile initialises f as part of the slice extraFiles points to,
-// and returns its final fd value.
-//
-//go:linkname InitFile hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.InitFile
-func InitFile(f File, extraFiles *ExtraFilesPre) (fd uintptr)
-
-// BaseFile implements the Init method of the File interface and provides indirect access to extra file state.
-type BaseFile = proc.BaseFile
-
-//go:linkname ExtraFile hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.ExtraFile
-func ExtraFile(cmd *exec.Cmd, f *os.File) (fd uintptr)
-
-//go:linkname ExtraFileSlice hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.ExtraFileSlice
-func ExtraFileSlice(extraFiles *[]*os.File, f *os.File) (fd uintptr)
-
-// NewWriterTo returns a [File] that receives content from wt on fulfillment.
-//
-//go:linkname NewWriterTo hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.NewWriterTo
-func NewWriterTo(wt io.WriterTo) File
-
-// NewStat returns a [File] implementing the behaviour
-// of the receiving end of xdg-dbus-proxy stat fd.
-//
-//go:linkname NewStat hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.NewStat
-func NewStat(s *io.Closer) File
-
-var (
-	//go:linkname ErrStatFault hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.ErrStatFault
-	ErrStatFault error
-	//go:linkname ErrStatRead hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc.ErrStatRead
-	ErrStatRead error
-)
--- a/internal/helper/proc/files.go
+++ b/internal/helper/proc/files.go
--- a/internal/helper/proc/pipe.go
+++ b/internal/helper/proc/pipe.go
--- a/internal/helper/stub.go
+++ b/internal/helper/stub.go
--- a/internal/helper/stub_test.go
+++ b/internal/helper/stub_test.go
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )

 func TestMain(m *testing.M) { container.TryArgv0(nil); helper.InternalHelperStub(); os.Exit(m.Run()) }
--- a/hst/instance_test.go
+++ b/hst/instance_test.go
@ -6,13 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
+	_ "unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 )

-// Made available here to check time encoding behaviour of [hst.ID].
-//
 //go:linkname newInstanceID hakurei.app/hst.newInstanceID
 func newInstanceID(id *hst.ID, p uint64) error

--- a/internal/acl/libacl-helper.c
+++ b/internal/acl/libacl-helper.c
@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-#include "libacl-helper.h"
-#include <acl/libacl.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/acl.h>
-
-int hakurei_acl_update_file_by_uid(const char *path_p, uid_t uid,
-                                   acl_perm_t *perms, size_t plen) {
-    int ret;
-    bool v;
-    int i;
-    acl_t acl;
-    acl_entry_t entry;
-    acl_tag_t tag_type;
-    void *qualifier_p;
-    acl_permset_t permset;
-
-    ret = -1; /* acl_get_file */
-    acl = acl_get_file(path_p, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);
-    if (acl == NULL)
-        goto out;
-
-    /* prune entries by uid */
-    for (i = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &entry); i == 1;
-         i = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &entry)) {
-        ret = -2; /* acl_get_tag_type */
-        if (acl_get_tag_type(entry, &tag_type) != 0)
-            goto out;
-        if (tag_type != ACL_USER)
-            continue;
-
-        ret = -3; /* acl_get_qualifier */
-        qualifier_p = acl_get_qualifier(entry);
-        if (qualifier_p == NULL)
-            goto out;
-        v = *(uid_t *)qualifier_p == uid;
-        acl_free(qualifier_p);
-
-        if (!v)
-            continue;
-
-        ret = -4; /* acl_delete_entry */
-        if (acl_delete_entry(acl, entry) != 0)
-            goto out;
-    }
-
-    if (plen == 0)
-        goto set;
-
-    ret = -5; /* acl_create_entry */
-    if (acl_create_entry(&acl, &entry) != 0)
-        goto out;
-
-    ret = -6; /* acl_get_permset */
-    if (acl_get_permset(entry, &permset) != 0)
-        goto out;
-
-    ret = -7; /* acl_add_perm */
-    for (i = 0; i < plen; i++) {
-        if (acl_add_perm(permset, perms[i]) != 0)
-            goto out;
-    }
-
-    ret = -8; /* acl_set_tag_type */
-    if (acl_set_tag_type(entry, ACL_USER) != 0)
-        goto out;
-
-    ret = -9; /* acl_set_qualifier */
-    if (acl_set_qualifier(entry, (void *)&uid) != 0)
-        goto out;
-
-set:
-    ret = -10; /* acl_calc_mask */
-    if (acl_calc_mask(&acl) != 0)
-        goto out;
-
-    ret = -11; /* acl_valid */
-    if (acl_valid(acl) != 0)
-        goto out;
-
-    ret = -12; /* acl_set_file */
-    if (acl_set_file(path_p, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS, acl) == 0)
-        ret = 0;
-
-out:
-    free((void *)path_p);
-    if (acl != NULL)
-        acl_free((void *)acl);
-    return ret;
-}
--- a/internal/outcome/dispatcher.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/dispatcher.go
@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 // osFile represents [os.File].
@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (direct) seccompLoad(rules []std.NativeRule, flags seccomp.ExportFlag) erro
 	return seccomp.Load(rules, flags)
 }

-func (direct) mustHsuPath() *check.Absolute { return info.MustHsuPath() }
+func (direct) mustHsuPath() *check.Absolute { return internal.MustHsuPath() }

 func (direct) dbusAddress() (session, system string) { return dbus.Address() }

--- a/internal/outcome/dispatcher_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/dispatcher_test.go
@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
 )

 // call initialises a [stub.Call].
--- a/internal/outcome/finalise.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/finalise.go
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"os/user"

 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
 )

 func newWithMessage(msg string) error { return newWithMessageError(msg, os.ErrInvalid) }
--- a/internal/outcome/main.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/main.go
@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import (

 // IsPollDescriptor reports whether fd is the descriptor being used by the poller.
 //
-// Made available here to determine and reject impossible fd.
-//
 //go:linkname IsPollDescriptor internal/poll.IsPollDescriptor
 func IsPollDescriptor(fd uintptr) bool

--- a/internal/outcome/main_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/main_test.go
@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func TestOutcomeMain(t *testing.T) {
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func TestOutcomeMain(t *testing.T) {
 				Proc(fhs.AbsProc).
 				Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 1<<12, 0755).
 				Bind(fhs.AbsDev, fhs.AbsDev, std.BindWritable|std.BindDevice).
-				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDevShm, 0, 01777).
+				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDev.Append("shm"), 0, 01777).

 				// spRuntimeOp
 				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsRunUser, 1<<12, 0755).
@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ func TestOutcomeMain(t *testing.T) {
 				Proc(m("/proc/")).
 				Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 4096, 0755).
 				DevWritable(m("/dev/"), true).
-				Tmpfs(m("/dev/shm/"), 0, 01777).
+				Tmpfs(m("/dev/shm"), 0, 01777).
 				Tmpfs(m("/run/user/"), 4096, 0755).
 				Bind(m("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/0"), m("/run/user/65534"), std.BindWritable).
 				Bind(m("/tmp/hakurei.0/tmpdir/0"), m("/tmp/"), std.BindWritable).
@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ func TestOutcomeMain(t *testing.T) {
 				Proc(m("/proc/")).
 				Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 4096, 0755).
 				DevWritable(m("/dev/"), true).
-				Tmpfs(m("/dev/shm/"), 0, 01777).
+				Tmpfs(m("/dev/shm"), 0, 01777).
 				Tmpfs(m("/run/user/"), 4096, 0755).
 				Bind(m("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/9"), m("/run/user/65534"), std.BindWritable).
 				Bind(m("/tmp/hakurei.0/tmpdir/9"), m("/tmp/"), std.BindWritable).
@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ func TestOutcomeMain(t *testing.T) {
 				Proc(m("/proc/")).
 				Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 4096, 0755).
 				DevWritable(m("/dev/"), true).
-				Tmpfs(m("/dev/shm/"), 0, 01777).
+				Tmpfs(m("/dev/shm"), 0, 01777).
 				Tmpfs(m("/run/user/"), 4096, 0755).
 				Bind(m("/tmp/hakurei.0/runtime/1"), m("/run/user/1971"), std.BindWritable).
 				Bind(m("/tmp/hakurei.0/tmpdir/1"), m("/tmp/"), std.BindWritable).
--- a/internal/outcome/outcome.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/outcome.go
@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/env"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 // envAllocSize is the initial size of the env map pre-allocated when the configured env map is nil.
--- a/internal/outcome/process.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/process.go
@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/store"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
 )

 const (
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func (k *outcome) main(msg message.Msg, identifierFd int) {
 	}

 	// read comp value early for early failure
-	hsuPath := info.MustHsuPath()
+	hsuPath := internal.MustHsuPath()

 	const (
 		// transitions to processCommit, or processFinal on failure
--- a/internal/outcome/shim-signal.c
+++ b/internal/outcome/shim-signal.c
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static void hakurei_shim_sigaction(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ucontext) {

 void hakurei_shim_setup_cont_signal(pid_t ppid, int fd) {
  if (hakurei_shim_param_ppid != -1 || hakurei_shim_fd != -1)
-        *(volatile int *)NULL = 0; /* unreachable */
+    *(int *)NULL = 0; /* unreachable */

  struct sigaction new_action = {0}, old_action = {0};
  if (sigaction(SIGCONT, NULL, &old_action) != 0)
--- a/internal/outcome/shim_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/shim_test.go
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func TestShimEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 			Proc(fhs.AbsProc).
 			Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 1<<12, 0755).
 			Bind(fhs.AbsDev, fhs.AbsDev, std.BindWritable|std.BindDevice).
-			Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDevShm, 0, 01777).
+			Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDev.Append("shm"), 0, 01777).

