internal/rosa/jdk: incomplete gnu classpath 0.93 artifact

This has many dependencies.

Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>

.gitignore

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 
 # go generate
 /cmd/hakurei/LICENSE
-/internal/pkg/testdata/testtool
+/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/static
+/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/testtool
 /internal/rosa/hakurei_current.tar.gz
 
 # cmd/dist default destination

all.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 #!/bin/sh -e
 
-TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(go version)"
-cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/"
-echo "# Building cmd/dist using ${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}."
-go run -v --tags=dist ./cmd/dist
+HAKUREI_DIST_MAKE='' exec "$(dirname -- "$0")/cmd/dist/dist.sh"

check/overlay.go

@@ -4,15 +4,23 @@ import "strings"
 
 const (
 	// SpecialOverlayEscape is the escape string for overlay mount options.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayEscape = `\`
 	// SpecialOverlayOption is the separator string between overlay mount options.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayOption = ","
 	// SpecialOverlayPath is the separator string between overlay paths.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayPath = ":"
 )
 
 // EscapeOverlayDataSegment escapes a string for formatting into the data
 // argument of an overlay mount system call.
+//
+// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 func EscapeOverlayDataSegment(s string) string {
 	if s == "" {
 		return ""

cmd/dist/dist.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/sh -e
+
+TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(go version)"
+cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/../.."
+echo "Building cmd/dist using ${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}."
+FLAGS=''
+if test -n "$VERBOSE"; then
+    FLAGS="$FLAGS -v"
+fi
+go run $FLAGS --tags=dist ./cmd/dist

cmd/dist/main.go

@@ -42,14 +42,19 @@ func mustRun(ctx context.Context, name string, arg ...string) {
 var comp []byte
 
 func main() {
-	fmt.Println()
 	log.SetFlags(0)
-	log.SetPrefix("# ")
+	log.SetPrefix("")
 
+	verbose := os.Getenv("VERBOSE") != ""
+	runTests := os.Getenv("HAKUREI_DIST_MAKE") == ""
 	version := getenv("HAKUREI_VERSION", "untagged")
 	prefix := getenv("PREFIX", "/usr")
 	destdir := getenv("DESTDIR", "dist")
 
+	if verbose {
+		log.Println()
+	}
+
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(destdir, 0755); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -76,12 +81,17 @@ func main() {
 	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	log.Println("Building hakurei.")
+	verboseFlag := "-v"
+	if !verbose {
+		verboseFlag = "-buildvcs=false"
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("Building hakurei for %s/%s.", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
 	mustRun(ctx, "go", "generate", "./...")
 	mustRun(
 		ctx, "go", "build",
 		"-trimpath",
-		"-v", "-o", s,
+		verboseFlag, "-o", s,
 		"-ldflags=-s -w "+
 			"-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static "+
 			"-X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion="+version+" "+
@@ -90,17 +100,19 @@ func main() {
 			"-X main.hakureiPath="+prefix+"/bin/hakurei",
 		"./...",
 	)
-	fmt.Println()
+	log.Println()
 
-	log.Println("Testing Hakurei.")
-	mustRun(
-		ctx, "go", "test",
-		"-ldflags=-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static",
-		"./...",
-	)
-	fmt.Println()
+	if runTests {
+		log.Println("##### Testing Hakurei.")
+		mustRun(
+			ctx, "go", "test",
+			"-ldflags=-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static",
+			"./...",
+		)
+		log.Println()
+	}
 
-	log.Println("Creating distribution.")
+	log.Println("##### Creating distribution.")
 	const suffix = ".tar.gz"
 	distName := "hakurei-" + version + "-" + runtime.GOARCH
 	var f *os.File
@@ -121,7 +133,7 @@ func main() {
 	}()
 
 	h := sha512.New()
-	gw := gzip.NewWriter(io.MultiWriter(f, h))
+	gw, _ := gzip.NewWriterLevel(io.MultiWriter(f, h), gzip.BestCompression)
 	tw := tar.NewWriter(gw)
 
 	mustWriteHeader := func(name string, size int64, mode os.FileMode) {

cmd/mbf/cache.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )
@@ -19,8 +20,15 @@ type cache struct {
 	// Should generally not be used directly.
 	c *pkg.Cache
 
-	cures, jobs        int
-	hostAbstract, idle bool
+	cures, jobs int
+	// Primarily to work around missing landlock LSM.
+	hostAbstract bool
+	// Set SCHED_IDLE.
+	idle bool
+	// Unset [pkg.CSuppressInit].
+	verboseInit bool
+	// Loaded artifact of [rosa.QEMU].
+	qemu pkg.Artifact
 
 	base string
 }
@@ -45,6 +53,9 @@ func (cache *cache) open() (err error) {
 	if cache.hostAbstract {
 		flags |= pkg.CHostAbstract
 	}
+	if !cache.verboseInit {
+		flags |= pkg.CSuppressInit
+	}
 
