internal/rosa/llvm: add rosa vendor

This cleans up checks specific to Rosa OS, and fixes stack overflow in llvm under certain conditions.

Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -72,6 +72,23 @@ jobs:
           path: result/*
           retention-days: 1
 
+  sharefs:
+    name: ShareFS
+    runs-on: nix
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Run NixOS test
+        run: nix build --out-link "result" --print-out-paths --print-build-logs .#checks.x86_64-linux.sharefs
+
+      - name: Upload test output
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: "sharefs-vm-output"
+          path: result/*
+          retention-days: 1
+
   hpkg:
     name: Hpkg
     runs-on: nix
@@ -96,6 +113,7 @@ jobs:
       - race
       - sandbox
       - sandbox-race
+      - sharefs
       - hpkg
     runs-on: nix
     steps:

.gitignore

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ go.work.sum
 
 # go generate
 /cmd/hakurei/LICENSE
+/internal/pkg/testdata/testtool
 
 # release
 /dist/hakurei-*

cmd/mbf/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"syscall"
+	"unique"
+
+	"hakurei.app/command"
+	"hakurei.app/container"
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	container.TryArgv0(nil)
+
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	log.SetPrefix("mbf: ")
+	msg := message.New(log.Default())
+
+	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
+		log.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
+	}
+
+	var cache *pkg.Cache
+	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(),
+		syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGHUP)
+	defer stop()
+	defer func() {
+		if cache != nil {
+			cache.Close()
+		}
+
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			fmt.Println(r)
+			log.Fatal("consider scrubbing the on-disk cache")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	var (
+		flagQuiet  bool
+		flagCures  int
+		flagBase   string
+		flagTShift int
+	)
+	c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "mbf", func([]string) (err error) {
+		msg.SwapVerbose(!flagQuiet)
+
+		var base *check.Absolute
+		if flagBase, err = filepath.Abs(flagBase); err != nil {
+			return
+		} else if base, err = check.NewAbs(flagBase); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if cache, err = pkg.Open(ctx, msg, flagCures, base); err == nil {
+			if flagTShift < 0 {
+				cache.SetThreshold(0)
+			} else if flagTShift > 31 {
+				cache.SetThreshold(1 << 31)
+			} else {
+				cache.SetThreshold(1 << flagTShift)
+			}
+		}
+		return
+	}).Flag(
+		&flagQuiet,
+		"q", command.BoolFlag(false),
+		"Do not print cure messages",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagCures,
+		"cures", command.IntFlag(0),
+		"Maximum number of dependencies to cure at any given time",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagBase,
+		"d", command.StringFlag("cache"),
+		"Directory to store cured artifacts",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagTShift,
+		"tshift", command.IntFlag(-1),
+		"Dependency graph size exponent, to the power of 2",
+	)
+
+	{
+		var flagShifts int
+		c.NewCommand(
+			"scrub", "Examine the on-disk cache for errors",
+			func(args []string) error {
+				if len(args) > 0 {
+					return errors.New("scrub expects no arguments")
+				}
+				if flagShifts < 0 || flagShifts > 31 {
+					flagShifts = 12
+				}
+				return cache.Scrub(runtime.NumCPU() << flagShifts)
+			},
+		).Flag(
+			&flagShifts,
+			"shift", command.IntFlag(12),
+			"Scrub parallelism size exponent, to the power of 2",
+		)
+	}
+
+	c.NewCommand(
+		"stage3",
+		"Check for toolchain 3-stage non-determinism",
+		func(args []string) (err error) {
+			_, _, _, stage2 := (rosa.Std - 1).NewLLVM()
+			_, _, _, stage3 := rosa.Std.NewLLVM()
+			var (
+				pathname *check.Absolute
+				checksum [2]unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]
+			)
+
+			if pathname, checksum[0], err = cache.Cure(stage2); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			log.Println("stage2:", pathname)
+			if pathname, checksum[1], err = cache.Cure(stage3); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			log.Println("stage3:", pathname)
+
+			if checksum[0] != checksum[1] {
+				err = &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+					Got:  checksum[0].Value(),
+					Want: checksum[1].Value(),
+				}
+			}
+			return
+		},
+	)
+
+	c.NewCommand(
+		"cure",
+		"Cure the named artifact and show its path",
+		func(args []string) error {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return errors.New("cure requires 1 argument")
+			}
+			if p, ok := rosa.ResolveName(args[0]); !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unsupported artifact %q", args[0])
+			} else {
+				pathname, _, err := cache.Cure(rosa.Std.Load(p))
+				if err == nil {
+					log.Println(pathname)
+				}
+				return err
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	c.MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
+		if cache != nil {
+			cache.Close()
+		}
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	})
+}

cmd/sharefs/fuse-operations.c

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _GNU_SOURCE /* O_DIRECT */
+#endif
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/* TODO(ophestra): remove after 05ce67fea99ca09cd4b6625cff7aec9cc222dd5a reaches a release */
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+
+#include "fuse-operations.h"
+
+/* MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME translates a userspace pathname to a relative pathname;
+ * the resulting address points to a constant string or part of pathname, it is never heap allocated. */
+#define MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname) \
+    do {                                  \
+        if (pathname == NULL)             \
+            return -EINVAL;               \
+        while (*pathname == '/')          \
+            pathname++;                   \
+        if (*pathname == '\0')            \
+            pathname = ".";               \
+    } while (0)
+
+/* GET_CONTEXT_PRIV obtains fuse context and private data for the calling thread. */
+#define GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv) \
+    do {                            \
+        ctx = fuse_get_context();   \
+        priv = ctx->private_data;   \
+    } while (0)
+
+/* impl_getattr modifies a struct stat from the kernel to present to userspace;
+ * impl_getattr returns a negative errno style error code. */
+static int impl_getattr(struct fuse_context *ctx, struct stat *statbuf) {
+    /* allowlist of permitted types */
+    if (!S_ISDIR(statbuf->st_mode) && !S_ISREG(statbuf->st_mode) && !S_ISLNK(statbuf->st_mode)) {
+        return -ENOTRECOVERABLE; /* returning an errno causes all operations on the file to return EIO */
+    }
+
+#define OVERRIDE_PERM(v) (statbuf->st_mode & ~0777) | (v & 0777)
+    if (S_ISDIR(statbuf->st_mode))
+        statbuf->st_mode = OVERRIDE_PERM(SHAREFS_PERM_DIR);
+    else if (S_ISREG(statbuf->st_mode))
+        statbuf->st_mode = OVERRIDE_PERM(SHAREFS_PERM_REG);
+    else
+        statbuf->st_mode = 0; /* should always be symlink in this case */
+
+    statbuf->st_uid = ctx->uid;
+    statbuf->st_gid = SHAREFS_MEDIA_RW_ID;
+    statbuf->st_ctim = statbuf->st_mtim;
+    statbuf->st_nlink = 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* fuse_operations implementation */
+
+int sharefs_getattr(const char *pathname, struct stat *statbuf, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    (void)fi;
+
+    if (fstatat(priv->dirfd, pathname, statbuf, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return impl_getattr(ctx, statbuf);
+}
+
+int sharefs_readdir(const char *pathname, void *buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi, enum fuse_readdir_flags flags) {
+    int fd;
+    DIR *dp;
+    struct stat st;
+    int ret = 0;
+    struct dirent *de;
+
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    (void)offset;
+    (void)fi;
+
+    if ((fd = openat(priv->dirfd, pathname, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    if ((dp = fdopendir(fd)) == NULL) {
+        close(fd);
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    errno = 0; /* for the next readdir call */
+    while ((de = readdir(dp)) != NULL) {
+        if (flags & FUSE_READDIR_PLUS) {
+            if (fstatat(dirfd(dp), de->d_name, &st, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) == -1) {
+                ret = -errno;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if ((ret = impl_getattr(ctx, &st)) < 0)
+                break;
+
+            errno = 0;
+            ret = filler(buf, de->d_name, &st, 0, FUSE_FILL_DIR_PLUS);
+        } else
+            ret = filler(buf, de->d_name, NULL, 0, 0);
+
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            ret = errno != 0 ? -errno : -EIO; /* filler */
+            break;
+        }
+
+        errno = 0; /* for the next readdir call */
+    }
+    if (ret == 0 && errno != 0)
+        ret = -errno; /* readdir */
+
+    closedir(dp);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int sharefs_mkdir(const char *pathname, mode_t mode) {
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    (void)mode;
+
+    if (mkdirat(priv->dirfd, pathname, SHAREFS_PERM_DIR) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_unlink(const char *pathname) {
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    if (unlinkat(priv->dirfd, pathname, 0) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_rmdir(const char *pathname) {
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    if (unlinkat(priv->dirfd, pathname, AT_REMOVEDIR) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath, unsigned int flags) {
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(oldpath);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(newpath);
+
+    /* TODO(ophestra): replace with wrapper after 05ce67fea99ca09cd4b6625cff7aec9cc222dd5a reaches a release */
+    if (syscall(__NR_renameat2, priv->dirfd, oldpath, priv->dirfd, newpath, flags) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_truncate(const char *pathname, off_t length, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    int fd;
+    int ret;
+
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    (void)fi;
+
+    if ((fd = openat(priv->dirfd, pathname, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    if ((ret = ftruncate(fd, length)) == -1)
+        ret = -errno;
+    close(fd);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int sharefs_utimens(const char *pathname, const struct timespec times[2], struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    (void)fi;
+
+    if (utimensat(priv->dirfd, pathname, times, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_create(const char *pathname, mode_t mode, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    int fd;
+
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    (void)mode;
+
+    if ((fd = openat(priv->dirfd, pathname, fi->flags & ~SHAREFS_FORBIDDEN_FLAGS, SHAREFS_PERM_REG)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    fi->fh = fd;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_open(const char *pathname, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    int fd;
+
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    if ((fd = openat(priv->dirfd, pathname, fi->flags & ~SHAREFS_FORBIDDEN_FLAGS)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    fi->fh = fd;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int sharefs_read(const char *pathname, char *buf, size_t count, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    int ret;
+
+    (void)pathname;
+
+    if ((ret = pread(fi->fh, buf, count, offset)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int sharefs_write(const char *pathname, const char *buf, size_t count, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    int ret;
+
+    (void)pathname;
+
+    if ((ret = pwrite(fi->fh, buf, count, offset)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int sharefs_statfs(const char *pathname, struct statvfs *statbuf) {
+    int fd;
+    int ret;
+
+    struct fuse_context *ctx;
+    struct sharefs_private *priv;
+    GET_CONTEXT_PRIV(ctx, priv);
+    MUST_TRANSLATE_PATHNAME(pathname);
+
+    if ((fd = openat(priv->dirfd, pathname, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    if ((ret = fstatvfs(fd, statbuf)) == -1)
+        ret = -errno;
+    close(fd);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int sharefs_release(const char *pathname, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    (void)pathname;
+
+    return close(fi->fh);
+}
+
+int sharefs_fsync(const char *pathname, int datasync, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+    (void)pathname;
+
+    if (datasync ? fdatasync(fi->fh) : fsync(fi->fh) == -1)
+        return -errno;
+    return 0;
+}

cmd/sharefs/fuse-operations.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#define FUSE_USE_VERSION FUSE_MAKE_VERSION(3, 12)
+#include <fuse.h>
+#include <fuse_lowlevel.h> /* for fuse_cmdline_help */
+
+#if (FUSE_VERSION < FUSE_MAKE_VERSION(3, 12))
+#error This package requires libfuse >= v3.12
+#endif
+
+#define SHAREFS_MEDIA_RW_ID (1 << 10) - 1 /* owning gid presented to userspace */
+#define SHAREFS_PERM_DIR 0700             /* permission bits for directories presented to userspace */
+#define SHAREFS_PERM_REG 0600             /* permission bits for regular files presented to userspace */
+#define SHAREFS_FORBIDDEN_FLAGS O_DIRECT  /* these open flags are cleared unconditionally */
+
+/* sharefs_private is populated by sharefs_init and contains process-wide context */
+struct sharefs_private {
+    int dirfd;       /* source dirfd opened during sharefs_init */
+    uintptr_t setup; /* cgo handle of opaque setup state */
+};
+
+int sharefs_getattr(const char *pathname, struct stat *statbuf, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_readdir(const char *pathname, void *buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi, enum fuse_readdir_flags flags);
+int sharefs_mkdir(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
+int sharefs_unlink(const char *pathname);
+int sharefs_rmdir(const char *pathname);
+int sharefs_rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath, unsigned int flags);
+int sharefs_truncate(const char *pathname, off_t length, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_utimens(const char *pathname, const struct timespec times[2], struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_create(const char *pathname, mode_t mode, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_open(const char *pathname, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_read(const char *pathname, char *buf, size_t count, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_write(const char *pathname, const char *buf, size_t count, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_statfs(const char *pathname, struct statvfs *statbuf);
+int sharefs_release(const char *pathname, struct fuse_file_info *fi);
+int sharefs_fsync(const char *pathname, int datasync, struct fuse_file_info *fi);

cmd/sharefs/fuse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+package main
+
+/*
+#cgo pkg-config: --static fuse3
+
+#include "fuse-operations.h"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+extern void *sharefs_init(struct fuse_conn_info *conn, struct fuse_config *cfg);
+extern void sharefs_destroy(void *private_data);
+
+typedef void (*closure)();
+static inline struct fuse_opt _FUSE_OPT_END() { return (struct fuse_opt)FUSE_OPT_END; };
+*/
+import "C"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/signal"
+	"path"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/cgo"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container"
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container/std"
+	"hakurei.app/hst"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/helper/proc"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+type (
+	// closure represents a C function pointer.
+	closure = C.closure
+
+	// fuseArgs represents the fuse_args structure.
+	fuseArgs = C.struct_fuse_args
+
+	// setupState holds state used for setup. Its cgo handle is included in
+	// sharefs_private and considered opaque to non-setup callbacks.
+	setupState struct {
+		// Whether sharefs_init failed.
+		initFailed bool
+
+		// Whether to create source directory as root.
+		mkdir bool
+
+		// Open file descriptor to fuse.
+		Fuse int
+
+		// Pathname to open for dirfd.
+		Source *check.Absolute
+		// New uid and gid to set by sharefs_init when starting as root.
+		Setuid, Setgid int
+	}
+)
+
+func init() { gob.Register(new(setupState)) }
+
+// destroySetup invalidates the setup [cgo.Handle] in a sharefs_private structure.
+func destroySetup(private_data unsafe.Pointer) (ok bool) {
+	if private_data == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	priv := (*C.struct_sharefs_private)(private_data)
+
+	if h := cgo.Handle(priv.setup); h != 0 {
+		priv.setup = 0
+		h.Delete()
+		ok = true
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+//export sharefs_init
+func sharefs_init(_ *C.struct_fuse_conn_info, cfg *C.struct_fuse_config) unsafe.Pointer {
+	ctx := C.fuse_get_context()
+	priv := (*C.struct_sharefs_private)(ctx.private_data)
+	setup := cgo.Handle(priv.setup).Value().(*setupState)
+
+	if os.Geteuid() == 0 {
+		log.Println("filesystem daemon must not run as root")
+		goto fail
+	}
+
+	cfg.use_ino = C.true
+	cfg.direct_io = C.false
+	// getattr is context-dependent
+	cfg.attr_timeout = 0
+	cfg.entry_timeout = 0
+	cfg.negative_timeout = 0
+
+	// all future filesystem operations happen through this dirfd
+	if fd, err := syscall.Open(setup.Source.String(), syscall.O_DIRECTORY|syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_CLOEXEC, 0); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("cannot open %q: %v", setup.Source, err)
+		goto fail
+	} else if err = syscall.Fchdir(fd); err != nil {
+		_ = syscall.Close(fd)
+		log.Printf("cannot enter %q: %s", setup.Source, err)
+		goto fail
+	} else {
+		priv.dirfd = C.int(fd)
+	}
+
+	return ctx.private_data
+
+fail:
+	setup.initFailed = true
+	C.fuse_exit(ctx.fuse)
+	return nil
+}
+
+//export sharefs_destroy
+func sharefs_destroy(private_data unsafe.Pointer) {
+	if private_data != nil {
+		destroySetup(private_data)
+		priv := (*C.struct_sharefs_private)(private_data)
+
+		if err := syscall.Close(int(priv.dirfd)); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("cannot close source directory: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// showHelp prints the help message.
+func showHelp(args *fuseArgs) {
+	executableName := sharefsName
+	if args.argc > 0 {
+		executableName = path.Base(C.GoString(*args.argv))
+	} else if name, err := os.Executable(); err == nil {
+		executableName = path.Base(name)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("usage: %s [options] <mountpoint>\n\n", executableName)
+
+	fmt.Println("Filesystem options:")
+	fmt.Println("    -o source=/data/media  source directory to be mounted")
+	fmt.Println("    -o setuid=1023         uid to run as when starting as root")
+	fmt.Println("    -o setgid=1023         gid to run as when starting as root")
+
+	fmt.Println("\nFUSE options:")
+	C.fuse_cmdline_help()
+	C.fuse_lib_help(args)
+}
+
+// parseOpts parses fuse options via fuse_opt_parse.
+func parseOpts(args *fuseArgs, setup *setupState, log *log.Logger) (ok bool) {
+	var unsafeOpts struct {
+		// Pathname to writable source directory.
+		source *C.char
+
+		// Whether to create source directory as root.
+		mkdir C.int
+
+		// Decimal string representation of uid to set when running as root.
+		setuid *C.char
+		// Decimal string representation of gid to set when running as root.
+		setgid *C.char
+
+		// Decimal string representation of open file descriptor to read setupState from.
+		// This is an internal detail for containerisation and must not be specified directly.
+		setup *C.char
+	}
+
+	if C.fuse_opt_parse(args, unsafe.Pointer(&unsafeOpts), &[]C.struct_fuse_opt{
+		{templ: C.CString("source=%s"), offset: C.ulong(unsafe.Offsetof(unsafeOpts.source)), value: 0},
+		{templ: C.CString("mkdir"), offset: C.ulong(unsafe.Offsetof(unsafeOpts.mkdir)), value: 1},
+		{templ: C.CString("setuid=%s"), offset: C.ulong(unsafe.Offsetof(unsafeOpts.setuid)), value: 0},
+		{templ: C.CString("setgid=%s"), offset: C.ulong(unsafe.Offsetof(unsafeOpts.setgid)), value: 0},
+
+		{templ: C.CString("setup=%s"), offset: C.ulong(unsafe.Offsetof(unsafeOpts.setup)), value: 0},
+
+		C._FUSE_OPT_END(),
+	}[0], nil) == -1 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if unsafeOpts.source != nil {
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(unsafeOpts.source))
+	}
+	if unsafeOpts.setuid != nil {
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(unsafeOpts.setuid))
+	}
+	if unsafeOpts.setgid != nil {
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(unsafeOpts.setgid))
+	}
+
+	if unsafeOpts.setup != nil {
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(unsafeOpts.setup))
+
+		if v, err := strconv.Atoi(C.GoString(unsafeOpts.setup)); err != nil || v < 3 {
+			log.Println("invalid value for option setup")
+			return false
+		} else {
+			r := os.NewFile(uintptr(v), "setup")
+			defer func() {
+				if err = r.Close(); err != nil {
+					log.Println(err)
+				}
+			}()
+			if err = gob.NewDecoder(r).Decode(setup); err != nil {
+				log.Println(err)
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		if setup.Fuse < 3 {
+			log.Println("invalid file descriptor", setup.Fuse)
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if unsafeOpts.source == nil {
+		showHelp(args)
+		return false
+	} else if a, err := check.NewAbs(C.GoString(unsafeOpts.source)); err != nil {
+		log.Println(err)
+		return false
+	} else {
+		setup.Source = a
+	}
+	setup.mkdir = unsafeOpts.mkdir != 0
+
+	if unsafeOpts.setuid == nil {
+		setup.Setuid = -1
+	} else if v, err := strconv.Atoi(C.GoString(unsafeOpts.setuid)); err != nil || v <= 0 {
+		log.Println("invalid value for option setuid")
+		return false
+	} else {
+		setup.Setuid = v
+	}
+	if unsafeOpts.setgid == nil {
+		setup.Setgid = -1
+	} else if v, err := strconv.Atoi(C.GoString(unsafeOpts.setgid)); err != nil || v <= 0 {
+		log.Println("invalid value for option setgid")
+		return false
+	} else {
+		setup.Setgid = v
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// copyArgs returns a heap allocated copy of an argument slice in fuse_args representation.
+func copyArgs(s ...string) fuseArgs {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return fuseArgs{argc: 0, argv: nil, allocated: 0}
+	}
+	args := unsafe.Slice((**C.char)(C.malloc(C.size_t(uintptr(len(s))*unsafe.Sizeof(s[0])))), len(s))
+	for i, arg := range s {
+		args[i] = C.CString(arg)
+	}
+	return fuseArgs{argc: C.int(len(s)), argv: &args[0], allocated: 1}
+}
+
+// freeArgs frees the contents of argument list.
+func freeArgs(args *fuseArgs) { C.fuse_opt_free_args(args) }
+
+// unsafeAddArgument adds an argument to fuseArgs via fuse_opt_add_arg.
+// The last byte of arg must be 0.
+func unsafeAddArgument(args *fuseArgs, arg string) {
+	C.fuse_opt_add_arg(args, (*C.char)(unsafe.Pointer(unsafe.StringData(arg))))
+}
+
+func _main(s ...string) (exitCode int) {
+	msg := message.New(log.Default())
+	container.TryArgv0(msg)
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+
+	// don't mask creation mode, kernel already did that
+	syscall.Umask(0)
+
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+
+	args := copyArgs(s...)
+	defer freeArgs(&args)
+
+	// this causes the kernel to enforce access control based on
+	// struct stat populated by sharefs_getattr
+	unsafeAddArgument(&args, "-odefault_permissions\x00")
+
+	var priv C.struct_sharefs_private
+	pinner.Pin(&priv)
+	var setup setupState
+	priv.setup = C.uintptr_t(cgo.NewHandle(&setup))
+	defer destroySetup(unsafe.Pointer(&priv))
+
+	var opts C.struct_fuse_cmdline_opts
+	if C.fuse_parse_cmdline(&args, &opts) != 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	if opts.mountpoint != nil {
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(opts.mountpoint))
+	}
+
+	if opts.show_version != 0 {
+		fmt.Println("hakurei version", info.Version())
+		fmt.Println("FUSE library version", C.GoString(C.fuse_pkgversion()))
+		C.fuse_lowlevel_version()
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	if opts.show_help != 0 {
+		showHelp(&args)
+		return 0
+	} else if opts.mountpoint == nil {
+		log.Println("no mountpoint specified")
+		return 2
+	} else {
+		// hack to keep fuse_parse_cmdline happy in the container
+		mountpoint := C.GoString(opts.mountpoint)
+		pathnameArg := -1
+		for i, arg := range s {
+			if arg == mountpoint {
+				pathnameArg = i
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if pathnameArg < 0 {
+			log.Println("mountpoint must be absolute")
+			return 2
+		}
+		s[pathnameArg] = container.Nonexistent
+	}
+
+	if !parseOpts(&args, &setup, msg.GetLogger()) {
+		return 1
+	}
+	asRoot := os.Geteuid() == 0
+
+	if asRoot {
+		if setup.Setuid <= 0 || setup.Setgid <= 0 {
+			log.Println("setuid and setgid must not be 0")
+			return 1
+		}
+
+		if setup.Fuse >= 3 {
+			log.Println("filesystem daemon must not run as root")
+			return 1
+		}
+
+		if setup.mkdir {
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(setup.Source.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
+					log.Println(err)
+					return 1
+				}
+				// skip setup for existing source directory
+			} else if err = os.Chown(setup.Source.String(), setup.Setuid, setup.Setgid); err != nil {
+				log.Println(err)
+				return 1
+			}
+		}
+	} else if setup.Fuse < 3 && (setup.Setuid > 0 || setup.Setgid > 0) {
+		log.Println("setuid and setgid has no effect when not starting as root")
+		return 1
+	} else if setup.mkdir {
+		log.Println("mkdir has no effect when not starting as root")
+		return 1
+	}
+
+	op := C.struct_fuse_operations{
+		init:    closure(C.sharefs_init),
+		destroy: closure(C.sharefs_destroy),
+
+		// implemented in fuse-helper.c
+		getattr:  closure(C.sharefs_getattr),
+		readdir:  closure(C.sharefs_readdir),
+		mkdir:    closure(C.sharefs_mkdir),
+		unlink:   closure(C.sharefs_unlink),
+		rmdir:    closure(C.sharefs_rmdir),
+		rename:   closure(C.sharefs_rename),
+		truncate: closure(C.sharefs_truncate),
+		utimens:  closure(C.sharefs_utimens),
+		create:   closure(C.sharefs_create),
+		open:     closure(C.sharefs_open),
+		read:     closure(C.sharefs_read),
+		write:    closure(C.sharefs_write),
+		statfs:   closure(C.sharefs_statfs),
+		release:  closure(C.sharefs_release),
+		fsync:    closure(C.sharefs_fsync),
+	}
+
+	fuse := C.fuse_new_fn(&args, &op, C.size_t(unsafe.Sizeof(op)), unsafe.Pointer(&priv))
+	if fuse == nil {
+		return 3
+	}
+	defer C.fuse_destroy(fuse)
+	se := C.fuse_get_session(fuse)
+
+	if setup.Fuse < 3 {
+		// unconfined, set up mount point and container
+		if C.fuse_mount(fuse, opts.mountpoint) != 0 {
+			return 4
+		}
+		// unmounted by initial process
+		defer func() {
+			if exitCode == 5 {
+				C.fuse_unmount(fuse)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		if asRoot {
+			if err := syscall.Setresgid(setup.Setgid, setup.Setgid, setup.Setgid); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("cannot set gid: %v", err)
+				return 5
+			}
+			if err := syscall.Setgroups(nil); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("cannot set supplementary groups: %v", err)
+				return 5
+			}
+			if err := syscall.Setresuid(setup.Setuid, setup.Setuid, setup.Setuid); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("cannot set uid: %v", err)
+				return 5
+			}
+		}
+
+		msg.SwapVerbose(opts.debug != 0)
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		if opts.foreground != 0 {
+			c, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(ctx, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+			defer cancel()
+			ctx = c
+		}
+		z := container.New(ctx, msg)
+		z.AllowOrphan = opts.foreground == 0
+		z.Env = os.Environ()
+
+		// keep fuse_parse_cmdline happy in the container
+		z.Tmpfs(check.MustAbs(container.Nonexistent), 1<<10, 0755)
+
+		if a, err := check.NewAbs(container.MustExecutable(msg)); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+			return 5
+		} else {
+			z.Path = a
+		}
+		z.Args = s
+		z.ForwardCancel = true
+		z.SeccompPresets |= std.PresetStrict
+		z.ParentPerm = 0700
+		z.Bind(setup.Source, setup.Source, std.BindWritable)
+		if !z.AllowOrphan {
+			z.WaitDelay = hst.WaitDelayMax
+			z.Stdin, z.Stdout, z.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+		}
+		z.Bind(z.Path, z.Path, 0)
+		setup.Fuse = int(proc.ExtraFileSlice(&z.ExtraFiles, os.NewFile(uintptr(C.fuse_session_fd(se)), "fuse")))
+
+		var setupWriter io.WriteCloser
+		if fd, w, err := container.Setup(&z.ExtraFiles); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+			return 5
+		} else {
+			z.Args = append(z.Args, "-osetup="+strconv.Itoa(fd))
+			setupWriter = w
+		}
+
+		if err := z.Start(); err != nil {
+			if m, ok := message.GetMessage(err); ok {
+				log.Println(m)
+			} else {
+				log.Println(err)
+			}
+			return 5
+		}
+		if err := z.Serve(); err != nil {
+			if m, ok := message.GetMessage(err); ok {
+				log.Println(m)
+			} else {
+				log.Println(err)
+			}
+			return 5
+		}
+
+		if err := gob.NewEncoder(setupWriter).Encode(&setup); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+			return 5
+		} else if err = setupWriter.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+		}
+
+		if !z.AllowOrphan {
+			if err := z.Wait(); err != nil {
+				var exitError *exec.ExitError
+				if !errors.As(err, &exitError) || exitError == nil {
+					log.Println(err)
+					return 5
+				}
+				switch code := exitError.ExitCode(); syscall.Signal(code & 0x7f) {
+				case syscall.SIGINT:
+				case syscall.SIGTERM:
+
+				default:
+					return code
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return 0
+	} else { // confined
+		C.free(unsafe.Pointer(opts.mountpoint))
+		// must be heap allocated
+		opts.mountpoint = C.CString("/dev/fd/" + strconv.Itoa(setup.Fuse))
+
+		if err := os.Chdir("/"); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if C.fuse_mount(fuse, opts.mountpoint) != 0 {
+		return 4
+	}
+	defer C.fuse_unmount(fuse)
+
+	if C.fuse_set_signal_handlers(se) != 0 {
+		return 6
+	}
+	defer C.fuse_remove_signal_handlers(se)
+
+	if opts.singlethread != 0 {
+		if C.fuse_loop(fuse) != 0 {
+			return 8
+		}
+	} else {
+		loopConfig := C.fuse_loop_cfg_create()
+		if loopConfig == nil {
+			return 7
+		}
+		defer C.fuse_loop_cfg_destroy(loopConfig)
+
+		C.fuse_loop_cfg_set_clone_fd(loopConfig, C.uint(opts.clone_fd))
+
+		C.fuse_loop_cfg_set_idle_threads(loopConfig, opts.max_idle_threads)
+		C.fuse_loop_cfg_set_max_threads(loopConfig, opts.max_threads)
+		if C.fuse_loop_mt(fuse, loopConfig) != 0 {
+			return 8
+		}
+	}
+
+	if setup.initFailed {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return 0
+}