 			// spRuntimeOp
 			Tmpfs(fhs.AbsRunUser, 1<<12, 0755).
--- a/internal/outcome/spcontainer.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spcontainer.go
@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/validate"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 const varRunNscd = fhs.Var + "run/nscd"
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func (s *spParamsOp) toContainer(state *outcomeStateParams) error {
 		state.params.Bind(fhs.AbsDev, fhs.AbsDev, std.BindWritable|std.BindDevice)
 	}
 	// /dev is mounted readonly later on, this prevents /dev/shm from going readonly with it
-	state.params.Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDevShm, 0, 01777)
+	state.params.Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDev.Append("shm"), 0, 01777)

 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/outcome/spcontainer_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spcontainer_test.go
@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func TestSpParamsOp(t *testing.T) {
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func TestSpParamsOp(t *testing.T) {
 				Root(m("/var/lib/hakurei/base/org.debian"), std.BindWritable).
 				Proc(fhs.AbsProc).Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 1<<12, 0755).
 				DevWritable(fhs.AbsDev, true).
-				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDevShm, 0, 01777),
+				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDev.Append("shm"), 0, 01777),
 		}, paramsWantEnv(config, map[string]string{
 			"TERM": "xterm",
 		}, func(t *testing.T, state *outcomeStateParams) {
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func TestSpParamsOp(t *testing.T) {
 				Root(m("/var/lib/hakurei/base/org.debian"), std.BindWritable).
 				Proc(fhs.AbsProc).Tmpfs(hst.AbsPrivateTmp, 1<<12, 0755).
 				Bind(fhs.AbsDev, fhs.AbsDev, std.BindWritable|std.BindDevice).
-				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDevShm, 0, 01777),
+				Tmpfs(fhs.AbsDev.Append("shm"), 0, 01777),
 		}, paramsWantEnv(config, map[string]string{
 			"TERM": "xterm",
 		}, func(t *testing.T, state *outcomeStateParams) {
--- a/internal/outcome/spdbus.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spdbus.go
@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func init() { gob.Register(new(spDBusOp)) }
--- a/internal/outcome/spdbus_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spdbus_test.go
@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func TestSpDBusOp(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/outcome/sppulse_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sppulse_test.go
@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func TestSpPulseOp(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/outcome/spruntime.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spruntime.go
@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 const (
--- a/internal/outcome/spruntime_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spruntime_test.go
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func TestSpRuntimeOp(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/outcome/sptmpdir.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sptmpdir.go
@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func init() { gob.Register(spTmpdirOp{}) }
--- a/internal/outcome/sptmpdir_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/sptmpdir_test.go
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func TestSpTmpdirOp(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/outcome/spwayland.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spwayland.go
@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/wayland"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/wayland"
 )

 func init() { gob.Register(new(spWaylandOp)) }
@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ func (s *spWaylandOp) toSystem(state *outcomeStateSys) error {

 	// outer wayland socket (usually `/run/user/%d/wayland-%d`)
 	var socketPath *check.Absolute
-	if name, ok := state.k.lookupEnv(wayland.Display); !ok {
-		state.msg.Verbose(wayland.Display + " is not set, assuming " + wayland.FallbackName)
+	if name, ok := state.k.lookupEnv(wayland.WaylandDisplay); !ok {
+		state.msg.Verbose(wayland.WaylandDisplay + " is not set, assuming " + wayland.FallbackName)
 		socketPath = state.sc.RuntimePath.Append(wayland.FallbackName)
 	} else if a, err := check.NewAbs(name); err != nil {
 		socketPath = state.sc.RuntimePath.Append(name)
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (s *spWaylandOp) toSystem(state *outcomeStateSys) error {

 func (s *spWaylandOp) toContainer(state *outcomeStateParams) error {
 	innerPath := state.runtimeDir.Append(wayland.FallbackName)
-	state.env[wayland.Display] = wayland.FallbackName
+	state.env[wayland.WaylandDisplay] = wayland.FallbackName
 	if s.SocketPath == nil {
 		state.params.Bind(state.instancePath().Append("wayland"), innerPath, 0)
 	} else {
--- a/internal/outcome/spwayland_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spwayland_test.go
@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/system"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/wayland"
+	"hakurei.app/system"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/wayland"
 )

 func TestSpWaylandOp(t *testing.T) {
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func TestSpWaylandOp(t *testing.T) {
 			Ops: new(container.Ops).
 				Bind(m(wantInstancePrefix+"/wayland"), m("/run/user/1000/wayland-0"), 0),
 		}, paramsWantEnv(config, map[string]string{
-			wayland.Display: wayland.FallbackName,
+			wayland.WaylandDisplay: wayland.FallbackName,
 		}, nil), nil},

 		{"success direct", func(isShim, _ bool) outcomeOp {
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func TestSpWaylandOp(t *testing.T) {
 			Ops: new(container.Ops).
 				Bind(m("/proc/nonexistent/wayland"), m("/run/user/1000/wayland-0"), 0),
 		}, paramsWantEnv(config, map[string]string{
-			wayland.Display: wayland.FallbackName,
+			wayland.WaylandDisplay: wayland.FallbackName,
 		}, nil), nil},

 		{"success", func(bool, bool) outcomeOp {
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func TestSpWaylandOp(t *testing.T) {
 			Ops: new(container.Ops).
 				Bind(m(wantInstancePrefix+"/wayland"), m("/run/user/1000/wayland-0"), 0),
 		}, paramsWantEnv(config, map[string]string{
-			wayland.Display: wayland.FallbackName,
+			wayland.WaylandDisplay: wayland.FallbackName,
 		}, nil), nil},
 	})
 }
--- a/internal/outcome/spx11.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spx11.go
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 var absX11SocketDir = fhs.AbsTmp.Append(".X11-unix")
--- a/internal/outcome/spx11_test.go
+++ b/internal/outcome/spx11_test.go
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func TestSpX11Op(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/info/path.go
+++ b/internal/info/path.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package info
+package internal

 import (
 	"log"
--- a/internal/info/path_test.go
+++ b/internal/info/path_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package info
+package internal

 import (
 	"reflect"
--- a/internal/store/data_test.go
+++ b/internal/store/data_test.go
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func TestEntryData(t *testing.T) {
 			return buf.String()
 		}
 	}
-	templateStateGob := mustEncodeGob(NewTemplateState())
+	templateStateGob := mustEncodeGob(newTemplateState())

 	testCases := []struct {
 		name string
@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ func TestEntryData(t *testing.T) {
 			Step: "validate configuration", Err: hst.ErrConfigNull,
 			Msg: "invalid configuration"}},

-		{"inconsistent enablement", "\x00\xff\xca\xfe\x00\x00\xff\x00" + templateStateGob, NewTemplateState(), &hst.AppError{
+		{"inconsistent enablement", "\x00\xff\xca\xfe\x00\x00\xff\x00" + templateStateGob, newTemplateState(), &hst.AppError{
 			Step: "validate state enablement", Err: os.ErrInvalid,
 			Msg: "state entry aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa has unexpected enablement byte 0xd, 0xff"}},

-		{"template", "\x00\xff\xca\xfe\x00\x00\x0d\xf2" + templateStateGob, NewTemplateState(), nil},
+		{"template", "\x00\xff\xca\xfe\x00\x00\x0d\xf2" + templateStateGob, newTemplateState(), nil},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func TestEntryData(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("encode fault", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		s := NewTemplateState()
+		s := newTemplateState()

 		t.Run("gob", func(t *testing.T) {
 			var want = &hst.AppError{Step: "encode state body", Err: stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)}
@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ func TestEntryData(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

-// NewTemplateState returns the address of a new template [hst.State] struct.
-func NewTemplateState() *hst.State {
+// newTemplateState returns the address of a new template [hst.State] struct.
+func newTemplateState() *hst.State {
 	return &hst.State{
 		ID:      hst.ID(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xaa}, len(hst.ID{}))),
 		PID:     0xcafe,
--- a/internal/store/segment_test.go
+++ b/internal/store/segment_test.go
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
+	_ "unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
@ -18,23 +18,18 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/internal/store"
 )

-// Made available here for direct validation of state entry files.
-//
+//go:linkname newTemplateState hakurei.app/internal/store.newTemplateState
+func newTemplateState() *hst.State
+
 //go:linkname entryDecode hakurei.app/internal/store.entryDecode
 func entryDecode(r io.Reader, p *hst.State) (hst.Enablement, error)

-// Made available here for direct access to known segment handles.
-//
 //go:linkname newHandle hakurei.app/internal/store.newHandle
 func newHandle(base *check.Absolute, identity int) *store.Handle

-// Made available here to check open error handling behaviour.
-//
 //go:linkname open hakurei.app/internal/store.(*EntryHandle).open
 func open(eh *store.EntryHandle, flag int, perm os.FileMode) (*os.File, error)

-// Made available here to check the saveload cycle.
-//
 //go:linkname save hakurei.app/internal/store.(*EntryHandle).save
 func save(eh *store.EntryHandle, state *hst.State) error

@ -96,9 +91,9 @@ func TestStateEntryHandle(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("saveload", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		eh := store.EntryHandle{Pathname: check.MustAbs(t.TempDir()).Append("entry"),
-			ID: store.NewTemplateState().ID}
+			ID: newTemplateState().ID}

-		if err := save(&eh, store.NewTemplateState()); err != nil {
+		if err := save(&eh, newTemplateState()); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("save: error = %v", err)
 		}

@ -117,7 +112,7 @@ func TestStateEntryHandle(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Fatal(f.Close())
 				}

-				if want := store.NewTemplateState(); !reflect.DeepEqual(&got, want) {
+				if want := newTemplateState(); !reflect.DeepEqual(&got, want) {
 					t.Errorf("entryDecode: %#v, want %#v", &got, want)
 				}
 			})
@ -127,7 +122,7 @@ func TestStateEntryHandle(t *testing.T) {

 				if et, err := eh.Load(nil); err != nil {
 					t.Fatalf("load: error = %v", err)
-				} else if want := store.NewTemplateState().Enablements.Unwrap(); et != want {
+				} else if want := newTemplateState().Enablements.Unwrap(); et != want {
 					t.Errorf("load: et = %x, want %x", et, want)
 				}
 			})
@ -138,7 +133,7 @@ func TestStateEntryHandle(t *testing.T) {
 				var got hst.State
 				if _, err := eh.Load(&got); err != nil {
 					t.Fatalf("load: error = %v", err)
-				} else if want := store.NewTemplateState(); !reflect.DeepEqual(&got, want) {
+				} else if want := newTemplateState(); !reflect.DeepEqual(&got, want) {
 					t.Errorf("load: %#v, want %#v", &got, want)
 				}
 			})
--- a/internal/store/store_test.go
+++ b/internal/store/store_test.go
@ -12,15 +12,13 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
+	_ "unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/store"
 )

-// Made available here to check bigLock error handling behaviour.
-//
 //go:linkname bigLock hakurei.app/internal/store.(*Store).bigLock
 func bigLock(s *store.Store) (unlock func(), err error)