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	defer close(done)
@@ -70,6 +81,39 @@ func (cache *cache) open() (err error) {
 		cache.jobs,
 		base,
 	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	done <- struct{}{}
+
+	if cache.qemu != nil {
+		var pathname *check.Absolute
+		pathname, _, err = cache.c.Cure(cache.qemu)
+		if err != nil {
+			cache.c.Close()
+			return
+		}
+
+		pkg.RegisterArch("riscv64", container.BinfmtEntry{
+			Offset: 0,
+			Magic:  "\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xf3\x00",
+			Mask:   "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
+			Interpreter: pathname.Append(
+				"system/bin",
+				"qemu-riscv64",
+			),
+		})
+		pkg.RegisterArch("arm64", container.BinfmtEntry{
+			Offset: 0,
+			Magic:  "\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xb7\x00",
+			Mask:   "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
+			Interpreter: pathname.Append(
+				"system/bin",
+				"qemu-aarch64",
+			),
+		})
+	}
+
 	return
 }
 

cmd/mbf/info.go

@@ -17,25 +17,12 @@ func commandInfo(
 	args []string,
 	w io.Writer,
 	writeStatus bool,
-	reportPath string,
+	r *rosa.Report,
 ) (err error) {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("info requires at least 1 argument")
 	}
 
-	var r *rosa.Report
-	if reportPath != "" {
-		if r, err = rosa.OpenReport(reportPath); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer func() {
-			if closeErr := r.Close(); err == nil {
-				err = closeErr
-			}
-		}()
-		defer r.HandleAccess(&err)()
-	}
-
 	// recovered by HandleAccess
 	mustPrintln := func(a ...any) {
 		if _, _err := fmt.Fprintln(w, a...); _err != nil {

cmd/mbf/info_test.go

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ status      : not in report
 			var (
 				cm  *cache
 				buf strings.Builder
-				rp  string
+				r   *rosa.Report
 			)
 
 			if tc.status != nil || tc.report != "" {
@@ -108,14 +108,25 @@ status      : not in report
 			}
 
 			if tc.report != "" {
-				rp = filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "report")
-				if err := os.WriteFile(
-					rp,
+				pathname := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "report")
+				err := os.WriteFile(
+					pathname,
 					unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(tc.report), len(tc.report)),
 					0400,
-				); err != nil {
+				)
+				if err != nil {
 					t.Fatal(err)
 				}
+
+				r, err = rosa.OpenReport(pathname)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				defer func() {
+					if err = r.Close(); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
+					}
+				}()
 			}
 
 			if tc.status != nil {
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ status      : not in report
 				tc.args,
 				&buf,
 				cm != nil,
-				rp,
+				r,
 			); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("commandInfo: error = %v, want %v", err, wantErr)
 			}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api.go