cmd/sharefs/fuse_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"log"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+)
+
+func TestParseOpts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    []string
+		want    setupState
+		wantLog string
+		wantOk  bool
+	}{
+		{"zero length", []string{}, setupState{}, "", false},
+
+		{"not absolute", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=nonexistent",
+			"-o", "setuid=1023",
+			"-o", "setgid=1023",
+		}, setupState{}, "sharefs: path \"nonexistent\" is not absolute\n", false},
+
+		{"not specified", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "setuid=1023",
+			"-o", "setgid=1023",
+		}, setupState{}, "", false},
+
+		{"invalid setuid", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=/proc/nonexistent",
+			"-o", "setuid=ff",
+			"-o", "setgid=1023",
+		}, setupState{
+			Source: check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"),
+		}, "sharefs: invalid value for option setuid\n", false},
+
+		{"invalid setgid", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=/proc/nonexistent",
+			"-o", "setuid=1023",
+			"-o", "setgid=ff",
+		}, setupState{
+			Source: check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"),
+			Setuid: 1023,
+		}, "sharefs: invalid value for option setgid\n", false},
+
+		{"simple", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=/proc/nonexistent",
+		}, setupState{
+			Source: check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"),
+			Setuid: -1,
+			Setgid: -1,
+		}, "", true},
+
+		{"root", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=/proc/nonexistent",
+			"-o", "setuid=1023",
+			"-o", "setgid=1023",
+		}, setupState{
+			Source: check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"),
+			Setuid: 1023,
+			Setgid: 1023,
+		}, "", true},
+
+		{"setuid", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=/proc/nonexistent",
+			"-o", "setuid=1023",
+		}, setupState{
+			Source: check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"),
+			Setuid: 1023,
+			Setgid: -1,
+		}, "", true},
+
+		{"setgid", []string{"sharefs",
+			"-o", "source=/proc/nonexistent",
+			"-o", "setgid=1023",
+		}, setupState{
+			Source: check.MustAbs("/proc/nonexistent"),
+			Setuid: -1,
+			Setgid: 1023,
+		}, "", true},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			var (
+				got setupState
+				buf bytes.Buffer
+			)
+			args := copyArgs(tc.args...)
+			defer freeArgs(&args)
+			unsafeAddArgument(&args, "-odefault_permissions\x00")
+
+			if ok := parseOpts(&args, &got, log.New(&buf, "sharefs: ", 0)); ok != tc.wantOk {
+				t.Errorf("parseOpts: ok = %v, want %v", ok, tc.wantOk)
+			}
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(&got, &tc.want) {
+				t.Errorf("parseOpts: setup = %#v, want %#v", got, tc.want)
+			}
+
+			if buf.String() != tc.wantLog {
+				t.Errorf("parseOpts: log =\n%s\nwant\n%s", buf.String(), tc.wantLog)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/sharefs/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+)
+
+// sharefsName is the prefix used by log.std in the sharefs process.
+const sharefsName = "sharefs"
+
+// handleMountArgs returns an alternative, libfuse-compatible args slice for
+// args passed by mount -t fuse.sharefs [options] sharefs <mountpoint>.
+//
+// In this case, args always has a length of 5 with index 0 being what comes
+// after "fuse." in the filesystem type, 1 is the uninterpreted string passed
+// to mount (sharefsName is used as the magic string to enable this hack),
+// 2 is passed through to libfuse as mountpoint, and 3 is always "-o".
+func handleMountArgs(args []string) []string {
+	if len(args) == 5 && args[1] == sharefsName && args[3] == "-o" {
+		return []string{sharefsName, args[2], "-o", args[4]}
+	}
+	return slices.Clone(args)
+}
+
+func main() {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	log.SetPrefix(sharefsName + ": ")
+
+	os.Exit(_main(handleMountArgs(os.Args)...))
+}

cmd/sharefs/main_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestHandleMountArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name string
+		args []string
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{"nil", nil, nil},
+		{"passthrough", []string{"sharefs", "-V"}, []string{"sharefs", "-V"}},
+		{"replace", []string{"/sbin/sharefs", "sharefs", "/sdcard", "-o", "rw"}, []string{"sharefs", "/sdcard", "-o", "rw"}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if got := handleMountArgs(tc.args); !slices.Equal(got, tc.want) {
+				t.Errorf("handleMountArgs: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/sharefs/test/configuration.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{ pkgs, ... }:
+{
+  users.users = {
+    alice = {
+      isNormalUser = true;
+      description = "Alice Foobar";
+      password = "foobar";
+      uid = 1000;
+    };
+  };
+
+  home-manager.users.alice.home.stateVersion = "24.11";
+
+  # Automatically login on tty1 as a normal user:
+  services.getty.autologinUser = "alice";
+
+  environment = {
+    # For benchmarking sharefs:
+    systemPackages = [ pkgs.fsmark ];
+  };
+
+  virtualisation = {
+    diskSize = 6 * 1024;
+
+    qemu.options = [
+      # Increase test performance:
+      "-smp 8"
+    ];
+  };
+
+  environment.hakurei = rec {
+    enable = true;
+    stateDir = "/var/lib/hakurei";
+    sharefs.source = "${stateDir}/sdcard";
+    users.alice = 0;
+
+    extraHomeConfig = {
+      home.stateVersion = "23.05";
+    };
+  };
+}

cmd/sharefs/test/default.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+{
+  testers,
+
+  system,
+  self,
+}:
+testers.nixosTest {
+  name = "sharefs";
+  nodes.machine =
+    { options, pkgs, ... }:
+    let
+      fhs =
+        let
+          hakurei = options.environment.hakurei.package.default;
+        in
+        pkgs.buildFHSEnv {
+          pname = "hakurei-fhs";
+          inherit (hakurei) version;
+          targetPkgs = _: hakurei.targetPkgs;
+          extraOutputsToInstall = [ "dev" ];
+          profile = ''
+            export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/share/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH"
+          '';
+        };
+    in
+    {
+      environment.systemPackages = [
+        # For go tests:
+        (pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "sharefs-workload-hakurei-tests" ''
+          cp -r "${self.packages.${system}.hakurei.src}" "/sdcard/hakurei" && cd "/sdcard/hakurei"
+          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
+        '')
+      ];
+
+      imports = [
+        ./configuration.nix
+
+        self.nixosModules.hakurei
+        self.inputs.home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
+      ];
+    };
+
+  testScript = builtins.readFile ./test.py;
+}

cmd/sharefs/test/test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+start_all()
+machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
+
+# To check sharefs version:
+print(machine.succeed("sharefs -V"))
+
+# Make sure sharefs started:
+machine.wait_for_unit("sdcard.mount")
+
+machine.succeed("mkdir /mnt")
+def check_bad_opts_output(opts, want, source="/etc", privileged=False):
+    output = machine.fail(("" if privileged else "sudo -u alice -i ") + f"sharefs -f -o source={source},{opts} /mnt 2>&1")
+    if output != want:
+        raise Exception(f"unexpected output: {output}")
+
+# Malformed setuid/setgid representation:
+check_bad_opts_output("setuid=ff", "sharefs: invalid value for option setuid\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("setgid=ff", "sharefs: invalid value for option setgid\n")
+
+# Bounds check for setuid/setgid:
+check_bad_opts_output("setuid=0", "sharefs: invalid value for option setuid\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("setgid=0", "sharefs: invalid value for option setgid\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("setuid=-1", "sharefs: invalid value for option setuid\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("setgid=-1", "sharefs: invalid value for option setgid\n")
+
+# Non-root setuid/setgid:
+check_bad_opts_output("setuid=1023", "sharefs: setuid and setgid has no effect when not starting as root\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("setgid=1023", "sharefs: setuid and setgid has no effect when not starting as root\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("setuid=1023,setgid=1023", "sharefs: setuid and setgid has no effect when not starting as root\n")
+check_bad_opts_output("mkdir", "sharefs: mkdir has no effect when not starting as root\n")
+
+# Starting as root without setuid/setgid:
+check_bad_opts_output("allow_other", "sharefs: setuid and setgid must not be 0\n", privileged=True)
+check_bad_opts_output("setuid=1023", "sharefs: setuid and setgid must not be 0\n", privileged=True)
+check_bad_opts_output("setgid=1023", "sharefs: setuid and setgid must not be 0\n", privileged=True)
+
+# Make sure nothing actually got mounted:
+machine.fail("umount /mnt")
+machine.succeed("rmdir /mnt")
+
+# Unprivileged mount/unmount:
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i mkdir /home/alice/{sdcard,persistent}")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i sharefs -o source=/home/alice/persistent /home/alice/sdcard")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i touch /home/alice/sdcard/check")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i umount /home/alice/sdcard")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i rm /home/alice/persistent/check")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i rmdir /home/alice/{sdcard,persistent}")
+
+# Benchmark sharefs:
+machine.succeed("fs_mark -v -d /sdcard/fs_mark -l /tmp/fs_log.txt")
+machine.copy_from_vm("/tmp/fs_log.txt", "")
+
+# Check permissions:
+machine.succeed("sudo -u sharefs touch /var/lib/hakurei/sdcard/fs_mark/.check")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u sharefs rm /var/lib/hakurei/sdcard/fs_mark/.check")
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice rm -rf /sdcard/fs_mark")
+machine.fail("ls /var/lib/hakurei/sdcard/fs_mark")
+
+# Run hakurei tests on sharefs:
+machine.succeed("sudo -u alice -i sharefs-workload-hakurei-tests")

container/capability.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ const (
 
 	CAP_SYS_ADMIN    = 0x15
 	CAP_SETPCAP      = 0x8
+	CAP_NET_ADMIN    = 0xc
 	CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE = 0x1
 )
 

container/check/absolute.go

@@ -9,46 +9,60 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
+	"unique"
 )
 
 // AbsoluteError is returned by [NewAbs] and holds the invalid pathname.
-type AbsoluteError struct{ Pathname string }
+type AbsoluteError string
 
-func (e *AbsoluteError) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("path %q is not absolute", e.Pathname) }
-func (e *AbsoluteError) Is(target error) bool {
-	var ce *AbsoluteError
+func (e AbsoluteError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("path %q is not absolute", string(e))
+}
+
+func (e AbsoluteError) Is(target error) bool {
+	var ce AbsoluteError
 	if !errors.As(target, &ce) {
 		return errors.Is(target, syscall.EINVAL)
 	}
-	return *e == *ce
+	return e == ce
 }
 
 // Absolute holds a pathname checked to be absolute.
-type Absolute struct{ pathname string }
+type Absolute struct{ pathname unique.Handle[string] }
+
+// ok returns whether [Absolute] is not the zero value.
+func (a *Absolute) ok() bool { return a != nil && *a != (Absolute{}) }
 
 // unsafeAbs returns [check.Absolute] on any string value.
-func unsafeAbs(pathname string) *Absolute { return &Absolute{pathname} }
+func unsafeAbs(pathname string) *Absolute {
+	return &Absolute{unique.Make(pathname)}
+}
 
+// String returns the checked pathname.
 func (a *Absolute) String() string {
-	if a.pathname == "" {
+	if !a.ok() {
 		panic("attempted use of zero Absolute")
 	}
+	return a.pathname.Value()
+}
+
+// Handle returns the underlying [unique.Handle].
+func (a *Absolute) Handle() unique.Handle[string] {
 	return a.pathname
 }
 
+// Is efficiently compares the underlying pathname.
 func (a *Absolute) Is(v *Absolute) bool {
 	if a == nil && v == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return a != nil && v != nil &&
-		a.pathname != "" && v.pathname != "" &&
-		a.pathname == v.pathname
+	return a.ok() && v.ok() && a.pathname == v.pathname
 }
 
 // NewAbs checks pathname and returns a new [Absolute] if pathname is absolute.
 func NewAbs(pathname string) (*Absolute, error) {
 	if !path.IsAbs(pathname) {
-		return nil, &AbsoluteError{pathname}
+		return nil, AbsoluteError(pathname)
 	}
 	return unsafeAbs(pathname), nil
 }
@@ -70,35 +84,49 @@ func (a *Absolute) Append(elem ...string) *Absolute {
 // Dir calls [path.Dir] with [Absolute] as its argument.
 func (a *Absolute) Dir() *Absolute { return unsafeAbs(path.Dir(a.String())) }
 
-func (a *Absolute) GobEncode() ([]byte, error) { return []byte(a.String()), nil }
+// GobEncode returns the checked pathname.
+func (a *Absolute) GobEncode() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(a.String()), nil
+}
+
+// GobDecode stores data if it represents an absolute pathname.
 func (a *Absolute) GobDecode(data []byte) error {
 	pathname := string(data)
 	if !path.IsAbs(pathname) {
-		return &AbsoluteError{pathname}
+		return AbsoluteError(pathname)
 	}
-	a.pathname = pathname
+	a.pathname = unique.Make(pathname)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (a *Absolute) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) { return json.Marshal(a.String()) }
+// MarshalJSON returns a JSON representation of the checked pathname.
+func (a *Absolute) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(a.String())
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON stores data if it represents an absolute pathname.
 func (a *Absolute) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	var pathname string
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &pathname); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if !path.IsAbs(pathname) {
-		return &AbsoluteError{pathname}
+		return AbsoluteError(pathname)
 	}
-	a.pathname = pathname
+	a.pathname = unique.Make(pathname)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // SortAbs calls [slices.SortFunc] for a slice of [Absolute].
 func SortAbs(x []*Absolute) {
-	slices.SortFunc(x, func(a, b *Absolute) int { return strings.Compare(a.String(), b.String()) })
+	slices.SortFunc(x, func(a, b *Absolute) int {
+		return strings.Compare(a.String(), b.String())
+	})
 }
 
 // CompactAbs calls [slices.CompactFunc] for a slice of [Absolute].
 func CompactAbs(s []*Absolute) []*Absolute {
-	return slices.CompactFunc(s, func(a *Absolute, b *Absolute) bool { return a.String() == b.String() })
+	return slices.CompactFunc(s, func(a *Absolute, b *Absolute) bool {
+		return a.Is(b)
+	})
 }

container/check/absolute_test.go

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ func TestAbsoluteError(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"EINVAL", new(AbsoluteError), syscall.EINVAL, true},
 		{"not EINVAL", new(AbsoluteError), syscall.EBADE, false},
-		{"ne val", new(AbsoluteError), &AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}, false},
-		{"equals", &AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}, &AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}, true},
+		{"ne val", new(AbsoluteError), AbsoluteError("etc"), false},
+		{"equals", AbsoluteError("etc"), AbsoluteError("etc"), true},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestAbsoluteError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 
 		want := `path "etc" is not absolute`
-		if got := (&AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}).Error(); got != want {
+		if got := (AbsoluteError("etc")).Error(); got != want {
 			t.Errorf("Error: %q, want %q", got, want)
 		}
 	})
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ func TestNewAbs(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr  error
 	}{
 		{"good", "/etc", MustAbs("/etc"), nil},
-		{"not absolute", "etc", nil, &AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}},
-		{"zero", "", nil, &AbsoluteError{Pathname: ""}},
+		{"not absolute", "etc", nil, AbsoluteError("etc")},
+		{"zero", "", nil, AbsoluteError("")},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func TestNewAbs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 
 		defer func() {
-			wantPanic := &AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"}
+			wantPanic := AbsoluteError("etc")
 
 			if r := recover(); !reflect.DeepEqual(r, wantPanic) {
 				t.Errorf("MustAbs: panic = %v; want %v", r, wantPanic)
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func TestCodecAbsolute(t *testing.T) {
 
 			`"/etc"`, `{"val":"/etc","magic":3236757504}`},
 		{"not absolute", nil,
-			&AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc"},
+			AbsoluteError("etc"),
 			"\t\x7f\x05\x01\x02\xff\x82\x00\x00\x00\a\xff\x80\x00\x03etc",
 			",\xff\x83\x03\x01\x01\x06sCheck\x01\xff\x84\x00\x01\x02\x01\bPathname\x01\xff\x80\x00\x01\x05Magic\x01\x06\x00\x00\x00\t\x7f\x05\x01\x02\xff\x82\x00\x00\x00\x0f\xff\x84\x01\x03etc\x01\xfb\x01\x81\xda\x00\x00\x00",
 

container/container.go

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ type (
 	// Container represents a container environment being prepared or run.
 	// None of [Container] methods are safe for concurrent use.
 	Container struct {
+		// Whether the container init should stay alive after its parent terminates.
+		AllowOrphan bool
 		// Cgroup fd, nil to disable.
 		Cgroup *int
 		// ExtraFiles passed through to initial process in the container,
@@ -252,8 +254,7 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	}
 	p.cmd.Dir = fhs.Root
 	p.cmd.SysProcAttr = &SysProcAttr{
-		Setsid:    !p.RetainSession,
-		Pdeathsig: SIGKILL,
+		Setsid: !p.RetainSession,
 		Cloneflags: CLONE_NEWUSER | CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS |
 			CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWUTS | CLONE_NEWCGROUP,
 
@@ -262,12 +263,17 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 			CAP_SYS_ADMIN,
 			// drop capabilities
 			CAP_SETPCAP,
+			// bring up loopback interface
+			CAP_NET_ADMIN,
 			// overlay access to upperdir and workdir
 			CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE,
 		},
 
 		UseCgroupFD: p.Cgroup != nil,
 	}
+	if !p.AllowOrphan {
+		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.Pdeathsig = SIGKILL
+	}
 	if p.cmd.SysProcAttr.UseCgroupFD {
 		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.CgroupFD = *p.Cgroup
 	}

container/container_test.go

@@ -275,12 +275,12 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		),
 		earlyMnt(
 			ent("/", "/dev", "ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/null", "/dev/null", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/full", "/dev/full", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/random", "/dev/random", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/null", "/dev/null", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/full", "/dev/full", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/random", "/dev/random", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
 			ent("/", "/dev/pts", "rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime", "devpts", "devpts", "rw,mode=620,ptmxmode=666"),
 			ent("/", "/dev/mqueue", "rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime", "mqueue", "mqueue", "rw"),
 			ent("/", "/dev/shm", "rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "tmpfs", ignore),
@@ -293,12 +293,12 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		),
 		earlyMnt(
 			ent("/", "/dev", "ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/null", "/dev/null", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/full", "/dev/full", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/random", "/dev/random", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
-			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/null", "/dev/null", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/full", "/dev/full", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/random", "/dev/random", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
 			ent("/", "/dev/pts", "rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime", "devpts", "devpts", "rw,mode=620,ptmxmode=666"),
 			ent("/", "/dev/shm", "rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "tmpfs", ignore),
 		),
@@ -696,6 +696,9 @@ func init() {
 					mnt[i].VfsOptstr = strings.TrimSuffix(mnt[i].VfsOptstr, ",relatime")
 					mnt[i].VfsOptstr = strings.TrimSuffix(mnt[i].VfsOptstr, ",noatime")
 
+					cur.FsOptstr = strings.Replace(cur.FsOptstr, ",seclabel", "", 1)
+					mnt[i].FsOptstr = strings.Replace(mnt[i].FsOptstr, ",seclabel", "", 1)
+
 					if !cur.EqualWithIgnore(mnt[i], "\x00") {
 						fail = true
 						log.Printf("[FAIL] %s", cur)

container/dispatcher.go

@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error
 	// ensureFile provides ensureFile.
 	ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error
+	// mustLoopback provides mustLoopback.
+	mustLoopback(msg message.Msg)
 
 	// seccompLoad provides [seccomp.Load].
 	seccompLoad(rules []std.NativeRule, flags seccomp.ExportFlag) error
@@ -164,6 +166,7 @@ func (k direct) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm
 func (direct) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	return ensureFile(name, perm, pperm)
 }
+func (direct) mustLoopback(msg message.Msg) { mustLoopback(msg) }
 
 func (direct) seccompLoad(rules []std.NativeRule, flags seccomp.ExportFlag) error {
 	return seccomp.Load(rules, flags)

container/dispatcher_test.go

@@ -465,6 +465,8 @@ func (k *kstub) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "pperm", pperm, 2))
 }
 
+func (*kstub) mustLoopback(message.Msg) { /* noop */ }
+
 func (k *kstub) seccompLoad(rules []std.NativeRule, flags seccomp.ExportFlag) error {
 	k.Helper()
 	return k.Expects("seccompLoad").Error(

container/errors.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func messageFromError(err error) (m string, ok bool) {
 	if m, ok = messagePrefixP[os.PathError]("cannot ", err); ok {
 		return
 	}
-	if m, ok = messagePrefixP[check.AbsoluteError](zeroString, err); ok {
+	if m, ok = messagePrefix[check.AbsoluteError](zeroString, err); ok {
 		return
 	}
 	if m, ok = messagePrefix[OpRepeatError](zeroString, err); ok {

container/errors_test.go

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func TestMessageFromError(t *testing.T) {
 			Err:  stub.UniqueError(0xdeadbeef),
 		}, "cannot mount /sysroot: unique error 3735928559 injected by the test suite", true},
 
-		{"absolute", &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc/mtab"},
+		{"absolute", check.AbsoluteError("etc/mtab"),
 			`path "etc/mtab" is not absolute`, true},
 
 		{"repeat", OpRepeatError("autoetc"),

container/fhs/abs.go

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ var (
 	// AbsRunUser is [RunUser] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsRunUser = unsafeAbs(RunUser)
 
+	// AbsUsr is [Usr] as [check.Absolute].
+	AbsUsr = unsafeAbs(Usr)
 	// AbsUsrBin is [UsrBin] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsUsrBin = unsafeAbs(UsrBin)
 

container/init.go

@@ -170,6 +170,10 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		offsetSetup = int(setupFd + 1)
 	}
 
+	if !params.HostNet {
+		k.mustLoopback(msg)
+	}
+
 	// write uid/gid map here so parent does not need to set dumpable
 	if err := k.setDumpable(SUID_DUMP_USER); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", err)

container/initoverlay_test.go

@@ -312,7 +312,10 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}},
 
-		{"ephemeral", new(Ops).OverlayEphemeral(check.MustAbs("/nix/store"), check.MustAbs("/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store")), Ops{
+		{"ephemeral", new(Ops).OverlayEphemeral(
+			check.MustAbs("/nix/store"),
+			check.MustAbs("/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"),
+		), Ops{
 			&MountOverlayOp{
 				Target: check.MustAbs("/nix/store"),
 				Lower:  []*check.Absolute{check.MustAbs("/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store")},
@@ -320,7 +323,10 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}},
 
-		{"readonly", new(Ops).OverlayReadonly(check.MustAbs("/nix/store"), check.MustAbs("/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store")), Ops{
+		{"readonly", new(Ops).OverlayReadonly(
+			check.MustAbs("/nix/store"),
+			check.MustAbs("/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"),
+		), Ops{
 			&MountOverlayOp{
 				Target: check.MustAbs("/nix/store"),
 				Lower:  []*check.Absolute{check.MustAbs("/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store")},

container/initsymlink.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func (l *SymlinkOp) Valid() bool { return l != nil && l.Target != nil && l.LinkN
 func (l *SymlinkOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	if l.Dereference {
 		if !path.IsAbs(l.LinkName) {
-			return &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: l.LinkName}
+			return check.AbsoluteError(l.LinkName)
 		}
 		if name, err := k.readlink(l.LinkName); err != nil {
 			return err

container/initsymlink_test.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func TestSymlinkOp(t *testing.T) {
 			Target:      check.MustAbs("/etc/mtab"),
 			LinkName:    "etc/mtab",
 			Dereference: true,
-		}, nil, &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "etc/mtab"}, nil, nil},
+		}, nil, check.AbsoluteError("etc/mtab"), nil, nil},
 
 		{"readlink", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &SymlinkOp{
 			Target:      check.MustAbs("/etc/mtab"),

container/netlink.go

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	. "syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/std"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+// rtnetlink represents a NETLINK_ROUTE socket.
+type rtnetlink struct {
+	// Sent as part of rtnetlink messages.
+	pid uint32
+	// AF_NETLINK socket.
+	fd int
+	// Whether the socket is open.
+	ok bool
+	// Message sequence number.
+	seq uint32
+}
+
+// open creates the underlying NETLINK_ROUTE socket.
+func (s *rtnetlink) open() (err error) {
+	if s.ok || s.fd < 0 {
+		return os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+
+	s.pid = uint32(Getpid())
+	if s.fd, err = Socket(
+		AF_NETLINK,
+		SOCK_RAW|SOCK_CLOEXEC,
+		NETLINK_ROUTE,
+	); err != nil {
+		return os.NewSyscallError("socket", err)
+	} else if err = Bind(s.fd, &SockaddrNetlink{
+		Family: AF_NETLINK,
+		Pid:    s.pid,
+	}); err != nil {
+		_ = s.close()
+		return os.NewSyscallError("bind", err)
+	} else {
+		s.ok = true
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// close closes the underlying NETLINK_ROUTE socket.
+func (s *rtnetlink) close() error {
+	if !s.ok {
+		return os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+
+	s.ok = false
+	err := Close(s.fd)
+	s.fd = -1
+	return err
+}
+
+// roundtrip sends a netlink message and handles the reply.
+func (s *rtnetlink) roundtrip(data []byte) error {
+	if !s.ok {
+		return os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+
+	defer func() { s.seq++ }()
+
+	if err := Sendto(s.fd, data, 0, &SockaddrNetlink{
+		Family: AF_NETLINK,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return os.NewSyscallError("sendto", err)
+	}
+	buf := make([]byte, Getpagesize())
+
+done:
+	for {
+		p := buf
+		if n, _, err := Recvfrom(s.fd, p, 0); err != nil {
+			return os.NewSyscallError("recvfrom", err)
+		} else if n < NLMSG_HDRLEN {
+			return errors.ErrUnsupported
+		} else {
+			p = p[:n]
+		}
+
+		if msgs, err := ParseNetlinkMessage(p); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else {
+			for _, m := range msgs {
+				if m.Header.Seq != s.seq || m.Header.Pid != s.pid {
+					return errors.ErrUnsupported
+				}
+				if m.Header.Type == NLMSG_DONE {
+					break done
+				}
+				if m.Header.Type == NLMSG_ERROR {
+					if len(m.Data) >= 4 {
+						errno := Errno(-std.ScmpInt(binary.NativeEndian.Uint32(m.Data)))
+						if errno == 0 {
+							return nil
+						}
+						return errno
+					}
+					return errors.ErrUnsupported
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mustRoundtrip calls roundtrip and terminates via msg for a non-nil error.
+func (s *rtnetlink) mustRoundtrip(msg message.Msg, data []byte) {
+	err := s.roundtrip(data)
+	if err == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if closeErr := Close(s.fd); closeErr != nil {
+		msg.Verbosef("cannot close: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	switch err.(type) {
+	case *os.SyscallError:
+		msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("cannot %v", err)
+
+	case Errno:
+		msg.GetLogger().Fatalf("RTNETLINK answers: %v", err)
+
+	default:
+		msg.GetLogger().Fatalln("RTNETLINK answers with unexpected message")
+	}
+}
+
+// newaddrLo represents a RTM_NEWADDR message with two addresses.
+type newaddrLo struct {
+	header NlMsghdr
+	data   IfAddrmsg
+
+	r0 RtAttr
+	a0 [4]byte // in_addr
+	r1 RtAttr
+	a1 [4]byte // in_addr
+}
+
+// sizeofNewaddrLo is the expected size of newaddrLo.
+const sizeofNewaddrLo = NLMSG_HDRLEN + SizeofIfAddrmsg + (SizeofRtAttr+4)*2
+
+// newaddrLo returns the address of a populated newaddrLo.
+func (s *rtnetlink) newaddrLo(lo int) *newaddrLo {
+	return &newaddrLo{NlMsghdr{
+		Len:   sizeofNewaddrLo,
+		Type:  RTM_NEWADDR,
+		Flags: NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL,
+		Seq:   s.seq,
+		Pid:   s.pid,
+	}, IfAddrmsg{
+		Family:    AF_INET,
+		Prefixlen: 8,
+		Flags:     IFA_F_PERMANENT,
+		Scope:     RT_SCOPE_HOST,
+		Index:     uint32(lo),
+	}, RtAttr{
+		Len:  uint16(SizeofRtAttr + len(newaddrLo{}.a0)),
+		Type: IFA_LOCAL,
+	}, [4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1}, RtAttr{
+		Len:  uint16(SizeofRtAttr + len(newaddrLo{}.a1)),
+		Type: IFA_ADDRESS,
+	}, [4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1}}
+}
+
+func (msg *newaddrLo) toWireFormat() []byte {
+	var buf [sizeofNewaddrLo]byte
+
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0:4][0])) = msg.header.Len
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[4:6][0])) = msg.header.Type
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[6:8][0])) = msg.header.Flags
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[8:12][0])) = msg.header.Seq
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[12:16][0])) = msg.header.Pid
+
+	buf[16] = msg.data.Family
+	buf[17] = msg.data.Prefixlen
+	buf[18] = msg.data.Flags
+	buf[19] = msg.data.Scope
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[20:24][0])) = msg.data.Index
+
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[24:26][0])) = msg.r0.Len
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[26:28][0])) = msg.r0.Type
+	copy(buf[28:32], msg.a0[:])
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[32:34][0])) = msg.r1.Len
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[34:36][0])) = msg.r1.Type
+	copy(buf[36:40], msg.a1[:])
+
+	return buf[:]
+}
+
+// newlinkLo represents a RTM_NEWLINK message.
+type newlinkLo struct {
+	header NlMsghdr
+	data   IfInfomsg
+}
+
+// sizeofNewlinkLo is the expected size of newlinkLo.
+const sizeofNewlinkLo = NLMSG_HDRLEN + SizeofIfInfomsg
+
+// newlinkLo returns the address of a populated newlinkLo.
+func (s *rtnetlink) newlinkLo(lo int) *newlinkLo {
+	return &newlinkLo{NlMsghdr{
+		Len:   sizeofNewlinkLo,
+		Type:  RTM_NEWLINK,
+		Flags: NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK,
+		Seq:   s.seq,
+		Pid:   s.pid,
+	}, IfInfomsg{
+		Family: AF_UNSPEC,
+		Index:  int32(lo),
+		Flags:  IFF_UP,
+		Change: IFF_UP,
+	}}
+}
+
+func (msg *newlinkLo) toWireFormat() []byte {
+	var buf [sizeofNewlinkLo]byte
+
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0:4][0])) = msg.header.Len
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[4:6][0])) = msg.header.Type
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[6:8][0])) = msg.header.Flags
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[8:12][0])) = msg.header.Seq
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[12:16][0])) = msg.header.Pid
+
+	buf[16] = msg.data.Family
+	*(*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[18:20][0])) = msg.data.Type
+	*(*int32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[20:24][0])) = msg.data.Index
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[24:28][0])) = msg.data.Flags
+	*(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[28:32][0])) = msg.data.Change
+
+	return buf[:]
+}
+
+// mustLoopback creates the loopback address and brings the lo interface up.
+// mustLoopback calls a fatal method of the underlying [log.Logger] of m with a
+// user-facing error message if RTNETLINK behaves unexpectedly.
+func mustLoopback(msg message.Msg) {
+	log := msg.GetLogger()
+
+	var lo int
+	if ifi, err := net.InterfaceByName("lo"); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalln(err)
+	} else {
+		lo = ifi.Index
+	}
+
+	var s rtnetlink
+	if err := s.open(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalln(err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := s.close(); err != nil {
+			msg.Verbosef("cannot close netlink: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	s.mustRoundtrip(msg, s.newaddrLo(lo).toWireFormat())
+	s.mustRoundtrip(msg, s.newlinkLo(lo).toWireFormat())
+}

container/netlink_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+func TestSizeof(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := unsafe.Sizeof(newaddrLo{}); got != sizeofNewaddrLo {
+		t.Fatalf("newaddrLo: sizeof = %#x, want %#x", got, sizeofNewaddrLo)
+	}
+
+	if got := unsafe.Sizeof(newlinkLo{}); got != sizeofNewlinkLo {
+		t.Fatalf("newlinkLo: sizeof = %#x, want %#x", got, sizeofNewlinkLo)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRtnetlinkMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name string
+		msg  interface{ toWireFormat() []byte }
+		want []byte
+	}{
+		{"newaddrLo", (&rtnetlink{pid: 1, seq: 0}).newaddrLo(1), []byte{
+			/* Len   */ 0x28, 0, 0, 0,
+			/* Type  */ 0x14, 0,
+			/* Flags */ 5, 6,
+			/* Seq   */ 0, 0, 0, 0,
+			/* Pid   */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+
+			/* Family    */ 2,
+			/* Prefixlen */ 8,
+			/* Flags     */ 0x80,
+			/* Scope     */ 0xfe,
+			/* Index     */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+
+			/* Len     */ 8, 0,
+			/* Type    */ 2, 0,
+			/* in_addr */ 127, 0, 0, 1,
+
+			/* Len     */ 8, 0,
+			/* Type    */ 1, 0,
+			/* in_addr */ 127, 0, 0, 1,
+		}},
+
+		{"newlinkLo", (&rtnetlink{pid: 1, seq: 1}).newlinkLo(1), []byte{
+			/* Len   */ 0x20, 0, 0, 0,
+			/* Type  */ 0x10, 0,
+			/* Flags */ 5, 0,
+			/* Seq   */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+			/* Pid   */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+
+			/* Family */ 0,
+			/* pad    */ 0,
+			/* Type   */ 0, 0,
+			/* Index  */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+			/* Flags  */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+			/* Change */ 1, 0, 0, 0,
+		}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if got := tc.msg.toWireFormat(); string(got) != string(tc.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("toWireFormat: %#v, want %#v", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

dist/install.sh

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 cd "$(dirname -- "$0")" || exit 1
 