--- a/internal/system/wayland.go
+++ b/internal/system/wayland.go
@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-package system
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/wayland"
-)
-
-// Wayland maintains a wayland socket with security-context-v1 attached via [wayland].
-// The socket stops accepting connections once the pipe referred to by sync is closed.
-// The socket is pathname only and is destroyed on revert.
-func (sys *I) Wayland(dst, src *check.Absolute, appID, instanceID string) *I {
-	sys.ops = append(sys.ops, &waylandOp{nil,
-		dst, src, appID, instanceID})
-	return sys
-}
-
-// waylandOp implements [I.Wayland].
-type waylandOp struct {
-	ctx               *wayland.SecurityContext
-	dst, src          *check.Absolute
-	appID, instanceID string
-}
-
-func (w *waylandOp) Type() hst.Enablement { return Process }
-
-func (w *waylandOp) apply(sys *I) (err error) {
-	if w.ctx, err = sys.waylandNew(w.src, w.dst, w.appID, w.instanceID); err != nil {
-		return newOpError("wayland", err, false)
-	} else {
-		sys.msg.Verbosef("wayland pathname socket on %q via %q", w.dst, w.src)
-
-		if err = sys.chmod(w.dst.String(), 0); err != nil {
-			if closeErr := w.ctx.Close(); closeErr != nil {
-				return newOpError("wayland", errors.Join(err, closeErr), false)
-			}
-			return newOpError("wayland", err, false)
-		}
-
-		if err = sys.aclUpdate(w.dst.String(), sys.uid, acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute); err != nil {
-			if closeErr := w.ctx.Close(); closeErr != nil {
-				return newOpError("wayland", errors.Join(err, closeErr), false)
-			}
-			return newOpError("wayland", err, false)
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func (w *waylandOp) revert(sys *I, _ *Criteria) error {
-	var (
-		hangupErr error
-		removeErr error
-	)
-
-	sys.msg.Verbosef("hanging up wayland socket on %q", w.dst)
-	if w.ctx != nil {
-		hangupErr = w.ctx.Close()
-	}
-	if err := sys.remove(w.dst.String()); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-		removeErr = err
-	}
-
-	return newOpError("wayland", errors.Join(hangupErr, removeErr), true)
-}
-
-func (w *waylandOp) Is(o Op) bool {
-	target, ok := o.(*waylandOp)
-	return ok && w != nil && target != nil &&
-		w.dst.Is(target.dst) && w.src.Is(target.src) &&
-		w.appID == target.appID && w.instanceID == target.instanceID
-}
-
-func (w *waylandOp) Path() string   { return w.dst.String() }
-func (w *waylandOp) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("wayland socket at %q", w.dst) }
--- a/internal/system/wayland_test.go
+++ b/internal/system/wayland_test.go
@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-package system
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"testing"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-)
-
-func TestWaylandOp(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	checkOpBehaviour(t, []opBehaviourTestCase{
-		{"chmod", 0xbeef, 0xff, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, []stub.Call{
-			call("waylandNew", stub.ExpectArgs{m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"), m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), "org.chromium.Chromium", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c"}, nil, nil),
-			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"wayland pathname socket on %q via %q", []any{m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0")}}, nil, nil),
-			call("chmod", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", os.FileMode(0)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(3)),
-		}, &OpError{Op: "wayland", Err: errors.Join(stub.UniqueError(3), os.ErrInvalid)}, nil, nil},
-
-		{"aclUpdate", 0xbeef, 0xff, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, []stub.Call{
-			call("waylandNew", stub.ExpectArgs{m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"), m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), "org.chromium.Chromium", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c"}, nil, nil),
-			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"wayland pathname socket on %q via %q", []any{m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0")}}, nil, nil),
-			call("chmod", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
-			call("aclUpdate", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", 0xbeef, []acl.Perm{acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(2)),
-		}, &OpError{Op: "wayland", Err: errors.Join(stub.UniqueError(2), os.ErrInvalid)}, nil, nil},
-
-		{"remove", 0xbeef, 0xff, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, []stub.Call{
-			call("waylandNew", stub.ExpectArgs{m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"), m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), "org.chromium.Chromium", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c"}, nil, nil),
-			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"wayland pathname socket on %q via %q", []any{m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0")}}, nil, nil),
-			call("chmod", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
-			call("aclUpdate", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", 0xbeef, []acl.Perm{acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute}}, nil, nil),
-		}, nil, []stub.Call{
-			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"hanging up wayland socket on %q", []any{m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland")}}, nil, nil),
-			call("remove", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(1)),
-		}, &OpError{Op: "wayland", Err: errors.Join(stub.UniqueError(1)), Revert: true}},
-
-		{"success", 0xbeef, 0xff, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, []stub.Call{
-			call("waylandNew", stub.ExpectArgs{m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"), m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), "org.chromium.Chromium", "ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c"}, nil, nil),
-			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"wayland pathname socket on %q via %q", []any{m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"), m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0")}}, nil, nil),
-			call("chmod", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", os.FileMode(0)}, nil, nil),
-			call("aclUpdate", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland", 0xbeef, []acl.Perm{acl.Read, acl.Write, acl.Execute}}, nil, nil),
-		}, nil, []stub.Call{
-			call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"hanging up wayland socket on %q", []any{m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland")}}, nil, nil),
-			call("remove", stub.ExpectArgs{"/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"}, nil, nil),
-		}, nil},
-	})
-
-	checkOpsBuilder(t, "Wayland", []opsBuilderTestCase{
-		{"chromium", 0xcafe, func(_ *testing.T, sys *I) {
-			sys.Wayland(
-				m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-				m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-				"org.chromium.Chromium",
-				"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-			)
-		}, []Op{&waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}}, stub.Expect{}},
-	})
-
-	checkOpIs(t, []opIsTestCase{
-		{"dst differs", &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7d/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, false},
-
-		{"src differs", &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-1"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, false},
-
-		{"appID differs", &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, false},
-
-		{"instanceID differs", &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7d",
-		}, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, false},
-
-		{"equals", &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, true},
-	})
-
-	checkOpMeta(t, []opMetaTestCase{
-		{"chromium", &waylandOp{nil,
-			m("/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"),
-			m("/run/user/1971/wayland-0"),
-			"org.chromium.Chromium",
-			"ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c",
-		}, Process, "/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland",
-			`wayland socket at "/tmp/hakurei.1971/ebf083d1b175911782d413369b64ce7c/wayland"`},
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/info/version.go
+++ b/internal/info/version.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package info
+package internal