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// Package pkgserver implements the package metadata service backend.
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+// for lazy initialisation of serveInfo
+var (
+	infoPayload struct {
+		// Current package count.
+		Count int `json:"count"`
+		// Hakurei version, set at link time.
+		HakureiVersion string `json:"hakurei_version"`
+	}
+	infoPayloadOnce sync.Once
+)
+
+// handleInfo writes constant system information.
+func handleInfo(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+	infoPayloadOnce.Do(func() {
+		infoPayload.Count = int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart)
+		infoPayload.HakureiVersion = info.Version()
+	})
+	// TODO(mae): cache entire response if no additional fields are planned
+	writeAPIPayload(w, infoPayload)
+}
+
+// newStatusHandler returns a [http.HandlerFunc] that offers status files for
+// viewing or download, if available.
+func (index *packageIndex) newStatusHandler(disposition bool) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		m, ok := index.names[path.Base(r.URL.Path)]
+		if !ok || !m.HasReport {
+			http.NotFound(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+
+		contentType := "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+		if disposition {
+			contentType = "application/octet-stream"
+
+			// quoting like this is unsound, but okay, because metadata is hardcoded
+			contentDisposition := `attachment; filename="`
+			contentDisposition += m.Name + "-"
+			if m.Version != "" {
+				contentDisposition += m.Version + "-"
+			}
+			contentDisposition += m.ids + `.log"`
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", contentDisposition)
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", contentType)
+		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+		if err := func() (err error) {
+			defer index.handleAccess(&err)()
+			_, err = w.Write(m.status)
+			return
+		}(); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+			http.Error(
+				w, "cannot deliver status, contact maintainers",
+				http.StatusInternalServerError,
+			)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleGet writes a slice of metadata with specified order.
+func (index *packageIndex) handleGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	limit, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("limit"))
+	if err != nil || limit > 100 || limit < 1 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "limit must be an integer between 1 and 100",
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	i, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("index"))
+	if err != nil || i >= len(index.sorts[0]) || i < 0 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "index must be an integer between 0 and "+
+				strconv.Itoa(int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1)),
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	sort, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("sort"))
+	if err != nil || sort >= len(index.sorts) || sort < 0 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "sort must be an integer between 0 and "+
+				strconv.Itoa(sortOrderEnd),
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	values := index.sorts[sort][i:min(i+limit, len(index.sorts[sort]))]
+	writeAPIPayload(w, &struct {
+		Values []*metadata `json:"values"`
+	}{values})
+}
+
+func (index *packageIndex) handleSearch(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	limit, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("limit"))
+	if err != nil || limit > 100 || limit < 1 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "limit must be an integer between 1 and 100",
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	i, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("index"))
+	if err != nil || i >= len(index.sorts[0]) || i < 0 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "index must be an integer between 0 and "+
+				strconv.Itoa(int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1)),
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	search, err := url.QueryUnescape(q.Get("search"))
+	if len(search) > 100 || err != nil {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "search must be a string between 0 and 100 characters long",
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	desc := q.Get("desc") == "true"
+	n, res, err := index.performSearchQuery(limit, i, search, desc)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	}
+	writeAPIPayload(w, &struct {
+		Count  int            `json:"count"`
+		Values []searchResult `json:"values"`
+	}{n, res})
+}
+
+// apiVersion is the name of the current API revision, as part of the pattern.
+const apiVersion = "v1"
+
+// registerAPI registers API handler functions.
+func (index *packageIndex) registerAPI(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/info", handleInfo)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/get", index.handleGet)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/search", index.handleSearch)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/status/", index.newStatusHandler(false))
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /status/", index.newStatusHandler(true))
+}
+
+// Register arranges for mux to service API requests.
+func Register(ctx context.Context, mux *http.ServeMux, report *rosa.Report) error {
+	var index packageIndex
+	index.search = make(searchCache)
+	if err := index.populate(report); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Minute)
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				ticker.Stop()
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				index.search.clean()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	index.registerAPI(mux)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeAPIPayload sets headers common to API responses and encodes payload as
+// JSON for the response body.
+func writeAPIPayload(w http.ResponseWriter, payload any) {
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
+	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+	w.Header().Set("Pragma", "no-cache")
+	w.Header().Set("Expires", "0")
+
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(payload); err != nil {
+		log.Println(err)
+		http.Error(
+			w, "cannot encode payload, contact maintainers",
+			http.StatusInternalServerError,
+		)
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+// prefix is prepended to every API path.
+const prefix = "/api/" + apiVersion + "/"
+
+func TestAPIInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	handleInfo(w, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(),
+		http.MethodGet,
+		prefix+"info",
+		nil,
+	))
+
+	resp := w.Result()
+	checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+	checkAPIHeader(t, w.Header())
+
+	checkPayload(t, resp, struct {
+		Count          int    `json:"count"`
+		HakureiVersion string `json:"hakurei_version"`
+	}{int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart), info.Version()})
+}
+
+func TestAPIGet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	const target = prefix + "get"
+
+	index := newIndex(t)
+	newRequest := func(suffix string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		index.handleGet(w, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(),
+			http.MethodGet,
+			target+suffix,
+			nil,
+		))
+		return w
+	}
+
+	checkValidate := func(t *testing.T, suffix string, vmin, vmax int, wantErr string) {
+		t.Run("invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest("?" + suffix + "=invalid")
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkError(t, resp, wantErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("min", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmin-1))
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkError(t, resp, wantErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			w = newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmin))
+			resp = w.Result()
+			checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("max", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmax+1))
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkError(t, resp, wantErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			w = newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmax))
+			resp = w.Result()