-install -vDm0755 "bin/hakurei" "${HAKUREI_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/bin/hakurei"
-install -vDm0755 "bin/hpkg" "${HAKUREI_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/bin/hpkg"
+install -vDm0755 "bin/hakurei" "${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/hakurei"
+install -vDm0755 "bin/sharefs" "${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/sharefs"
 
-install -vDm4511 "bin/hsu" "${HAKUREI_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/bin/hsu"
-if [ ! -f "${HAKUREI_INSTALL_PREFIX}/etc/hsurc" ]; then
-    install -vDm0400 "hsurc.default" "${HAKUREI_INSTALL_PREFIX}/etc/hsurc"
+install -vDm4511 "bin/hsu" "${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/hsu"
+if [ ! -f "${DESTDIR}/etc/hsurc" ]; then
+    install -vDm0400 "hsurc.default" "${DESTDIR}/etc/hsurc"
 fi
 
-install -vDm0644 "comp/_hakurei" "${HAKUREI_INSTALL_PREFIX}/usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_hakurei"
+install -vDm0644 "comp/_hakurei" "${DESTDIR}/usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_hakurei"

dist/release.sh

@@ -2,19 +2,30 @@
 cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/.."
 VERSION="${HAKUREI_VERSION:-untagged}"
 pname="hakurei-${VERSION}"
-out="dist/${pname}"
+out="${DESTDIR:-dist}/${pname}"
 
+echo '# Preparing distribution files.'
 mkdir -p "${out}"
 cp -v "README.md" "dist/hsurc.default" "dist/install.sh" "${out}"
 cp -rv "dist/comp" "${out}"
+echo
 
+echo '# Building hakurei.'
 go generate ./...
-go build -trimpath -v -o "${out}/bin/" -ldflags "-s -w -buildid= -extldflags '-static'
+go build -trimpath -v -o "${out}/bin/" -ldflags "-s -w
+  -buildid= -extldflags '-static'
   -X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion=${VERSION}
   -X hakurei.app/internal/info.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei
   -X hakurei.app/internal/info.hsuPath=/usr/bin/hsu
   -X main.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei" ./...
+echo
 
-rm -f "./${out}.tar.gz" && tar -C dist -czf "${out}.tar.gz" "${pname}"
-rm -rf "./${out}"
-(cd dist && sha512sum "${pname}.tar.gz" > "${pname}.tar.gz.sha512")
+echo '# Testing hakurei.'
+go test -ldflags='-buildid= -extldflags=-static' ./...
+echo
+
+echo '# Creating distribution.'
+rm -f "${out}.tar.gz" && tar -C "${out}/.." -vczf "${out}.tar.gz" "${pname}"
+rm -rf "${out}"
+(cd "${out}/.." && sha512sum "${pname}.tar.gz" > "${pname}.tar.gz.sha512")
+echo

flake.nix

@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@
             withRace = true;
           };
 
+          sharefs = callPackage ./cmd/sharefs/test { inherit system self; };
+
           hpkg = callPackage ./cmd/hpkg/test { inherit system self; };
 
           formatting = runCommandLocal "check-formatting" { nativeBuildInputs = [ nixfmt-rfc-style ]; } ''
@@ -136,20 +138,32 @@
               ;
           };
           hsu = pkgs.callPackage ./cmd/hsu/package.nix { inherit (self.packages.${system}) hakurei; };
+          sharefs = pkgs.linkFarm "sharefs" {
+            "bin/sharefs" = "${hakurei}/libexec/sharefs";
+            "bin/mount.fuse.sharefs" = "${hakurei}/libexec/sharefs";
+          };
 
-          dist = pkgs.runCommand "${hakurei.name}-dist" { buildInputs = hakurei.targetPkgs ++ [ pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl ]; } ''
-            # go requires XDG_CACHE_HOME for the build cache
-            export XDG_CACHE_HOME="$(mktemp -d)"
+          dist =
+            pkgs.runCommand "${hakurei.name}-dist"
+              {
+                buildInputs = hakurei.targetPkgs ++ [
+                  pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl
+                ];
+              }
+              ''
+                cd $(mktemp -d) \
+                    && cp -r ${hakurei.src}/. . \
+                    && chmod +w cmd && cp -r ${hsu.src}/. cmd/hsu/ \
+                    && chmod -R +w .
 
-            # get a different workdir as go does not like /build
-            cd $(mktemp -d) \
-                && cp -r ${hakurei.src}/. . \
-                && chmod +w cmd && cp -r ${hsu.src}/. cmd/hsu/ \
-                && chmod -R +w .
-
-            export HAKUREI_VERSION="v${hakurei.version}"
-            CC="clang -O3 -Werror" ./dist/release.sh && mkdir $out && cp -v "dist/hakurei-$HAKUREI_VERSION.tar.gz"* $out
-          '';
+                CC="musl-clang -O3 -Werror -Qunused-arguments" \
+                GOCACHE="$(mktemp -d)" \
+                HAKUREI_TEST_SKIP_ACL=1 \
+                PATH="${pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl.bin}/bin:$PATH" \
+                DESTDIR="$out" \
+                HAKUREI_VERSION="v${hakurei.version}" \
+                  ./dist/release.sh
+              '';
         }
       );
 
@@ -160,7 +174,10 @@
           pkgs = nixpkgsFor.${system};
         in
         {
-          default = pkgs.mkShell { buildInputs = hakurei.targetPkgs; };
+          default = pkgs.mkShell {
+            buildInputs = hakurei.targetPkgs;
+            hardeningDisable = [ "fortify" ];
+          };
           withPackage = pkgs.mkShell { buildInputs = [ hakurei ] ++ hakurei.targetPkgs; };
 
           vm =

go.mod

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module hakurei.app
 
-go 1.24
+go 1.25

internal/acl/acl_test.go

@@ -24,9 +24,8 @@ var (
 )
 
 func TestUpdate(t *testing.T) {
-	if os.Getenv("GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL") == "1" {
-		t.Log("acl test skipped")
-		t.SkipNow()
+	if os.Getenv("HAKUREI_TEST_SKIP_ACL") == "1" {
+		t.Skip("acl test skipped")
 	}
 
 	testFilePath := path.Join(t.TempDir(), testFileName)
@@ -143,6 +142,7 @@ func (c *getFAclInvocation) run(name string) error {
 	}
 
 	c.cmd = exec.Command("getfacl", "--omit-header", "--absolute-names", "--numeric", name)
+	c.cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
 
 	scanErr := make(chan error, 1)
 	if p, err := c.cmd.StdoutPipe(); err != nil {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ func getfacl(t *testing.T, name string) []*getFAclResp {
 		t.Fatalf("getfacl: error = %v", err)
 	}
 	if len(c.pe) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("errors encountered parsing getfacl output\n%s", errors.Join(c.pe...).Error())
+		t.Errorf("errors encountered parsing getfacl output\n%s", errors.Join(c.pe...))
 	}
 	return c.val
 }

internal/outcome/sppulse_test.go

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func TestSpPulseOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("lookupEnv", stub.ExpectArgs{"PULSE_COOKIE"}, "proc/nonexistent/cookie", nil),
 		}, nil, nil, &hst.AppError{
 			Step: "locate PulseAudio cookie",
-			Err:  &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "proc/nonexistent/cookie"},
+			Err:  check.AbsoluteError("proc/nonexistent/cookie"),
 		}, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil},
 
 		{"cookie loadFile", func(bool, bool) outcomeOp {
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func TestDiscoverPulseCookie(t *testing.T) {
 			call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{(*check.Absolute)(nil)}}, nil, nil),
 		}}, &hst.AppError{
 			Step: "locate PulseAudio cookie",
-			Err:  &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "proc/nonexistent/pulse-cookie"},
+			Err:  check.AbsoluteError("proc/nonexistent/pulse-cookie"),
 		}},
 
 		{"success override", fCheckPathname, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ func TestDiscoverPulseCookie(t *testing.T) {
 			call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{(*check.Absolute)(nil)}}, nil, nil),
 		}}, &hst.AppError{
 			Step: "locate PulseAudio cookie",
-			Err:  &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "proc/nonexistent/home"},
+			Err:  check.AbsoluteError("proc/nonexistent/home"),
 		}},
 
 		{"home stat", fCheckPathname, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func TestDiscoverPulseCookie(t *testing.T) {
 			call("verbose", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{(*check.Absolute)(nil)}}, nil, nil),
 		}}, &hst.AppError{
 			Step: "locate PulseAudio cookie",
-			Err:  &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "proc/nonexistent/xdg"},
+			Err:  check.AbsoluteError("proc/nonexistent/xdg"),
 		}},
 
 		{"xdg stat", fCheckPathname, stub.Expect{Calls: []stub.Call{

internal/pipewire/core.go

@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ var ErrNotDone = errors.New("did not receive a Core::Done event targeting previo
 const (
 	// syncTimeout is the maximum duration [Core.Sync] is allowed to take before
 	// receiving [CoreDone] or failing.
-	syncTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	syncTimeout = 10 * time.Second
 )
 
 // Sync queues a [CoreSync] message for the PipeWire server and initiates a Roundtrip.

internal/pipewire/pipewire.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"runtime"
@@ -27,10 +26,16 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
+	"time"
 )
 
 // Conn is a low level unix socket interface used by [Context].
 type Conn interface {
+	// MightBlock informs the implementation that the next call to
+	// Recvmsg or Sendmsg might block. A zero or negative timeout
+	// cancels this behaviour.
+	MightBlock(timeout time.Duration)
+
 	// Recvmsg calls syscall.Recvmsg on the underlying socket.
 	Recvmsg(p, oob []byte, flags int) (n, oobn, recvflags int, err error)
 
@@ -138,45 +143,142 @@ func New(conn Conn, props SPADict) (*Context, error) {
 	return &ctx, nil
 }
 
-// A SyscallConnCloser is a [syscall.Conn] that implements [io.Closer].
-type SyscallConnCloser interface {
-	syscall.Conn
-	io.Closer
+// unixConn is an implementation of the [Conn] interface for connections
+// to Unix domain sockets.
+type unixConn struct {
+	fd int
+
+	// Whether creation of a new epoll instance was attempted.
+	epoll bool
+	// File descriptor referring to the new epoll instance.
+	// Valid if epoll is true and epollErr is nil.
+	epollFd int
+	// Error returned by syscall.EpollCreate1.
+	epollErr error
+	// Stores epoll events from the kernel.
+	epollBuf [32]syscall.EpollEvent
+
+	// If non-zero, next call is treated as a blocking call.
+	timeout time.Duration
 }
 
-// A SyscallConn is a [Conn] adapter for [syscall.Conn].
-type SyscallConn struct{ SyscallConnCloser }
+// Dial connects to a Unix domain socket described by name.
+func Dial(name string) (Conn, error) {
+	if fd, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_UNIX, syscall.SOCK_STREAM|syscall.SOCK_CLOEXEC|syscall.SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0); err != nil {
+		return nil, os.NewSyscallError("socket", err)
+	} else if err = syscall.Connect(fd, &syscall.SockaddrUnix{Name: name}); err != nil {
+		_ = syscall.Close(fd)
+		return nil, os.NewSyscallError("connect", err)
+	} else {
+		return &unixConn{fd: fd}, nil
+	}
+}
 
-// Recvmsg implements [Conn.Recvmsg] via [syscall.Conn.SyscallConn].
-func (conn SyscallConn) Recvmsg(p, oob []byte, flags int) (n, oobn, recvflags int, err error) {
-	var rc syscall.RawConn
-	if rc, err = conn.SyscallConn(); err != nil {
+// MightBlock informs the implementation that the next call
+// might block for a non-zero timeout.
+func (conn *unixConn) MightBlock(timeout time.Duration) {
+	if timeout < 0 {
+		timeout = 0
+	}
+	conn.timeout = timeout
+}
+
+// wantsEpoll is called at the beginning of any method that might use epoll.
+func (conn *unixConn) wantsEpoll() error {
+	if !conn.epoll {
+		conn.epoll = true
+		conn.epollFd, conn.epollErr = syscall.EpollCreate1(syscall.EPOLL_CLOEXEC)
+		if conn.epollErr == nil {
+			if conn.epollErr = syscall.EpollCtl(conn.epollFd, syscall.EPOLL_CTL_ADD, conn.fd, &syscall.EpollEvent{
+				Events: syscall.EPOLLERR | syscall.EPOLLHUP,
+				Fd:     int32(conn.fd),
+			}); conn.epollErr != nil {
+				_ = syscall.Close(conn.epollFd)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return conn.epollErr
+}
+
+// wait waits for a specific I/O event on fd. Caller must arrange for wantsEpoll
+// to be called somewhere before wait is called.
+func (conn *unixConn) wait(event uint32) (err error) {
+	if conn.timeout == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(conn.timeout)
+	conn.timeout = 0
+
+	if err = syscall.EpollCtl(conn.epollFd, syscall.EPOLL_CTL_MOD, conn.fd, &syscall.EpollEvent{
+		Events: event | syscall.EPOLLERR | syscall.EPOLLHUP,
+		Fd:     int32(conn.fd),
+	}); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if controlErr := rc.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		n, oobn, recvflags, _, err = syscall.Recvmsg(int(fd), p, oob, flags)
-	}); controlErr != nil && err == nil {
-		err = controlErr
+	for timeout := deadline.Sub(time.Now()); timeout > 0; timeout = deadline.Sub(time.Now()) {
+		var n int
+		if n, err = syscall.EpollWait(conn.epollFd, conn.epollBuf[:], int(timeout/time.Millisecond)); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		switch n {
+		case 1: // only the socket fd is ever added
+			if conn.epollBuf[0].Fd != int32(conn.fd) { // unreachable
+				return syscall.ENOTRECOVERABLE
+			}
+			if conn.epollBuf[0].Events&event == event ||
+				conn.epollBuf[0].Events&syscall.EPOLLERR|syscall.EPOLLHUP != 0 {
+				return nil
+			}
+			err = syscall.ETIME
+			continue
+
+		case 0: // timeout
+			return syscall.ETIMEDOUT
+
+		default: // unreachable
+			return syscall.ENOTRECOVERABLE
+		}
 	}
 	return
 }
 
-// Sendmsg implements [Conn.Sendmsg] via [syscall.Conn.SyscallConn].
-func (conn SyscallConn) Sendmsg(p, oob []byte, flags int) (n int, err error) {
-	var rc syscall.RawConn
-	if rc, err = conn.SyscallConn(); err != nil {
+// Recvmsg calls syscall.Recvmsg on the underlying socket.
+func (conn *unixConn) Recvmsg(p, oob []byte, flags int) (n, oobn, recvflags int, err error) {
+	if err = conn.wantsEpoll(); err != nil {
+		return
+	} else if err = conn.wait(syscall.EPOLLIN); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if controlErr := rc.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		n, err = syscall.SendmsgN(int(fd), p, oob, nil, flags)
-	}); controlErr != nil && err == nil {
-		err = controlErr
-	}
+	n, oobn, recvflags, _, err = syscall.Recvmsg(conn.fd, p, oob, flags)
 	return
 }
 
+// Sendmsg calls syscall.Sendmsg on the underlying socket.
+func (conn *unixConn) Sendmsg(p, oob []byte, flags int) (n int, err error) {
+	if err = conn.wantsEpoll(); err != nil {
+		return
+	} else if err = conn.wait(syscall.EPOLLOUT); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	n, err = syscall.SendmsgN(conn.fd, p, oob, nil, flags)
+	return
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying socket and the epoll fd if populated.
+func (conn *unixConn) Close() (err error) {
+	if conn.epoll && conn.epollErr == nil {
+		conn.epollErr = syscall.Close(conn.epollFd)
+	}
+	if err = syscall.Close(conn.fd); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	return conn.epollErr
+}
+
 // MustNew calls [New](conn, props) and panics on error.
 // It is intended for use in tests with hard-coded strings.
 func MustNew(conn Conn, props SPADict) *Context {
@@ -310,7 +412,7 @@ func (ctx *Context) recvmsg(remaining []byte) (payload []byte, err error) {
 			}
 			if err != syscall.EAGAIN && err != syscall.EWOULDBLOCK {
 				ctx.closeReceivedFiles()
-				return nil, os.NewSyscallError("recvmsg", err)
+				return nil, &ProxyFatalError{Err: os.NewSyscallError("recvmsg", err), ProxyErrs: ctx.cloneAsProxyErrors()}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -347,7 +449,7 @@ func (ctx *Context) sendmsg(p []byte, fds ...int) error {
 		}
 
 		if err != nil && err != syscall.EAGAIN && err != syscall.EWOULDBLOCK {
-			return os.NewSyscallError("sendmsg", err)
+			return &ProxyFatalError{Err: os.NewSyscallError("sendmsg", err), ProxyErrs: ctx.cloneAsProxyErrors()}
 		}
 		return err
 	}
@@ -598,8 +700,15 @@ func (ctx *Context) Roundtrip() (err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+const (
+	// roundtripTimeout is the maximum duration socket operations during
+	// Context.roundtrip is allowed to block for.
+	roundtripTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+)
+
 // roundtrip implements the Roundtrip method without checking proxyErrors.
 func (ctx *Context) roundtrip() (err error) {
+	ctx.conn.MightBlock(roundtripTimeout)
 	if err = ctx.sendmsg(ctx.buf, ctx.pendingFiles...); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -633,6 +742,7 @@ func (ctx *Context) roundtrip() (err error) {
 	}()
 
 	var remaining []byte
+	ctx.conn.MightBlock(roundtripTimeout)
 	for {
 		remaining, err = ctx.consume(remaining)
 		if err == nil {
@@ -857,14 +967,14 @@ const Remote = "PIPEWIRE_REMOTE"
 
 const DEFAULT_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_DIR = "/run/pipewire"
 
-// connectName connects to a PipeWire remote by name and returns the [net.UnixConn].
-func connectName(name string, manager bool) (conn *net.UnixConn, err error) {
+// connectName connects to a PipeWire remote by name and returns the resulting [Conn].
+func connectName(name string, manager bool) (conn Conn, err error) {
 	if manager && !strings.HasSuffix(name, "-manager") {
 		return connectName(name+"-manager", false)
 	}
 
 	if path.IsAbs(name) || (len(name) > 0 && name[0] == '@') {
-		return net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: name, Net: "unix"})
+		return Dial(name)
 	} else {
 		runtimeDir, ok := os.LookupEnv("PIPEWIRE_RUNTIME_DIR")
 		if !ok || !path.IsAbs(runtimeDir) {
@@ -879,7 +989,7 @@ func connectName(name string, manager bool) (conn *net.UnixConn, err error) {
 		if !ok || !path.IsAbs(runtimeDir) {
 			runtimeDir = DEFAULT_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_DIR
 		}
-		return net.DialUnix("unix", nil, &net.UnixAddr{Name: path.Join(runtimeDir, name), Net: "unix"})
+		return Dial(path.Join(runtimeDir, name))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -897,12 +1007,11 @@ func ConnectName(name string, manager bool, props SPADict) (ctx *Context, err er
 		}
 	}
 
-	var conn *net.UnixConn
+	var conn Conn
 	if conn, err = connectName(name, manager); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-
-	if ctx, err = New(SyscallConn{conn}, props); err != nil {
+	if ctx, err = New(conn, props); err != nil {
 		ctx = nil
 		_ = conn.Close()
 	}

internal/pipewire/pipewire_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	. "syscall"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pipewire"
@@ -715,6 +716,18 @@ type stubUnixConn struct {
 	current int
 }
 
+func (conn *stubUnixConn) MightBlock(timeout time.Duration) {
+	if timeout != 5*time.Second {
+		panic("unexpected timeout " + timeout.String())
+	}
+	if conn.current == 0 ||
+		(conn.samples[conn.current-1].nr == SYS_RECVMSG && conn.samples[conn.current-1].errno == EAGAIN && conn.samples[conn.current].nr == SYS_SENDMSG) ||
+		(conn.samples[conn.current-1].nr == SYS_SENDMSG && conn.samples[conn.current].nr == SYS_RECVMSG) {
+		return
+	}
+	panic("unexpected blocking hint before sample " + strconv.Itoa(conn.current))
+}
+
 // nextSample returns the current sample and increments the counter.
 func (conn *stubUnixConn) nextSample(nr uintptr) (sample *stubUnixConnSample, wantOOB []byte, err error) {
 	sample = &conn.samples[conn.current]

internal/pkg/dir.go

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"math"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+)
+
+// FlatEntry is a directory entry to be encoded for [Flatten].
+type FlatEntry struct {
+	Mode fs.FileMode // file mode bits
+	Path string      // pathname of the file
+	Data []byte      // file content or symlink destination
+}
+
+/*
+| mode uint32 | path_sz uint32 |
+|        data_sz uint64        |
+|         path string          |
+|         data []byte          |
+*/
+
+// wordSize is the boundary which binary segments are always aligned to.
+const wordSize = 8
+
+// alignSize returns the padded size for aligning sz.
+func alignSize(sz int) int {
+	return sz + (wordSize-(sz)%wordSize)%wordSize
+}
+
+// Encode encodes the entry for transmission or hashing.
+func (ent *FlatEntry) Encode(w io.Writer) (n int, err error) {
+	pPathSize := alignSize(len(ent.Path))
+	if pPathSize > math.MaxUint32 {
+		return 0, syscall.E2BIG
+	}
+	pDataSize := alignSize(len(ent.Data))
+
+	payload := make([]byte, wordSize*2+pPathSize+pDataSize)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload, uint32(ent.Mode))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload[wordSize/2:], uint32(len(ent.Path)))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(payload[wordSize:], uint64(len(ent.Data)))
+	copy(payload[wordSize*2:], ent.Path)
+	copy(payload[wordSize*2+pPathSize:], ent.Data)
+	return w.Write(payload)
+}
+
+// ErrInsecurePath is returned by [FlatEntry.Decode] if validation is requested
+// and a nonlocal path is encountered in the stream.
+var ErrInsecurePath = errors.New("insecure file path")
+
+// Decode decodes the entry from its representation produced by Encode.
+func (ent *FlatEntry) Decode(r io.Reader, validate bool) (n int, err error) {
+	var nr int
+
+	header := make([]byte, wordSize*2)
+	nr, err = r.Read(header)
+	n += nr
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && n != 0 {
+			err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	ent.Mode = fs.FileMode(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(header))
+	pathSize := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(header[wordSize/2:]))
+	pPathSize := alignSize(pathSize)
+	dataSize := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(header[wordSize:]))
+	pDataSize := alignSize(dataSize)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, pPathSize+pDataSize)
+	nr, err = r.Read(buf)
+	n += nr
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			if nr != len(buf) {
+				err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	ent.Path = string(buf[:pathSize])
+	if ent.Mode.IsDir() {
+		ent.Data = nil
+	} else {
+		ent.Data = buf[pPathSize : pPathSize+dataSize]
+	}
+
+	if validate && !filepath.IsLocal(ent.Path) {
+		err = ErrInsecurePath
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// DirScanner provides an efficient interface for reading a stream of encoded
+// [FlatEntry]. Successive calls to the Scan method will step through the
+// entries in the stream.
+type DirScanner struct {
+	// Underlying reader to scan [FlatEntry] representations from.
+	r io.Reader
+
+	// First non-EOF I/O error, returned by the Err method.
+	err error
+
+	// Entry to store results in. Its address is returned by the Entry method
+	// and is updated on every call to Scan.
+	ent FlatEntry
+
+	// Validate pathnames during decoding.
+	validate bool
+}
+
+// NewDirScanner returns the address of a new instance of [DirScanner] reading
+// from r. The caller must no longer read from r after this function returns.
+func NewDirScanner(r io.Reader, validate bool) *DirScanner {
+	return &DirScanner{r: r, validate: validate}
+}
+
+// Err returns the first non-EOF I/O error.
+func (s *DirScanner) Err() error {
+	if errors.Is(s.err, io.EOF) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return s.err
+}
+
+// Entry returns the address to the [FlatEntry] value storing the last result.
+func (s *DirScanner) Entry() *FlatEntry { return &s.ent }
+
+// Scan advances to the next [FlatEntry].
+func (s *DirScanner) Scan() bool {
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	var n int
+	n, s.err = s.ent.Decode(s.r, s.validate)
+	if errors.Is(s.err, io.EOF) {
+		return n != 0
+	}
+	return s.err == nil
+}
+
+// Flatten writes a deterministic representation of the contents of fsys to w.
+// The resulting data can be hashed to produce a deterministic checksum for the
+// directory.
+func Flatten(fsys fs.FS, root string, w io.Writer) (n int, err error) {
+	var nr int
+	err = fs.WalkDir(fsys, root, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		var fi fs.FileInfo
+		fi, err = d.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		ent := FlatEntry{
+			Path: path,
+			Mode: fi.Mode(),
+		}
+		if ent.Mode.IsRegular() {
+			if ent.Data, err = fs.ReadFile(fsys, path); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		} else if ent.Mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0 {
+			var newpath string
+			if newpath, err = fs.ReadLink(fsys, path); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			ent.Data = []byte(newpath)
+		} else if !ent.Mode.IsDir() {
+			return InvalidFileModeError(ent.Mode)
+		}
+
+		nr, err = ent.Encode(w)
+		n += nr
+		return err
+	})
+	return
+}
+
+// HashFS returns a checksum produced by hashing the result of [Flatten].
+func HashFS(buf *Checksum, fsys fs.FS, root string) error {
+	h := sha512.New384()
+	if _, err := Flatten(fsys, root, h); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h.Sum(buf[:0])
+	return nil
+}
+
+// HashDir returns a checksum produced by hashing the result of [Flatten].
+func HashDir(buf *Checksum, pathname *check.Absolute) error {
+	return HashFS(buf, os.DirFS(pathname.String()), ".")
+}