 // FallbackVersion is returned when a version string was not set by the linker.
 const FallbackVersion = "dirty"
--- a/internal/wayland/conn.go
+++ b/internal/wayland/conn.go
@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-package wayland
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"syscall"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-)
-
-// SecurityContext holds resources associated with a Wayland security_context.
-type SecurityContext struct {
-	// Pipe with its write end passed to security-context-v1.
-	closeFds [2]int
-}
-
-// Close releases any resources held by [SecurityContext], and prevents further
-// connections to its associated socket.
-func (sc *SecurityContext) Close() error {
-	if sc == nil {
-		return os.ErrInvalid
-	}
-	return errors.Join(
-		syscall.Close(sc.closeFds[1]),
-		syscall.Close(sc.closeFds[0]),
-	)
-}
-
-// New creates a new security context on the Wayland display at displayPath
-// and associates it with a new socket bound to bindPath.
-//
-// New does not attach a finalizer to the resulting [SecurityContext] struct.
-// The caller is responsible for calling [SecurityContext.Close].
-//
-// A non-nil error unwraps to concrete type [Error].
-func New(displayPath, bindPath *check.Absolute, appID, instanceID string) (*SecurityContext, error) {
-	// ensure bindPath is available
-	if f, err := os.Create(bindPath.String()); err != nil {
-		return nil, &Error{RCreate, bindPath.String(), displayPath.String(), err}
-	} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
-		return nil, &Error{RCreate, bindPath.String(), displayPath.String(), err}
-	} else if err = os.Remove(bindPath.String()); err != nil {
-		return nil, &Error{RCreate, bindPath.String(), displayPath.String(), err}
-	}
-
-	if fd, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_UNIX, syscall.SOCK_STREAM|syscall.SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0); err != nil {
-		return nil, &Error{RHostSocket, bindPath.String(), displayPath.String(), err}
-	} else if err = syscall.Connect(fd, &syscall.SockaddrUnix{Name: displayPath.String()}); err != nil {
-		_ = syscall.Close(fd)
-		return nil, &Error{RHostConnect, bindPath.String(), displayPath.String(), err}
-	} else {
-		closeFds, bindErr := securityContextBindPipe(fd, bindPath, appID, instanceID)
-		if bindErr != nil {
-			// do not leak the pipe and socket
-			err = errors.Join(bindErr, // already wrapped
-				syscall.Close(closeFds[1]),
-				syscall.Close(closeFds[0]),
-				syscall.Close(fd),
-			)
-		}
-		return &SecurityContext{closeFds}, err
-	}
-}
-
-// securityContextBindPipe binds a socket associated to a security context created on serverFd,
-// returning the pipe file descriptors used for security-context-v1 close_fd.
-//
-// A non-nil error unwraps to concrete type [Error].
-func securityContextBindPipe(
-	serverFd int,
-	bindPath *check.Absolute,
-	appID, instanceID string,
-) ([2]int, error) {
-	// write end passed to security-context-v1 close_fd
-	var closeFds [2]int
-	if err := syscall.Pipe2(closeFds[0:], syscall.O_CLOEXEC); err != nil {
-		return closeFds, err
-	}
-
-	// returned error is already wrapped
-	if err := securityContextBind(
-		bindPath.String(),
-		serverFd,
-		appID, instanceID,
-		closeFds[1],
-	); err != nil {
-		return closeFds, errors.Join(err,
-			syscall.Close(closeFds[1]),
-			syscall.Close(closeFds[0]),
-		)
-	} else {
-		return closeFds, nil
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/wayland/conn_test.go
+++ b/internal/wayland/conn_test.go
@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-package wayland
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"reflect"
-	"syscall"
-	"testing"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-)
-
-func TestSecurityContextClose(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	if err := (*SecurityContext)(nil).Close(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, os.ErrInvalid) {
-		t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var ctx SecurityContext
-	if err := syscall.Pipe2(ctx.closeFds[0:], syscall.O_CLOEXEC); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Pipe: error = %v", err)
-	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = syscall.Close(ctx.closeFds[0]); _ = syscall.Close(ctx.closeFds[1]) })
-
-	if err := ctx.Close(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
-	}
-
-	wantErr := errors.Join(syscall.EBADF, syscall.EBADF)
-	if err := ctx.Close(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("Close: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErr)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNewEnsure(t *testing.T) {
-	existingDirPath := check.MustAbs(t.TempDir()).Append("dir")
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(existingDirPath.String(), 0700); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	nonexistent := check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent")
-
-	wantErr := &Error{RCreate, existingDirPath.String(), nonexistent.String(), &os.PathError{
-		Op:   "open",
-		Path: existingDirPath.String(),
-		Err:  syscall.EISDIR,
-	}}
-	if _, err := New(
-		nonexistent,
-		existingDirPath, "", "",
-	); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("New: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErr)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/wayland/wayland-client-helper.c
+++ b/internal/wayland/wayland-client-helper.c
@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-#include "wayland-client-helper.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include "security-context-v1-protocol.h"
-#include <wayland-client.h>
-
-static void registry_handle_global(
-    void *data,
-    struct wl_registry *registry,
-    uint32_t name,
-    const char *interface,
-    uint32_t version) {
-    struct wp_security_context_manager_v1 **out = data;
-
-    if (strcmp(interface, wp_security_context_manager_v1_interface.name) == 0)
-        *out = wl_registry_bind(registry, name, &wp_security_context_manager_v1_interface, 1);
-}
-
-static void registry_handle_global_remove(
-    void *data,
-    struct wl_registry *registry,
-    uint32_t name) {} /* no-op */
-
-static const struct wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {
-    .global = registry_handle_global,
-    .global_remove = registry_handle_global_remove,
-};
-
-hakurei_wayland_res hakurei_security_context_bind(
-    char *socket_path,
-    int server_fd,
-    const char *app_id,
-    const char *instance_id,
-    int close_fd) {
-    hakurei_wayland_res res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_SUCCESS; /* see wayland.go for handling */
-
-    struct wl_display *display = NULL;
-    struct wl_registry *registry;
-    struct wp_security_context_manager_v1 *security_context_manager = NULL;
-    int event_cnt;
-    int listen_fd = -1;
-    struct sockaddr_un sockaddr = {0};
-    struct wp_security_context_v1 *security_context;
-
-    display = wl_display_connect_to_fd(server_fd);
-    if (display == NULL) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_CONNECT;
-        goto out;
-    };
-
-    registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
-    if (wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, &security_context_manager) < 0) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_LISTENER;
-        goto out;
-    }
-    event_cnt = wl_display_roundtrip(display);
-    wl_registry_destroy(registry);
-    if (event_cnt < 0) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_ROUNDTRIP;
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    if (security_context_manager == NULL) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_NOT_AVAIL;
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    listen_fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-    if (listen_fd < 0) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_SOCKET;
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    sockaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
-    snprintf(sockaddr.sun_path, sizeof(sockaddr.sun_path), "%s", socket_path);
-    if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sockaddr, sizeof(sockaddr)) != 0) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_BIND;
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    if (listen(listen_fd, 0) != 0) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_LISTEN;
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    security_context = wp_security_context_manager_v1_create_listener(security_context_manager, listen_fd, close_fd);
-    if (security_context == NULL) { /* not reached */
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_NOT_AVAIL;
-        goto out;
-    }
-    wp_security_context_v1_set_sandbox_engine(security_context, "app.hakurei");
-    wp_security_context_v1_set_app_id(security_context, app_id);
-    wp_security_context_v1_set_instance_id(security_context, instance_id);
-    wp_security_context_v1_commit(security_context);
-    wp_security_context_v1_destroy(security_context);
-    if (wl_display_roundtrip(display) < 0) {
-        res = HAKUREI_WAYLAND_ROUNDTRIP;
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-out:
-    if (listen_fd >= 0)
-        close(listen_fd);
-    if (security_context_manager != NULL)
-        wp_security_context_manager_v1_destroy(security_context_manager);
-    if (display != NULL)
-        wl_display_disconnect(display);
-
-    free((void *)socket_path);
-    free((void *)app_id);
-    free((void *)instance_id);
-    return res;
-}
--- a/internal/wayland/wayland-client-helper.h
+++ b/internal/wayland/wayland-client-helper.h
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-
-typedef enum {
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_SUCCESS,
-    /* wl_display_connect_to_fd failed, errno */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_CONNECT,
-    /* wl_registry_add_listener failed, errno */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_LISTENER,
-    /* wl_display_roundtrip failed, errno */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_ROUNDTRIP,
-    /* compositor does not implement wp_security_context_v1 */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_NOT_AVAIL,
-    /* socket failed, errno */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_SOCKET,
-    /* bind failed, errno */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_BIND,
-    /* listen failed, errno */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_LISTEN,
-
-    /* ensure pathname failed, implemented in conn.go */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_CREAT,
-    /* socket for host server failed, implemented in conn.go */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_HOST_SOCKET,
-    /* connect for host server failed, implemented in conn.go */
-    HAKUREI_WAYLAND_HOST_CONNECT,
-} hakurei_wayland_res;
-
-hakurei_wayland_res hakurei_security_context_bind(
-    char *socket_path,
-    int server_fd,
-    const char *app_id,
-    const char *instance_id,
-    int close_fd);
-
-/* returns whether the specified size fits in the sun_path field of sockaddr_un */
-static inline bool hakurei_is_valid_size_sun_path(size_t sz) {
-    struct sockaddr_un sockaddr;
-    return sz <= sizeof(sockaddr.sun_path);
-};
--- a/internal/wayland/wayland.go
+++ b/internal/wayland/wayland.go
@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-// Package wayland implements Wayland security_context_v1 protocol.
-package wayland
-
-//go:generate sh -c "wayland-scanner client-header `pkg-config --variable=datarootdir wayland-protocols`/wayland-protocols/staging/security-context/security-context-v1.xml security-context-v1-protocol.h"
-//go:generate sh -c "wayland-scanner private-code `pkg-config --variable=datarootdir wayland-protocols`/wayland-protocols/staging/security-context/security-context-v1.xml security-context-v1-protocol.c"
-
-/*
-#cgo linux pkg-config: --static wayland-client
-#cgo freebsd openbsd LDFLAGS: -lwayland-client
-
-#include "wayland-client-helper.h"
-*/
-import "C"
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-const (
-	// Display contains the name of the server socket
-	// (https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland/-/blob/1.23.1/src/wayland-client.c#L1147)
-	// which is concatenated with XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
-	// (https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland/-/blob/1.23.1/src/wayland-client.c#L1171)
-	// or used as-is if absolute
-	// (https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland/-/blob/1.23.1/src/wayland-client.c#L1176).
-	Display = "WAYLAND_DISPLAY"
-
-	// FallbackName is used as the wayland socket name if WAYLAND_DISPLAY is unset
-	// (https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland/-/blob/1.23.1/src/wayland-client.c#L1149).
-	FallbackName = "wayland-0"
-)
-
-type (
-	// Res is the outcome of a call to [New].
-	Res = C.hakurei_wayland_res
-
-	// An Error represents a failure during [New].
-	Error struct {
-		// Where the failure occurred.
-		Cause Res
-		// Attempted pathname socket.
-		Path string
-		// Pathname socket to host server. Omitted for libwayland errors.
-		Host string
-		// Global errno value set during the fault.
-		Errno error
-	}
-)
-
-// withPrefix returns prefix suffixed with errno description if available.
-func (e *Error) withPrefix(prefix string) string {
-	if e.Errno == nil {
-		return prefix
-	}
-	return prefix + ": " + e.Errno.Error()
-}
-
-const (
-	// RSuccess is returned on a successful call.
-	RSuccess Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_SUCCESS
-	// RConnect is returned if wl_display_connect_to_fd failed. The global errno is set.
-	RConnect Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_CONNECT
-	// RListener is returned if wl_registry_add_listener failed. The global errno is set.
-	RListener Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_LISTENER
-	// RRoundtrip is returned if wl_display_roundtrip failed. The global errno is set.
-	RRoundtrip Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_ROUNDTRIP
-	// RNotAvail is returned if compositor does not implement wp_security_context_v1.
-	RNotAvail Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_NOT_AVAIL
-	// RSocket is returned if socket failed. The global errno is set.
-	RSocket Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_SOCKET
-	// RBind is returned if bind failed. The global errno is set.
-	RBind Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_BIND
-	// RListen is returned if listen failed. The global errno is set.
-	RListen Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_LISTEN
-
-	// RCreate is returned if ensuring pathname availability failed. Returned by [New].
-	RCreate Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_CREAT
-	// RHostSocket is returned if socket failed for host server. Returned by [New].
-	RHostSocket Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_HOST_SOCKET
-	// RHostConnect is returned if connect failed for host server. Returned by [New].
-	RHostConnect Res = C.HAKUREI_WAYLAND_HOST_CONNECT
-)
-
-func (e *Error) Unwrap() error   { return e.Errno }
-func (e *Error) Message() string { return e.Error() }
-func (e *Error) Error() string {
-	switch e.Cause {
-	case RSuccess:
-		if e.Errno == nil {
-			return "success"
-		}
-		return e.Errno.Error()
-
-	case RConnect:
-		return e.withPrefix("wl_display_connect_to_fd failed")
-	case RListener:
-		return e.withPrefix("wl_registry_add_listener failed")
-	case RRoundtrip:
-		return e.withPrefix("wl_display_roundtrip failed")
-	case RNotAvail:
-		return "compositor does not implement security_context_v1"
-
-	case RSocket:
-		if e.Errno == nil {
-			return "socket operation failed"
-		}
-		return "socket: " + e.Errno.Error()
-	case RBind:
-		return e.withPrefix("cannot bind " + e.Path)
-	case RListen:
-		return e.withPrefix("cannot listen on " + e.Path)
-
-	case RCreate:
-		if e.Errno == nil {
-			return "cannot ensure wayland pathname socket"
-		}
-		return e.Errno.Error()
-	case RHostSocket:
-		return e.withPrefix("socket")
-	case RHostConnect:
-		return e.withPrefix("cannot connect to " + e.Host)
-
-	default:
-		return e.withPrefix("impossible outcome") /* not reached */
-	}
-}
-
-// securityContextBind calls hakurei_security_context_bind.
-//
-// A non-nil error has concrete type [Error].
-func securityContextBind(
-	socketPath string,
-	serverFd int,
-	appID, instanceID string,
-	closeFd int,
-) error {
-	if hasNull(socketPath) || hasNull(appID) || hasNull(instanceID) {
-		return &Error{Cause: RBind, Path: socketPath, Errno: errors.New("argument contains NUL character")}
-	}
-	if !C.hakurei_is_valid_size_sun_path(C.size_t(len(socketPath))) {
-		return &Error{Cause: RBind, Path: socketPath, Errno: errors.New("socket pathname too long")}
-	}
-
-	var e Error
-	e.Cause, e.Errno = C.hakurei_security_context_bind(
-		C.CString(socketPath),
-		C.int(serverFd),
-		C.CString(appID),
-		C.CString(instanceID),
-		C.int(closeFd),
-	)
-
-	if e.Cause == RSuccess {
-		return nil
-	}
-	e.Path = socketPath
-	return &e
-}
-
-// hasNull returns whether s contains the NUL character.
-func hasNull(s string) bool { return strings.IndexByte(s, 0) > -1 }
--- a/internal/wayland/wayland_test.go
+++ b/internal/wayland/wayland_test.go
@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-package wayland
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"reflect"
-	"syscall"
-	"testing"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
-)
-
-func TestError(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name string
-		err  Error
-		want string
-	}{
-		{"success", Error{
-			Cause: RSuccess,
-		}, "success"},
-
-		{"success errno", Error{
-			Cause: RSuccess,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(0),
-		}, "unique error 0 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"wl_display_connect_to_fd", Error{
-			Cause: RConnect,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(1),
-		}, "wl_display_connect_to_fd failed: unique error 1 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"wl_registry_add_listener", Error{
-			Cause: RListener,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(2),
-		}, "wl_registry_add_listener failed: unique error 2 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"wl_display_roundtrip", Error{
-			Cause: RRoundtrip,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(3),
-		}, "wl_display_roundtrip failed: unique error 3 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"not available", Error{
-			Cause: RNotAvail,
-		}, "compositor does not implement security_context_v1"},
-
-		{"not available errno", Error{
-			Cause: RNotAvail,
-			Errno: syscall.EAGAIN,
-		}, "compositor does not implement security_context_v1"},
-
-		{"socket", Error{
-			Cause: RSocket,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(4),
-		}, "socket: unique error 4 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"bind", Error{
-			Cause: RBind,
-			Path:  "/hakurei.0/18783d07791f2460dbbcffb76c24c9e6/wayland",
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(5),
-		}, "cannot bind /hakurei.0/18783d07791f2460dbbcffb76c24c9e6/wayland: unique error 5 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"listen", Error{
-			Cause: RListen,
-			Path:  "/hakurei.0/18783d07791f2460dbbcffb76c24c9e6/wayland",
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(6),
-		}, "cannot listen on /hakurei.0/18783d07791f2460dbbcffb76c24c9e6/wayland: unique error 6 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"socket invalid", Error{
-			Cause: RSocket,
-		}, "socket operation failed"},
-
-		{"create", Error{
-			Cause: RCreate,
-		}, "cannot ensure wayland pathname socket"},
-
-		{"create path", Error{
-			Cause: RCreate,
-			Errno: &os.PathError{Op: "create", Path: "/proc/nonexistent", Err: syscall.EEXIST},
-		}, "create /proc/nonexistent: file exists"},
-
-		{"host socket", Error{
-			Cause: RHostSocket,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(7),
-		}, "socket: unique error 7 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"host connect", Error{
-			Cause: RHostConnect,
-			Host:  "/run/user/1971/wayland-1",
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(8),
-		}, "cannot connect to /run/user/1971/wayland-1: unique error 8 injected by the test suite"},
-
-		{"invalid", Error{
-			Cause: 0xbad,
-		}, "impossible outcome"},
-
-		{"invalid errno", Error{
-			Cause: 0xbad,
-			Errno: stub.UniqueError(9),
-		}, "impossible outcome: unique error 9 injected by the test suite"},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			if got := tc.err.Message(); got != tc.want {
-				t.Errorf("Message: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSecurityContextBindValidate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	t.Run("NUL", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		want := &Error{Cause: RBind, Path: "\x00", Errno: errors.New("argument contains NUL character")}
-		if got := securityContextBind("\x00", -1, "\x00", "\x00", -1); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
-			t.Fatalf("securityContextBind: error = %#v, want %#v", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("long", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// 256 bytes
-		const oversizedPath = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
-
-		want := &Error{Cause: RBind, Path: oversizedPath, Errno: errors.New("socket pathname too long")}
-		if got := securityContextBind(oversizedPath, -1, "", "", -1); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
-			t.Fatalf("securityContextBind: error = %#v, want %#v", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-}
--- a/ldd/error.go
+++ b/ldd/error.go
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package ldd
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrUnexpectedSeparator = errors.New("unexpected separator")
+	ErrPathNotAbsolute     = errors.New("path not absolute")
+	ErrBadLocationFormat   = errors.New("bad location format")
+	ErrUnexpectedNewline   = errors.New("unexpected newline")
+)
+
+type EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError string
+
+func (e EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError) Is(err error) bool {
+	var eq EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError
+	if !errors.As(err, &eq) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return e == eq
+}
+
+func (e EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("unexpected segments in entry %q", string(e))
+}
--- a/ldd/exec.go
+++ b/ldd/exec.go
@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package ldd
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
@ -17,26 +16,17 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )

-const (
-	// msgStaticSuffix is the suffix of message printed to stderr by musl on a statically linked program.
-	msgStaticSuffix = ": Not a valid dynamic program"
-	// msgStaticGlibc is a substring of the message printed to stderr by glibc on a statically linked program.
-	msgStaticGlibc = "not a dynamic executable"
-
-	// lddName is the file name of ldd(1) passed to exec.LookPath.
-	lddName = "ldd"
-	// lddTimeout is the maximum duration ldd(1) is allowed to ran for before it is terminated.
-	lddTimeout = 4 * time.Second
+var (
+	msgStatic      = []byte("Not a valid dynamic program")
+	msgStaticGlibc = []byte("not a dynamic executable")
 )

-// Resolve runs ldd(1) in a strict sandbox and connects its stdout to a [Decoder].
-//
-// The returned error has concrete type
-// [exec.Error] or [check.AbsoluteError] for fault during lookup of ldd(1),
-// [os.SyscallError] for fault creating the stdout pipe,
-// [container.StartError] for fault during either stage of container setup.
-// Otherwise, it passes through the return values of [Decoder.Decode].
-func Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, pathname *check.Absolute) ([]*Entry, error) {
+func Exec(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, p string) ([]*Entry, error) {
+	const (
+		lddName    = "ldd"
+		lddTimeout = 4 * time.Second
+	)
+
 	c, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, lddTimeout)
 	defer cancel()

@ -47,24 +37,18 @@ func Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, pathname *check.Absolute) ([]
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	z := container.NewCommand(c, msg, toolPath, lddName, pathname.String())
+	z := container.NewCommand(c, msg, toolPath, lddName, p)
 	z.Hostname = "hakurei-" + lddName
 	z.SeccompFlags |= seccomp.AllowMultiarch
 	z.SeccompPresets |= std.PresetStrict
-	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	stdout, stderr := new(bytes.Buffer), new(bytes.Buffer)
+	z.Stdout = stdout
 	z.Stderr = stderr
 	z.
 		Bind(fhs.AbsRoot, fhs.AbsRoot, 0).
 		Proc(fhs.AbsProc).
 		Dev(fhs.AbsDev, false)

-	var d *Decoder
-	if r, err := z.StdoutPipe(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else {
-		d = NewDecoder(r)
-	}
-
 	if err := z.Start(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -72,35 +56,15 @@ func Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, pathname *check.Absolute) ([]
 	if err := z.Serve(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	entries, decodeErr := d.Decode()
-	if decodeErr != nil {
-		// do not cancel on successful decode to avoid racing with ldd(1) termination
-		cancel()
-	}
-
 	if err := z.Wait(); err != nil {
 		m := stderr.Bytes()
-		if bytes.Contains(m, []byte(msgStaticSuffix)) || bytes.Contains(m, []byte(msgStaticGlibc)) {
+		if bytes.Contains(m, append([]byte(p+": "), msgStatic...)) ||
+			bytes.Contains(m, msgStaticGlibc) {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
-
-		if decodeErr != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Join(decodeErr, err)
-		}
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return entries, decodeErr
-}

-// Exec runs ldd(1) in a restrictive [container] and connects it to a [Decoder], returning resulting entries.
-//
-// Deprecated: this function takes an unchecked pathname string.
-// Relative pathnames do not work in the container as working directory information is not sent.
-func Exec(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, pathname string) ([]*Entry, error) {
-	if a, err := check.NewAbs(pathname); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else {
-		return Resolve(ctx, msg, a)
-	}
+	v := stdout.Bytes()
+	return Parse(v)
 }
--- a/ldd/exec_test.go
+++ b/ldd/exec_test.go
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-package ldd_test
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"testing"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
-	"hakurei.app/ldd"
-	"hakurei.app/message"
-)
-
-func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	t.Run("failure", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-
-		_, err := ldd.Resolve(t.Context(), nil, check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"))
-
-		var exitError *exec.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
-			t.Fatalf("Exec: error has incorrect concrete type: %#v", err)
-		}
-
-		const want = 1
-		if got := exitError.ExitCode(); got != want {
-			t.Fatalf("Exec: ExitCode = %d, want %d", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
-		msg := message.New(nil)
-		msg.GetLogger().SetPrefix("check: ")
-		if entries, err := ldd.Resolve(t.Context(), nil, check.MustAbs(container.MustExecutable(msg))); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Exec: error = %v", err)
-		} else if testing.Verbose() {
-			// result cannot be measured here as build information is not known
-			t.Logf("Exec: %q", entries)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestMain(m *testing.M) { container.TryArgv0(nil); os.Exit(m.Run()) }
--- a/ldd/ldd.go
+++ b/ldd/ldd.go
@ -1,241 +1,66 @@
-// Package ldd provides a robust parser for ldd(1) output, and a convenience function
-// for running ldd(1) in a strict sandbox.
-//
-// Note: despite the additional hardening, great care must be taken when using ldd(1).
-// As a general rule, you must never run ldd(1) against a file that you do not wish to
-// execute within the same context.
+// Package ldd retrieves linker information by invoking ldd from glibc or musl and parsing its output.
 package ldd

 import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
+	"math"
+	"path"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-
-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 )

-var (
-	// ErrUnexpectedNewline is returned when encountering an unexpected empty line.
-	ErrUnexpectedNewline = errors.New("unexpected newline")
-	// ErrUnexpectedSeparator is returned when encountering an unexpected separator segment.
-	ErrUnexpectedSeparator = errors.New("unexpected separator")
-	// ErrBadLocationFormat is returned for an incorrectly formatted [Entry.Location] segment.
-	ErrBadLocationFormat = errors.New("bad location format")
-)
-
-// EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError is returned when encountering
-// a line containing unexpected number of segments.
-type EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError string
-
-func (e EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("unexpected segments in entry %q", string(e))
-}
-
-// An Entry represents one line of ldd(1) output.
 type Entry struct {
-	// File name of required object.
-	Name string `json:"name"`
-	// Absolute pathname of matched object. Only populated for the long variant.
-	Path *check.Absolute `json:"path,omitempty"`
-	// Address at which the object is loaded.
+	Name     string `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	Path     string `json:"path,omitempty"`
 	Location uint64 `json:"location"`
 }

-const (
-	// entrySegmentIndexName is the index of the segment holding [Entry.Name].
-	entrySegmentIndexName = 0
-	// entrySegmentIndexPath is the index of the segment holding [Entry.Path],
-	// present only for a line describing a fully populated [Entry].
-	entrySegmentIndexPath = 2
-	// entrySegmentIndexSeparator is the index of the segment containing the magic bytes entrySegmentFullSeparator,
-	// present only for a line describing a fully populated [Entry].
-	entrySegmentIndexSeparator = 1
-	// entrySegmentIndexLocation is the index of the segment holding [Entry.Location]
-	// for a line describing a fully populated [Entry].
-	entrySegmentIndexLocation = 3
-	// entrySegmentIndexLocationShort is the index of the segment holding [Entry.Location]
-	// for a line describing only [Entry.Name].
-	entrySegmentIndexLocationShort = 1
+func Parse(p []byte) ([]*Entry, error) {
+	payload := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(p)), "\n")
+	result := make([]*Entry, len(payload))