+			checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("limit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		checkValidate(
+			t, "index=0&sort=0&limit", 1, 100,
+			"limit must be an integer between 1 and 100",
+		)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		checkValidate(
+			t, "limit=1&sort=0&index", 0, int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1),
+			"index must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1)),
+		)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("sort", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		checkValidate(
+			t, "index=0&limit=1&sort", 0, int(sortOrderEnd),
+			"sort must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(int(sortOrderEnd)),
+		)
+	})
+
+	checkWithSuffix := func(name, suffix string, want []*metadata) {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest(suffix)
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+			checkAPIHeader(t, w.Header())
+			checkPayloadFunc(t, resp, func(got *struct {
+				Values []*metadata `json:"values"`
+			}) bool {
+				return slices.EqualFunc(got.Values, want, func(a, b *metadata) bool {
+					return (a.Version == b.Version ||
+						a.Version == rosa.Unversioned ||
+						b.Version == rosa.Unversioned) &&
+						a.HasReport == b.HasReport &&
+						a.Name == b.Name &&
+						a.Description == b.Description &&
+						a.Website == b.Website
+				})
+			})
+
+		})
+	}
+
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationAscending", "?limit=2&index=1&sort=0", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(1),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(1),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(2),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(2),
+		},
+	})
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationAscending offset", "?limit=3&index=5&sort=0", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(5),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(5),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(6),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(6),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(7),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(7),
+		},
+	})
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationDescending", "?limit=3&index=0&sort=1", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 1),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 1),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 2),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 2),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 3),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 3),
+		},
+	})
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationDescending offset", "?limit=1&index=37&sort=1", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 38),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 38),
+		},
+	})
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"errors"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+const (
+	declarationAscending = iota
+	declarationDescending
+	nameAscending
+	nameDescending
+	sizeAscending
+	sizeDescending
+
+	sortOrderEnd = iota - 1
+)
+
+// packageIndex refers to metadata by name and various sort orders.
+type packageIndex struct {
+	sorts  [sortOrderEnd + 1][rosa.PresetUnexportedStart]*metadata
+	names  map[string]*metadata
+	search searchCache
+	// Taken from [rosa.Report] if available.
+	handleAccess func(*error) func()
+}
+
+// metadata holds [rosa.Metadata] extended with additional information.
+type metadata struct {
+	p rosa.PArtifact
+	*rosa.Metadata
+
+	// Populated via [rosa.Toolchain.Version], [rosa.Unversioned] is equivalent
+	// to the zero value. Otherwise, the zero value is invalid.
+	Version string `json:"version,omitempty"`
+	// Output data size, available if present in report.
+	Size int64 `json:"size,omitempty"`
+	// Whether the underlying [pkg.Artifact] is present in the report.
+	HasReport bool `json:"report"`
+
+	// Ident string encoded ahead of time.
+	ids string
+	// Backed by [rosa.Report], access must be prepared by HandleAccess.
+	status []byte
+}
+
+// populate deterministically populates packageIndex, optionally with a report.
+func (index *packageIndex) populate(report *rosa.Report) (err error) {
+	if report != nil {
+		defer report.HandleAccess(&err)()
+		index.handleAccess = report.HandleAccess
+	}
+
+	var work [rosa.PresetUnexportedStart]*metadata
+	index.names = make(map[string]*metadata)
+	ir := pkg.NewIR()
+	for p := range rosa.PresetUnexportedStart {
+		m := metadata{
+			p: p,
+
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(p),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(p),
+		}
+		if m.Version == "" {
+			return errors.New("invalid version from " + m.Name)
+		}
+		if m.Version == rosa.Unversioned {
+			m.Version = ""
+		}
+
+		if report != nil {
+			id := ir.Ident(rosa.Std.Load(p))
+			m.ids = pkg.Encode(id.Value())
+			m.status, m.Size = report.ArtifactOf(id)
+			m.HasReport = m.Size >= 0
+		}
+
+		work[p] = &m
+		index.names[m.Name] = &m
+	}
+
+	index.sorts[declarationAscending] = work
+	index.sorts[declarationDescending] = work
+	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[declarationDescending][:])
+
+	index.sorts[nameAscending] = work
+	slices.SortFunc(index.sorts[nameAscending][:], func(a, b *metadata) int {
+		return strings.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
+	})
+	index.sorts[nameDescending] = index.sorts[nameAscending]
+	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[nameDescending][:])
+
+	index.sorts[sizeAscending] = work
+	slices.SortFunc(index.sorts[sizeAscending][:], func(a, b *metadata) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.Size, b.Size)
+	})
+	index.sorts[sizeDescending] = index.sorts[sizeAscending]
+	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[sizeDescending][:])
+
+	return
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// newIndex returns the address of a newly populated packageIndex.
+func newIndex(t *testing.T) *packageIndex {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var index packageIndex
+	if err := index.populate(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("populate: error = %v", err)
+	}
+	return &index
+}
+
+// checkStatus checks response status code.
+func checkStatus(t *testing.T, resp *http.Response, want int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != want {
+		t.Errorf(
+			"StatusCode: %s, want %s",
+			http.StatusText(resp.StatusCode),
+			http.StatusText(want),
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkHeader checks the value of a header entry.
+func checkHeader(t *testing.T, h http.Header, key, want string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if got := h.Get(key); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("%s: %q, want %q", key, got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkAPIHeader checks common entries set for API endpoints.
+func checkAPIHeader(t *testing.T, h http.Header) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Pragma", "no-cache")
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Expires", "0")
+}
+
+// checkPayloadFunc checks the JSON response of an API endpoint by passing it to f.
+func checkPayloadFunc[T any](
+	t *testing.T,
+	resp *http.Response,
+	f func(got *T) bool,
+) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var got T
+	r := io.Reader(resp.Body)
+	if testing.Verbose() {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		r = io.TeeReader(r, &buf)
+		defer func() { t.Helper(); t.Log(buf.String()) }()
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Decode: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !f(&got) {
+		t.Errorf("Body: %#v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkPayload checks the JSON response of an API endpoint.
+func checkPayload[T any](t *testing.T, resp *http.Response, want T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	checkPayloadFunc(t, resp, func(got *T) bool {
+		return reflect.DeepEqual(got, &want)
+	})
+}
+
+func checkError(t *testing.T, resp *http.Response, error string, code int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	checkStatus(t, resp, code)
+	if got, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body); string(got) != fmt.Sprintln(error) {
+		t.Errorf("Body: %q, want %q", string(got), error)
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/search.go