internal/pkg/dir_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io/fs"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func TestFlatten(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		fsys    fs.FS
+		entries []pkg.FlatEntry
+		sum     pkg.Checksum
+		err     error
+	}{
+		{"bad type", fstest.MapFS{
+			".":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"invalid": {Mode: fs.ModeCharDevice | 0400},
+		}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+			fs.ModeCharDevice | 0400,
+		)},
+
+		{"empty", fstest.MapFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C"), nil},
+
+		{"sample cache file", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+			"identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			"identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			"identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("St9rlE-mGZ5gXwiv_hzQ_B8bZP-UUvSNmf4nHUZzCMOumb6hKnheZSe0dmnuc4Q2"), nil},
+
+		{"sample http get cure", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/00BNNr-PsNMtowTpEG86ZeI7eQKoD-pjSCPAal1e5MYqr_N7FLpyXKdXLXE8WEBF": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU", Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/00BNNr-PsNMtowTpEG86ZeI7eQKoD-pjSCPAal1e5MYqr_N7FLpyXKdXLXE8WEBF", Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("KkdL8x2a84V8iYZop5jSTyba54xSgf_NZ1R0c4nSp9xTdk3SK_zUKGhNJ2uK8wMY"), nil},
+
+		{"sample directory step simple", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+
+			"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"), nil},
+
+		{"sample directory step garbage", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"lib":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"lib/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "lib"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "lib/check", Data: []byte{}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT"), nil},
+
+		{"sample directory", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("WVpvsVqVKg9Nsh744x57h51AuWUoUR2nnh8Md-EYBQpk6ziyTuUn6PLtF2e0Eu_d"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM":                                                                                          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum":                                                                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier":                                                                               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work":                                                                                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/5-NfJKBlUgVhAP_JeCjjo1UxF72x8QVMgeKPWd8s0J-RYvRJy6veTQDwmgxOvr6v": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+			"identifier/VWakDFDSjNMvdzwxG0Y1IKFdCzExgiQnjg-vv2srsZObwh-5WOJx7H5HtCgDXHcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/5-NfJKBlUgVhAP_JeCjjo1UxF72x8QVMgeKPWd8s0J-RYvRJy6veTQDwmgxOvr6v", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/VWakDFDSjNMvdzwxG0Y1IKFdCzExgiQnjg-vv2srsZObwh-5WOJx7H5HtCgDXHcq", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("nnOiyjjjvgZChsGtO4rA1JHckwYBBbxwNfecPJp62OFP6aoYUxHQ5UtYsrDpnwan"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar expand step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar expand", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/VWakDFDSjNMvdzwxG0Y1IKFdCzExgiQnjg-vv2srsZObwh-5WOJx7H5HtCgDXHcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+			"identifier/v3z1m-ofUqJz4_rasXRlTw5NgKk63RLvd5JKBpDeiNaYiUKSGN5KJbJGJHMt7cTf": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/VWakDFDSjNMvdzwxG0Y1IKFdCzExgiQnjg-vv2srsZObwh-5WOJx7H5HtCgDXHcq", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/v3z1m-ofUqJz4_rasXRlTw5NgKk63RLvd5JKBpDeiNaYiUKSGN5KJbJGJHMt7cTf", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("bQVH19N7dX50SdQ6JNVYbFdDZV4t8IaM4dhxGvjACpdoEgJ2jZJfYKLH4ya7ZD_s"), nil},
+
+		{"testtool", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/LRxdkRYNKnZT6bKiu5W8ATeAAmq3n_5AAJkF6G0EpAOEloiZvADJBkfixgtgF1Z9": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/LRxdkRYNKnZT6bKiu5W8ATeAAmq3n_5AAJkF6G0EpAOEloiZvADJBkfixgtgF1Z9", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("BQb5SCAo0Rw0YBGqjGemK1jH3jk0cgxAQ-JyeqVRqaqmEevJ3jtXNL8HB470XNnB"), nil},
+
+		{"testtool net", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte("net")},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec net container", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/TAspufRsG2I_TsxUUj2b7bUnCHgcVSdh6aOZpzL0W5Bjn4EZmOGzjofaOWd8J11H": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
+			"identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check", Data: []byte("net")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/TAspufRsG2I_TsxUUj2b7bUnCHgcVSdh6aOZpzL0W5Bjn4EZmOGzjofaOWd8J11H", Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("hJ7nCMLea_09Z7Fi4ALXOgubMNwK7C61THdQobpQJhH3tnr7PJ86aY98Mte3rBje"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container overlay root", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/UB9HPeMgMPJf3Ut4jLWwnCtu_P3Lr29i8Erf084bHe8jjzBMKPDNxQ3RMrirkH6H": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/UB9HPeMgMPJf3Ut4jLWwnCtu_P3Lr29i8Erf084bHe8jjzBMKPDNxQ3RMrirkH6H", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("PAZyVTxxROg4eCQX3yKuiIlB1k9VFXmtvvyy7QxoqaFhYwGZpT4wYec4R2dTtfyh"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container overlay work", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/Fud5ldJfpsgLt-rkLWrLO-aVYhQm-esTswetjxydPeQMK4jHNJ_1fGHVahaiCZ9y": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Fud5ldJfpsgLt-rkLWrLO-aVYhQm-esTswetjxydPeQMK4jHNJ_1fGHVahaiCZ9y", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("uMZyWOQGjhI1oNKfJyw8I6EtUmWkOsZNeUEZLjy1lmkAV7cR1hmOKsOlXs4RkuEC"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container multiple layers", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/YK1yDoi_qaUuXSPeVLJnaL8CBuZC4LoCarId5vdBCTLU82-vZFIfLDlaJuLM1iBj": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/g6gj2JWNXN-oNikou626vDqcMeZCn_TcV4xKuizBaPAWcasG2sVvItb5kZovMrzE": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check", Data: []byte("layers")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/YK1yDoi_qaUuXSPeVLJnaL8CBuZC4LoCarId5vdBCTLU82-vZFIfLDlaJuLM1iBj", Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/g6gj2JWNXN-oNikou626vDqcMeZCn_TcV4xKuizBaPAWcasG2sVvItb5kZovMrzE", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("OG6C_fL-U4dZndkiKJvXf31qrM7DNpmCGxbWASwhWK_e8twIwC_ZvMvw142pVqz-"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container layer promotion", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/CuKcA4aAApOvWqI6-KzZEDyGLltRdBjOTyrTibam2fFVxtXmGL_RVuElOFTVlKfq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/ywzI31S5McuYu7vzI2kqpSC_nsNzpWBXVCwPoLAYi9QVT0mODgzqoo9jYYaczPbf": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/CuKcA4aAApOvWqI6-KzZEDyGLltRdBjOTyrTibam2fFVxtXmGL_RVuElOFTVlKfq", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cGvuAdKA2tThRa4w3ZI2c5S5TXDx4j2qvfFM7pzf7y5vBz7NisBV06ThBXw_97xK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/ywzI31S5McuYu7vzI2kqpSC_nsNzpWBXVCwPoLAYi9QVT0mODgzqoo9jYYaczPbf", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("CKt376G_wCHRR26hBxLnoXyz5boEOX12AiHbQM2qz4bejKtfmys3Swqh60eKFn9y"), nil},
+
+		{"sample file short", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/3nNZXzfgfDW2aHqmgf1VpJUYxe1GMzU7eA9Q_NnNVTDPpPOCTYKEVX-yscOiLT-e": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/3nNZXzfgfDW2aHqmgf1VpJUYxe1GMzU7eA9Q_NnNVTDPpPOCTYKEVX-yscOiLT-e", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("azjTvqkTjLhFzvPDM4DEHiHyLupOnRq9GCikVN6DEElR1Gxz_BDo4SA0zZzaYUGa"), nil},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			t.Run("roundtrip", func(t *testing.T) {
+				t.Parallel()
+
+				var buf bytes.Buffer
+				if _, err := pkg.Flatten(
+					tc.fsys,
+					".",
+					&buf,
+				); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, tc.err) {
+					t.Fatalf("Flatten: error = %v, want %v", err, tc.err)
+				} else if tc.err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+
+				s := pkg.NewDirScanner(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()), true)
+				var got []pkg.FlatEntry
+				for s.Scan() {
+					got = append(got, *s.Entry())
+				}
+				if err := s.Err(); err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Err: error = %v", err)
+				}
+
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.entries) {
+					t.Fatalf("Scan: %#v, want %#v", got, tc.entries)
+				}
+			})
+
+			if tc.err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+
+			t.Run("hash", func(t *testing.T) {
+				t.Parallel()
+
+				var got pkg.Checksum
+				if err := pkg.HashFS(&got, tc.fsys, "."); err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("HashFS: error = %v", err)
+				} else if got != tc.sum {
+					t.Fatalf("HashFS: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+						Got:  got,
+						Want: tc.sum,
+					})
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/pkg/exec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+	"unique"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container"
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
+	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
+	"hakurei.app/container/std"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+// AbsWork is the container pathname [CureContext.GetWorkDir] is mounted on.
+var AbsWork = fhs.AbsRoot.Append("work/")
+
+// ExecPath is a slice of [Artifact] and the [check.Absolute] pathname to make
+// it available at under in the container.
+type ExecPath struct {
+	// Pathname in the container mount namespace.
+	P *check.Absolute
+	// Artifacts to mount on the pathname, must contain at least one [Artifact].
+	// If there are multiple entries or W is true, P is set up as an overlay
+	// mount, and entries of A must not implement [FileArtifact].
+	A []Artifact
+	// Whether to make the mount point writable via the temp directory.
+	W bool
+}
+
+// layers returns pathnames collected from A deduplicated by checksum.
+func (p *ExecPath) layers(f *FContext) []*check.Absolute {
+	msg := f.GetMessage()
+
+	layers := make([]*check.Absolute, 0, len(p.A))
+	checksums := make(map[unique.Handle[Checksum]]struct{}, len(p.A))
+	for i := range p.A {
+		d := p.A[len(p.A)-1-i]
+		pathname, checksum := f.GetArtifact(d)
+		if _, ok := checksums[checksum]; ok {
+			if msg.IsVerbose() {
+				msg.Verbosef(
+					"promoted layer %d as %s",
+					len(p.A)-1-i, reportName(d, f.cache.Ident(d)),
+				)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		checksums[checksum] = struct{}{}
+		layers = append(layers, pathname)
+	}
+	slices.Reverse(layers)
+	return layers
+}
+
+// Path returns a populated [ExecPath].
+func Path(pathname *check.Absolute, writable bool, a ...Artifact) ExecPath {
+	return ExecPath{pathname, a, writable}
+}
+
+// MustPath is like [Path], but takes a string pathname via [check.MustAbs].
+func MustPath(pathname string, writable bool, a ...Artifact) ExecPath {
+	return ExecPath{check.MustAbs(pathname), a, writable}
+}
+
+const (
+	// ExecTimeoutDefault replaces out of range [NewExec] timeout values.
+	ExecTimeoutDefault = 15 * time.Minute
+	// ExecTimeoutMax is the arbitrary upper bound of [NewExec] timeout.
+	ExecTimeoutMax = 48 * time.Hour
+)
+
+// An execArtifact is an [Artifact] that produces output by running a program
+// part of another [Artifact] in a [container] to produce its output.
+//
+// Methods of execArtifact does not modify any struct field or underlying arrays
+// referred to by slices.
+type execArtifact struct {
+	// Caller-supplied user-facing reporting name, guaranteed to be nonzero
+	// during initialisation.
+	name string
+	// Caller-supplied inner mount points.
+	paths []ExecPath
+
+	// Passed through to [container.Params].
+	dir *check.Absolute
+	// Passed through to [container.Params].
+	env []string
+	// Passed through to [container.Params].
+	path *check.Absolute
+	// Passed through to [container.Params].
+	args []string
+
+	// Duration the initial process is allowed to run. The zero value is
+	// equivalent to execTimeoutDefault. This value is never encoded in Params
+	// because it cannot affect outcome.
+	timeout time.Duration
+
+	// Caller-supplied exclusivity value, returned as is by IsExclusive.
+	exclusive bool
+}
+
+var _ fmt.Stringer = new(execArtifact)
+
+// execNetArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and has
+// its resulting container keep the host net namespace.
+type execNetArtifact struct {
+	checksum Checksum
+
+	execArtifact
+}
+
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(execNetArtifact)
+
+// Checksum returns the caller-supplied checksum.
+func (a *execNetArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (*execNetArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExecNet }
+
+// Params is [Checksum] concatenated with [KindExec] params.
+func (a *execNetArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
+	ctx.GetHash().Write(a.checksum[:])
+	a.execArtifact.Params(ctx)
+}
+
+// Cure cures the [Artifact] in the container described by the caller. The
+// container retains host networking.
+func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
+	return a.cure(f, true)
+}
+
+// NewExec returns a new [Artifact] that executes the program path in a
+// container with specified paths bind mounted read-only in order. A private
+// instance of /proc and /dev is made available to the container.
+//
+// The working and temporary directories are both created and mounted writable
+// on [AbsWork] and [fhs.AbsTmp] respectively. If one or more paths target
+// [AbsWork], the final entry is set up as a writable overlay mount on /work for
+// which the upperdir is the host side work directory. In this configuration,
+// the W field is ignored, and the program must avoid causing whiteout files to
+// be created. Cure fails if upperdir ends up with entries other than directory,
+// regular or symlink.
+//
+// If checksum is non-nil, the resulting [Artifact] implements [KnownChecksum]
+// and its container runs in the host net namespace.
+//
+// The container is allowed to run for the specified duration before the initial
+// process and all processes originating from it is terminated. A zero or
+// negative timeout value is equivalent tp [ExecTimeoutDefault], a timeout value
+// greater than [ExecTimeoutMax] is equivalent to [ExecTimeoutMax].
+//
+// The user-facing name and exclusivity value are not accessible from the
+// container and does not affect curing outcome. Because of this, it is omitted
+// from parameter data for computing identifier.
+func NewExec(
+	name string,
+	checksum *Checksum,
+	timeout time.Duration,
+	exclusive bool,
+
+	dir *check.Absolute,
+	env []string,
+	pathname *check.Absolute,
+	args []string,
+
+	paths ...ExecPath,
+) Artifact {
+	if name == "" {
+		name = "exec-" + path.Base(pathname.String())
+	}
+	if timeout <= 0 {
+		timeout = ExecTimeoutDefault
+	}
+	if timeout > ExecTimeoutMax {
+		timeout = ExecTimeoutMax
+	}
+	a := execArtifact{name, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
+	if checksum == nil {
+		return &a
+	}
+	return &execNetArtifact{*checksum, a}
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (*execArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExec }
+
+// Params writes paths, executable pathname and args.
+func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
+	h := ctx.GetHash()
+
+	_0, _1 := []byte{0}, []byte{1}
+	for _, p := range a.paths {
+		if p.W {
+			h.Write(_1)
+		} else {
+			h.Write(_0)
+		}
+		if p.P != nil {
+			h.Write([]byte(p.P.String()))
+		} else {
+			h.Write([]byte("invalid P\x00"))
+		}
+		h.Write(_0)
+		for _, d := range p.A {
+			ctx.WriteIdent(d)
+		}
+		h.Write(_0)
+	}
+	h.Write(_0)
+	h.Write([]byte(a.dir.String()))
+	h.Write(_0)
+	for _, e := range a.env {
+		h.Write([]byte(e))
+	}
+	h.Write(_0)
+	h.Write([]byte(a.path.String()))
+	h.Write(_0)
+	for _, arg := range a.args {
+		h.Write([]byte(arg))
+	}
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns a slice of all artifacts collected from caller-supplied
+// [ExecPath].
+func (a *execArtifact) Dependencies() []Artifact {
+	artifacts := make([][]Artifact, 0, len(a.paths))
+	for _, p := range a.paths {
+		artifacts = append(artifacts, p.A)
+	}
+	return slices.Concat(artifacts...)
+}
+
+// IsExclusive returns the caller-supplied exclusivity value.
+func (a *execArtifact) IsExclusive() bool { return a.exclusive }
+
+// String returns the caller-supplied reporting name.
+func (a *execArtifact) String() string { return a.name }
+
+// Cure cures the [Artifact] in the container described by the caller.
+func (a *execArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) (err error) {
+	return a.cure(f, false)
+}
+
+const (
+	// execWaitDelay is passed through to [container.Params].
+	execWaitDelay = time.Nanosecond
+)
+
+// scanVerbose prefixes program output for a verbose [message.Msg].
+func scanVerbose(
+	msg message.Msg,
+	done chan<- struct{},
+	prefix string,
+	r io.Reader,
+) {
+	defer close(done)
+	s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	s.Buffer(
+		make([]byte, bufio.MaxScanTokenSize),
+		bufio.MaxScanTokenSize<<12,
+	)
+	for s.Scan() {
+		msg.Verbose(prefix, s.Text())
+	}
+	if err := s.Err(); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
+		msg.Verbose("*"+prefix, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// cure is like Cure but allows optional host net namespace. This is used for
+// the [KnownChecksum] variant where networking is allowed.
+func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
+	overlayWorkIndex := -1
+	for i, p := range a.paths {
+		if p.P == nil || len(p.A) == 0 {
+			return os.ErrInvalid
+		}
+		if p.P.Is(AbsWork) {
+			overlayWorkIndex = i
+		}
+	}
+
+	var artifactCount int
+	for _, p := range a.paths {
+		artifactCount += len(p.A)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(f.Unwrap(), a.timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	z := container.New(ctx, f.GetMessage())
+	z.WaitDelay = execWaitDelay
+	z.SeccompPresets |= std.PresetStrict & ^std.PresetDenyNS
+	z.SeccompFlags |= seccomp.AllowMultiarch
+	z.ParentPerm = 0700
+	z.HostNet = hostNet
+	z.Hostname = "cure"
+	if z.HostNet {
+		z.Hostname = "cure-net"
+	}
+	z.Uid, z.Gid = (1<<10)-1, (1<<10)-1
+	if msg := f.GetMessage(); msg.IsVerbose() {
+		var stdout, stderr io.ReadCloser
+		if stdout, err = z.StdoutPipe(); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if stderr, err = z.StderrPipe(); err != nil {
+			_ = stdout.Close()
+			return
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
+				_ = stdout.Close()
+				_ = stderr.Close()
+			}
+		}()
+
+		stdoutDone, stderrDone := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
+		go scanVerbose(msg, stdoutDone, "("+a.name+":1)", stdout)
+		go scanVerbose(msg, stderrDone, "("+a.name+":2)", stderr)
+		defer func() { <-stdoutDone; <-stderrDone }()
+	}
+
+	z.Dir, z.Env, z.Path, z.Args = a.dir, a.env, a.path, a.args
+	z.Grow(len(a.paths) + 4)
+
+	temp, work := f.GetTempDir(), f.GetWorkDir()
+	for i, b := range a.paths {
+		if i == overlayWorkIndex {
+			if err = os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			tempWork := temp.Append(".work")
+			if err = os.MkdirAll(tempWork.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			z.Overlay(
+				AbsWork,
+				work,
+				tempWork,
+				b.layers(f)...,
+			)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if a.paths[i].W {
+			tempUpper, tempWork := temp.Append(
+				".upper", strconv.Itoa(i),
+			), temp.Append(
+				".work", strconv.Itoa(i),
+			)
+			if err = os.MkdirAll(tempUpper.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if err = os.MkdirAll(tempWork.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			z.Overlay(b.P, tempUpper, tempWork, b.layers(f)...)
+		} else if len(b.A) == 1 {
+			pathname, _ := f.GetArtifact(b.A[0])
+			z.Bind(pathname, b.P, 0)
+		} else {
+			z.OverlayReadonly(b.P, b.layers(f)...)
+		}
+	}
+	if overlayWorkIndex < 0 {
+		z.Bind(
+			work,
+			AbsWork,
+			std.BindWritable|std.BindEnsure,
+		)
+	}
+	z.Bind(
+		f.GetTempDir(),
+		fhs.AbsTmp,
+		std.BindWritable|std.BindEnsure,
+	)
+	z.Proc(fhs.AbsProc).Dev(fhs.AbsDev, true)
+
+	if err = z.Start(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if err = z.Serve(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if err = z.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// do not allow empty directories to succeed
+	for {
+		err = syscall.Rmdir(work.String())
+		if err != syscall.EINTR {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil && errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOTEMPTY) {
+		err = nil
+	}
+	return
+}

internal/pkg/exec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o testdata/testtool ./testdata
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+	"unique"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
+	"hakurei.app/hst"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// testtoolBin is the container test tool binary made available to the
+// execArtifact for testing its curing environment.
+//
+//go:embed testdata/testtool
+var testtoolBin []byte
+
+func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	wantChecksumOffline := pkg.MustDecode(
+		"GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9",
+	)
+
+	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
+		{"offline", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/file", false, newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xfe, 0},
+						nil,
+						nil, nil,
+					)),
+					pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+
+				{"error passthrough", pkg.NewExec(
+					"", nil, 0, true,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+						},
+					}),
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					{
+						Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID(pkg.MustDecode(
+							"zegItlAz7Lr1xFyzCtHTz_eL08KNuccT3S8b7zqekz3lZxqdELdqTlGjvUYPVykW",
+						))),
+						Err: stub.UniqueError(0xcafe),
+					},
+				}},
+
+				{"invalid paths", pkg.NewExec(
+					"", nil, 0, false,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.ExecPath{},
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, os.ErrInvalid},
+			})
+
+			// check init failure passthrough
+			var exitError *exec.ExitError
+			if _, _, err := c.Cure(pkg.NewExec(
+				"", nil, 0, false,
+				pkg.AbsWork,
+				nil,
+				check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+				[]string{"testtool"},
+			)); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
+				exitError.ExitCode() != hst.ExitFailure {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v, want init exit status 1", err)
+			}
+
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("BQb5SCAo0Rw0YBGqjGemK1jH3jk0cgxAQ-JyeqVRqaqmEevJ3jtXNL8HB470XNnB")},
+
+		{"net", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
+
+			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode(
+				"a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W",
+			)
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-net", &wantChecksum, 0, false,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool", "net"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/file", false, newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xfe, 0},
+						nil,
+						nil, nil,
+					)),
+					pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+			})
+
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("hJ7nCMLea_09Z7Fi4ALXOgubMNwK7C61THdQobpQJhH3tnr7PJ86aY98Mte3rBje")},
+
+		{"overlay root", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-overlay-root", nil, 0, false,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+			})
+
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("PAZyVTxxROg4eCQX3yKuiIlB1k9VFXmtvvyy7QxoqaFhYwGZpT4wYec4R2dTtfyh")},
+
+		{"overlay work", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-overlay-work", nil, 0, false,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/work/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}), pkg.MustPath("/work/", false, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}), pkg.Path(pkg.AbsWork, false /* ignored */, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+			})
+
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("uMZyWOQGjhI1oNKfJyw8I6EtUmWkOsZNeUEZLjy1lmkAV7cR1hmOKsOlXs4RkuEC")},
+
+		{"multiple layers", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-multiple-layers", nil, 0, false,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool", "layers"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}, &stubArtifactF{
+						kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+						params: []byte("test sample with dependencies"),
+
+						deps: slices.Repeat([]pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
+							pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+							pkg.ID{0xfe, 0},
+							nil,
+							nil, nil,
+						), &stubArtifact{
+							kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+							params: []byte("empty directory"),
+
+							// this is queued and might run instead of the other
+							// one so do not leave it as nil
+							cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+								return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+							},
+						}}, 1<<5 /* concurrent cache hits */),
+
+						cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+							work := f.GetWorkDir()
+							if err := os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+							return os.WriteFile(work.Append("check").String(), []byte("layers"), 0400)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+			})
+
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("OG6C_fL-U4dZndkiKJvXf31qrM7DNpmCGxbWASwhWK_e8twIwC_ZvMvw142pVqz-")},
+
+		{"overlay layer promotion", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-layer-promotion", nil, 0, true,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool", "promote"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("another empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+			})
+
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("CKt376G_wCHRR26hBxLnoXyz5boEOX12AiHbQM2qz4bejKtfmys3Swqh60eKFn9y")},
+	})
+}
+
+// newTesttool returns an [Artifact] that cures into testtoolBin. The returned
+// function must be called at the end of the test but not deferred.
+func newTesttool() (
+	testtool pkg.Artifact,
+	testtoolDestroy func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache),
+) {
+	// testtoolBin is built during go:generate and is not deterministic
+	testtool = overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 0xff}, &stubArtifact{
+		kind: pkg.KindTar,
+		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+			work := t.GetWorkDir()
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(
+				work.Append("bin").String(),
+				0700,
+			); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if ift, err := net.Interfaces(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			} else {
+				var f *os.File
+				if f, err = os.Create(t.GetWorkDir().Append(
+					"ift",
+				).String()); err != nil {
+					return err
+				} else {
+					err = gob.NewEncoder(f).Encode(ift)
+					closeErr := f.Close()
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					if closeErr != nil {
+						return closeErr
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return os.WriteFile(t.GetWorkDir().Append(
+				"bin",
+				"testtool",
+			).String(), testtoolBin, 0500)
+		},
+	}}
+	testtoolDestroy = newDestroyArtifactFunc(testtool)
+	return
+}

internal/pkg/file.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// A fileArtifact is an [Artifact] that cures into data known ahead of time.
+type fileArtifact []byte
+
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(fileArtifact)
+
+// fileArtifactNamed embeds fileArtifact alongside a caller-supplied name.
+type fileArtifactNamed struct {
+	fileArtifact
+	// Caller-supplied user-facing reporting name.
+	name string
+}
+
+var _ fmt.Stringer = new(fileArtifactNamed)
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(fileArtifactNamed)
+
+// String returns the caller-supplied reporting name.
+func (a *fileArtifactNamed) String() string { return a.name }
+
+// NewFile returns a [FileArtifact] that cures into a caller-supplied byte slice.
+//
+// Caller must not modify data after NewFile returns.
+func NewFile(name string, data []byte) FileArtifact {
+	f := fileArtifact(data)
+	if name != "" {
+		return &fileArtifactNamed{f, name}
+	}
+	return &f
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (*fileArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindFile }
+
+// Params writes the result of Cure.
+func (a *fileArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) { ctx.GetHash().Write(*a) }
+
+// Dependencies returns a nil slice.
+func (*fileArtifact) Dependencies() []Artifact { return nil }
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: Cure returns a prepopulated buffer.
+func (*fileArtifact) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// Checksum computes and returns the checksum of caller-supplied data.
+func (a *fileArtifact) Checksum() Checksum {
+	h := sha512.New384()
+	h.Write(*a)
+	return Checksum(h.Sum(nil))
+}
+
+// Cure returns the caller-supplied data.
+func (a *fileArtifact) Cure(*RContext) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(*a)), nil
+}

internal/pkg/file_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func TestFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
+		{"file", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			c.SetStrict(true)
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"short", pkg.NewFile("null", []byte{0}), base.Append(
+					"identifier",
+					"3nNZXzfgfDW2aHqmgf1VpJUYxe1GMzU7eA9Q_NnNVTDPpPOCTYKEVX-yscOiLT-e",
+				), pkg.MustDecode(
+					"vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX",
+				), nil},
+			})
+		}, pkg.MustDecode(
+			"azjTvqkTjLhFzvPDM4DEHiHyLupOnRq9GCikVN6DEElR1Gxz_BDo4SA0zZzaYUGa",
+		)},
+	})
+}

internal/pkg/net.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"path"
+	"unique"
+)
+
+// An httpArtifact is an [Artifact] backed by a [http] url string. The method is
+// hardcoded as [http.MethodGet]. Request body is not allowed because it cannot
+// be deterministically represented by Params.
+type httpArtifact struct {
+	// Caller-supplied url string.
+	url string
+
+	// Caller-supplied checksum of the response body. This is validated when
+	// closing the [io.ReadCloser] returned by Cure.
+	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
+
+	// doFunc is the Do method of [http.Client] supplied by the caller.
+	doFunc func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+}
+
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(httpArtifact)
+var _ fmt.Stringer = new(httpArtifact)
+
+// NewHTTPGet returns a new [FileArtifact] backed by the supplied client. A GET
+// request is set up for url. If c is nil, [http.DefaultClient] is used instead.
+func NewHTTPGet(
+	c *http.Client,
+	url string,
+	checksum Checksum,
+) FileArtifact {
+	if c == nil {
+		c = http.DefaultClient
+	}
+	return &httpArtifact{url: url, checksum: unique.Make(checksum), doFunc: c.Do}
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (*httpArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindHTTPGet }
+
+// Params writes the backing url string. Client is not represented as it does
+// not affect [Cache.Cure] outcome.
+func (a *httpArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
+	ctx.GetHash().Write([]byte(a.url))
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns a nil slice.
+func (*httpArtifact) Dependencies() []Artifact { return nil }
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: Cure returns as soon as a response is received.
+func (*httpArtifact) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// Checksum returns the caller-supplied checksum.
+func (a *httpArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum.Value() }
+
+// String returns [path.Base] over the backing url.
+func (a *httpArtifact) String() string { return path.Base(a.url) }
+
+// ResponseStatusError is returned for a response returned by an [http.Client]
+// with a status code other than [http.StatusOK].
+type ResponseStatusError int
+
+func (e ResponseStatusError) Error() string {
+	return "the requested URL returned non-OK status: " + http.StatusText(int(e))
+}
+
+// Cure sends the http request and returns the resulting response body reader
+// wrapped to perform checksum validation. It is valid but not encouraged to
+// close the resulting [io.ReadCloser] before it is read to EOF, as that causes
+// Close to block until all remaining data is consumed and validated.
+func (a *httpArtifact) Cure(r *RContext) (rc io.ReadCloser, err error) {
+	var req *http.Request
+	req, err = http.NewRequestWithContext(r.Unwrap(), http.MethodGet, a.url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Hakurei/1.1")
+
+	var resp *http.Response
+	if resp, err = a.doFunc(req); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		return nil, ResponseStatusError(resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	rc = r.NewMeasuredReader(resp.Body, a.checksum)
+	return
+}

internal/pkg/net_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+	"unique"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const testdata = "\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69"
+
+	testdataChecksum := func() unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum] {
+		h := sha512.New384()
+		h.Write([]byte(testdata))
+		return unique.Make(pkg.Checksum(h.Sum(nil)))
+	}()
+
+	var transport http.Transport
+	client := http.Client{Transport: &transport}
+	transport.RegisterProtocol("file", http.NewFileTransportFS(fstest.MapFS{
+		"testdata": {Data: []byte(testdata), Mode: 0400},
+	}))
+
+	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
+		{"direct", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			var r pkg.RContext
+			rCacheVal := reflect.ValueOf(&r).Elem().FieldByName("cache")
+			reflect.NewAt(
+				rCacheVal.Type(),
+				unsafe.Pointer(rCacheVal.UnsafeAddr()),
+			).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(c))
+
+			f := pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				&client,
+				"file:///testdata",
+				testdataChecksum.Value(),
+			)
+			var got []byte
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
+			} else if string(got) != testdata {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: %x, want %x", got, testdata)
+			} else if err = rc.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// check direct validation
+			f = pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				&client,
+				"file:///testdata",
+				pkg.Checksum{},
+			)
+			wantErrMismatch := &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+				Got: testdataChecksum.Value(),
+			}
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
+			} else if string(got) != testdata {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: %x, want %x", got, testdata)
+			} else if err = rc.Close(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrMismatch) {
+				t.Fatalf("Close: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrMismatch)
+			}
+
+			// check fallback validation
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+			} else if err = rc.Close(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrMismatch) {
+				t.Fatalf("Close: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrMismatch)
+			}
+
+			// check direct response error
+			f = pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				&client,
+				"file:///nonexistent",
+				pkg.Checksum{},
+			)
+			wantErrNotFound := pkg.ResponseStatusError(http.StatusNotFound)
+			if _, err := f.Cure(&r); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
+			}
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+
+		{"cure", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			var r pkg.RContext
+			rCacheVal := reflect.ValueOf(&r).Elem().FieldByName("cache")
+			reflect.NewAt(
+				rCacheVal.Type(),
+				unsafe.Pointer(rCacheVal.UnsafeAddr()),
+			).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(c))
+
+			f := pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				&client,
+				"file:///testdata",
+				testdataChecksum.Value(),
+			)
+			wantPathname := base.Append(
+				"identifier",
+				"00BNNr-PsNMtowTpEG86ZeI7eQKoD-pjSCPAal1e5MYqr_N7FLpyXKdXLXE8WEBF",
+			)
+			if pathname, checksum, err := c.Cure(f); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+			} else if !pathname.Is(wantPathname) {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: %q, want %q", pathname, wantPathname)
+			} else if checksum != testdataChecksum {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: %x, want %x", checksum.Value(), testdataChecksum.Value())
+			}
+
+			var got []byte
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
+			} else if string(got) != testdata {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: %x, want %x", got, testdata)
+			} else if err = rc.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// check load from cache
+			f = pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				&client,
+				"file:///testdata",
+				testdataChecksum.Value(),
+			)
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
+			} else if string(got) != testdata {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: %x, want %x", got, testdata)
+			} else if err = rc.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// check error passthrough
+			f = pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				&client,
+				"file:///nonexistent",
+				pkg.Checksum{},
+			)
+			wantErrNotFound := pkg.ResponseStatusError(http.StatusNotFound)
+			if _, _, err := c.Cure(f); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
+				t.Fatalf("Pathname: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
+			}
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("KkdL8x2a84V8iYZop5jSTyba54xSgf_NZ1R0c4nSp9xTdk3SK_zUKGhNJ2uK8wMY")},
+	})
+}