-	// entrySegmentSep is the byte separating segments in an [Entry] line.
-	entrySegmentSep = ' '
-	// entrySegmentFullSeparator is the exact contents of the segment at index entrySegmentIndexSeparator.
-	entrySegmentFullSeparator = "=>"
-
-	// entrySegmentLocationLengthMin is the minimum possible length of a segment corresponding to [Entry.Location].
-	entrySegmentLocationLengthMin = 4
-	// entrySegmentLocationPrefix are magic bytes prefixing a segment corresponding to [Entry.Location].
-	entrySegmentLocationPrefix = "(0x"
-	// entrySegmentLocationSuffix is the magic byte suffixing a segment corresponding to [Entry.Location].
-	entrySegmentLocationSuffix = ')'
-)
-
-// decodeLocationSegment decodes and saves the segment corresponding to [Entry.Location].
-func (e *Entry) decodeLocationSegment(segment []byte) (err error) {
-	if len(segment) < entrySegmentLocationLengthMin ||
-		segment[len(segment)-1] != entrySegmentLocationSuffix ||
-		string(segment[:len(entrySegmentLocationPrefix)]) != entrySegmentLocationPrefix {
-		return ErrBadLocationFormat
+	for i, ent := range payload {
+		if len(ent) == 0 {
+			return nil, ErrUnexpectedNewline
 		}

-	e.Location, err = strconv.ParseUint(string(segment[3:len(segment)-1]), 16, 64)
-	return
-}
+		segment := strings.SplitN(ent, " ", 5)

-// UnmarshalText parses a line of ldd(1) output and saves it to [Entry].
-func (e *Entry) UnmarshalText(data []byte) error {
-	var (
-		segments = bytes.SplitN(data, []byte{entrySegmentSep}, 5)
-		// segment to pass to decodeLocationSegment
-		iL int
-	)
+		// location index
+		var iL int

-	switch len(segments) {
+		switch len(segment) {
 		case 2: // /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7f04d14ef000)
-		iL = entrySegmentIndexLocationShort
-		e.Name = string(bytes.TrimSpace(segments[entrySegmentIndexName]))
-
+			iL = 1
+			result[i] = &Entry{Name: strings.TrimSpace(segment[0])}
 		case 4: // libc.musl-x86_64.so.1 => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7f04d14ef000)
-		iL = entrySegmentIndexLocation
-		if string(segments[entrySegmentIndexSeparator]) != entrySegmentFullSeparator {
-			return ErrUnexpectedSeparator
+			iL = 3
+			if segment[1] != "=>" {
+				return nil, ErrUnexpectedSeparator
 			}
-		if a, err := check.NewAbs(string(segments[entrySegmentIndexPath])); err != nil {
-			return err
-		} else {
-			e.Path = a
+			if !path.IsAbs(segment[2]) {
+				return nil, ErrPathNotAbsolute
+			}
+			result[i] = &Entry{
+				Name: strings.TrimSpace(segment[0]),
+				Path: segment[2],
 			}
-		e.Name = string(bytes.TrimSpace(segments[entrySegmentIndexName]))
-
 		default:
-		return EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError(data)
+			return nil, EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError(ent)
 		}

-	return e.decodeLocationSegment(segments[iL])
-}
-
-// String returns the musl ldd(1) representation of [Entry].
-func (e *Entry) String() string {
-	// nameInvalid is used for a zero-length e.Name
-	const nameInvalid = "invalid"
-
-	var buf strings.Builder
-
-	// libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
-	l := len(e.Name) + 1
-	if e.Name == "" {
-		l += len(nameInvalid)
-	}
-	if e.Path != nil {
-		l += len(entrySegmentFullSeparator) + 1 + len(e.Path.String()) + 1
-	}
-	l += len(entrySegmentLocationPrefix) + 1<<4 + 1
-	buf.Grow(l)
-
-	if e.Name != "" {
-		buf.WriteString(e.Name + " ")
+		if loc, err := parseLocation(segment[iL]); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		} else {
-		buf.WriteString(nameInvalid + " ")
+			result[i].Location = loc
 		}
-	if e.Path != nil {
-		buf.WriteString(entrySegmentFullSeparator + " " + e.Path.String() + " ")
 	}
-	buf.WriteString(entrySegmentLocationPrefix + strconv.FormatUint(e.Location, 16) + string(entrySegmentLocationSuffix))

-	return buf.String()
+	return result, nil
 }

-// Path returns a deduplicated slice of absolute directory paths in entries.
-func Path(entries []*Entry) []*check.Absolute {
-	p := make([]*check.Absolute, 0, len(entries)*2)
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		if entry.Path != nil {
-			p = append(p, entry.Path.Dir())
+func parseLocation(s string) (uint64, error) {
+	if len(s) < 4 || s[len(s)-1] != ')' || s[:3] != "(0x" {
+		return math.MaxUint64, ErrBadLocationFormat
 	}
-		if a, err := check.NewAbs(entry.Name); err == nil {
-			p = append(p, a.Dir())
-		}
-	}
-	check.SortAbs(p)
-	return check.CompactAbs(p)
+	return strconv.ParseUint(s[3:len(s)-1], 16, 64)
 }
-
-// A Decoder reads and decodes [Entry] values from an input stream.
-//
-// The zero value is not safe for use.
-type Decoder struct {
-	s *bufio.Scanner
-
-	// Whether the current line is not the first line.
-	notFirst bool
-	// Whether s has no more tokens.
-	depleted bool
-	// Holds onto the first error encountered while parsing.
-	err error
-}
-
-// NewDecoder returns a new decoder that reads from r.
-//
-// The decoder introduces its own buffering and may read
-// data from r beyond the [Entry] values requested.
-func NewDecoder(r io.Reader) *Decoder { return &Decoder{s: bufio.NewScanner(r)} }
-
-// Scan advances the [Decoder] to the next [Entry] and
-// stores the result in the value pointed to by v.
-func (d *Decoder) Scan(v *Entry) bool {
-	if d.s == nil || d.err != nil || d.depleted {
-		return false
-	}
-	if !d.s.Scan() {
-		d.depleted = true
-		return false
-	}
-
-	data := d.s.Bytes()
-	if len(data) == 0 {
-		if d.notFirst {
-			if d.s.Scan() && d.err == nil {
-				d.err = ErrUnexpectedNewline
-			}
-			// trailing newline is allowed (glibc)
-			return false
-		}
-
-		// leading newline is allowed (musl)
-		d.notFirst = true
-		return d.Scan(v)
-	}
-
-	d.notFirst = true
-	d.err = v.UnmarshalText(data)
-	return d.err == nil
-}
-
-// Err returns the first non-EOF error that was encountered
-// by the underlying [bufio.Scanner] or [Entry].
-func (d *Decoder) Err() error {
-	if d.err != nil || d.s == nil {
-		return d.err
-	}
-	return d.s.Err()
-}
-
-// Decode reads from the input stream until there are no more entries
-// and returns the results in a slice.
-func (d *Decoder) Decode() ([]*Entry, error) {
-	var entries []*Entry
-
-	e := new(Entry)
-	for d.Scan(e) {
-		entries = append(entries, e)
-		e = new(Entry)
-	}
-	return entries, d.Err()
-}
-
-// Parse returns a slice of addresses to [Entry] decoded from p.
-func Parse(p []byte) ([]*Entry, error) { return NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(p)).Decode() }
--- a/ldd/ldd_test.go
+++ b/ldd/ldd_test.go
@ -1,23 +1,14 @@
 package ldd_test

 import (
-	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"reflect"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/ldd"
 )

-func TestEntryUnexpectedSegmentsError(t *testing.T) {
-	const want = `unexpected segments in entry "\x00"`
-	if got := ldd.EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError("\x00").Error(); got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("Error: %s, want %s", got, want)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDecodeError(t *testing.T) {
+func TestParseError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	testCases := []struct {
@ -29,36 +20,24 @@ func TestDecodeError(t *testing.T) {

 libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
 `, ldd.ErrUnexpectedNewline},
-
 		{"unexpected separator", `
 libzstd.so.1 = /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
 `, ldd.ErrUnexpectedSeparator},
-
 		{"path not absolute", `
 libzstd.so.1 => usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
-`, &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "usr/lib/libzstd.so.1"}},
-
+`, ldd.ErrPathNotAbsolute},
 		{"unexpected segments", `
 meow libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
 `, ldd.EntryUnexpectedSegmentsError("meow libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)")},
-
 		{"bad location format", `
 libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 7ff71bfd2000
 `, ldd.ErrBadLocationFormat},
-
-		{"valid", ``, nil},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
-
-			d := ldd.NewDecoder(strings.NewReader(tc.out))
-
-			if _, err := d.Decode(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, tc.wantErr) {
-				t.Errorf("Decode: error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tc.wantErr)
-			}
-			if d.Scan(new(ldd.Entry)) {
-				t.Fatalf("Scan: unexpected true")
+			if _, err := ldd.Parse([]byte(tc.out)); !errors.Is(err, tc.wantErr) {
+				t.Errorf("Parse() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tc.wantErr)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@ -70,7 +49,6 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 	testCases := []struct {
 		file, out string
 		want      []*ldd.Entry
-		paths     []*check.Absolute
 	}{
 		{"musl /bin/kmod", `
 /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)
@ -78,38 +56,30 @@ libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
 liblzma.so.5 => /usr/lib/liblzma.so.5 (0x7ff71bf9a000)
 libz.so.1 => /lib/libz.so.1 (0x7ff71bf80000)
 libcrypto.so.3 => /lib/libcrypto.so.3 (0x7ff71ba00000)
-libc.musl-x86_64.so.1 => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)`, []*ldd.Entry{
-			{"/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1", nil, 0x7ff71c0a4000},
-			{"libzstd.so.1", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libzstd.so.1"), 0x7ff71bfd2000},
-			{"liblzma.so.5", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/liblzma.so.5"), 0x7ff71bf9a000},
-			{"libz.so.1", check.MustAbs("/lib/libz.so.1"), 0x7ff71bf80000},
-			{"libcrypto.so.3", check.MustAbs("/lib/libcrypto.so.3"), 0x7ff71ba00000},
-			{"libc.musl-x86_64.so.1", check.MustAbs("/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1"), 0x7ff71c0a4000},
-		}, []*check.Absolute{
-			check.MustAbs("/lib"),
-			check.MustAbs("/usr/lib"),
+libc.musl-x86_64.so.1 => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)`,
+			[]*ldd.Entry{
+				{"/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1", "", 0x7ff71c0a4000},
+				{"libzstd.so.1", "/usr/lib/libzstd.so.1", 0x7ff71bfd2000},
+				{"liblzma.so.5", "/usr/lib/liblzma.so.5", 0x7ff71bf9a000},
+				{"libz.so.1", "/lib/libz.so.1", 0x7ff71bf80000},
+				{"libcrypto.so.3", "/lib/libcrypto.so.3", 0x7ff71ba00000},
+				{"libc.musl-x86_64.so.1", "/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1", 0x7ff71c0a4000},
 			}},
-
 		{"glibc /nix/store/rc3n2r3nffpib2gqpxlkjx36frw6n34z-kmod-31/bin/kmod", `
 	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffed65be000)
 	libzstd.so.1 => /nix/store/80pxmvb9q43kh9rkjagc4h41vf6dh1y6-zstd-1.5.6/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x00007f3199cd1000)
 	liblzma.so.5 => /nix/store/g78jna1i5qhh8gqs4mr64648f0szqgw4-xz-5.4.7/lib/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007f3199ca2000)
 	libc.so.6 => /nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/libc.so.6 (0x00007f3199ab5000)
 	libpthread.so.0 => /nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f3199ab0000)
-	/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 => /nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f3199da5000)`, []*ldd.Entry{
-			{"linux-vdso.so.1", nil, 0x00007ffed65be000},
-			{"libzstd.so.1", check.MustAbs("/nix/store/80pxmvb9q43kh9rkjagc4h41vf6dh1y6-zstd-1.5.6/lib/libzstd.so.1"), 0x00007f3199cd1000},
-			{"liblzma.so.5", check.MustAbs("/nix/store/g78jna1i5qhh8gqs4mr64648f0szqgw4-xz-5.4.7/lib/liblzma.so.5"), 0x00007f3199ca2000},
-			{"libc.so.6", check.MustAbs("/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/libc.so.6"), 0x00007f3199ab5000},
-			{"libpthread.so.0", check.MustAbs("/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/libpthread.so.0"), 0x00007f3199ab0000},
-			{"/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2", check.MustAbs("/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2"), 0x00007f3199da5000},
-		}, []*check.Absolute{
-			check.MustAbs("/nix/store/80pxmvb9q43kh9rkjagc4h41vf6dh1y6-zstd-1.5.6/lib"),
-			check.MustAbs("/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib"),
-			check.MustAbs("/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib64"),
-			check.MustAbs("/nix/store/g78jna1i5qhh8gqs4mr64648f0szqgw4-xz-5.4.7/lib"),
+	/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 => /nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f3199da5000)`,
+			[]*ldd.Entry{
+				{"linux-vdso.so.1", "", 0x00007ffed65be000},
+				{"libzstd.so.1", "/nix/store/80pxmvb9q43kh9rkjagc4h41vf6dh1y6-zstd-1.5.6/lib/libzstd.so.1", 0x00007f3199cd1000},
+				{"liblzma.so.5", "/nix/store/g78jna1i5qhh8gqs4mr64648f0szqgw4-xz-5.4.7/lib/liblzma.so.5", 0x00007f3199ca2000},
+				{"libc.so.6", "/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/libc.so.6", 0x00007f3199ab5000},
+				{"libpthread.so.0", "/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/libpthread.so.0", 0x00007f3199ab0000},
+				{"/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2", "/nix/store/c10zhkbp6jmyh0xc5kd123ga8yy2p4hk-glibc-2.39-52/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2", 0x00007f3199da5000},
 			}},
-
 		{"glibc /usr/bin/xdg-dbus-proxy", `
 	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007725f5772000)
 	libglib-2.0.so.0 => /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007725f55d5000)
@ -123,129 +93,31 @@ libc.musl-x86_64.so.1 => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)`, []*ldd.Entr
 	libmount.so.1 => /usr/lib/libmount.so.1 (0x00007725f5076000)
 	libffi.so.8 => /usr/lib/libffi.so.8 (0x00007725f506b000)
 	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 => /usr/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007725f5774000)
-	libblkid.so.1 => /usr/lib/libblkid.so.1 (0x00007725f5032000)`, []*ldd.Entry{
-			{"linux-vdso.so.1", nil, 0x00007725f5772000},
-			{"libglib-2.0.so.0", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0"), 0x00007725f55d5000},
-			{"libgio-2.0.so.0", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libgio-2.0.so.0"), 0x00007725f5406000},
-			{"libgobject-2.0.so.0", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0"), 0x00007725f53a6000},
-			{"libgcc_s.so.1", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so.1"), 0x00007725f5378000},
-			{"libc.so.6", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libc.so.6"), 0x00007725f5187000},
-			{"libpcre2-8.so.0", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libpcre2-8.so.0"), 0x00007725f50e8000},
-			{"libgmodule-2.0.so.0", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so.0"), 0x00007725f50df000},
-			{"libz.so.1", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libz.so.1"), 0x00007725f50c6000},
-			{"libmount.so.1", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libmount.so.1"), 0x00007725f5076000},
-			{"libffi.so.8", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libffi.so.8"), 0x00007725f506b000},
-			{"/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2"), 0x00007725f5774000},
-			{"libblkid.so.1", check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libblkid.so.1"), 0x00007725f5032000},
-		}, []*check.Absolute{
-			check.MustAbs("/lib64"),
-			check.MustAbs("/usr/lib"),
-			check.MustAbs("/usr/lib64"),
+	libblkid.so.1 => /usr/lib/libblkid.so.1 (0x00007725f5032000)`,
+			[]*ldd.Entry{
+				{"linux-vdso.so.1", "", 0x00007725f5772000},
+				{"libglib-2.0.so.0", "/usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0", 0x00007725f55d5000},
+				{"libgio-2.0.so.0", "/usr/lib/libgio-2.0.so.0", 0x00007725f5406000},
+				{"libgobject-2.0.so.0", "/usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0", 0x00007725f53a6000},
+				{"libgcc_s.so.1", "/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so.1", 0x00007725f5378000},
+				{"libc.so.6", "/usr/lib/libc.so.6", 0x00007725f5187000},
+				{"libpcre2-8.so.0", "/usr/lib/libpcre2-8.so.0", 0x00007725f50e8000},
+				{"libgmodule-2.0.so.0", "/usr/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so.0", 0x00007725f50df000},
+				{"libz.so.1", "/usr/lib/libz.so.1", 0x00007725f50c6000},
+				{"libmount.so.1", "/usr/lib/libmount.so.1", 0x00007725f5076000},
+				{"libffi.so.8", "/usr/lib/libffi.so.8", 0x00007725f506b000},
+				{"/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2", "/usr/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2", 0x00007725f5774000},
+				{"libblkid.so.1", "/usr/lib/libblkid.so.1", 0x00007725f5032000},
 			}},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.file, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
-
 			if got, err := ldd.Parse([]byte(tc.out)); err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Parse: error = %v", err)
+				t.Errorf("Parse() error = %v", err)
 			} else if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.want) {
-				t.Errorf("Parse: \n%s\nwant\n%s", mustMarshalJSON(got), mustMarshalJSON(tc.want))
-			} else if paths := ldd.Path(got); !reflect.DeepEqual(paths, tc.paths) {
-				t.Errorf("Paths: %v, want %v", paths, tc.paths)
+				t.Errorf("Parse() got = %#v, want %#v", got, tc.want)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestString(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name string
-		e    ldd.Entry
-		want string
-	}{
-		{"ld", ldd.Entry{
-			Name:     "/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1",
-			Location: 0x7ff71c0a4000,
-		}, `/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)`},
-
-		{"libzstd", ldd.Entry{
-			Name:     "libzstd.so.1",
-			Path:     check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/libzstd.so.1"),
-			Location: 0x7ff71bfd2000,
-		}, `libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)`},
-
-		{"liblzma", ldd.Entry{
-			Name:     "liblzma.so.5",
-			Path:     check.MustAbs("/usr/lib/liblzma.so.5"),
-			Location: 0x7ff71bf9a000,
-		}, `liblzma.so.5 => /usr/lib/liblzma.so.5 (0x7ff71bf9a000)`},
-
-		{"libz", ldd.Entry{
-			Name:     "libz.so.1",
-			Path:     check.MustAbs("/lib/libz.so.1"),
-			Location: 0x7ff71bf80000,
-		}, `libz.so.1 => /lib/libz.so.1 (0x7ff71bf80000)`},
-
-		{"libcrypto", ldd.Entry{
-			Name:     "libcrypto.so.3",
-			Path:     check.MustAbs("/lib/libcrypto.so.3"),
-			Location: 0x7ff71ba00000,
-		}, `libcrypto.so.3 => /lib/libcrypto.so.3 (0x7ff71ba00000)`},
-
-		{"libc", ldd.Entry{
-			Name:     "libc.musl-x86_64.so.1",
-			Path:     check.MustAbs("/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1"),
-			Location: 0x7ff71c0a4000,
-		}, `libc.musl-x86_64.so.1 => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)`},
-
-		{"invalid", ldd.Entry{
-			Location: 0x7ff71c0a4000,
-		}, `invalid (0x7ff71c0a4000)`},
-
-		{"invalid long", ldd.Entry{
-			Path:     check.MustAbs("/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1"),
-			Location: 0x7ff71c0a4000,
-		}, `invalid => /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1 (0x7ff71c0a4000)`},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			t.Run("decode", func(t *testing.T) {
-				if tc.e.Name == "" {
-					return
-				}
-				t.Parallel()
-
-				var got ldd.Entry
-				if err := got.UnmarshalText([]byte(tc.want)); err != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("UnmarshalText: error = %v", err)
-				}
-
-				if !reflect.DeepEqual(&got, &tc.e) {
-					t.Errorf("UnmarshalText: %#v, want %#v", got, tc.e)
-				}
-			})
-
-			t.Run("encode", func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
-				if got := tc.e.String(); got != tc.want {
-					t.Errorf("String: %s, want %s", got, tc.want)
-				}
-			})
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// mustMarshalJSON calls [json.Marshal] and returns the resulting data.
-func mustMarshalJSON(v any) []byte {
-	if data, err := json.Marshal(v); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	} else {
-		return data
-	}
-}
--- a/ldd/path.go
+++ b/ldd/path.go
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package ldd
+
+import (
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+)
+
+// Path returns a deterministic, deduplicated slice of absolute directory paths in entries.
+func Path(entries []*Entry) []*check.Absolute {
+	p := make([]*check.Absolute, 0, len(entries)*2)
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if a, err := check.NewAbs(entry.Path); err == nil {
+			p = append(p, a.Dir())
+		}
+		if a, err := check.NewAbs(entry.Name); err == nil {
+			p = append(p, a.Dir())
+		}
+	}
+	check.SortAbs(p)
+	return check.CompactAbs(p)
+}
--- a/package.nix
+++ b/package.nix
@ -20,11 +20,10 @@

  # for passthru.buildInputs
  go,
-  clang,
+  gcc,

  # for check
  util-linux,
-  nettools,

  glibc, # for ldd
  withStatic ? stdenv.hostPlatform.isStatic,
@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ buildGoModule rec {
    lib.attrsets.foldlAttrs
      (
        ldflags: name: value:
-        ldflags ++ [ "-X hakurei.app/internal/info.${name}=${value}" ]
+        ldflags ++ [ "-X hakurei.app/internal.${name}=${value}" ]
      )
      (
        [ "-s -w" ]
@ -81,13 +80,8 @@ buildGoModule rec {
        hsuPath = "/run/wrappers/bin/hsu";
      };

-  env = {
-    # use clang instead of gcc
-    CC = "clang -O3 -Werror";
-
  # nix build environment does not allow acls
-    GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;
-  };
+  env.GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;

  buildInputs = [
    libffi
@ -104,9 +98,6 @@ buildGoModule rec {
  nativeBuildInputs = [
    pkg-config
    makeBinaryWrapper
-
-    # for container example
-    nettools
  ];

  postInstall =
@ -140,7 +131,7 @@ buildGoModule rec {

  passthru.targetPkgs = [
    go
-    clang
+    gcc
    xorg.xorgproto
    util-linux