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"maps"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type searchCache map[string]searchCacheEntry
+type searchResult struct {
+	NameIndices [][]int `json:"name_matches"`
+	DescIndices [][]int `json:"desc_matches,omitempty"`
+	Score       float64 `json:"score"`
+	*metadata
+}
+type searchCacheEntry struct {
+	query   string
+	results []searchResult
+	expiry  time.Time
+}
+
+func (index *packageIndex) performSearchQuery(limit int, i int, search string, desc bool) (int, []searchResult, error) {
+	query := search
+	if desc {
+		query += ";withDesc"
+	}
+	entry, ok := index.search[query]
+	if ok && len(entry.results) > 0 {
+		return len(entry.results), entry.results[min(i, len(entry.results)-1):min(i+limit, len(entry.results))], nil
+	}
+
+	regex, err := regexp.Compile(search)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, make([]searchResult, 0), err
+	}
+	res := make([]searchResult, 0)
+	for p := range maps.Values(index.names) {
+		nameIndices := regex.FindAllIndex([]byte(p.Name), -1)
+		var descIndices [][]int = nil
+		if desc {
+			descIndices = regex.FindAllIndex([]byte(p.Description), -1)
+		}
+		if nameIndices == nil && descIndices == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		score := float64(indexsum(nameIndices)) / (float64(len(nameIndices)) + 1)
+		if desc {
+			score += float64(indexsum(descIndices)) / (float64(len(descIndices)) + 1) / 10.0
+		}
+		res = append(res, searchResult{
+			NameIndices: nameIndices,
+			DescIndices: descIndices,
+			Score:       score,
+			metadata:    p,
+		})
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(res[:], func(a, b searchResult) int { return -cmp.Compare(a.Score, b.Score) })
+	expiry := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Minute)
+	entry = searchCacheEntry{
+		query:   search,
+		results: res,
+		expiry:  expiry,
+	}
+	index.search[query] = entry
+
+	return len(res), res[i:min(i+limit, len(entry.results))], nil
+}
+func (s *searchCache) clean() {
+	maps.DeleteFunc(*s, func(_ string, v searchCacheEntry) bool {
+		return v.expiry.Before(time.Now())
+	})
+}
+func indexsum(in [][]int) int {
+	sum := 0
+	for i := 0; i < len(in); i++ {
+		sum += in[i][1] - in[i][0]
+	}
+	return sum
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
+    <title>Hakurei PkgServer</title>
+    <script src="index.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Hakurei PkgServer</h1>
+<div class="top-controls" id="top-controls-regular">
+    <p>Showing entries <span id="entry-counter"></span>.</p>
+    <span id="search-bar">
+        <label for="search">Search: </label>
+        <input type="text" name="search" id="search"/>
+        <button onclick="doSearch()">Find</button>
+        <label for="include-desc">Include descriptions: </label>
+        <input type="checkbox" name="include-desc" id="include-desc" checked/>
+    </span>
+    <div><label for="count">Entries per page: </label><select name="count" id="count">
+        <option value="10">10</option>
+        <option value="20">20</option>
+        <option value="30">30</option>
+        <option value="50">50</option>
+    </select></div>
+    <div><label for="sort">Sort by: </label><select name="sort" id="sort">
+        <option value="0">Definition (ascending)</option>
+        <option value="1">Definition (descending)</option>
+        <option value="2">Name (ascending)</option>
+        <option value="3">Name (descending)</option>
+        <option value="4">Size (ascending)</option>
+        <option value="5">Size (descending)</option>
+    </select></div>
+</div>
+<div class="top-controls" id="search-top-controls" hidden>
+    <p>Showing search results <span id="search-entry-counter"></span> for query "<span id="search-query"></span>".</p>
+    <button onclick="exitSearch()">Back</button>
+    <div><label for="search-count">Entries per page: </label><select name="search-count" id="search-count">
+        <option value="10">10</option>
+        <option value="20">20</option>
+        <option value="30">30</option>
+        <option value="50">50</option>
+    </select></div>
+    <p>Sorted by best match</p>
+</div>
+<div class="page-controls"><a href="javascript:prevPage()">&laquo; Previous</a> <input type="text" class="page-number" value="1"/> <a href="javascript:nextPage()">Next &raquo;</a></div>
+<table id="pkg-list">
+    <tr><td>Loading...</td></tr>
+</table>
+<div class="page-controls"><a href="javascript:prevPage()">&laquo; Previous</a> <input type="text" class="page-number" value="1"/> <a href="javascript:nextPage()">Next &raquo;</a></div>
+<footer>
+    <p>&copy;<a href="https://hakurei.app/">Hakurei</a> (<span id="hakurei-version">unknown</span>). Licensed under the MIT license.</p>
+</footer>
+<script>main();</script>
+</body>
+</html>