internal/pkg/tar.go

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"archive/tar"
+	"compress/bzip2"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+)
+
+const (
+	// TarUncompressed denotes an uncompressed tarball.
+	TarUncompressed = iota
+	// TarGzip denotes a tarball compressed via [gzip].
+	TarGzip
+	// TarBzip2 denotes a tarball compressed via [bzip2].
+	TarBzip2
+)
+
+// A tarArtifact is an [Artifact] unpacking a tarball backed by a [FileArtifact].
+type tarArtifact struct {
+	// Caller-supplied backing tarball.
+	f Artifact
+	// Compression on top of the tarball.
+	compression uint64
+}
+
+// tarArtifactNamed embeds tarArtifact for a [fmt.Stringer] tarball.
+type tarArtifactNamed struct {
+	tarArtifact
+	// Copied from tarArtifact.f.
+	name string
+}
+
+var _ fmt.Stringer = new(tarArtifactNamed)
+
+// String returns the name of the underlying [Artifact] suffixed with unpack.
+func (a *tarArtifactNamed) String() string { return a.name + "-unpack" }
+
+// NewTar returns a new [Artifact] backed by the supplied [Artifact] and
+// compression method. The source [Artifact] must be compatible with
+// [TContext.Open].
+func NewTar(a Artifact, compression uint64) Artifact {
+	ta := tarArtifact{a, compression}
+	if s, ok := a.(fmt.Stringer); ok {
+		if name := s.String(); name != "" {
+			return &tarArtifactNamed{ta, name}
+		}
+	}
+	return &ta
+}
+
+// NewHTTPGetTar is abbreviation for NewHTTPGet passed to NewTar.
+func NewHTTPGetTar(
+	hc *http.Client,
+	url string,
+	checksum Checksum,
+	compression uint64,
+) Artifact {
+	return NewTar(NewHTTPGet(hc, url, checksum), compression)
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (a *tarArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindTar }
+
+// Params writes compression encoded in little endian.
+func (a *tarArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
+	ctx.GetHash().Write(binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint64(nil, a.compression))
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns a slice containing the backing file.
+func (a *tarArtifact) Dependencies() []Artifact {
+	return []Artifact{a.f}
+}
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: decompressor and tar reader are fully sequential.
+func (a *tarArtifact) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// A DisallowedTypeflagError describes a disallowed typeflag encountered while
+// unpacking a tarball.
+type DisallowedTypeflagError byte
+
+func (e DisallowedTypeflagError) Error() string {
+	return "disallowed typeflag '" + string(e) + "'"
+}
+
+// Cure cures the [Artifact], producing a directory located at work.
+func (a *tarArtifact) Cure(t *TContext) (err error) {
+	temp := t.GetTempDir()
+	var tr io.ReadCloser
+	if tr, err = t.Open(a.f); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	defer func(f io.ReadCloser) {
+		if err == nil {
+			err = tr.Close()
+		}
+
+		closeErr := f.Close()
+		if err == nil {
+			err = closeErr
+		}
+	}(tr)
+	tr = io.NopCloser(tr)
+
+	switch a.compression {
+	case TarUncompressed:
+		break
+
+	case TarGzip:
+		if tr, err = gzip.NewReader(tr); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		break
+
+	case TarBzip2:
+		tr = io.NopCloser(bzip2.NewReader(tr))
+		break
+
+	default:
+		return os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+
+	type dirTargetPerm struct {
+		path *check.Absolute
+		mode fs.FileMode
+	}
+	var madeDirectories []dirTargetPerm
+
+	if err = os.MkdirAll(temp.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var header *tar.Header
+	r := tar.NewReader(tr)
+	for header, err = r.Next(); err == nil; header, err = r.Next() {
+		typeflag := header.Typeflag
+		if typeflag == 0 {
+			if len(header.Name) > 0 && header.Name[len(header.Name)-1] == '/' {
+				typeflag = tar.TypeDir
+			} else {
+				typeflag = tar.TypeReg
+			}
+		}
+
+		pathname := temp.Append(header.Name)
+		if typeflag >= '0' && typeflag <= '9' && typeflag != tar.TypeDir {
+			if err = os.MkdirAll(pathname.Dir().String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		switch typeflag {
+		case tar.TypeReg:
+			var f *os.File
+			if f, err = os.OpenFile(
+				pathname.String(),
+				os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL|os.O_WRONLY,
+				header.FileInfo().Mode()&0500,
+			); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if _, err = io.Copy(f, r); err != nil {
+				_ = f.Close()
+				return
+			} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			break
+
+		case tar.TypeLink:
+			if err = os.Link(
+				temp.Append(header.Linkname).String(),
+				pathname.String(),
+			); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			break
+
+		case tar.TypeSymlink:
+			if err = os.Symlink(header.Linkname, pathname.String()); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			break
+
+		case tar.TypeDir:
+			madeDirectories = append(madeDirectories, dirTargetPerm{
+				path: pathname,
+				mode: header.FileInfo().Mode(),
+			})
+			if err = os.MkdirAll(pathname.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			break
+
+		case tar.TypeXGlobalHeader:
+			continue // ignore
+
+		default:
+			return DisallowedTypeflagError(typeflag)
+		}
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		err = nil
+	}
+	if err == nil {
+		for _, e := range madeDirectories {
+			if err = os.Chmod(e.path.String(), e.mode&0500); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err = os.Chmod(temp.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var entries []os.DirEntry
+	if entries, err = os.ReadDir(temp.String()); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(entries) == 1 && entries[0].IsDir() {
+		p := temp.Append(entries[0].Name())
+		if err = os.Chmod(p.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		err = os.Rename(p.String(), t.GetWorkDir().String())
+	} else {
+		err = os.Rename(temp.String(), t.GetWorkDir().String())
+	}
+	return
+}

internal/pkg/tar_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"archive/tar"
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"errors"
+	"io/fs"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
+		{"http", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
+				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+				"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+				"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+				"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+				"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+				"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			}, pkg.MustDecode(
+				"cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM",
+			))
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("nnOiyjjjvgZChsGtO4rA1JHckwYBBbxwNfecPJp62OFP6aoYUxHQ5UtYsrDpnwan")},
+
+		{"http expand", nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
+				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+				"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			}, pkg.MustDecode(
+				"CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN",
+			))
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("bQVH19N7dX50SdQ6JNVYbFdDZV4t8IaM4dhxGvjACpdoEgJ2jZJfYKLH4ya7ZD_s")},
+	})
+}
+
+func checkTarHTTP(
+	t *testing.T,
+	base *check.Absolute,
+	c *pkg.Cache,
+	testdataFsys fs.FS,
+	wantChecksum pkg.Checksum,
+) {
+	var testdata string
+	{
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		w := tar.NewWriter(&buf)
+		if err := w.AddFS(testdataFsys); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("AddFS: error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := w.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
+		}
+
+		var zbuf bytes.Buffer
+		gw := gzip.NewWriter(&zbuf)
+		if _, err := gw.Write(buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Write: error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := gw.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
+		}
+		testdata = zbuf.String()
+	}
+
+	testdataChecksum := func() pkg.Checksum {
+		h := sha512.New384()
+		h.Write([]byte(testdata))
+		return (pkg.Checksum)(h.Sum(nil))
+	}()
+
+	var transport http.Transport
+	client := http.Client{Transport: &transport}
+	transport.RegisterProtocol("file", http.NewFileTransportFS(fstest.MapFS{
+		"testdata": {Data: []byte(testdata), Mode: 0400},
+	}))
+
+	wantIdent := func() pkg.ID {
+		h := sha512.New384()
+		h.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.KindTar), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+
+		h.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.KindHTTPGet), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+		h0 := sha512.New384()
+		h0.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.KindHTTPGet), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+		h0.Write(testdataChecksum[:])
+		h0.Write([]byte("file:///testdata"))
+		h.Write(h0.Sum(nil))
+
+		h.Write(make([]byte, len(pkg.Checksum{})))
+		h.Write([]byte{pkg.TarGzip, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+
+		return pkg.ID(h.Sum(nil))
+	}()
+
+	a := pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		&client,
+		"file:///testdata",
+		testdataChecksum,
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)
+
+	tarDir := stubArtifact{
+		kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+		params: []byte("directory containing a single regular file"),
+		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+			work := t.GetWorkDir()
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return os.WriteFile(
+				work.Append("sample.tar.gz").String(),
+				[]byte(testdata),
+				0400,
+			)
+		},
+	}
+	tarDirMulti := stubArtifact{
+		kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+		params: []byte("directory containing a multiple entries"),
+		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+			work := t.GetWorkDir()
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(work.Append(
+				"garbage",
+			).String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return os.WriteFile(
+				work.Append("sample.tar.gz").String(),
+				[]byte(testdata),
+				0400,
+			)
+		},
+	}
+	tarDirType := stubArtifact{
+		kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+		params: []byte("directory containing a symbolic link"),
+		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+			work := t.GetWorkDir()
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return os.Symlink(
+				work.String(),
+				work.Append("sample.tar.gz").String(),
+			)
+		},
+	}
+	// destroy these to avoid including it in flatten test case
+	defer newDestroyArtifactFunc(&tarDir)(t, base, c)
+	defer newDestroyArtifactFunc(&tarDirMulti)(t, base, c)
+	defer newDestroyArtifactFunc(&tarDirType)(t, base, c)
+
+	cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+		{"file", a, base.Append(
+			"identifier",
+			pkg.Encode(wantIdent),
+		), wantChecksum, nil},
+
+		{"directory", pkg.NewTar(
+			&tarDir,
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+
+		{"multiple entries", pkg.NewTar(
+			&tarDirMulti,
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
+		)},
+
+		{"bad type", pkg.NewTar(
+			&tarDirType,
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
+		)},
+
+		{"error passthrough", pkg.NewTar(&stubArtifact{
+			kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+			params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+			cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+				return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+			},
+		}, pkg.TarGzip), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+	})
+}

internal/pkg/testdata/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+//go:build testtool
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"log"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
+	"hakurei.app/container/vfs"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	log.SetPrefix("testtool: ")
+
+	var hostNet, layers, promote bool
+	if len(os.Args) == 2 && os.Args[0] == "testtool" {
+		switch os.Args[1] {
+		case "net":
+			hostNet = true
+			log.SetPrefix("testtool(net): ")
+			break
+
+		case "layers":
+			layers = true
+			log.SetPrefix("testtool(layers): ")
+			break
+
+		case "promote":
+			promote = true
+			log.SetPrefix("testtool(promote): ")
+
+		default:
+			log.Fatalf("Args: %q", os.Args)
+			return
+		}
+	} else if wantArgs := []string{"testtool"}; !slices.Equal(os.Args, wantArgs) {
+		log.Fatalf("Args: %q, want %q", os.Args, wantArgs)
+	}
+
+	var overlayRoot bool
+	wantEnv := []string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"}
+	if len(os.Environ()) == 2 {
+		overlayRoot = true
+		if !layers && !promote {
+			log.SetPrefix("testtool(overlay root): ")
+		}
+		wantEnv = []string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"}
+	}
+	if !slices.Equal(wantEnv, os.Environ()) {
+		log.Fatalf("Environ: %q, want %q", os.Environ(), wantEnv)
+	}
+
+	var overlayWork bool
+	const (
+		wantExec     = "/opt/bin/testtool"
+		wantExecWork = "/work/bin/testtool"
+	)
+	var iftPath string
+	if got, err := os.Executable(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Executable: error = %v", err)
+	} else {
+		iftPath = path.Join(path.Dir(path.Dir(got)), "ift")
+
+		if got != wantExec {
+			switch got {
+			case wantExecWork:
+				overlayWork = true
+				log.SetPrefix("testtool(overlay work): ")
+
+			default:
+				log.Fatalf("Executable: %q, want %q", got, wantExec)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	wantHostname := "cure"
+	if hostNet {
+		wantHostname += "-net"
+	}
+
+	if hostname, err := os.Hostname(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Hostname: error = %v", err)
+	} else if hostname != wantHostname {
+		log.Fatalf("Hostname: %q, want %q", hostname, wantHostname)
+	}
+
+	var m *vfs.MountInfo
+	if f, err := os.Open(fhs.Proc + "self/mountinfo"); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Open: error = %v", err)
+	} else {
+		err = vfs.NewMountInfoDecoder(f).Decode(&m)
+		closeErr := f.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Decode: error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if closeErr != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Close: error = %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ift, err := net.Interfaces(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	} else if !hostNet {
+		if len(ift) != 1 || ift[0].Name != "lo" {
+			log.Fatalln("got interfaces", strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(ifn string) bool) {
+				for _, ifi := range ift {
+					if !yield(ifi.Name) {
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}), ", "))
+		}
+	} else {
+		var iftParent []net.Interface
+
+		var r *os.File
+		if r, err = os.Open(iftPath); err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		} else {
+			err = gob.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&iftParent)
+			closeErr := r.Close()
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if closeErr != nil {
+				log.Fatal(closeErr)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(ift, iftParent) {
+			log.Fatalf("Interfaces: %#v, want %#v", ift, iftParent)
+		}
+	}
+
+	const checksumEmptyDir = "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"
+	ident := "LRxdkRYNKnZT6bKiu5W8ATeAAmq3n_5AAJkF6G0EpAOEloiZvADJBkfixgtgF1Z9"
+	log.Println(m)
+	next := func() { m = m.Next; log.Println(m) }
+
+	if overlayRoot {
+		ident = "UB9HPeMgMPJf3Ut4jLWwnCtu_P3Lr29i8Erf084bHe8jjzBMKPDNxQ3RMrirkH6H"
+
+		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/" ||
+			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
+			log.Fatal("unexpected root mount entry")
+		}
+		var lowerdir string
+		for _, o := range strings.Split(m.FsOptstr, ",") {
+			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir="
+			if strings.HasPrefix(o, lowerdirKey) {
+				lowerdir = o[len(lowerdirKey):]
+			}
+		}
+		if !layers {
+			if path.Base(lowerdir) != checksumEmptyDir {
+				log.Fatal("unexpected artifact checksum")
+			}
+		} else {
+			ident = "g6gj2JWNXN-oNikou626vDqcMeZCn_TcV4xKuizBaPAWcasG2sVvItb5kZovMrzE"
+
+			lowerdirsEscaped := strings.Split(lowerdir, ":")
+			lowerdirs := lowerdirsEscaped[:0]
+			// ignore the option separator since it does not appear in ident
+			for i, e := range lowerdirsEscaped {
+				if len(e) > 0 &&
+					e[len(e)-1] == check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0] &&
+					(len(e) == 1 || e[len(e)-2] != check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0]) {
+					// ignore escaped pathname separator since it does not
+					// appear in ident
+
+					e = e[:len(e)-1]
+					if len(lowerdirsEscaped) != i {
+						lowerdirsEscaped[i+1] = e + lowerdirsEscaped[i+1]
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+				lowerdirs = append(lowerdirs, e)
+			}
+
+			if len(lowerdirs) != 2 ||
+				path.Base(lowerdirs[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
+				path.Base(lowerdirs[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
+				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdirs, ", "))
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		if hostNet {
+			ident = "TAspufRsG2I_TsxUUj2b7bUnCHgcVSdh6aOZpzL0W5Bjn4EZmOGzjofaOWd8J11H"
+		}
+
+		if m.Root != "/sysroot" || m.Target != "/" {
+			log.Fatal("unexpected root mount entry")
+		}
+
+		next()
+		if path.Base(m.Root) != "OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb" {
+			log.Fatal("unexpected file artifact checksum")
+		}
+
+		next()
+		if path.Base(m.Root) != checksumEmptyDir {
+			log.Fatal("unexpected artifact checksum")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if promote {
+		ident = "ywzI31S5McuYu7vzI2kqpSC_nsNzpWBXVCwPoLAYi9QVT0mODgzqoo9jYYaczPbf"
+	}
+
+	next() // testtool artifact
+
+	next()
+	if overlayWork {
+		ident = "Fud5ldJfpsgLt-rkLWrLO-aVYhQm-esTswetjxydPeQMK4jHNJ_1fGHVahaiCZ9y"
+		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/work" ||
+			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
+			log.Fatal("unexpected work mount entry")
+		}
+	} else {
+		if path.Base(m.Root) != ident || m.Target != "/work" {
+			log.Fatal("unexpected work mount entry")
+		}
+	}
+
+	next()
+	if path.Base(m.Root) != ident || m.Target != "/tmp" {
+		log.Fatal("unexpected temp mount entry")
+	}
+
+	next()
+	if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/proc" || m.Source != "proc" || m.FsType != "proc" {
+		log.Fatal("unexpected proc mount entry")
+	}
+
+	next()
+	if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/dev" || m.Source != "devtmpfs" || m.FsType != "tmpfs" {
+		log.Fatal("unexpected dev mount entry")
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 9; i++ { // private /dev entries
+		next()
+	}
+
+	if m.Next != nil {
+		log.Println("unexpected extra mount entries")
+		for m.Next != nil {
+			next()
+		}
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	checkData := []byte{0}
+	if hostNet {
+		checkData = []byte("net")
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile("check", checkData, 0400); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/acl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newAttr() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.5.2"
+		checksum = "YWEphrz6vg1sUMmHHVr1CRo53pFXRhq_pjN-AlG8UgwZK1y6m7zuDhxqJhD0SV0l"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("attr", version, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		"attr", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/attr/"+
+				"attr-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), true, [2]string{"libgen-basename", `From 8a80d895dfd779373363c3a4b62ecce5a549efb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: "Haelwenn (lanodan) Monnier" <contact@hacktivis.me>
+Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2024 10:17:10 +0100
+Subject: tools/attr.c: Add missing libgen.h include for basename(3)
+
+Fixes compilation issue with musl and modern C99 compilers.
+
+See: https://bugs.gentoo.org/926294
+---
+ tools/attr.c | 1 +
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
+
+diff --git a/tools/attr.c b/tools/attr.c
+index f12e4af..6a3c1e9 100644
+--- a/tools/attr.c
++++ b/tools/attr.c
+@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
+ #include <errno.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ #include <locale.h>
++#include <libgen.h>
+ 
+ #include <attr/attributes.h>
+ 
+-- 
+cgit v1.1`}, [2]string{"musl-errno", `diff --git a/test/attr.test b/test/attr.test
+index 6ce2f9b..e9bde92 100644
+--- a/test/attr.test
++++ b/test/attr.test
+@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Try various valid and invalid names
+
+        $ touch f
+        $ setfattr -n user -v value f
+-       > setfattr: f: Operation not supported
++       > setfattr: f: Not supported
+
+        $ setfattr -n user. -v value f
+        > setfattr: f: Invalid argument
+`},
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		ScriptEarly: `
+ln -s ../../system/bin/perl /usr/bin
+`,
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(Perl),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Attr] = Toolchain.newAttr }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newACL() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.3.2"
+		checksum = "-fY5nwH4K8ZHBCRXrzLdguPkqjKI6WIiGu4dBtrZ1o0t6AIU73w8wwJz_UyjIS0P"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("acl", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil,
+		"https://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/acl/"+
+			"acl-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+
+		// makes assumptions about uid_map/gid_map
+		SkipCheck: true,
+	},
+		t.Load(Attr),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[ACL] = Toolchain.newACL }

internal/rosa/all.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// PArtifact is a lazily-initialised [pkg.Artifact] preset.
+type PArtifact int
+
+const (
+	ACL PArtifact = iota
+	Attr
+	Autoconf
+	Bash
+	CMake
+	Coreutils
+	Diffutils
+	Findutils
+	Fuse
+	Gawk
+	Gettext
+	Git
+	Go
+	Gperf
+	Gzip
+	Hakurei
+	HakureiDist
+	IniConfig
+	KernelHeaders
+	LibXau
+	Libexpat
+	Libffi
+	Libgd
+	Libseccomp
+	Libxml2
+	M4
+	Make
+	Meson
+	Mksh
+	NSS
+	NSSCACert
+	Ninja
+	Packaging
+	Patch
+	Perl
+	PkgConfig
+	Pluggy
+	PyTest
+	Pygments
+	Python
+	Rsync
+	Sed
+	Setuptools
+	Toybox
+	toyboxEarly
+	Wayland
+	WaylandProtocols
+	XCB
+	XCBProto
+	Xproto
+	XZ
+	Zlib
+
+	buildcatrust
+
+	// _presetEnd is the total number of presets and does not denote a preset.
+	_presetEnd
+)
+
+var (
+	// artifactsF is an array of functions for the result of [PArtifact].
+	artifactsF [_presetEnd]func(t Toolchain) pkg.Artifact
+
+	// artifacts stores the result of artifactsF.
+	artifacts [_toolchainEnd][len(artifactsF)]pkg.Artifact
+	// artifactsOnce is for lazy initialisation of artifacts.
+	artifactsOnce [_toolchainEnd][len(artifactsF)]sync.Once
+)
+
+// Load returns the resulting [pkg.Artifact] of [PArtifact].
+func (t Toolchain) Load(p PArtifact) pkg.Artifact {
+	artifactsOnce[t][p].Do(func() {
+		artifacts[t][p] = artifactsF[p](t)
+	})
+	return artifacts[t][p]
+}
+
+// ResolveName returns a [PArtifact] by name.
+func ResolveName(name string) (p PArtifact, ok bool) {
+	p, ok = map[string]PArtifact{
+		"acl":               ACL,
+		"attr":              Attr,
+		"autoconf":          Autoconf,
+		"bash":              Bash,
+		"cmake":             CMake,
+		"coreutils":         Coreutils,
+		"diffutils":         Diffutils,
+		"findutils":         Findutils,
+		"fuse":              Fuse,
+		"gawk":              Gawk,
+		"gettext":           Gettext,
+		"git":               Git,
+		"go":                Go,
+		"gperf":             Gperf,
+		"gzip":              Gzip,
+		"hakurei":           Hakurei,
+		"hakurei-dist":      HakureiDist,
+		"iniconfig":         IniConfig,
+		"kernel-headers":    KernelHeaders,
+		"libXau":            LibXau,
+		"libexpat":          Libexpat,
+		"libseccomp":        Libseccomp,
+		"libxml2":           Libxml2,
+		"libffi":            Libffi,
+		"libgd":             Libgd,
+		"m4":                M4,
+		"make":              Make,
+		"meson":             Meson,
+		"mksh":              Mksh,
+		"nss":               NSS,
+		"nss-cacert":        NSSCACert,
+		"ninja":             Ninja,
+		"packaging":         Packaging,
+		"patch":             Patch,
+		"perl":              Perl,
+		"pkg-config":        PkgConfig,
+		"pluggy":            Pluggy,
+		"pytest":            PyTest,
+		"pygments":          Pygments,
+		"python":            Python,
+		"rsync":             Rsync,
+		"sed":               Sed,
+		"setuptools":        Setuptools,
+		"toybox":            Toybox,
+		"wayland":           Wayland,
+		"wayland-protocols": WaylandProtocols,
+		"xcb":               XCB,
+		"xcb-proto":         XCBProto,
+		"xproto":            Xproto,
+		"xz":                XZ,
+		"zlib":              Zlib,
+	}[name]
+	return
+}

internal/rosa/busybox.go

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// busyboxBin is a busybox binary distribution installed under bin/busybox.
+type busyboxBin struct {
+	// Underlying busybox binary.
+	bin pkg.FileArtifact
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [pkg.Kind] value.
+func (a busyboxBin) Kind() pkg.Kind { return kindBusyboxBin }
+
+// Params is a noop.
+func (a busyboxBin) Params(*pkg.IContext) {}
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: Cure performs a trivial filesystem write.
+func (busyboxBin) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// Dependencies returns the underlying busybox [pkg.File].
+func (a busyboxBin) Dependencies() []pkg.Artifact {
+	return []pkg.Artifact{a.bin}
+}
+
+// String returns the reporting name of the underlying file prefixed with expand.
+func (a busyboxBin) String() string {
+	return "expand-" + a.bin.(fmt.Stringer).String()
+}
+
+// Cure installs the underlying busybox [pkg.File] to bin/busybox.
+func (a busyboxBin) Cure(t *pkg.TContext) (err error) {
+	var r io.ReadCloser
+	if r, err = t.Open(a.bin); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		closeErr := r.Close()
+		if err == nil {
+			err = closeErr
+		}
+	}()
+
+	binDir := t.GetWorkDir().Append("bin")
+	if err = os.MkdirAll(binDir.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var w *os.File
+	if w, err = os.OpenFile(
+		binDir.Append("busybox").String(),
+		os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL,
+		0500,
+	); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		closeErr := w.Close()
+		if err == nil {
+			err = closeErr
+		}
+	}()
+
+	_, err = io.Copy(w, r)
+	return
+}
+
+// newBusyboxBin returns a [pkg.Artifact] containing a busybox installation from
+// the https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/ binary release.
+func newBusyboxBin() pkg.Artifact {
+	var version, url, checksum string
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	case "amd64":
+		version = "1.35.0"
+		url = "https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/" +
+			version + "-" + linuxArch() + "-linux-musl/busybox"
+		checksum = "L7OBIsPu9enNHn7FqpBT1kOg_mCLNmetSeNMA3i4Y60Z5jTgnlX3qX3zcQtLx5AB"
+	case "arm64":
+		version = "1.31.0"
+		url = "https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/" +
+			version + "-defconfig-multiarch-musl/busybox-armv8l"
+		checksum = "npJjBO7iwhjW6Kx2aXeSxf8kXhVgTCDChOZTTsI8ZfFfa3tbsklxRiidZQdrVERg"
+
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+	}
+
+	return pkg.NewExec(
+		"busybox-bin-"+version, nil, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, false,
+		fhs.AbsRoot, []string{
+			"PATH=/system/bin",
+		},
+		AbsSystem.Append("bin", "busybox"),
+		[]string{"hush", "-c", "" +
+			"busybox mkdir -p /work/system/bin/ && " +
+			"busybox cp /system/bin/busybox /work/system/bin/ && " +
+			"busybox --install -s /work/system/bin/"},
+		pkg.Path(AbsSystem, true, busyboxBin{pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+			&http.Client{Transport: &http.Transport{
+				// busybox website is really slow to respond
+				TLSHandshakeTimeout: 2 * time.Minute,
+			}}, url,
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+		)}),
+	)
+}

internal/rosa/cmake.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newCMake() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "4.2.1"
+		checksum = "Y3OdbMsob6Xk2y1DCME6z4Fryb5_TkFD7knRT8dTNIRtSqbiCJyyDN9AxggN_I75"
+	)
+	return t.New("cmake-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Make),
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+/usr/src/cmake/bootstrap \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--parallel="$(nproc)" \
+	-- \
+	-DCMAKE_USE_OPENSSL=OFF
+make "-j$(nproc)"
+make DESTDIR=/work install
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("cmake"), true, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		// expected to be writable in the copy made during bootstrap
+		"cmake", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/"+
+				"v"+version+"/cmake-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), false,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[CMake] = Toolchain.newCMake }
+
+// CMakeAttr holds the project-specific attributes that will be applied to a new
+// [pkg.Artifact] compiled via [CMake].
+type CMakeAttr struct {
+	// Path elements joined with source.
+	Append []string
+	// Use source tree as scratch space.
+	Writable bool
+
+	// CMake CACHE entries.
+	Cache [][2]string
+	// Additional environment variables.
+	Env []string
+	// Runs before cmake.
+	ScriptEarly string
+	// Runs after cmake.
+	Script string
+
+	// Override the default installation prefix [AbsSystem].
+	Prefix *check.Absolute
+
+	// Passed through to [Toolchain.New].
+	Flag int
+}
+
+// NewViaCMake returns a [pkg.Artifact] for compiling and installing via [CMake].
+func (t Toolchain) NewViaCMake(
+	name, version, variant string,
+	source pkg.Artifact,
+	attr *CMakeAttr,
+	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	if name == "" || version == "" || variant == "" {
+		panic("names must be non-empty")
+	}
+	if attr == nil {
+		attr = &CMakeAttr{
+			Cache: [][2]string{
+				{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	if len(attr.Cache) == 0 {
+		panic("CACHE must be non-empty")
+	}
+
+	scriptEarly := attr.ScriptEarly
+	if attr.Writable {
+		scriptEarly = `
+chmod -R +w "${ROSA_SOURCE}"
+` + scriptEarly
+	}
+
+	prefix := attr.Prefix
+	if prefix == nil {
+		prefix = AbsSystem
+	}
+
+	sourcePath := AbsUsrSrc.Append(name)
+	return t.New(name+"-"+variant+"-"+version, attr.Flag, stage3Concat(t, extra,
+		t.Load(CMake),
+		t.Load(Ninja),
+	), nil, slices.Concat([]string{
+		"ROSA_SOURCE=" + sourcePath.String(),
+		"ROSA_CMAKE_SOURCE=" + sourcePath.Append(attr.Append...).String(),
+		"ROSA_INSTALL_PREFIX=/work" + prefix.String(),
+	}, attr.Env), scriptEarly+`
+mkdir /cure && cd /cure
+cmake -G Ninja \
+	-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
+	-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
+	-DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
+	`+strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
+		for _, v := range attr.Cache {
+			if !yield("-D" + v[0] + "=" + v[1]) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}), " \\\n\t")+` \
+	-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${ROSA_INSTALL_PREFIX}" \
+	"${ROSA_CMAKE_SOURCE}"
+cmake --build .
+cmake --install .
+`+attr.Script, pkg.Path(sourcePath, attr.Writable, source))
+}