--- a/internal/system/acl.go
+++ b/internal/system/acl.go
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 // UpdatePerm calls UpdatePermType with the [Process] criteria.
--- a/internal/acl/acl.go
+++ b/internal/acl/acl.go
--- a/internal/acl/acl_test.go
+++ b/internal/acl/acl_test.go
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 const testFileName = "acl.test"
--- a/system/acl/deprecated.go
+++ b/system/acl/deprecated.go
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-// Package acl exposes the internal/acl package.
-//
-// Deprecated: This package will be removed in 0.4.
-package acl
-
-import (
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
-)
-
-type Perm = acl.Perm
-
-const (
-	Read    = acl.Read
-	Write   = acl.Write
-	Execute = acl.Execute
-)
-
-// Update replaces ACL_USER entry with qualifier uid.
-//
-//go:linkname Update hakurei.app/internal/acl.Update
-func Update(name string, uid int, perms ...Perm) error
-
-type Perms = acl.Perms
--- a/system/acl/libacl-helper.c
+++ b/system/acl/libacl-helper.c
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#include "libacl-helper.h"
+#include <acl/libacl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/acl.h>
+
+int hakurei_acl_update_file_by_uid(const char *path_p, uid_t uid,
+                                   acl_perm_t *perms, size_t plen) {
+  int ret;
+  bool v;
+  int i;
+  acl_t acl;
+  acl_entry_t entry;
+  acl_tag_t tag_type;
+  void *qualifier_p;
+  acl_permset_t permset;
+
+  ret = -1; /* acl_get_file */
+  acl = acl_get_file(path_p, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);
+  if (acl == NULL)
+    goto out;
+
+  /* prune entries by uid */
+  for (i = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &entry); i == 1;
+       i = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &entry)) {
+    ret = -2; /* acl_get_tag_type */
+    if (acl_get_tag_type(entry, &tag_type) != 0)
+      goto out;
+    if (tag_type != ACL_USER)
+      continue;
+
+    ret = -3; /* acl_get_qualifier */
+    qualifier_p = acl_get_qualifier(entry);
+    if (qualifier_p == NULL)
+      goto out;
+    v = *(uid_t *)qualifier_p == uid;
+    acl_free(qualifier_p);
+
+    if (!v)
+      continue;
+
+    ret = -4; /* acl_delete_entry */
+    if (acl_delete_entry(acl, entry) != 0)
+      goto out;
+  }
+
+  if (plen == 0)
+    goto set;
+
+  ret = -5; /* acl_create_entry */
+  if (acl_create_entry(&acl, &entry) != 0)
+    goto out;
+
+  ret = -6; /* acl_get_permset */
+  if (acl_get_permset(entry, &permset) != 0)
+    goto out;
+
+  ret = -7; /* acl_add_perm */
+  for (i = 0; i < plen; i++) {
+    if (acl_add_perm(permset, perms[i]) != 0)
+      goto out;
+  }
+
+  ret = -8; /* acl_set_tag_type */
+  if (acl_set_tag_type(entry, ACL_USER) != 0)
+    goto out;
+
+  ret = -9; /* acl_set_qualifier */
+  if (acl_set_qualifier(entry, (void *)&uid) != 0)
+    goto out;
+
+set:
+  ret = -10; /* acl_calc_mask */
+  if (acl_calc_mask(&acl) != 0)
+    goto out;
+
+  ret = -11; /* acl_valid */
+  if (acl_valid(acl) != 0)
+    goto out;
+
+  ret = -12; /* acl_set_file */
+  if (acl_set_file(path_p, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS, acl) == 0)
+    ret = 0;
+
+out:
+  free((void *)path_p);
+  if (acl != NULL)
+    acl_free((void *)acl);
+  return ret;
+}
--- a/internal/acl/libacl-helper.go
+++ b/internal/acl/libacl-helper.go
--- a/internal/acl/libacl-helper.h
+++ b/internal/acl/libacl-helper.h
--- a/internal/acl/libacl-helper_test.go
+++ b/internal/acl/libacl-helper_test.go
--- a/internal/acl/perms.go
+++ b/internal/acl/perms.go
--- a/internal/acl/perms_test.go
+++ b/internal/acl/perms_test.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package acl_test
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func TestPerms(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/system/acl_test.go
+++ b/internal/system/acl_test.go
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
+	"hakurei.app/system/acl"
 )

 func TestACLUpdateOp(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/system/dbus.go
+++ b/internal/system/dbus.go
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (

 	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 // ErrDBusConfig is returned when a required [hst.BusConfig] argument is nil.
--- a/internal/dbus/address.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/address.go
--- a/internal/dbus/address_escape_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/address_escape_test.go
--- a/internal/dbus/address_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/address_test.go
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/dbus/config.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/config.go
--- a/internal/dbus/config_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/config_test.go
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func TestConfigArgs(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/dbus/dbus.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/dbus.go
--- a/internal/dbus/dbus_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/dbus_test.go
@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+	"hakurei.app/system/dbus"
 )

 func TestFinalise(t *testing.T) {
--- a/system/dbus/deprecated.go
+++ b/system/dbus/deprecated.go
@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-// Package dbus exposes the internal/dbus package.
-//
-// Deprecated: This package will be removed in 0.4.
-package dbus
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"io"
-	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
-
-	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/dbus"
-	"hakurei.app/message"
-)
-
-type AddrEntry = dbus.AddrEntry
-
-// EqualAddrEntries returns whether two slices of [AddrEntry] are equal.
-//
-//go:linkname EqualAddrEntries hakurei.app/internal/dbus.EqualAddrEntries
-func EqualAddrEntries(entries, target []AddrEntry) bool
-
-// Parse parses D-Bus address according to
-// https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#addresses
-//
-//go:linkname Parse hakurei.app/internal/dbus.Parse
-func Parse(addr []byte) ([]AddrEntry, error)
-
-type ParseError = dbus.ParseError
-
-const (
-	ErrNoColon         = dbus.ErrNoColon
-	ErrBadPairSep      = dbus.ErrBadPairSep
-	ErrBadPairKey      = dbus.ErrBadPairKey
-	ErrBadPairVal      = dbus.ErrBadPairVal
-	ErrBadValLength    = dbus.ErrBadValLength
-	ErrBadValByte      = dbus.ErrBadValByte
-	ErrBadValHexLength = dbus.ErrBadValHexLength
-	ErrBadValHexByte   = dbus.ErrBadValHexByte
-)
-
-type BadAddressError = dbus.BadAddressError
-
-// ProxyPair is an upstream dbus address and a downstream socket path.
-type ProxyPair = dbus.ProxyPair
-
-// Args returns the xdg-dbus-proxy arguments equivalent of [hst.BusConfig].
-//
-//go:linkname Args hakurei.app/internal/dbus.Args
-func Args(c *hst.BusConfig, bus ProxyPair) (args []string)
-
-// NewConfig returns the address of a new [hst.BusConfig] with optional defaults.
-//
-//go:linkname NewConfig hakurei.app/internal/dbus.NewConfig
-func NewConfig(id string, defaults, mpris bool) *hst.BusConfig
-
-const (
-	/*
-		SessionBusAddress is the name of the environment variable where the address of the login session message bus is given in.
-
-		If that variable is not set, applications may also try to read the address from the X Window System root window property _DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS.
-		The root window property must have type STRING. The environment variable should have precedence over the root window property.
-
-		The address of the login session message bus is given in the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable.
-		If DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is not set, or if it's set to the string "autolaunch:",
-		the system should use platform-specific methods of locating a running D-Bus session server,
-		or starting one if a running instance cannot be found.
-		Note that this mechanism is not recommended for attempting to determine if a daemon is running.
-		It is inherently racy to attempt to make this determination, since the bus daemon may be started just before or just after the determination is made.
-		Therefore, it is recommended that applications do not try to make this determination for their functionality purposes, and instead they should attempt to start the server.
-
-		This package diverges from the specification, as the caller is unlikely to be an X client, or be in a position to autolaunch a dbus server.
-		So a fallback address with a socket located in the well-known default XDG_RUNTIME_DIR formatting is used.
-	*/
-	SessionBusAddress = dbus.SessionBusAddress
-
-	/*
-		SystemBusAddress is the name of the environment variable where the address of the system message bus is given in.
-
-		If that variable is not set, applications should try to connect to the well-known address unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket.
-		Implementations of the well-known system bus should listen on an address that will result in that connection being successful.
-	*/
-	SystemBusAddress = dbus.SystemBusAddress
-
-	// FallbackSystemBusAddress is used when [SystemBusAddress] is not set.
-	FallbackSystemBusAddress = dbus.FallbackSystemBusAddress
-)
-
-// Address returns the session and system bus addresses copied from environment,
-// or appropriate fallback values if they are not set.
-//
-//go:linkname Address hakurei.app/internal/dbus.Address
-func Address() (session, system string)
-
-// ProxyName is the file name or path to the proxy program.
-// Overriding ProxyName will only affect Proxy instance created after the change.
-//
-//go:linkname ProxyName hakurei.app/internal/dbus.ProxyName
-var ProxyName string
-
-// Proxy holds the state of a xdg-dbus-proxy process, and should never be copied.
-type Proxy = dbus.Proxy
-
-// Final describes the outcome of a proxy configuration.
-type Final = dbus.Final
-
-// Finalise creates a checked argument writer for [Proxy].
-//
-//go:linkname Finalise hakurei.app/internal/dbus.Finalise
-func Finalise(sessionBus, systemBus ProxyPair, session, system *hst.BusConfig) (final *Final, err error)
-
-// New returns a new instance of [Proxy].
-//
-//go:linkname New hakurei.app/internal/dbus.New
-func New(ctx context.Context, msg message.Msg, final *Final, output io.Writer) *Proxy
--- a/internal/dbus/export_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/export_test.go
--- a/internal/dbus/proc.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/proc.go
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/container/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/container/std"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 	"hakurei.app/ldd"
 )

@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func (p *Proxy) Start() error {
 		}

 		var libPaths []*check.Absolute
-		if entries, err := ldd.Resolve(ctx, p.msg, toolPath); err != nil {
+		if entries, err := ldd.Exec(ctx, p.msg, toolPath.String()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
 			libPaths = ldd.Path(entries)
--- a/internal/dbus/proc_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/proc_test.go
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"hakurei.app/container"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 )

 func TestMain(m *testing.M) { container.TryArgv0(nil); helper.InternalHelperStub(); os.Exit(m.Run()) }
--- a/internal/dbus/proxy.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/proxy.go
@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"

+	"hakurei.app/helper"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/helper"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )

--- a/internal/dbus/samples_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbus/samples_test.go
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More