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+interface PackageIndexEntry {
+    name: string
+    size?: number
+    description?: string
+    website?: string
+    version?: string
+    report?: boolean
+}
+
+function entryToHTML(entry: PackageIndexEntry | SearchResult): HTMLTableRowElement {
+    let v = entry.version != null ? `<span>${escapeHtml(entry.version)}</span>` : ""
+    let s = entry.size != null && entry.size > 0 ? `<p>Size: ${toByteSizeString(entry.size)} (${entry.size})</p>` : ""
+    let n: string
+    let d: string
+    if ('name_matches' in entry) {
+        n = `<h2>${nameMatches(entry as SearchResult)} ${v}</h2>`
+    } else {
+        n = `<h2>${escapeHtml(entry.name)} ${v}</h2>`
+    }
+    if ('desc_matches' in entry && STATE.getIncludeDescriptions()) {
+        d = descMatches(entry as SearchResult)
+    } else {
+        d = (entry as PackageIndexEntry).description != null ? `<p>${escapeHtml((entry as PackageIndexEntry).description)}</p>` : ""
+    }
+    let w = entry.website != null ? `<a href="${encodeURI(entry.website)}">Website</a>` : ""
+    let r = entry.report ? `Log (<a href=\"${encodeURI('/api/v1/status/' + entry.name)}\">View</a> | <a href=\"${encodeURI('/status/' + entry.name)}\">Download</a>)` : ""
+    let row = <HTMLTableRowElement>(document.createElement('tr'))
+    row.innerHTML = `<td>
+            ${n}
+            ${d}
+            ${s}
+            ${w}
+            ${r}
+        </td>`
+    return row
+}
+
+function nameMatches(sr: SearchResult): string {
+    return markMatches(sr.name, sr.name_matches)
+}
+
+function descMatches(sr: SearchResult): string {
+    return markMatches(sr.description!, sr.desc_matches)
+}
+
+function markMatches(str: string, indices: [number, number][]): string {
+    if (indices == null) {
+        return str
+    }
+    let out: string = ""
+    let j = 0
+    for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+        if (j < indices.length) {
+            if (i === indices[j][0]) {
+                out += `<mark>${escapeHtmlChar(str[i])}`
+                continue
+            }
+            if (i === indices[j][1]) {
+                out += `</mark>${escapeHtmlChar(str[i])}`
+                j++
+                continue
+            }
+        }
+        out += escapeHtmlChar(str[i])
+    }
+    if (indices[j] !== undefined) {
+        out += "</mark>"
+    }
+    return out
+}
+
+function toByteSizeString(bytes: number): string {
+    if (bytes == null) return `unspecified`
+    if (bytes < 1024) return `${bytes}B`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 2)) return `${(bytes / 1024).toFixed(2)}kiB`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 3)) return `${(bytes / Math.pow(1024, 2)).toFixed(2)}MiB`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 4)) return `${(bytes / Math.pow(1024, 3)).toFixed(2)}GiB`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 5)) return `${(bytes / Math.pow(1024, 4)).toFixed(2)}TiB`
+    return "not only is it big, it's large"
+}
+
+const API_VERSION = 1
+const ENDPOINT = `/api/v${API_VERSION}`
+
+interface InfoPayload {
+    count?: number
+    hakurei_version?: string
+}
+
+async function infoRequest(): Promise<InfoPayload> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${ENDPOINT}/info`)
+    const payload = await res.json()
+    return payload as InfoPayload
+}
+
+interface GetPayload {
+    values?: PackageIndexEntry[]
+}
+
+enum SortOrders {
+    DeclarationAscending,
+    DeclarationDescending,
+    NameAscending,
+    NameDescending
+}
+
+async function getRequest(limit: number, index: number, sort: SortOrders): Promise<GetPayload> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${ENDPOINT}/get?limit=${limit}&index=${index}&sort=${sort.valueOf()}`)
+    const payload = await res.json()
+    return payload as GetPayload
+}
+
+interface SearchResult extends PackageIndexEntry {
+    name_matches: [number, number][]
+    desc_matches: [number, number][]
+    score: number
+}
+
+interface SearchPayload {
+    count?: number
+    values?: SearchResult[]
+}
+
+async function searchRequest(limit: number, index: number, search: string, desc: boolean): Promise<SearchPayload> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${ENDPOINT}/search?limit=${limit}&index=${index}&search=${encodeURIComponent(search)}&desc=${desc}`)
+    if (!res.ok) {
+        exitSearch()
+        alert("invalid search query!")
+        return Promise.reject(res.statusText)
+    }
+    const payload = await res.json()
+    return payload as SearchPayload
+}
+
+class State {
+    entriesPerPage: number = 10
+    entryIndex: number = 0
+    maxTotal: number = 0
+    maxEntries: number = 0
+    sort: SortOrders = SortOrders.DeclarationAscending
+    search: boolean = false
+
+    getEntriesPerPage(): number {
+        return this.entriesPerPage
+    }
+
+    setEntriesPerPage(entriesPerPage: number) {
+        this.entriesPerPage = entriesPerPage
+        this.setEntryIndex(Math.floor(this.getEntryIndex() / entriesPerPage) * entriesPerPage)
+    }
+
+    getEntryIndex(): number {
+        return this.entryIndex
+    }
+
+    setEntryIndex(entryIndex: number) {
+        this.entryIndex = entryIndex
+        this.updatePage()
+        this.updateRange()
+        this.updateListings()
+    }
+
+    getMaxTotal(): number {
+        return this.maxTotal
+    }
+
+    setMaxTotal(max: number) {
+        this.maxTotal = max
+    }
+
+    getSortOrder(): SortOrders {
+        return this.sort
+    }
+
+    setSortOrder(sortOrder: SortOrders) {
+        this.sort = sortOrder
+        this.setEntryIndex(0)
+    }
+
+    updatePage() {
+        let page = Math.ceil(((this.getEntryIndex() + this.getEntriesPerPage()) - 1) / this.getEntriesPerPage())
+        for (let e of document.getElementsByClassName("page-number")) {
+            (e as HTMLInputElement).value = String(page)
+        }
+    }
+
+    updateRange() {
+        let max = Math.min(this.getEntryIndex() + this.getEntriesPerPage(), this.getMaxTotal())
+        document.getElementById("entry-counter")!.textContent = `${this.getEntryIndex() + 1}-${max} of ${this.getMaxTotal()}`
+        if (this.search) {
+            document.getElementById("search-entry-counter")!.textContent = `${this.getEntryIndex() + 1}-${max} of ${this.maxTotal}/${this.maxEntries}`
+            document.getElementById("search-query")!.innerHTML = `<code>${escapeHtml(this.getSearchQuery())}</code>`
+        }
+    }
+
+    getSearchQuery(): string {
+        let queryString = document.getElementById("search")!;
+        return (queryString as HTMLInputElement).value
+    }
+
+    getIncludeDescriptions(): boolean {
+        let includeDesc = document.getElementById("include-desc")!;
+        return (includeDesc as HTMLInputElement).checked
+    }
+
+    updateListings() {
+        if (this.search) {
+            searchRequest(this.getEntriesPerPage(), this.getEntryIndex(), this.getSearchQuery(), this.getIncludeDescriptions())
+                .then(res => {
+                    let table = document.getElementById("pkg-list")!
+                    table.innerHTML = ''
+                    for (let row of res.values!) {
+                        table.appendChild(entryToHTML(row))
+                    }
+                    STATE.maxTotal = res.count!
+                    STATE.updateRange()
+                    if(res.count! < 1) {
+                        exitSearch()
+                        alert("no results found!")
+                    }
+                })
+        } else {
+            getRequest(this.getEntriesPerPage(), this.getEntryIndex(), this.getSortOrder())
+                .then(res => {
+                    let table = document.getElementById("pkg-list")!
+                    table.innerHTML = ''
+                    for (let row of res.values!) {
+                        table.appendChild(entryToHTML(row))
+                    }
+                })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+let STATE: State
+
+
+function lastPageIndex(): number {
+    return Math.floor(STATE.getMaxTotal() / STATE.getEntriesPerPage()) * STATE.getEntriesPerPage()
+}
+
+function setPage(page: number) {
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(Math.max(0, Math.min(STATE.getEntriesPerPage() * (page - 1), lastPageIndex())))
+}
+
+
+function escapeHtml(str?: string): string {
+    let out: string = ''
+    if (str == undefined) return ""
+    for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+        out += escapeHtmlChar(str[i])
+    }
+    return out
+}
+
+function escapeHtmlChar(char: string): string {
+    if (char.length != 1) return char
+    switch (char[0]) {
+        case '&':
+            return "&amp;"
+        case '<':
+            return "&lt;"
+        case '>':
+            return "&gt;"
+        case '"':
+            return "&quot;"
+        case "'":
+            return "&apos;"
+        default:
+            return char
+    }
+}
+
+function firstPage() {
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(0)
+}
+
+function prevPage() {
+    let index = STATE.getEntryIndex()
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(Math.max(0, index - STATE.getEntriesPerPage()))
+}
+
+function lastPage() {
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(lastPageIndex())
+}
+
+function nextPage() {
+    let index = STATE.getEntryIndex()
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(Math.min(lastPageIndex(), index + STATE.getEntriesPerPage()))
+}
+
+function doSearch() {
+    document.getElementById("top-controls-regular")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    document.getElementById("search-top-controls")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    STATE.search = true;
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(0);
+}
+
+function exitSearch() {
+    document.getElementById("top-controls-regular")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    document.getElementById("search-top-controls")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    STATE.search = false;
+    STATE.setMaxTotal(STATE.maxEntries)
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(0)
+}
+
+function main() {
+    STATE = new State()
+    infoRequest()
+        .then(res => {
+            STATE.maxEntries = res.count!
+            STATE.setMaxTotal(STATE.maxEntries)
+            document.getElementById("hakurei-version")!.textContent = res.hakurei_version!
+            STATE.updateRange()
+            STATE.updateListings()
+        })
+    for (let e of document.getElementsByClassName("page-number")) {
+        e.addEventListener("change", (_) => {
+            setPage(parseInt((e as HTMLInputElement).value))
+        })
+    }
+    document.getElementById("count")?.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
+        STATE.setEntriesPerPage(parseInt((event.target as HTMLSelectElement).value))
+    })
+    document.getElementById("sort")?.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
+        STATE.setSortOrder(parseInt((event.target as HTMLSelectElement).value))
+    })
+    document.getElementById("search")?.addEventListener("keyup", (event) => {
+        if (event.key === 'Enter') doSearch()
+    })
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/style.css