internal/rosa/etc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// cureEtc contains deterministic elements of /etc, made available as part of
+// [Toolchain]. This silences test suites expecting certain standard files to be
+// available in /etc.
+type cureEtc struct {
+	// Optional via newIANAEtc.
+	iana pkg.Artifact
+}
+
+// Cure writes hardcoded configuration to files under etc.
+func (a cureEtc) Cure(t *pkg.FContext) (err error) {
+	etc := t.GetWorkDir().Append("etc")
+	if err = os.MkdirAll(etc.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, f := range [][2]string{
+		{"hosts", "127.0.0.1 localhost cure cure-net\n"},
+		{"passwd", `root:x:0:0:System administrator:/proc/nonexistent:/bin/sh
+cure:x:1023:1023:Cure:/usr/src:/bin/sh
+nobody:x:65534:65534:Overflow user:/proc/nonexistent:/system/bin/false
+`},
+		{"group", `root:x:0:
+cure:x:1023:
+nobody:x:65534:
+`},
+	} {
+		if err = os.WriteFile(
+			etc.Append(f[0]).String(),
+			[]byte(f[1]),
+			0400,
+		); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	if a.iana != nil {
+		iana, _ := t.GetArtifact(a.iana)
+
+		buf := make([]byte, syscall.Getpagesize()<<3)
+		for _, name := range []string{
+			"protocols",
+			"services",
+		} {
+			var dst, src *os.File
+			if dst, err = os.OpenFile(
+				etc.Append(name).String(),
+				syscall.O_CREAT|syscall.O_EXCL|syscall.O_WRONLY,
+				0400,
+			); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+
+			if src, err = os.Open(
+				iana.Append(name).String(),
+			); err != nil {
+				_ = dst.Close()
+				return
+			}
+
+			_, err = io.CopyBuffer(dst, src, buf)
+			closeErrs := [...]error{
+				dst.Close(),
+				src.Close(),
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			} else if err = errors.Join(closeErrs[:]...); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return os.Chmod(etc.String(), 0500)
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [pkg.Kind] value.
+func (cureEtc) Kind() pkg.Kind { return kindEtc }
+
+// Params is a noop.
+func (cureEtc) Params(*pkg.IContext) {}
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: Cure performs a few trivial filesystem writes.
+func (cureEtc) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// Dependencies returns a slice containing the backing iana-etc release.
+func (a cureEtc) Dependencies() []pkg.Artifact {
+	if a.iana != nil {
+		return []pkg.Artifact{a.iana}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// String returns a hardcoded reporting name.
+func (a cureEtc) String() string {
+	if a.iana == nil {
+		return "cure-etc-minimal"
+	}
+	return "cure-etc"
+}
+
+// newIANAEtc returns an unpacked iana-etc release.
+func newIANAEtc() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "20251215"
+		checksum = "kvKz0gW_rGG5QaNK9ZWmWu1IEgYAdmhj_wR7DYrh3axDfIql_clGRHmelP7525NJ"
+	)
+	return pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/Mic92/iana-etc/releases/download/"+
+			version+"/iana-etc-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)
+}

internal/rosa/fuse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newFuse() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.18.1"
+		checksum = "COb-BgJRWXLbt9XUkNeuiroQizpMifXqxgieE1SlkMXhs_WGSyJStrmyewAw2hd6"
+	)
+	return t.New("fuse-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(Meson),
+		t.Load(Ninja),
+
+		t.Load(IniConfig),
+		t.Load(Packaging),
+		t.Load(Pluggy),
+		t.Load(Pygments),
+		t.Load(PyTest),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+meson setup \
+	--reconfigure \
+	--buildtype=release \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--prefer-static \
+	-Dtests=true \
+	-Duseroot=false \
+	-Dinitscriptdir=/system/init.d \
+	-Ddefault_library=both \
+	. /usr/src/fuse
+meson compile
+python3 -m pytest test/
+meson install \
+	--destdir=/work
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("fuse"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases/download/"+
+			"fuse-"+version+"/fuse-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Fuse] = Toolchain.newFuse }

internal/rosa/git.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGit() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.52.0"
+		checksum = "uH3J1HAN_c6PfGNJd2OBwW4zo36n71wmkdvityYnrh8Ak0D1IifiAvEWz9Vi9DmS"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("git", version, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		"git", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/"+
+				"git-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), false,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		// uses source tree as scratch space
+		Writable: true,
+		InPlace:  true,
+
+		// test suite in subdirectory
+		SkipCheck: true,
+
+		Make: []string{"all"},
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/git
+
+make configure
+`,
+		Script: `
+ln -s ../../system/bin/perl /usr/bin/ || true
+
+function disable_test {
+	local test=$1 pattern=$2
+	if [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
+		rm "t/${test}.sh"
+	else
+		sed -i "t/${test}.sh" \
+			-e "/^\s*test_expect_.*$pattern/,/^\s*' *\$/{s/^/: #/}"
+	fi
+}
+
+disable_test t5319-multi-pack-index
+disable_test t1305-config-include
+disable_test t3900-i18n-commit
+disable_test t3507-cherry-pick-conflict
+disable_test t4201-shortlog
+disable_test t5303-pack-corruption-resilience
+disable_test t4301-merge-tree-write-tree
+disable_test t8005-blame-i18n
+disable_test t9350-fast-export
+disable_test t9300-fast-import
+
+make \
+	-C t \
+	GIT_PROVE_OPTS="--jobs 32 --failures" \
+	prove
+`,
+	},
+		t.Load(Perl),
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+		t.Load(M4),
+		t.Load(Autoconf),
+		t.Load(Gettext),
+
+		t.Load(Zlib),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Git] = Toolchain.newGit }

internal/rosa/gnu.go

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newM4() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.4.20"
+		checksum = "RT0_L3m4Co86bVBY3lCFAEs040yI1WdeNmRylFpah8IZovTm6O4wI7qiHJN3qsW9"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("m4", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Writable: true,
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/m4
+chmod +w tests/test-c32ispunct.sh && echo '#!/bin/sh' > tests/test-c32ispunct.sh
+`,
+	},
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[M4] = Toolchain.newM4 }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newSed() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "4.9"
+		checksum = "pe7HWH4PHNYrazOTlUoE1fXmhn2GOPFN_xE62i0llOr3kYGrH1g2_orDz0UtZ9Nt"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("sed", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), nil,
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Sed] = Toolchain.newSed }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newAutoconf() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.72"
+		checksum = "-c5blYkC-xLDer3TWEqJTyh1RLbOd1c5dnRLKsDnIrg_wWNOLBpaqMY8FvmUFJ33"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("autoconf", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil,
+		"https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Env: []string{
+			"TESTSUITEFLAGS=" + strconv.Itoa(runtime.NumCPU()),
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(M4),
+		t.Load(Perl),
+		t.Load(Bash),
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Autoconf] = Toolchain.newAutoconf }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGzip() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.14"
+		checksum = "NWhjUavnNfTDFkZJyAUonL9aCOak8GVajWX2OMlzpFnuI0ErpBFyj88mz2xSjz0q"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("gzip", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		// dependency loop
+		SkipCheck: true,
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Gzip] = Toolchain.newGzip }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGettext() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.0"
+		checksum = "3MasKeEdPeFEgWgzsBKk7JqWqql1wEMbgPmzAfs-mluyokoW0N8oQVxPQoOnSdgC"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("gettext", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Writable: true,
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/gettext
+test_disable() { chmod +w "$2" && echo "$1" > "$2"; }
+
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/msgcat-22
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/msgconv-2
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/msgconv-8
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/xgettext-python-3
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/msgmerge-compendium-6
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/gettextpo-1
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/tests/format-c-5
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gettext-tools/gnulib-tests/test-c32ispunct.sh
+test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gettext-tools/gnulib-tests/test-stdcountof-h.c
+
+touch gettext-tools/autotools/archive.dir.tar
+`,
+	},
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+		t.Load(Gzip),
+		t.Load(Sed),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Gettext] = Toolchain.newGettext }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newDiffutils() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.12"
+		checksum = "9J5VAq5oA7eqwzS1Yvw-l3G5o-TccUrNQR3PvyB_lgdryOFAfxtvQfKfhdpquE44"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("diffutils", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Writable: true,
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/diffutils
+test_disable() { chmod +w "$2" && echo "$1" > "$2"; }
+
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gnulib-tests/test-c32ispunct.sh
+test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gnulib-tests/test-c32ispunct.c
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/cmp
+`,
+		Flag: TEarly,
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Diffutils] = Toolchain.newDiffutils }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPatch() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.8"
+		checksum = "MA0BQc662i8QYBD-DdGgyyfTwaeALZ1K0yusV9rAmNiIsQdX-69YC4t9JEGXZkeR"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("patch", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Writable: true,
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/patch
+test_disable() { chmod +w "$2" && echo "$1" > "$2"; }
+
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/ed-style
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/need-filename
+`,
+		Flag: TEarly,
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Patch] = Toolchain.newPatch }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newBash() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "5.3"
+		checksum = "4LQ_GRoB_ko-Ih8QPf_xRKA02xAm_TOxQgcJLmFDT6udUPxTAWrsj-ZNeuTusyDq"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("bash", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Script: "ln -s bash /work/system/bin/sh\n",
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"without-bash-malloc"},
+		},
+		Flag: TEarly,
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Bash] = Toolchain.newBash }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newCoreutils() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "9.9"
+		checksum = "B1_TaXj1j5aiVIcazLWu8Ix03wDV54uo2_iBry4qHG6Y-9bjDpUPlkNLmU_3Nvw6"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("coreutils", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Writable: true,
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/coreutils
+test_disable() { chmod +w "$2" && echo "$1" > "$2"; }
+
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' gnulib-tests/test-c32ispunct.sh
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/split/line-bytes.sh
+test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/dd/no-allocate.sh
+test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gnulib-tests/test-chown.c
+test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gnulib-tests/test-fchownat.c
+test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gnulib-tests/test-lchown.c
+`,
+		Flag: TEarly,
+	},
+		t.Load(Perl),
+		t.Load(Bash),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Coreutils] = Toolchain.newCoreutils }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGperf() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.3"
+		checksum = "RtIy9pPb_Bb8-31J2Nw-rRGso2JlS-lDlVhuNYhqR7Nt4xM_nObznxAlBMnarJv7"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("gperf", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gperf/gperf-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), nil,
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Gperf] = Toolchain.newGperf }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGawk() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "5.3.2"
+		checksum = "uIs0d14h_d2DgMGYwrPtegGNyt_bxzG3D6Fe-MmExx_pVoVkQaHzrtmiXVr6NHKk"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("gawk", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Flag: TEarly,
+
+		// dependency loop
+		SkipCheck: true,
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Gawk] = Toolchain.newGawk }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newFindutils() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "4.10.0"
+		checksum = "ZXABdNBQXL7QjTygynRRTdXYWxQKZ0Wn5eMd3NUnxR0xaS0u0VfcKoTlbo50zxv6"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("findutils", version, pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-"+version+".tar.xz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		SourceSuffix: ".tar.xz",
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/
+tar xf findutils.tar.xz
+mv findutils-` + version + ` findutils
+
+cd findutils
+echo '#!/bin/sh' > gnulib-tests/test-c32ispunct.sh
+echo 'int main(){return 0;}' > tests/xargs/test-sigusr.c
+`,
+	},
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+		t.Load(XZ),
+		t.Load(Sed),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Findutils] = Toolchain.newFindutils }

internal/rosa/go.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"slices"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// newGoBootstrap returns the Go bootstrap toolchain.
+func (t Toolchain) newGoBootstrap() pkg.Artifact {
+	const checksum = "8o9JL_ToiQKadCTb04nvBDkp8O1xiWOolAxVEqaTGodieNe4lOFEjlOxN3bwwe23"
+	return t.New("go1.4-bootstrap", 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Bash),
+	}, nil, []string{
+		"CGO_ENABLED=0",
+	}, `
+mkdir -p /var/tmp/ /work/system/
+cp -r /usr/src/go /work/system/
+cd /work/system/go/src
+chmod -R +w ..
+
+./make.bash
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("go"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+
+// newGo returns a specific version of the Go toolchain.
+func (t Toolchain) newGo(
+	version, checksum string,
+	env []string,
+	script string,
+	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	return t.New("go"+version, 0, slices.Concat([]pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Bash),
+	}, extra), nil, slices.Concat([]string{
+		"CC=cc",
+		"GOCACHE=/tmp/gocache",
+		"GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP=/system/go",
+		"TMPDIR=/dev/shm/go",
+	}, env), `
+mkdir /work/system "${TMPDIR}"
+cp -r /usr/src/go /work/system
+cd /work/system/go/src
+chmod -R +w ..
+`+script+`
+./all.bash
+
+mkdir /work/system/bin
+ln -s \
+	../go/bin/go \
+	../go/bin/gofmt \
+	/work/system/bin
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("go"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://go.dev/dl/go"+version+".src.tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGoLatest() pkg.Artifact {
+	go119 := t.newGo(
+		"1.19",
+		"9_e0aFHsIkVxWVGsp9T2RvvjOc3p4n9o9S8tkNe9Cvgzk_zI2FhRQB7ioQkeAAro",
+		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
+rm \
+	crypto/tls/handshake_client_test.go \
+	os/os_unix_test.go
+echo \
+	'type syscallDescriptor = int' >> \
+	os/rawconn_test.go
+`, t.newGoBootstrap(),
+	)
+
+	go121 := t.newGo(
+		"1.21.13",
+		"YtrDka402BOAEwywx03Vz4QlVwoBiguJHzG7PuythMCPHXS8CVMLvzmvgEbu4Tzu",
+		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
+sed -i \
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+
+rm \
+	crypto/tls/handshake_client_test.go \
+	crypto/tls/handshake_server_test.go \
+	os/os_unix_test.go
+echo \
+	'type syscallDescriptor = int' >> \
+	os/rawconn_test.go
+`, go119,
+	)
+
+	go123 := t.newGo(
+		"1.23.12",
+		"wcI32bl1tkqbgcelGtGWPI4RtlEddd-PTd76Eb-k7nXA5LbE9yTNdIL9QSOOxMOs",
+		nil, `
+sed -i \
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+`, go121,
+	)
+
+	go125 := t.newGo(
+		"1.25.6",
+		"x0z430qoDvQbbw_fftjW0rh_GSoh0VJhPzttWk_0hj9yz9AKOjuwRMupF_Q0dbt7",
+		nil, `
+sed -i \
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+
+rm \
+	os/root_unix_test.go
+`, go123,
+	)
+
+	return go125
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Go] = Toolchain.newGoLatest }

internal/rosa/hakurei.go

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newHakurei(suffix, script string) pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.3.4"
+		checksum = "wVwSLo75a2OnH5tgxNWXR_YhiOJUFnYM_9-sJtxAEOKhcPE0BJafs6PU8o5JzyCT"
+	)
+	return t.New("hakurei"+suffix+"-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Go),
+
+		t.Load(Gzip),
+		t.Load(PkgConfig),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+		t.Load(Libseccomp),
+		t.Load(ACL),
+		t.Load(Attr),
+		t.Load(Fuse),
+
+		t.Load(Xproto),
+		t.Load(LibXau),
+		t.Load(XCBProto),
+		t.Load(XCB),
+
+		t.Load(Libffi),
+		t.Load(Libexpat),
+		t.Load(Libxml2),
+		t.Load(Wayland),
+		t.Load(WaylandProtocols),
+	}, nil, []string{
+		"CGO_ENABLED=1",
+		"GOCACHE=/tmp/gocache",
+		"CC=clang -O3 -Werror",
+	}, `
+echo '# Building test helper (hostname).'
+go build -v -o /bin/hostname /usr/src/hostname/main.go
+echo
+
+chmod -R +w /usr/src/hakurei
+cd /usr/src/hakurei
+
+HAKUREI_VERSION='v`+version+`'
+`+script, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("hakurei"), true, t.NewPatchedSource("hakurei", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://git.gensokyo.uk/security/hakurei/archive/"+
+			"v"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), true, [2]string{"dist", `From 67e453f5c4de915de23ecbe5980e595758f0f2fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>
+Date: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 06:49:48 +0900
+Subject: [PATCH] dist: run tests
+
+This used to be impossible due to nix jank which has been addressed.
+
+Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>
+---
+ dist/release.sh          | 21 ++++++++++++++++-----
+ flake.nix                | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
+ internal/acl/acl_test.go |  2 +-
+ package.nix              |  2 +-
+ 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/dist/release.sh b/dist/release.sh
+index 4dcb278..0ba9104 100755
+--- a/dist/release.sh
++++ b/dist/release.sh
+@@ -2,19 +2,30 @@
+ cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/.."
+ VERSION="${HAKUREI_VERSION:-untagged}"
+ pname="hakurei-${VERSION}"
+-out="dist/${pname}"
++out="${DESTDIR:-dist}/${pname}"
+ 
++echo '# Preparing distribution files.'
+ mkdir -p "${out}"
+ cp -v "README.md" "dist/hsurc.default" "dist/install.sh" "${out}"
+ cp -rv "dist/comp" "${out}"
++echo
+ 
++echo '# Building hakurei.'
+ go generate ./...
+-go build -trimpath -v -o "${out}/bin/" -ldflags "-s -w -buildid= -extldflags '-static'
++go build -trimpath -v -o "${out}/bin/" -ldflags "-s -w
++  -buildid= -extldflags '-static'
+   -X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion=${VERSION}
+   -X hakurei.app/internal/info.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei
+   -X hakurei.app/internal/info.hsuPath=/usr/bin/hsu
+   -X main.hakureiPath=/usr/bin/hakurei" ./...
++echo
+ 
+-rm -f "./${out}.tar.gz" && tar -C dist -czf "${out}.tar.gz" "${pname}"
+-rm -rf "./${out}"
+-(cd dist && sha512sum "${pname}.tar.gz" > "${pname}.tar.gz.sha512")
++echo '# Testing hakurei.'
++go test -ldflags='-buildid= -extldflags=-static' ./...
++echo
++
++echo '# Creating distribution.'
++rm -f "${out}.tar.gz" && tar -C "${out}/.." -vczf "${out}.tar.gz" "${pname}"
++rm -rf "${out}"
++(cd "${out}/.." && sha512sum "${pname}.tar.gz" > "${pname}.tar.gz.sha512")
++echo
+diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
+index 9e09c61..2340b92 100644
+--- a/flake.nix
++++ b/flake.nix
+@@ -143,19 +143,27 @@
+             "bin/mount.fuse.sharefs" = "${hakurei}/libexec/sharefs";
+           };
+ 
+-          dist = pkgs.runCommand "${hakurei.name}-dist" { buildInputs = hakurei.targetPkgs ++ [ pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl ]; } ''
+-            # go requires XDG_CACHE_HOME for the build cache
+-            export XDG_CACHE_HOME="$(mktemp -d)"
++          dist =
++            pkgs.runCommand "${hakurei.name}-dist"
++              {
++                buildInputs = hakurei.targetPkgs ++ [
++                  pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl
++                ];
++              }
++              ''
++                cd $(mktemp -d) \
++                    && cp -r ${hakurei.src}/. . \
++                    && chmod +w cmd && cp -r ${hsu.src}/. cmd/hsu/ \
++                    && chmod -R +w .
+ 
+-            # get a different workdir as go does not like /build
+-            cd $(mktemp -d) \
+-                && cp -r ${hakurei.src}/. . \
+-                && chmod +w cmd && cp -r ${hsu.src}/. cmd/hsu/ \
+-                && chmod -R +w .
+-
+-            export HAKUREI_VERSION="v${hakurei.version}"
+-            CC="clang -O3 -Werror" ./dist/release.sh && mkdir $out && cp -v "dist/hakurei-$HAKUREI_VERSION.tar.gz"* $out
+-          '';
++                CC="musl-clang -O3 -Werror -Qunused-arguments" \
++                GOCACHE="$(mktemp -d)" \
++                HAKUREI_TEST_SKIP_ACL=1 \
++                PATH="${pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl.bin}/bin:$PATH" \
++                DESTDIR="$out" \
++                HAKUREI_VERSION="v${hakurei.version}" \
++                  ./dist/release.sh
++              '';
+         }
+       );
+ 
+diff --git a/internal/acl/acl_test.go b/internal/acl/acl_test.go
+index af6da55..19ce45a 100644
+--- a/internal/acl/acl_test.go
++++ b/internal/acl/acl_test.go
+@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ var (
+ )
+ 
+ func TestUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+-	if os.Getenv("GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL") == "1" {
++	if os.Getenv("HAKUREI_TEST_SKIP_ACL") == "1" {
+ 		t.Skip("acl test skipped")
+ 	}
+ 
+diff --git a/package.nix b/package.nix
+index 00c4401..2eaa2ec 100644
+--- a/package.nix
++++ b/package.nix
+@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ buildGoModule rec {
+     CC = "clang -O3 -Werror";
+ 
+     # nix build environment does not allow acls
+-    GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;
++    HAKUREI_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;
+   };
+ 
+   buildInputs = [`}, [2]string{"container-tests", `From bf14a412e47344fff2681f4b24d1ecc7415bfcb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>
+Date: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 10:59:56 +0900
+Subject: [PATCH] container: fix host-dependent test cases
+
+These are not fully controlled by hakurei and may change depending on host configuration.
+
+Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>
+---
+ container/container_test.go | 27 +++++++++++++++------------
+ 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/container/container_test.go b/container/container_test.go
+index d737a18..98713cb 100644
+--- a/container/container_test.go
++++ b/container/container_test.go
+@@ -275,12 +275,12 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
+ 		),
+ 		earlyMnt(
+ 			ent("/", "/dev", "ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/null", "/dev/null", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/full", "/dev/full", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/random", "/dev/random", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/null", "/dev/null", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/full", "/dev/full", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/random", "/dev/random", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+ 			ent("/", "/dev/pts", "rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime", "devpts", "devpts", "rw,mode=620,ptmxmode=666"),
+ 			ent("/", "/dev/mqueue", "rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime", "mqueue", "mqueue", "rw"),
+ 			ent("/", "/dev/shm", "rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "tmpfs", ignore),
+@@ -293,12 +293,12 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
+ 		),
+ 		earlyMnt(
+ 			ent("/", "/dev", "ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/null", "/dev/null", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/full", "/dev/full", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/random", "/dev/random", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+-			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", "rw,nosuid", "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/null", "/dev/null", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/zero", "/dev/zero", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/full", "/dev/full", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/random", "/dev/random", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/urandom", "/dev/urandom", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
++			ent("/tty", "/dev/tty", ignore, "devtmpfs", "devtmpfs", ignore),
+ 			ent("/", "/dev/pts", "rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime", "devpts", "devpts", "rw,mode=620,ptmxmode=666"),
+ 			ent("/", "/dev/shm", "rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime", "tmpfs", "tmpfs", ignore),
+ 		),
+@@ -696,6 +696,9 @@ func init() {
+ 					mnt[i].VfsOptstr = strings.TrimSuffix(mnt[i].VfsOptstr, ",relatime")
+ 					mnt[i].VfsOptstr = strings.TrimSuffix(mnt[i].VfsOptstr, ",noatime")
+ 
++					cur.FsOptstr = strings.Replace(cur.FsOptstr, ",seclabel", "", 1)
++					mnt[i].FsOptstr = strings.Replace(mnt[i].FsOptstr, ",seclabel", "", 1)
++
+ 					if !cur.EqualWithIgnore(mnt[i], "\x00") {
+ 						fail = true
+ 						log.Printf("[FAIL] %s", cur)`}),
+	), pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("hostname", "main.go"), false, pkg.NewFile(
+		"hostname.go",
+		[]byte(`
+package main
+
+import "os"
+
+func main() {
+	if name, err := os.Hostname(); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	} else {
+		os.Stdout.WriteString(name)
+	}
+}
+`),
+	)))
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsF[Hakurei] = func(t Toolchain) pkg.Artifact {
+		return t.newHakurei("", `
+mkdir -p /work/system/libexec/hakurei/
+
+echo '# Building hakurei.'
+go generate -v ./...
+go build -trimpath -v -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
+	-buildid=
+	-extldflags=-static
+	-X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion="$HAKUREI_VERSION"
+	-X hakurei.app/internal/info.hakureiPath=/system/bin/hakurei
+	-X hakurei.app/internal/info.hsuPath=/system/bin/hsu
+	-X main.hakureiPath=/system/bin/hakurei" ./...
+echo
+
+echo '# Testing hakurei.'
+go test -ldflags='-buildid= -extldflags=-static' ./...
+echo
+
+mkdir -p /work/system/bin/
+(cd /work/system/libexec/hakurei && mv \
+	hakurei \
+	sharefs \
+	../../bin/)
+`)
+	}
+	artifactsF[HakureiDist] = func(t Toolchain) pkg.Artifact {
+		return t.newHakurei("-dist", `
+export HAKUREI_VERSION
+DESTDIR=/work /usr/src/hakurei/dist/release.sh
+`)
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/kernel.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// newKernel is a helper for interacting with Kbuild.
+func (t Toolchain) newKernel(
+	flag int,
+	patches [][2]string,
+	script string,
+	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "6.18.5"
+		checksum = "-V1e1WWl7HuePkmm84sSKF7nLuHfUs494uNMzMqXEyxcNE_PUE0FICL0oGWn44mM"
+	)
+	return t.New("kernel-"+version, flag, slices.Concat([]pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Make),
+	}, extra), nil, nil, `
+export LLVM=1
+export HOSTLDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS}"
+cd /usr/src/linux
+`+script, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("linux"), true, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		"kernel", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil,
+			"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/"+
+				"snapshot/linux-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), false, patches...,
+	)))
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newKernelHeaders() pkg.Artifact {
+	return t.newKernel(TEarly, nil, `
+make "-j$(nproc)" \
+	INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/work/system \
+	headers_install
+`, t.Load(Rsync))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[KernelHeaders] = Toolchain.newKernelHeaders }

internal/rosa/libexpat.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibexpat() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.7.3"
+		checksum = "GmkoD23nRi9cMT0cgG1XRMrZWD82UcOMzkkvP1gkwSFWCBgeSXMuoLpa8-v8kxW-"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("libexpat", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/releases/download/"+
+			"R_"+strings.ReplaceAll(version, ".", "_")+"/"+
+			"expat-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(Bash),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Libexpat] = Toolchain.newLibexpat }

internal/rosa/libffi.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibffi() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.4.5"
+		checksum = "apIJzypF4rDudeRoI_n3K7N-zCeBLTbQlHRn9NSAZqdLAWA80mR0gXPTpHsL7oMl"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("libffi", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/libffi/libffi/releases/download/"+
+			"v"+version+"/libffi-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Libffi] = Toolchain.newLibffi }

internal/rosa/libgd.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibgd() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.3.3"
+		checksum = "8T-sh1_FJT9K9aajgxzh8ot6vWIF-xxjcKAHvTak9MgGUcsFfzP8cAvvv44u2r36"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("libgd", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/libgd/libgd/releases/download/"+
+			"gd-"+version+"/libgd-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		OmitDefaults: true,
+		Env: []string{
+			"TMPDIR=/dev/shm/gd",
+		},
+		ScriptEarly: `
+mkdir /dev/shm/gd
+`,
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(Zlib),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Libgd] = Toolchain.newLibgd }

internal/rosa/libseccomp.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibseccomp() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.6.0"
+		checksum = "mMu-iR71guPjFbb31u-YexBaanKE_nYPjPux-vuBiPfS_0kbwJdfCGlkofaUm-EY"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("libseccomp", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil,
+		"https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp/releases/download/"+
+			"v"+version+"/libseccomp-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		ScriptEarly: `
+ln -s ../system/bin/bash /bin/
+`,
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(Bash),
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+		t.Load(Gperf),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Libseccomp] = Toolchain.newLibseccomp }

internal/rosa/libxml2.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibxml2() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.15.1"
+		checksum = "pYzAR3cNrEHezhEMirgiq7jbboLzwMj5GD7SQp0jhSIMdgoU4G9oU9Gxun3zzUIU"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("libxml2", version, pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+		nil, "https://download.gnome.org/sources/libxml2/"+
+			strings.Join(strings.Split(version, ".")[:2], ".")+
+			"/libxml2-"+version+".tar.xz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		ScriptEarly: `
+cd /usr/src/
+tar xf libxml2.tar.xz
+mv libxml2-` + version + ` libxml2
+`,
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+		SourceSuffix: ".tar.xz",
+	},
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+		t.Load(XZ),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Libxml2] = Toolchain.newLibxml2 }