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+.page-number {
+  width: 2em;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.page-number {
+  width: 2em;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+  html {
+    background-color: #2c2c2c;
+    color: ghostwhite;
+  }
+}
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
+  html {
+    background-color: #d3d3d3;
+    color: black;
+  }
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/tsconfig.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2024",
+    "strict": true,
+    "alwaysStrict": true,
+    "outDir": "static"
+  }
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Package ui holds the static web UI.
+package ui
+
+import "net/http"
+
+// Register arranges for mux to serve the embedded frontend.
+func Register(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.Handle("GET /", http.FileServer(http.FS(static)))
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_full.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//go:build frontend
+
+package ui
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"io/fs"
+)
+
+//go:generate tsc
+//go:generate cp index.html style.css static
+//go:embed static
+var _static embed.FS
+
+var static = func() fs.FS {
+	if f, err := fs.Sub(_static, "static"); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	} else {
+		return f
+	}
+}()

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_stub.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//go:build !frontend
+
+package ui
+
+import "testing/fstest"
+
+var static fstest.MapFS

cmd/mbf/main.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net"
+	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
+
+	"hakurei.app/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver"
+	"hakurei.app/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui"
 )
 
 func main() {
@@ -63,9 +67,13 @@ func main() {
 
 	var (
 		flagQuiet bool
+		flagQEMU  bool
+		flagArch  string
 		flagCheck bool
 		flagLTO   bool
 