internal/rosa/llvm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// llvmAttr holds the attributes that will be applied to a new [pkg.Artifact]
+// containing a LLVM variant.
+type llvmAttr struct {
+	flags int
+
+	// Concatenated with default environment for CMakeAttr.Env.
+	env []string
+	// Concatenated with generated entries for CMakeAttr.Cache.
+	cmake [][2]string
+	// Override CMakeAttr.Append.
+	append []string
+	// Concatenated with default dependencies for CMakeAttr.Extra.
+	extra []pkg.Artifact
+	// Concatenated with default fixup for CMakeAttr.Script.
+	script string
+	// Passed through to CMakeAttr.Prefix.
+	prefix *check.Absolute
+
+	// Patch name and body pairs.
+	patches [][2]string
+}
+
+const (
+	llvmProjectClang = 1 << iota
+	llvmProjectLld
+
+	llvmProjectAll = 1<<iota - 1
+
+	llvmRuntimeCompilerRT = 1 << iota
+	llvmRuntimeLibunwind
+	llvmRuntimeLibc
+	llvmRuntimeLibcxx
+	llvmRuntimeLibcxxABI
+
+	llvmAll        = 1<<iota - 1
+	llvmRuntimeAll = llvmAll - (2 * llvmProjectAll) - 1
+)
+
+// llvmFlagName resolves a llvmAttr.flags project or runtime flag to its name.
+func llvmFlagName(flag int) string {
+	switch flag {
+	case llvmProjectClang:
+		return "clang"
+	case llvmProjectLld:
+		return "lld"
+
+	case llvmRuntimeCompilerRT:
+		return "compiler-rt"
+	case llvmRuntimeLibunwind:
+		return "libunwind"
+	case llvmRuntimeLibc:
+		return "libc"
+	case llvmRuntimeLibcxx:
+		return "libcxx"
+	case llvmRuntimeLibcxxABI:
+		return "libcxxabi"
+
+	default:
+		panic("invalid flag " + strconv.Itoa(flag))
+	}
+}
+
+// newLLVMVariant returns a [pkg.Artifact] containing a LLVM variant.
+func (t Toolchain) newLLVMVariant(variant string, attr *llvmAttr) pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "21.1.8"
+		checksum = "8SUpqDkcgwOPsqHVtmf9kXfFeVmjVxl4LMn-qSE1AI_Xoeju-9HaoPNGtidyxyka"
+	)
+	if attr == nil {
+		panic("LLVM attr must be non-nil")
+	}
+
+	var projects, runtimes []string
+	for i := 1; i < llvmProjectAll; i <<= 1 {
+		if attr.flags&i != 0 {
+			projects = append(projects, llvmFlagName(i))
+		}
+	}
+	for i := (llvmProjectAll + 1) << 1; i < llvmRuntimeAll; i <<= 1 {
+		if attr.flags&i != 0 {
+			runtimes = append(runtimes, llvmFlagName(i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	var script, scriptEarly string
+
+	cache := [][2]string{
+		{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
+
+		{"LLVM_HOST_TRIPLE", `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`},
+		{"LLVM_DEFAULT_TARGET_TRIPLE", `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`},
+	}
+	if len(projects) > 0 {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"LLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS", `"${ROSA_LLVM_PROJECTS}"`})
+	}
+	if len(runtimes) > 0 {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"LLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES", `"${ROSA_LLVM_RUNTIMES}"`})
+	}
+
+	cmakeAppend := []string{"llvm"}
+	if attr.append != nil {
+		cmakeAppend = attr.append
+	} else {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"LLVM_ENABLE_LIBCXX", "ON"},
+			[2]string{"LLVM_USE_LINKER", "lld"},
+
+			[2]string{"LLVM_INSTALL_BINUTILS_SYMLINKS", "ON"},
+			[2]string{"LLVM_INSTALL_CCTOOLS_SYMLINKS", "ON"},
+		)
+	}
+
+	if attr.flags&llvmProjectClang != 0 {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"CLANG_DEFAULT_LINKER", "lld"},
+			[2]string{"CLANG_DEFAULT_CXX_STDLIB", "libc++"},
+			[2]string{"CLANG_DEFAULT_RTLIB", "compiler-rt"},
+			[2]string{"CLANG_DEFAULT_UNWINDLIB", "libunwind"},
+		)
+	}
+	if attr.flags&llvmProjectLld != 0 {
+		script += `
+ln -s ld.lld /work/system/bin/ld
+`
+	}
+	if attr.flags&llvmRuntimeCompilerRT != 0 {
+		if attr.append == nil {
+			cache = append(cache,
+				[2]string{"COMPILER_RT_USE_LLVM_UNWINDER", "ON"})
+		}
+	}
+	if attr.flags&llvmRuntimeLibunwind != 0 {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"LIBUNWIND_USE_COMPILER_RT", "ON"})
+	}
+	if attr.flags&llvmRuntimeLibcxx != 0 {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"LIBCXX_HAS_MUSL_LIBC", "ON"},
+			[2]string{"LIBCXX_USE_COMPILER_RT", "ON"},
+		)
+
+		if t > toolchainStage3 {
+			// libcxxabi fails to compile if c++ headers not prefixed in /usr
+			// is found by the compiler, and doing this is easier than
+			// overriding CXXFLAGS; not using mv here to avoid chown failures
+			scriptEarly += `
+cp -r /system/include /usr/include && rm -rf /system/include
+`
+		}
+	}
+	if attr.flags&llvmRuntimeLibcxxABI != 0 {
+		cache = append(cache,
+			[2]string{"LIBCXXABI_USE_COMPILER_RT", "ON"},
+			[2]string{"LIBCXXABI_USE_LLVM_UNWINDER", "ON"},
+		)
+	}
+
+	return t.NewViaCMake("llvm", version, variant, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		"llvmorg", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/archive/refs/tags/"+
+				"llvmorg-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), true, attr.patches...,
+	), &CMakeAttr{
+		Cache:  slices.Concat(cache, attr.cmake),
+		Append: cmakeAppend,
+		Prefix: attr.prefix,
+
+		Env: slices.Concat([]string{
+			"ROSA_LLVM_PROJECTS=" + strings.Join(projects, ";"),
+			"ROSA_LLVM_RUNTIMES=" + strings.Join(runtimes, ";"),
+		}, attr.env),
+		ScriptEarly: scriptEarly, Script: script + attr.script,
+
+		Flag: TExclusive,
+	}, stage3Concat(t, attr.extra,
+		t.Load(Libffi),
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(Perl),
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+		t.Load(Bash),
+		t.Load(Gawk),
+		t.Load(Coreutils),
+		t.Load(Findutils),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	)...)
+}
+
+// newLLVM returns LLVM toolchain across multiple [pkg.Artifact].
+func (t Toolchain) newLLVM() (musl, compilerRT, runtimes, clang pkg.Artifact) {
+	var target string
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	case "386", "amd64":
+		target = "X86"
+	case "arm64":
+		target = "AArch64"
+
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+	}
+
+	minimalDeps := [][2]string{
+		{"LLVM_ENABLE_ZLIB", "OFF"},
+		{"LLVM_ENABLE_ZSTD", "OFF"},
+		{"LLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2", "OFF"},
+	}
+
+	compilerRT = t.newLLVMVariant("compiler-rt", &llvmAttr{
+		env: stage3ExclConcat(t, []string{},
+			"LDFLAGS="+earlyLDFLAGS(false),
+		),
+		cmake: [][2]string{
+			// libc++ not yet available
+			{"CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_TARGET", ""},
+
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_BUILTINS", "ON"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_DEFAULT_TARGET_ONLY", "ON"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_SANITIZERS_TO_BUILD", "asan"},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_PER_TARGET_RUNTIME_DIR", "ON"},
+
+			// does not work without libunwind
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_CTX_PROFILE", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_LIBFUZZER", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_MEMPROF", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_PROFILE", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_XRAY", "OFF"},
+		},
+		append: []string{"compiler-rt"},
+		extra: []pkg.Artifact{t.NewMusl(&MuslAttr{
+			Headers: true,
+			Env: []string{
+				"CC=clang",
+			},
+		})},
+		script: `
+mkdir -p "${ROSA_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/clang/21/lib/"
+ln -s \
+	"../../../${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
+	"${ROSA_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/clang/21/lib/"
+
+ln -s \
+	"clang_rt.crtbegin-` + linuxArch() + `.o" \
+	"${ROSA_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/${ROSA_TRIPLE}/crtbeginS.o"
+ln -s \
+	"clang_rt.crtend-` + linuxArch() + `.o" \
+	"${ROSA_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/${ROSA_TRIPLE}/crtendS.o"
+`,
+	})
+
+	musl = t.NewMusl(&MuslAttr{
+		Extra: []pkg.Artifact{compilerRT},
+		Env: stage3ExclConcat(t, []string{
+			"CC=clang",
+			"LIBCC=/system/lib/clang/21/lib/" +
+				triplet() + "/libclang_rt.builtins.a",
+			"AR=ar",
+			"RANLIB=ranlib",
+		},
+			"LDFLAGS="+earlyLDFLAGS(false),
+		),
+	})
+
+	runtimes = t.newLLVMVariant("runtimes", &llvmAttr{
+		env: stage3ExclConcat(t, []string{},
+			"LDFLAGS="+earlyLDFLAGS(false),
+		),
+		flags: llvmRuntimeLibunwind | llvmRuntimeLibcxx | llvmRuntimeLibcxxABI,
+		cmake: slices.Concat([][2]string{
+			// libc++ not yet available
+			{"CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_WORKS", "ON"},
+
+			{"LIBCXX_HAS_ATOMIC_LIB", "OFF"},
+			{"LIBCXXABI_HAS_CXA_THREAD_ATEXIT_IMPL", "OFF"},
+		}, minimalDeps),
+		append: []string{"runtimes"},
+		extra: []pkg.Artifact{
+			compilerRT,
+			musl,
+		},
+	})
+
+	clang = t.newLLVMVariant("clang", &llvmAttr{
+		flags: llvmProjectClang | llvmProjectLld,
+		env: stage3ExclConcat(t, []string{},
+			"CFLAGS="+earlyCFLAGS,
+			"CXXFLAGS="+earlyCXXFLAGS(),
+			"LDFLAGS="+earlyLDFLAGS(false),
+		),
+		cmake: slices.Concat([][2]string{
+			{"LLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD", target},
+			{"CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING", "OFF"},
+			{"CXX_SUPPORTS_CUSTOM_LINKER", "ON"},
+		}, minimalDeps),
+		extra: []pkg.Artifact{
+			musl,
+			compilerRT,
+			runtimes,
+			t.Load(Git),
+		},
+		script: `
+ln -s clang /work/system/bin/cc
+ln -s clang++ /work/system/bin/c++
+
+ninja check-all
+`,
+
+		patches: [][2]string{
+			{"add-rosa-vendor", `diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h b/llvm/include/llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h
+index 657f4230379e..12c305756184 100644
+--- a/llvm/include/llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h
++++ b/llvm/include/llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h
+@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@ public:
+
+     Apple,
+     PC,
++    Rosa,
+     SCEI,
+     Freescale,
+     IBM,
+diff --git a/llvm/lib/TargetParser/Triple.cpp b/llvm/lib/TargetParser/Triple.cpp
+index 0584c941d2e6..e4d6ef963cc7 100644
+--- a/llvm/lib/TargetParser/Triple.cpp
++++ b/llvm/lib/TargetParser/Triple.cpp
+@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ StringRef Triple::getVendorTypeName(VendorType Kind) {
+   case NVIDIA: return "nvidia";
+   case OpenEmbedded: return "oe";
+   case PC: return "pc";
++  case Rosa: return "rosa";
+   case SCEI: return "scei";
+   case SUSE: return "suse";
+   }
+@@ -669,6 +670,7 @@ static Triple::VendorType parseVendor(StringRef VendorName) {
+       .Case("suse", Triple::SUSE)
+       .Case("oe", Triple::OpenEmbedded)
+       .Case("intel", Triple::Intel)
++      .Case("rosa", Triple::Rosa)
+       .Default(Triple::UnknownVendor);
+ }
+
+`},
+
+			{"xfail-broken-tests", `diff --git a/clang/test/Modules/timestamps.c b/clang/test/Modules/timestamps.c
+index 50fdce630255..4b4465a75617 100644
+--- a/clang/test/Modules/timestamps.c
++++ b/clang/test/Modules/timestamps.c
+@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
++// XFAIL: target={{.*-rosa-linux-musl}}
++
+ /// Verify timestamps that gets embedded in the module
+ #include <c-header.h>
+
+`},
+
+			{"path-system-include", `diff --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
+index cdbf21fb9026..dd052858700d 100644
+--- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
++++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
+@@ -773,6 +773,12 @@ void Linux::AddClangSystemIncludeArgs(const ArgList &DriverArgs,
+     addExternCSystemInclude(
+         DriverArgs, CC1Args,
+         concat(SysRoot, "/usr/include", MultiarchIncludeDir));
++  if (!MultiarchIncludeDir.empty() &&
++      D.getVFS().exists(concat(SysRoot, "/system/include", MultiarchIncludeDir)))
++    addExternCSystemInclude(
++        DriverArgs, CC1Args,
++        concat(SysRoot, "/system/include", MultiarchIncludeDir));
++
+
+   if (getTriple().getOS() == llvm::Triple::RTEMS)
+     return;
+@@ -783,6 +789,7 @@ void Linux::AddClangSystemIncludeArgs(const ArgList &DriverArgs,
+   addExternCSystemInclude(DriverArgs, CC1Args, concat(SysRoot, "/include"));
+
+   addExternCSystemInclude(DriverArgs, CC1Args, concat(SysRoot, "/usr/include"));
++  addExternCSystemInclude(DriverArgs, CC1Args, concat(SysRoot, "/system/include"));
+
+   if (!DriverArgs.hasArg(options::OPT_nobuiltininc) && getTriple().isMusl())
+     addSystemInclude(DriverArgs, CC1Args, ResourceDirInclude);
+`},
+
+			{"path-system-libraries", `diff --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
+index 8d3775de9be5..5200b2a4d37d 100644
+--- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
++++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
+@@ -463,6 +463,13 @@ void tools::AddLinkerInputs(const ToolChain &TC, const InputInfoList &Inputs,
+   if (!TC.isCrossCompiling())
+     addDirectoryList(Args, CmdArgs, "-L", "LIBRARY_PATH");
+
++  if (TC.getTriple().getVendor() == llvm::Triple::Rosa) {
++    CmdArgs.push_back("-rpath");
++    CmdArgs.push_back("/system/lib");
++    CmdArgs.push_back("-rpath");
++    CmdArgs.push_back(("/system/lib/" + TC.getTripleString()).c_str());
++  }
++
+   for (const auto &II : Inputs) {
+     // If the current tool chain refers to an OpenMP offloading host, we
+     // should ignore inputs that refer to OpenMP offloading devices -
+diff --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
+index 8ac8d4eb9181..7d2d8541aca9 100644
+--- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
++++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
+@@ -324,6 +324,7 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
+     Generic_GCC::AddMultilibPaths(D, SysRoot, "libo32", MultiarchTriple, Paths);
+     addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/libo32"), Paths);
+     addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/usr/libo32"), Paths);
++    addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/system/libo32"), Paths);
+   }
+   Generic_GCC::AddMultilibPaths(D, SysRoot, OSLibDir, MultiarchTriple, Paths);
+
+@@ -343,16 +344,20 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
+
+   addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/usr/lib", MultiarchTriple), Paths);
+   addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/usr", OSLibDir), Paths);
++  addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/system/lib", MultiarchTriple), Paths);
++  addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/system", OSLibDir), Paths);
+   if (IsRISCV) {
+     StringRef ABIName = tools::riscv::getRISCVABI(Args, Triple);
+     addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/", OSLibDir, ABIName), Paths);
+     addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/usr", OSLibDir, ABIName), Paths);
++    addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/system", OSLibDir, ABIName), Paths);
+   }
+
+   Generic_GCC::AddMultiarchPaths(D, SysRoot, OSLibDir, Paths);
+
+   addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/lib"), Paths);
+   addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/usr/lib"), Paths);
++  addPathIfExists(D, concat(SysRoot, "/system/lib"), Paths);
+ }
+
+ ToolChain::RuntimeLibType Linux::GetDefaultRuntimeLibType() const {
+@@ -457,6 +462,9 @@ std::string Linux::getDynamicLinker(const ArgList &Args) const {
+     return Triple.isArch64Bit() ? "/system/bin/linker64" : "/system/bin/linker";
+   }
+   if (Triple.isMusl()) {
++    if (Triple.getVendor() == llvm::Triple::Rosa)
++      return "/system/bin/linker";
++
+     std::string ArchName;
+     bool IsArm = false;
+
+diff --git a/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp b/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp
+index 64324a3f8b01..15ce70b68217 100644
+--- a/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp
++++ b/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp
+@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ bool Options::processFrontendOptions(InputArgList &Args) {
+     FEOpts.FwkPaths = std::move(FrameworkPaths);
+
+   // Add default framework/library paths.
+-  PathSeq DefaultLibraryPaths = {"/usr/lib", "/usr/local/lib"};
++  PathSeq DefaultLibraryPaths = {"/usr/lib", "/system/lib", "/usr/local/lib"};
+   PathSeq DefaultFrameworkPaths = {"/Library/Frameworks",
+                                    "/System/Library/Frameworks"};
+
+`},
+		},
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+var (
+	// llvm stores the result of Toolchain.newLLVM.
+	llvm [_toolchainEnd][4]pkg.Artifact
+	// llvmOnce is for lazy initialisation of llvm.
+	llvmOnce [_toolchainEnd]sync.Once
+)
+
+// NewLLVM returns LLVM toolchain across multiple [pkg.Artifact].
+func (t Toolchain) NewLLVM() (musl, compilerRT, runtimes, clang pkg.Artifact) {
+	llvmOnce[t].Do(func() {
+		llvm[t][0], llvm[t][1], llvm[t][2], llvm[t][3] = t.newLLVM()
+	})
+	return llvm[t][0], llvm[t][1], llvm[t][2], llvm[t][3]
+}

internal/rosa/make.go

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newMake() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "4.4.1"
+		checksum = "YS_B07ZcAy9PbaK5_vKGj64SrxO2VMpnMKfc9I0Q9IC1rn0RwOH7802pJoj2Mq4a"
+	)
+	return t.New("make-"+version, TEarly, nil, nil, nil, `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+/usr/src/make/configure \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--build="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
+	--disable-dependency-tracking
+./build.sh
+./make DESTDIR=/work install check
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("make"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Make] = Toolchain.newMake }
+
+// MakeAttr holds the project-specific attributes that will be applied to a new
+// [pkg.Artifact] compiled via [Make].
+type MakeAttr struct {
+	// Mount the source tree writable.
+	Writable bool
+
+	// Do not include default extras.
+	OmitDefaults bool
+	// Dependencies not provided by stage3.
+	NonStage3 []pkg.Artifact
+
+	// Additional environment variables.
+	Env []string
+	// Runs before cmake.
+	ScriptEarly string
+	// Runs after cmake.
+	Script string
+
+	// Remain in working directory set up during ScriptEarly.
+	InPlace bool
+
+	// Flags passed to the configure script.
+	Configure [][2]string
+	// Extra make targets.
+	Make []string
+	// Target triple, zero value is equivalent to the Rosa OS triple.
+	Build string
+	// Whether to skip the check target.
+	SkipCheck bool
+	// Name of the check target, zero value is equivalent to "check".
+	CheckName string
+
+	// Suffix appended to the source pathname.
+	SourceSuffix string
+
+	// Passed through to [Toolchain.New].
+	Flag int
+}
+
+// NewViaMake returns a [pkg.Artifact] for compiling and installing via [Make].
+func (t Toolchain) NewViaMake(
+	name, version string,
+	source pkg.Artifact,
+	attr *MakeAttr,
+	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	if name == "" || version == "" {
+		panic("names must be non-empty")
+	}
+	if attr == nil {
+		attr = new(MakeAttr)
+	}
+	build := `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`
+	if attr.Build != "" {
+		build = attr.Build
+	}
+
+	var configureFlags string
+	if len(attr.Configure) > 0 {
+		const sep = " \\\n\t"
+		configureFlags += sep + strings.Join(
+			slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
+				for _, v := range attr.Configure {
+					s := v[0]
+					if v[1] == "" || (v[0] != "" &&
+						v[0][0] >= 'a' &&
+						v[0][0] <= 'z') {
+						s = "--" + s
+					}
+					if v[1] != "" {
+						s += "=" + v[1]
+					}
+					if !yield(s) {
+						return
+					}
+				}
+			}),
+			sep,
+		)
+	}
+
+	var buildFlag string
+	if attr.Build != `""` {
+		buildFlag = ` \
+	--build=` + build
+	}
+
+	makeTargets := make([]string, 1, 2+len(attr.Make))
+	if !attr.SkipCheck {
+		if attr.CheckName == "" {
+			makeTargets = append(makeTargets, "check")
+		} else {
+			makeTargets = append(makeTargets, attr.CheckName)
+		}
+	}
+	makeTargets = append(makeTargets, attr.Make...)
+	if len(makeTargets) == 1 {
+		makeTargets = nil
+	}
+
+	finalExtra := []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Make),
+	}
+	if attr.OmitDefaults || attr.Flag&TEarly == 0 {
+		finalExtra = append(finalExtra,
+			t.Load(Gawk),
+			t.Load(Coreutils),
+		)
+	}
+	finalExtra = append(finalExtra, extra...)
+
+	scriptEarly := attr.ScriptEarly
+	if !attr.InPlace {
+		scriptEarly += "\ncd \"$(mktemp -d)\""
+	} else if scriptEarly == "" {
+		panic("cannot remain in root")
+	}
+
+	return t.New(name+"-"+version, attr.Flag, stage3Concat(t,
+		attr.NonStage3,
+		finalExtra...,
+	), nil, attr.Env, scriptEarly+`
+/usr/src/`+name+`/configure \
+	--prefix=/system`+buildFlag+configureFlags+`
+make "-j$(nproc)"`+strings.Join(makeTargets, " ")+`
+make DESTDIR=/work install
+`+attr.Script, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append(
+		name+attr.SourceSuffix,
+	), attr.Writable, source))
+}

internal/rosa/meson.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newMeson() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.10.1"
+		checksum = "w895BXF_icncnXatT_OLCFe2PYEtg4KrKooMgUYdN-nQVvbFX3PvYWHGEpogsHtd"
+	)
+	return t.New("meson-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(Setuptools),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd /usr/src/meson
+chmod -R +w meson.egg-info
+python3 setup.py \
+	install \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--root=/work
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("meson"), true, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/releases/download/"+
+			version+"/meson-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Meson] = Toolchain.newMeson }

internal/rosa/mksh.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newMksh() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "59c"
+		checksum = "0Zj-k4nXEu3IuJY4lvwD2OrC2t27GdZj8SPy4DoaeuBRH1padWb7oREpYgwY8JNq"
+	)
+	return t.New("mksh-"+version, 0, stage3Concat(t, []pkg.Artifact{},
+		t.Load(Perl),
+		t.Load(Coreutils),
+	), nil, []string{
+		"LDSTATIC=-static",
+		"CPPFLAGS=-DMKSH_DEFAULT_PROFILEDIR=\\\"/system/etc\\\"",
+	}, `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+sh /usr/src/mksh/Build.sh -r
+CPPFLAGS="${CPPFLAGS} -DMKSH_BINSHPOSIX -DMKSH_BINSHREDUCED" \
+sh /usr/src/mksh/Build.sh -r -L
+./test.sh -C regress:no-ctty
+
+mkdir -p /work/system/bin/
+cp -v mksh /work/system/bin/
+cp -v lksh /work/system/bin/sh
+
+mkdir -p /work/bin/
+ln -vs ../system/bin/sh /work/bin/
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("mksh"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil,
+		"https://mbsd.evolvis.org/MirOS/dist/mir/mksh/mksh-R"+version+".tgz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Mksh] = Toolchain.newMksh }

internal/rosa/musl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// MuslAttr holds the attributes that will be applied to musl.
+type MuslAttr struct {
+	// Install headers only.
+	Headers bool
+	// Environment variables concatenated with defaults.
+	Env []string
+	// Dependencies concatenated with defaults.
+	Extra []pkg.Artifact
+}
+
+// NewMusl returns a [pkg.Artifact] containing an installation of musl libc.
+func (t Toolchain) NewMusl(attr *MuslAttr) pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.2.5"
+		checksum = "y6USdIeSdHER_Fw2eT2CNjqShEye85oEg2jnOur96D073ukmIpIqDOLmECQroyDb"
+	)
+
+	if attr == nil {
+		attr = new(MuslAttr)
+	}
+
+	target := "install"
+	script := `
+mkdir -p /work/system/bin
+COMPAT_LINKER_NAME="ld-musl-` + linuxArch() + `.so.1"
+ln -vs ../lib/libc.so /work/system/bin/linker
+ln -vs ../lib/libc.so /work/system/bin/ldd
+ln -vs libc.so "/work/system/lib/${COMPAT_LINKER_NAME}"
+rm -v "/work/lib/${COMPAT_LINKER_NAME}"
+rmdir -v /work/lib
+`
+	if attr.Headers {
+		target = "install-headers"
+		script = ""
+	}
+
+	return t.New("musl-"+version, 0, stage3Concat(t, attr.Extra,
+		t.Load(Make),
+		t.Load(Coreutils),
+	), nil, slices.Concat([]string{
+		"ROSA_MUSL_TARGET=" + target,
+	}, attr.Env), `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+/usr/src/musl/configure \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--target="${ROSA_TRIPLE}"
+make "-j$(nproc)" DESTDIR=/work "${ROSA_MUSL_TARGET}"
+`+script, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("musl"), false, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		// expected to be writable in copies
+		"musl", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://musl.libc.org/releases/musl-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), false,
+	)))
+}

internal/rosa/ninja.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newNinja() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.13.2"
+		checksum = "ygKWMa0YV2lWKiFro5hnL-vcKbc_-RACZuPu0Io8qDvgQlZ0dxv7hPNSFkt4214v"
+	)
+	return t.New("ninja-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(CMake),
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(Bash),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+python3 /usr/src/ninja/configure.py \
+	--bootstrap \
+	--gtest-source-dir=/usr/src/googletest
+./ninja all
+./ninja_test
+
+mkdir -p /work/system/bin/
+cp ninja /work/system/bin/
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("googletest"), false,
+		pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://github.com/google/googletest/releases/download/"+
+				"v1.16.0/googletest-1.16.0.tar.gz",
+			mustDecode("NjLGvSbgPy_B-y-o1hdanlzEzaYeStFcvFGxpYV3KYlhrWWFRcugYhM3ZMzOA9B_"),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		)), pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("ninja"), true, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		"ninja", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/archive/refs/tags/"+
+				"v"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), false,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Ninja] = Toolchain.newNinja }

internal/rosa/perl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPerl() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "5.42.0"
+		checksum = "2KR7Jbpk-ZVn1a30LQRwbgUvg2AXlPQZfzrqCr31qD5-yEsTwVQ_W76eZH-EdxM9"
+	)
+	return t.New("perl-"+version, TEarly, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Make),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd /usr/src/perl
+
+echo 'print STDOUT "1..0 # Skip broken test\n";' > ext/Pod-Html/t/htmldir3.t
+rm -f /system/bin/ps # perl does not like toybox ps
+
+./Configure \
+	-des \
+	-Dprefix=/system \
+	-Dcc="clang" \
+	-Dcflags='--std=gnu99' \
+	-Dldflags="${LDFLAGS}" \
+	-Doptimize='-O2 -fno-strict-aliasing' \
+	-Duseithreads
+make \
+	"-j$(nproc)" \
+	TEST_JOBS=256 \
+	test_harness
+make DESTDIR=/work install
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("perl"), true, t.NewPatchedSource(
+		"perl", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			nil, "https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-"+version+".tar.gz",
+			mustDecode(checksum),
+			pkg.TarGzip,
+		), false,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Perl] = Toolchain.newPerl }

internal/rosa/pkg-config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPkgConfig() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.29.2"
+		checksum = "gi7yAvkwo20Inys1tHbeYZ3Wjdm5VPkrnO0Q6_QZPCAwa1zrA8F4a63cdZDd-717"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("pkg-config", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil,
+		"https://pkgconfig.freedesktop.org/releases/"+
+			"pkg-config-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"CFLAGS", "'-Wno-int-conversion'"},
+			{"with-internal-glib"},
+		},
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[PkgConfig] = Toolchain.newPkgConfig }

internal/rosa/python.go

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPython() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.14.2"
+		checksum = "7nZunVMGj0viB-CnxpcRego2C90X5wFsMTgsoewd5z-KSZY2zLuqaBwG-14zmKys"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("python", version, t.NewPatchedSource("python", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/"+version+
+			"/Python-"+version+".tgz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), false), &MakeAttr{
+		// test_synopsis_sourceless assumes this is writable and checks __pycache__
+		Writable: true,
+
+		Env: []string{
+			"EXTRATESTOPTS=-j0 -x " + strings.Join([]string{
+				// requires internet access (http://www.pythontest.net/)
+				"test_asyncio",
+				"test_socket",
+				"test_urllib2",
+				"test_urllibnet",
+				"test_urllib2net",
+
+				// makes assumptions about uid_map/gid_map
+				"test_os",
+				"test_subprocess",
+
+				// somehow picks up mtime of source code
+				"test_zipfile",
+
+				// requires gcc
+				"test_ctypes",
+
+				// breaks on llvm
+				"test_dbm_gnu",
+			}, " -x "),
+
+			// _ctypes appears to infer something from the linker name
+			"LDFLAGS=-Wl,--dynamic-linker=/system/lib/" +
+				"ld-musl-" + linuxArch() + ".so.1",
+		},
+
+		ScriptEarly: `
+export HOME="$(mktemp -d)"
+`,
+
+		CheckName: "test",
+	},
+		t.Load(Zlib),
+		t.Load(Libffi),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Python] = Toolchain.newPython }
+
+// newViaPip is a helper for installing python dependencies via pip.
+func (t Toolchain) newViaPip(
+	name, version, abi, platform, checksum, prefix string,
+	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	wname := name + "-" + version + "-py3-" + abi + "-" + platform + ".whl"
+	return t.New(name+"-"+version, 0, slices.Concat([]pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+	}, extra), nil, nil, `
+pip3 install \
+	--no-index \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--root=/work \
+	/usr/src/`+wname+`
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append(wname), false, pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+		nil, prefix+wname,
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+	)))
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newSetuptools() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "80.10.1"
+		checksum = "p3rlwEmy1krcUH1KabprQz1TCYjJ8ZUjOQknQsWh3q-XEqLGEd3P4VrCc7ouHGXU"
+	)
+	return t.New("setuptools-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+pip3 install \
+	--no-index \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--root=/work \
+	/usr/src/setuptools
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("setuptools"), true, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/archive/refs/tags/"+
+			"v"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Setuptools] = Toolchain.newSetuptools }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPygments() pkg.Artifact {
+	return t.newViaPip("pygments", "2.19.2", "none", "any",
+		"ak_lwTalmSr7W4Mjy2XBZPG9I6a0gwSy2pS87N8x4QEuZYif0ie9z0OcfRfi9msd",
+		"https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/"+
+			"c7/21/705964c7812476f378728bdf590ca4b771ec72385c533964653c68e86bdc/")
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Pygments] = Toolchain.newPygments }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPluggy() pkg.Artifact {
+	return t.newViaPip("pluggy", "1.6.0", "none", "any",
+		"2HWYBaEwM66-y1hSUcWI1MyE7dVVuNNRW24XD6iJBey4YaUdAK8WeXdtFMQGC-4J",
+		"https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/"+
+			"54/20/4d324d65cc6d9205fabedc306948156824eb9f0ee1633355a8f7ec5c66bf/")
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Pluggy] = Toolchain.newPluggy }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPackaging() pkg.Artifact {
+	return t.newViaPip("packaging", "26.0", "none", "any",
+		"iVVXcqdwHDskPKoCFUlh2x8J0Gyq-bhO4ns9DvUJ7oJjeOegRYtSIvLV33Bki-pP",
+		"https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/"+
+			"b7/b9/c538f279a4e237a006a2c98387d081e9eb060d203d8ed34467cc0f0b9b53/")
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Packaging] = Toolchain.newPackaging }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newIniConfig() pkg.Artifact {
+	const version = "2.3.0"
+	return t.newViaPip("iniconfig", version, "none", "any",
+		"SDgs4S5bXi77aVOeKTPv2TUrS3M9rduiK4DpU0hCmDsSBWqnZcWInq9lsx6INxut",
+		"https://github.com/pytest-dev/iniconfig/releases/download/"+
+			"v"+version+"/")
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[IniConfig] = Toolchain.newIniConfig }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPyTest() pkg.Artifact {
+	const version = "9.0.2"
+	return t.newViaPip("pytest", version, "none", "any",
+		"IM2wDbLke1EtZhF92zvAjUl_Hms1uKDtM7U8Dt4acOaChMnDg1pW7ib8U0wYGDLH",
+		"https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/releases/download/"+
+			version+"/",
+		t.Load(IniConfig),
+		t.Load(Packaging),
+		t.Load(Pluggy),
+		t.Load(Pygments),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[PyTest] = Toolchain.newPyTest }

internal/rosa/rosa.go

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+// Package rosa provides Rosa OS toolchain artifacts and miscellaneous software.
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"runtime"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/container/fhs"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+const (
+	// kindEtc is the kind of [pkg.Artifact] of cureEtc.
+	kindEtc = iota + pkg.KindCustomOffset
+
+	// kindBusyboxBin is the kind of [pkg.Artifact] of busyboxBin.
+	kindBusyboxBin
+)
+
+// mustDecode is like [pkg.MustDecode], but replaces the zero value and prints
+// a warning.
+func mustDecode(s string) pkg.Checksum {
+	var fallback = pkg.Checksum{}
+	if s == "" {
+		log.Println(
+			"falling back to",
+			pkg.Encode(fallback),
+			"for unpopulated checksum",
+		)
+		return fallback
+	}
+	return pkg.MustDecode(s)
+}
+
+var (
+	// AbsUsrSrc is the conventional directory to place source code under.
+	AbsUsrSrc = fhs.AbsUsr.Append("src")
+
+	// AbsSystem is the Rosa OS installation prefix.
+	AbsSystem = fhs.AbsRoot.Append("system")
+)
+
+// linuxArch returns the architecture name used by linux corresponding to
+// [runtime.GOARCH].
+func linuxArch() string {
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	case "amd64":
+		return "x86_64"
+	case "arm64":
+		return "aarch64"
+
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+	}
+}
+
+// triplet returns the Rosa OS host triple corresponding to [runtime.GOARCH].
+func triplet() string {
+	return linuxArch() + "-rosa-linux-musl"
+}
+
+const (
+	// EnvTriplet holds the return value of triplet.
+	EnvTriplet = "ROSA_TRIPLE"
+)
+
+// earlyLDFLAGS returns LDFLAGS corresponding to triplet.
+func earlyLDFLAGS(static bool) string {
+	s := "-fuse-ld=lld " +
+		"-L/system/lib -Wl,-rpath=/system/lib " +
+		"-L/system/lib/" + triplet() + " " +
+		"-Wl,-rpath=/system/lib/" + triplet() + " " +
+		"-rtlib=compiler-rt " +
+		"-unwindlib=libunwind " +
+		"-Wl,--as-needed"
+	if !static {
+		s += " -Wl,--dynamic-linker=/system/bin/linker"
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// earlyCFLAGS is reference CFLAGS for the stage3 toolchain.
+const earlyCFLAGS = "-Qunused-arguments " +
+	"-isystem/system/include"
+
+// earlyCXXFLAGS returns reference CXXFLAGS for the stage3 toolchain
+// corresponding to [runtime.GOARCH].
+func earlyCXXFLAGS() string {
+	return "--start-no-unused-arguments " +
+		"-stdlib=libc++ " +
+		"--end-no-unused-arguments " +
+		"-isystem/system/include/c++/v1 " +
+		"-isystem/system/include/" + triplet() + "/c++/v1 " +
+		"-isystem/system/include "
+}
+
+// Toolchain denotes the infrastructure to compile a [pkg.Artifact] on.
+type Toolchain uintptr
+
+const (
+	// toolchainBusybox denotes a busybox installation from the busyboxBin
+	// binary distribution. This is for decompressing unsupported formats.
+	toolchainBusybox Toolchain = iota
+
+	// toolchainStage3 denotes the Gentoo stage3 toolchain. Special care must be
+	// taken to compile correctly against this toolchain.
+	toolchainStage3
+
+	// toolchainIntermediate denotes the intermediate toolchain compiled against
+	// toolchainStage3. This toolchain should be functionally identical to [Std]
+	// and is used to bootstrap [Std].
+	toolchainIntermediate
+
+	// Std denotes the standard Rosa OS toolchain.
+	Std
+
+	// _toolchainEnd is the total number of toolchains available and does not
+	// denote a valid toolchain.
+	_toolchainEnd
+)
+
+// stage3Concat concatenates s and values. If the current toolchain is
+// toolchainStage3, stage3Concat returns s as is.
+func stage3Concat[S ~[]E, E any](t Toolchain, s S, values ...E) S {
+	if t == toolchainStage3 {
+		return s
+	}
+	return slices.Concat(s, values)
+}
+
+// stage3ExclConcat concatenates s and values. If the current toolchain is not
+// toolchainStage3, stage3ExclConcat returns s as is.
+func stage3ExclConcat[S ~[]E, E any](t Toolchain, s S, values ...E) S {
+	if t == toolchainStage3 {
+		return slices.Concat(s, values)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// lastIndexFunc is like [strings.LastIndexFunc] but for [slices].
+func lastIndexFunc[S ~[]E, E any](s S, f func(E) bool) (i int) {
+	if i = slices.IndexFunc(s, f); i < 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if i0 := lastIndexFunc[S](s[i+1:], f); i0 >= 0 {
+		i = i0
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// fixupEnviron fixes up PATH, prepends extras and returns the resulting slice.
+func fixupEnviron(env, extras []string, paths ...string) []string {
+	const pathPrefix = "PATH="
+	pathVal := strings.Join(paths, ":")
+
+	if i := lastIndexFunc(env, func(s string) bool {
+		return strings.HasPrefix(s, pathPrefix)
+	}); i < 0 {
+		env = append(env, pathPrefix+pathVal)
+	} else {
+		if len(env[i]) == len(pathPrefix) {
+			env[i] = pathPrefix + pathVal
+		} else {
+			env[i] += ":" + pathVal
+		}
+	}
+
+	return append(extras, env...)
+}
+
+// absCureScript is the absolute pathname [Toolchain.New] places the fixed-up
+// build script under.
+var absCureScript = fhs.AbsUsrBin.Append(".cure-script")
+
+const (
+	// TExclusive denotes an exclusive [pkg.Artifact].
+	TExclusive = 1 << iota
+	// TEarly hints for an early variant of [Toybox] to be used when available.
+	TEarly
+)
+
+// New returns a [pkg.Artifact] compiled on this toolchain.
+func (t Toolchain) New(
+	name string,
+	flag int,
+	extra []pkg.Artifact,
+	checksum *pkg.Checksum,
+	env []string,
+	script string,
+
+	paths ...pkg.ExecPath,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	const lcMessages = "LC_MESSAGES=C.UTF-8"
+
+	var (
+		path    = AbsSystem.Append("bin", "sh")
+		args    = []string{"sh", absCureScript.String()}
+		support []pkg.Artifact
+	)
+	switch t {
+	case toolchainBusybox:
+		name += "-early"
+		support = slices.Concat([]pkg.Artifact{newBusyboxBin()}, extra)
+		path = AbsSystem.Append("bin", "busybox")
+		args[0] = "hush"
+		env = fixupEnviron(env, nil, "/system/bin")
+
+	case toolchainStage3:
+		name += "-boot"
+		var version, checksum string
+		switch runtime.GOARCH {
+		case "amd64":
+			version = "20260111T160052Z"
+			checksum = "c5_FwMnRN8RZpTdBLGYkL4RR8ampdaZN2JbkgrFLe8-QHQAVQy08APVvIL6eT7KW"
+		case "arm64":
+			version = "20260125T234618Z"
+			checksum = "79uRbRI44PyknQQ9RlFUQrwqplup7vImiIk6klefL8TN-fT42TXMS_v4XszwexCb"
+
+		default:
+			panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+		}
+		path = fhs.AbsRoot.Append("bin", "bash")
+		args[0] = "bash"
+		support = slices.Concat([]pkg.Artifact{
+			cureEtc{},
+			toolchainBusybox.New("stage3-"+version, 0, nil, nil, nil, `
+tar -C /work -xf /usr/src/stage3.tar.xz
+rm -rf /work/dev/ /work/proc/
+ln -vs ../usr/bin /work/bin
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("stage3.tar.xz"), false,
+				pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+					nil, "https://distfiles.gentoo.org/releases/"+
+						runtime.GOARCH+"/autobuilds/"+version+
+						"/stage3-"+runtime.GOARCH+"-musl-llvm-"+version+".tar.xz",
+					mustDecode(checksum),
+				),
+			)),
+		}, extra)
+		env = fixupEnviron(env, []string{
+			EnvTriplet + "=" + triplet(),
+			lcMessages,
+			"LDFLAGS=" + earlyLDFLAGS(true),
+		}, "/system/bin",
+			"/usr/bin",
+			"/usr/lib/llvm/21/bin",
+		)
+
+	case toolchainIntermediate, Std:
+		if t < Std {
+			name += "-std"
+		}
+
+		boot := t - 1
+		musl, compilerRT, runtimes, clang := boot.NewLLVM()
+		toybox := Toybox
+		if flag&TEarly != 0 {
+			toybox = toyboxEarly
+		}
+		support = slices.Concat(extra, []pkg.Artifact{
+			cureEtc{newIANAEtc()},
+			musl,
+			compilerRT,
+			runtimes,
+			clang,
+			boot.Load(Mksh),
+			boot.Load(toybox),
+		})
+		env = fixupEnviron(env, []string{
+			EnvTriplet + "=" + triplet(),
+			lcMessages,
+
+			"AR=ar",
+			"RANLIB=ranlib",
+			"LIBCC=/system/lib/clang/21/lib/" + triplet() +
+				"/libclang_rt.builtins.a",
+		}, "/system/bin", "/bin")
+
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported toolchain " + strconv.Itoa(int(t)))
+	}
+
+	return pkg.NewExec(
+		name, checksum, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, flag&TExclusive != 0,
+		fhs.AbsRoot, env,
+		path, args,
+
+		slices.Concat([]pkg.ExecPath{pkg.Path(
+			fhs.AbsRoot, true,
+			support...,
+		), pkg.Path(
+			absCureScript, false,
+			pkg.NewFile(".cure-script", []byte("set -e\n"+script)),
+		)}, paths)...,
+	)
+}
+
+// NewPatchedSource returns [pkg.Artifact] of source with patches applied. If
+// passthrough is true, source is returned as is for zero length patches.
+func (t Toolchain) NewPatchedSource(
+	name, version string,
+	source pkg.Artifact,
+	passthrough bool,
+	patches ...[2]string,
+) pkg.Artifact {
+	if passthrough && len(patches) == 0 {
+		return source
+	}
+
+	paths := make([]pkg.ExecPath, len(patches)+1)
+	for i, p := range patches {
+		paths[i+1] = pkg.Path(
+			AbsUsrSrc.Append(name+"-patches", p[0]+".patch"), false,
+			pkg.NewFile(p[0]+".patch", []byte(p[1])),
+		)
+	}
+	paths[0] = pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append(name), false, source)
+
+	aname := name + "-" + version + "-src"
+	script := `
+cp -r /usr/src/` + name + `/. /work/.
+chmod -R +w /work && cd /work
+`
+	if len(paths) > 1 {
+		script += `
+cat /usr/src/` + name + `-patches/* | \
+	patch \
+	-p 1 \
+	--ignore-whitespace
+`
+		aname += "-patched"
+	}
+	return t.New(aname, 0, stage3Concat(t, []pkg.Artifact{},
+		t.Load(Patch),
+	), nil, nil, script, paths...)
+}

internal/rosa/rsync.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newRsync() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.4.1"
+		checksum = "VBlTsBWd9z3r2-ex7GkWeWxkUc5OrlgDzikAC0pK7ufTjAJ0MbmC_N04oSVTGPiv"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("rsync", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://download.samba.org/pub/rsync/src/"+
+			"rsync-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"disable-openssl"},
+			{"disable-xxhash"},
+			{"disable-zstd"},
+			{"disable-lz4"},
+		},
+
+		// circular dependency
+		SkipCheck: true,
+
+		Flag: TEarly,
+	},
+		t.Load(Gawk),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Rsync] = Toolchain.newRsync }

internal/rosa/ssl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newNSS() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "3_120"
+		checksum = "9M0SNMrj9BJp6RH2rQnMm6bZWtP0Kgj64D5JNPHF7Cxr2_8kfy3msubIcvEPwC35"
+
+		version0  = "4_38_2"
+		checksum0 = "25x2uJeQnOHIiq_zj17b4sYqKgeoU8-IsySUptoPcdHZ52PohFZfGuIisBreWzx0"
+	)
+	return t.New("nss-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Make),
+		t.Load(Perl),
+		t.Load(Python),
+
+		t.Load(Zlib),
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+unzip /usr/src/nspr.zip -d /usr/src
+mv '/usr/src/nspr-NSPR_`+version0+`_RTM' /usr/src/nspr
+
+chmod -R +w /usr/src/nss
+cd /usr/src/nss
+
+make \
+	"-j$(nproc)" \
+	CCC="clang++" \
+	NSDISTMODE=copy \
+	BUILD_OPT=1 \
+	USE_64=1 \
+	nss_build_all
+mkdir -p /work/system/nss
+cp -r \
+	/usr/src/dist/. \
+	lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt \
+	/work/system/nss
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("nss"), true, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/nss-dev/nss/archive/refs/tags/"+
+			"NSS_"+version+"_RTM.tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)), pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("nspr.zip"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+		nil, "https://hg-edge.mozilla.org/projects/nspr/archive/"+
+			"NSPR_"+version0+"_RTM.zip",
+		mustDecode(checksum0),
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[NSS] = Toolchain.newNSS }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newBuildCATrust() pkg.Artifact {
+	const version = "0.4.0"
+	return t.newViaPip("buildcatrust", version, "none", "any",
+		"k_FGzkRCLjbTWBkuBLzQJ1S8FPAz19neJZlMHm0t10F2Y0hElmvVwdSBRc03Rjo1",
+		"https://github.com/nix-community/buildcatrust/"+
+			"releases/download/v"+version+"/")
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[buildcatrust] = Toolchain.newBuildCATrust }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newNSSCACert() pkg.Artifact {
+	return t.New("nss-cacert", 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+
+		t.Load(NSS),
+		t.Load(buildcatrust),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+mkdir -p /work/etc/ssl/{certs/unbundled,certs/hashed,trust-source}
+buildcatrust \
+	--certdata_input /system/nss/certdata.txt \
+	--ca_bundle_output /work/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt \
+	--ca_standard_bundle_output /work/etc/ssl/certs/ca-no-trust-rules-bundle.crt \
+	--ca_unpacked_output /work/etc/ssl/certs/unbundled \
+	--ca_hashed_unpacked_output /work/etc/ssl/certs/hashed \
+	--p11kit_output /work/etc/ssl/trust-source/ca-bundle.trust.p11-kit
+`)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[NSSCACert] = Toolchain.newNSSCACert }

internal/rosa/toybox.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newToybox(suffix, script string) pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.8.13"
+		checksum = "rZ1V1ATDte2WeQZanxLVoiRGdfPXhMlEo5-exX-e-ml8cGn9qOv0ABEUVZpX3wTI"
+	)
+	return t.New("toybox-"+version+suffix, TEarly, stage3Concat(t, []pkg.Artifact{},
+		t.Load(Make),
+		t.Load(Bash),
+		t.Load(Gzip),
+
+		t.Load(KernelHeaders),
+	), nil, stage3Concat(t, []string{},
+		"ROSA_CHECK=make USER=cure tests",
+	), `
+ln -s ../system/bin/bash /bin/ || true
+cd /usr/src/toybox
+chmod +w kconfig tests
+rm \
+	tests/du.test \
+	tests/sed.test \
+	tests/tar.test \
+	tests/ls.test \
+	tests/taskset.test
+
+make defconfig
+sed -i \
+	's/^CONFIG_TOYBOX_ZHELP=y$/CONFIG_TOYBOX_ZHELP=0/' \
+	.config
+`+script+`
+make \
+	"-j$(nproc)" \
+	LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS} -static"
+${ROSA_CHECK}
+PREFIX=/work/system/bin make install_flat
+
+mkdir -p /work/usr/bin
+ln -s ../../system/bin/env /work/usr/bin
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("toybox"), true, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil,
+		"https://landley.net/toybox/downloads/toybox-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)))
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsF[Toybox] = func(t Toolchain) pkg.Artifact {
+		return t.newToybox("", "")
+	}
+
+	artifactsF[toyboxEarly] = func(t Toolchain) pkg.Artifact {
+		return t.newToybox("-early", `
+echo '
+CONFIG_EXPR=y
+CONFIG_TR=y
+CONFIG_AWK=y
+CONFIG_DIFF=y
+' >> .config
+`)
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/wayland.go

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newWayland() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.24.0"
+		checksum = "JxgLiFRRGw2D3uhVw8ZeDbs3V7K_d4z_ypDog2LBqiA_5y2vVbUAk5NT6D5ozm0m"
+	)
+	return t.New("wayland-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(Meson),
+		t.Load(PkgConfig),
+		t.Load(CMake),
+		t.Load(Ninja),
+		t.Load(Gawk),
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+
+		t.Load(Libffi),
+		t.Load(Libexpat),
+		t.Load(Libxml2),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd /usr/src/wayland
+chmod +w tests tests/sanity-test.c
+echo 'int main(){}' > tests/sanity-test.c
+
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+meson setup \
+	--reconfigure \
+	--buildtype=release \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--prefer-static \
+	-Ddocumentation=false \
+	-Dtests=true \
+	-Ddefault_library=both \
+	. /usr/src/wayland
+meson compile
+meson test
+meson install \
+	--destdir=/work
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("wayland"), true, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland/"+
+			"-/archive/"+version+"/wayland-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Wayland] = Toolchain.newWayland }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newWaylandProtocols() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.47"
+		checksum = "B_NodZ7AQfCstcx7kgbaVjpkYOzbAQq0a4NOk-SA8bQixAE20FY3p1-6gsbPgHn9"
+	)
+	return t.New("wayland-protocols-"+version, 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(Meson),
+		t.Load(PkgConfig),
+		t.Load(CMake),
+		t.Load(Ninja),
+
+		t.Load(Wayland),
+		t.Load(Libffi),
+		t.Load(Libexpat),
+		t.Load(Libxml2),
+	}, nil, nil, `
+cd "$(mktemp -d)"
+meson setup \
+	--reconfigure \
+	--buildtype=release \
+	--prefix=/system \
+	--prefer-static \
+	. /usr/src/wayland-protocols
+meson compile
+meson install \
+	--destdir=/work
+`, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("wayland-protocols"), false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland-protocols/"+
+			"-/archive/"+version+"/wayland-protocols-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	)))
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[WaylandProtocols] = Toolchain.newWaylandProtocols }

internal/rosa/x.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newXproto() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "7.0.23"
+		checksum = "goxwWxV0jZ_3pNczXFltZWHAhq92x-aEreUGyp5Ns8dBOoOmgbpeNIu1nv0Zx07z"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("xproto", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/src/proto/"+
+			"xproto-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		// buggy configure script
+		Build: `""`,
+	},
+		t.Load(PkgConfig),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Xproto] = Toolchain.newXproto }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibXau() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.0.7"
+		checksum = "bm768RoZZnHRe9VjNU1Dw3BhfE60DyS9D_bgSR-JLkEEyUWT_Hb_lQripxrXto8j"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("libXau", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/src/lib/"+
+			"libXau-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+
+		// buggy configure script
+		Build: `""`,
+	},
+		t.Load(PkgConfig),
+
+		t.Load(Xproto),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[LibXau] = Toolchain.newLibXau }

internal/rosa/xcb.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newXCBProto() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.17.0"
+		checksum = "_NtbKaJ_iyT7XiJz25mXQ7y-niTzE8sHPvLXZPcqtNoV_-vTzqkezJ8Hp2U1enCv"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("xcb-proto", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://xcb.freedesktop.org/dist/xcb-proto-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(Python),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[XCBProto] = Toolchain.newXCBProto }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newXCB() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.17.0"
+		checksum = "hjjsc79LpWM_hZjNWbDDS6qRQUXREjjekS6UbUsDq-RR1_AjgNDxhRvZf-1_kzDd"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("xcb", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://xcb.freedesktop.org/dist/libxcb-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		Configure: [][2]string{
+			{"enable-static"},
+		},
+	},
+		t.Load(Python),
+		t.Load(PkgConfig),
+
+		t.Load(XCBProto),
+		t.Load(Xproto),
+		t.Load(LibXau),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[XCB] = Toolchain.newXCB }

internal/rosa/xz.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newXZ() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "5.8.2"
+		checksum = "rXT-XCp9R2q6cXqJ5qenp0cmGPfiENQiU3BWtUVeVgArfRmSsISeUJgvCR3zI0a0"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("xz", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://github.com/tukaani-project/xz/releases/download/"+
+			"v"+version+"/xz-"+version+".tar.bz2",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarBzip2,
+	), nil,
+		t.Load(Diffutils),
+	)
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[XZ] = Toolchain.newXZ }

internal/rosa/zlib.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newZlib() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.3.1"
+		checksum = "E-eIpNzE8oJ5DsqH4UuA_0GDKuQF5csqI8ooDx2w7Vx-woJ2mb-YtSbEyIMN44mH"
+	)
+	return t.NewViaMake("zlib", version, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		nil, "https://zlib.net/zlib-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		mustDecode(checksum),
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), &MakeAttr{
+		OmitDefaults: true,
+		Env: []string{
+			"CC=clang -fPIC",
+		},
+		Build: `""`,
+	})
+}
+func init() { artifactsF[Zlib] = Toolchain.newZlib }

internal/system/pipewire_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"hakurei.app/container/stub"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/acl"
@@ -497,6 +498,12 @@ type stubPipeWireConn struct {
 	curSendmsg int
 }
 
+func (conn *stubPipeWireConn) MightBlock(timeout time.Duration) {
+	if timeout != 5*time.Second {
+		panic("unexpected timeout " + timeout.String())
+	}
+}
+
 // Recvmsg marshals and copies a stubMessage prepared ahead of time.
 func (conn *stubPipeWireConn) Recvmsg(p, _ []byte, _ int) (n, _, recvflags int, err error) {
 	defer func() { conn.curRecvmsg++ }()

ldd/ldd_test.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ libzstd.so.1 = /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
 
 		{"path not absolute", `
 libzstd.so.1 => usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)
-`, &check.AbsoluteError{Pathname: "usr/lib/libzstd.so.1"}},
+`, check.AbsoluteError("usr/lib/libzstd.so.1")},
 
 		{"unexpected segments", `
 meow libzstd.so.1 => /usr/lib/libzstd.so.1 (0x7ff71bfd2000)

nixos.nix

@@ -24,11 +24,38 @@ let
   getsubuid = userid: appid: userid * 100000 + 10000 + appid;
   getsubname = userid: appid: "u${toString userid}_a${toString appid}";
   getsubhome = userid: appid: "${cfg.stateDir}/u${toString userid}/a${toString appid}";
+
+  mountpoints = {
+    ${cfg.sharefs.name} = mkIf (cfg.sharefs.source != null) {
+      depends = [ cfg.sharefs.source ];
+      device = "sharefs";
+      fsType = "fuse.sharefs";
+      noCheck = true;
+      options = [
+        "rw"
+        "noexec"
+        "nosuid"
+        "nodev"
+        "noatime"
+        "allow_other"
+        "mkdir"
+        "source=${cfg.sharefs.source}"
+        "setuid=${toString config.users.users.${cfg.sharefs.user}.uid}"
+        "setgid=${toString config.users.groups.${cfg.sharefs.group}.gid}"
+      ];
+    };
+  };
 in
 
 {
   imports = [ (import ./options.nix packages) ];
 
+  options = {
+    # Forward declare a dummy option for VM filesystems since the real one won't exist
+    # unless the VM module is actually imported.
+    virtualisation.fileSystems = lib.mkOption { };
+  };
+
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     assertions = [
       (
@@ -66,6 +93,10 @@ in
       ) "" cfg.users;
     };
 
+    environment.systemPackages = optional (cfg.sharefs.source != null) cfg.sharefs.package;
+    fileSystems = mountpoints;
+    virtualisation.fileSystems = mountpoints;
+
     home-manager =
       let
         privPackages = mapAttrs (_: userid: {
@@ -322,25 +353,57 @@ in
       in
       {
         users = mkMerge (
-          foldlAttrs (
-            acc: _: fid:
-            acc
-            ++ foldlAttrs (
-              acc': _: app:
-              acc' ++ [ { ${getsubname fid app.identity} = getuser fid app.identity; } ]
-            ) [ { ${getsubname fid 0} = getuser fid 0; } ] cfg.apps
-          ) [ ] cfg.users
+          foldlAttrs
+            (
+              acc: _: fid:
+              acc
+              ++ foldlAttrs (
+                acc': _: app:
+                acc' ++ [ { ${getsubname fid app.identity} = getuser fid app.identity; } ]
+              ) [ { ${getsubname fid 0} = getuser fid 0; } ] cfg.apps
+            )
+            (
+              if (cfg.sharefs.source != null) then
+                [
+                  {
+                    ${cfg.sharefs.user} = {
+                      uid = lib.mkDefault 1023;
+                      inherit (cfg.sharefs) group;
+                      isSystemUser = true;
+                      home = cfg.sharefs.source;
+                    };
+
+                  }
+                ]
+              else
+                [ ]
+            )
+            cfg.users
         );
 
         groups = mkMerge (
-          foldlAttrs (
-            acc: _: fid:
-            acc
-            ++ foldlAttrs (
-              acc': _: app:
-              acc' ++ [ { ${getsubname fid app.identity} = getgroup fid app.identity; } ]
-            ) [ { ${getsubname fid 0} = getgroup fid 0; } ] cfg.apps
-          ) [ ] cfg.users
+          foldlAttrs
+            (
+              acc: _: fid:
+              acc
+              ++ foldlAttrs (
+                acc': _: app:
+                acc' ++ [ { ${getsubname fid app.identity} = getgroup fid app.identity; } ]
+              ) [ { ${getsubname fid 0} = getgroup fid 0; } ] cfg.apps
+            )
+            (
+              if (cfg.sharefs.source != null) then
+                [
+                  {
+                    ${cfg.sharefs.group} = {
+                      gid = lib.mkDefault 1023;
+                    };
+                  }
+                ]
+              else
+                [ ]
+            )
+            cfg.users
         );
       };
   };

options.md

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ package
 
 
 *Default:*
-` <derivation hakurei-static-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-0.3.3> `
+` <derivation hakurei-static-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-0.3.4> `
 
 
 
@@ -805,7 +805,97 @@ package
 
 
 *Default:*
-` <derivation hakurei-hsu-0.3.3> `
+` <derivation hakurei-hsu-0.3.4> `
+
+
+
+## environment\.hakurei\.sharefs\.package
+
+
+
+The sharefs package to use\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+package
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` <derivation sharefs> `
+
+
+
+## environment\.hakurei\.sharefs\.group
+
+
+
+Name of the group to run the sharefs daemon as\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` "sharefs" `
+
+
+
+## environment\.hakurei\.sharefs\.name
+
+
+
+Host path to mount sharefs on\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` "/sdcard" `
+
+
+
+## environment\.hakurei\.sharefs\.source
+
+
+
+Writable backing directory\. Setting this to null disables sharefs\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+null or string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` null `
+
+
+
+## environment\.hakurei\.sharefs\.user
+
+
+
+Name of the user to run the sharefs daemon as\.
+
+
+
+*Type:*
+string
+
+
+
+*Default:*
+` "sharefs" `
 
 
 

options.nix

@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
 packages:
-{ lib, pkgs, ... }:
+{
+  lib,
+  pkgs,
+  config,
+  ...
+}:
 
 let
   inherit (lib) types mkOption mkEnableOption;
+
+  cfg = config.environment.hakurei;
 in
 
 {
@@ -40,6 +47,49 @@ in
         '';
       };
 
+      sharefs = {
+        package = mkOption {
+          type = types.package;
+          default = pkgs.linkFarm "sharefs" {
+            "bin/sharefs" = "${cfg.package}/libexec/sharefs";
+            "bin/mount.fuse.sharefs" = "${cfg.package}/libexec/sharefs";
+          };
+          description = "The sharefs package to use.";
+        };
+
+        user = mkOption {
+          type = types.str;
+          default = "sharefs";
+          description = ''
+            Name of the user to run the sharefs daemon as.
+          '';
+        };
+
+        group = mkOption {
+          type = types.str;
+          default = "sharefs";
+          description = ''
+            Name of the group to run the sharefs daemon as.
+          '';
+        };
+
+        name = mkOption {
+          type = types.str;
+          default = "/sdcard";
+          description = ''
+            Host path to mount sharefs on.
+          '';
+        };
+
+        source = mkOption {
+          type = types.nullOr types.str;
+          default = null;
+          description = ''
+            Writable backing directory. Setting this to null disables sharefs.
+          '';
+        };
+      };
+
       apps = mkOption {
         type =
           let

package.nix

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
   wayland-scanner,
   xorg,
 
+  # for sharefs
+  fuse3,
+
   # for hpkg
   zstd,
   gnutar,
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@
 
 buildGoModule rec {
   pname = "hakurei";
-  version = "0.3.3";
+  version = "0.3.4";
 
   srcFiltered = builtins.path {
     name = "${pname}-src";
@@ -86,12 +89,13 @@ buildGoModule rec {
     CC = "clang -O3 -Werror";
 
     # nix build environment does not allow acls
-    GO_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;
+    HAKUREI_TEST_SKIP_ACL = 1;
   };
 
   buildInputs = [
     libffi
     libseccomp
+    fuse3
     acl
     wayland
   ]

test/interactive/hakurei.nix

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 { pkgs, ... }:
 {
-  environment.hakurei = {
+  environment.hakurei = rec {
     enable = true;
     stateDir = "/var/lib/hakurei";
+    sharefs.source = "${stateDir}/sdcard";
     users.alice = 0;
     apps = {
       "cat.gensokyo.extern.foot.noEnablements" = {