+		flagCrossOverride int
+
 		addr net.UnixAddr
 	)
 	c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "mbf", func([]string) error {
@@ -89,13 +97,36 @@ func main() {
 		if !flagLTO {
 			flags |= rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO
 		}
-		rosa.DropCaches(flags)
+		rosa.DropCaches("", flags)
+		cross := flagArch != "" && flagArch != runtime.GOARCH
+		if flagQEMU || cross {
+			cm.qemu = rosa.Std.Load(rosa.QEMU)
+		}
+
+		if cross {
+			if flagCrossOverride != -1 {
+				flags = flagCrossOverride
+			}
+
+			rosa.DropCaches(flagArch, flags)
+			if !rosa.HasStage0() {
+				return pkg.UnsupportedArchError(flagArch)
+			}
+		}
 
 		return nil
 	}).Flag(
 		&flagQuiet,
 		"q", command.BoolFlag(false),
 		"Do not print cure messages",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagQEMU,
+		"register", command.BoolFlag(false),
+		"Enable additional target architectures",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagArch,
+		"arch", command.StringFlag(runtime.GOARCH),
+		"Target architecture",
 	).Flag(
 		&flagLTO,
 		"lto", command.BoolFlag(false),
@@ -104,6 +135,14 @@ func main() {
 		&flagCheck,
 		"check", command.BoolFlag(true),
 		"Run test suites",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagCrossOverride,
+		"cross-flags", command.IntFlag(-1),
+		"Override non-native target preset flags",
+	).Flag(
+		&cm.verboseInit,
+		"v", command.BoolFlag(false),
+		"Do not suppress verbose output from init",
 	).Flag(
 		&cm.cures,
 		"cures", command.IntFlag(0),
@@ -136,7 +175,17 @@ func main() {
 	c.NewCommand(
 		"checksum", "Compute checksum of data read from standard input",
 		func([]string) error {
-			go func() { <-ctx.Done(); os.Exit(1) }()
+			done := make(chan struct{})
+			defer close(done)
+			go func() {
+				select {
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					os.Exit(1)
+				case <-done:
+					return
+				}
+			}()
+
 			h := sha512.New384()
 			if _, err := io.Copy(h, os.Stdin); err != nil {
 				return err
@@ -170,6 +219,7 @@ func main() {
 
 	{
 		var (
+			flagBind   string
 			flagStatus bool
 			flagReport string
 		)
@@ -177,8 +227,52 @@ func main() {
 			"info",
 			"Display out-of-band metadata of an artifact",
 			func(args []string) (err error) {
-				return commandInfo(&cm, args, os.Stdout, flagStatus, flagReport)
+				const shutdownTimeout = 15 * time.Second
+
+				var r *rosa.Report
+				if flagReport != "" {
+					if r, err = rosa.OpenReport(flagReport); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					defer func() {
+						if closeErr := r.Close(); err == nil {
+							err = closeErr
+						}
+					}()
+					defer r.HandleAccess(&err)()
+				}
+
+				if flagBind == "" {
+					return commandInfo(&cm, args, os.Stdout, flagStatus, r)
+				}
+
+				var mux http.ServeMux
+				ui.Register(&mux)
+				if err = pkgserver.Register(ctx, &mux, r); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+
+				server := http.Server{Addr: flagBind, Handler: &mux}
+				go func() {
+					<-ctx.Done()
+					cc, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), shutdownTimeout)
+					defer cancel()
+					if _err := server.Shutdown(cc); _err != nil {
+						log.Fatal(_err)
+					}
+				}()
+
+				msg.Verbosef("listening on %q", flagBind)
+				err = server.ListenAndServe()
+				if errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+					err = nil
+				}
+				return
 			},
+		).Flag(
+			&flagBind,
+			"bind", command.StringFlag(""),
+			"TCP address for the server to listen on",
 		).Flag(
 			&flagStatus,
 			"status", command.BoolFlag(false),
@@ -412,6 +506,11 @@ func main() {
 			flagExport  string
 			flagRemote  bool
 			flagNoReply bool
+			flagFaults  bool
+			flagPop     bool
+
+			flagBoot bool
+			flagStd  bool
 		)
 		c.NewCommand(
 			"cure",
@@ -425,11 +524,18 @@ func main() {
 					return fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", args[0])
 				}
 
+				t := rosa.Std
+				if flagBoot {
+					t -= 2
+				} else if flagStd {
+					t -= 1
+				}
+
 				switch {
 				default:
 					var pathname *check.Absolute
 					err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-						pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(rosa.Std.Load(p))
+						pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(t.Load(p))
 						return
 					})
 					if err != nil {
@@ -482,7 +588,7 @@ func main() {
 					return cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) error {
 						return cache.EnterExec(
 							ctx,
-							rosa.Std.Load(p),
+							t.Load(p),
 							true, os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr,
 							rosa.AbsSystem.Append("bin", "mksh"),
 							"sh",
@@ -494,7 +600,7 @@ func main() {
 					if flagNoReply {
 						flags |= remoteNoReply
 					}
-					a := rosa.Std.Load(p)
+					a := t.Load(p)
 					pathname, err := cureRemote(ctx, &addr, a, flags)
 					if !flagNoReply && err == nil {
 						log.Println(pathname)
@@ -510,6 +616,49 @@ func main() {
 					}
 
 					return err
+
+				case flagFaults:
+					var faults []pkg.Fault
+					if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
+						faults, err = cache.ReadFaults(t.Load(p))
+						return
+					}); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					for _, fault := range faults {
+						log.Printf("%s: %s ago", fault.String(), time.Since(fault.Time()))
+					}
+					return nil
+
+				case flagPop:
+					var faults []pkg.Fault
+					if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
+						faults, err = cache.ReadFaults(t.Load(p))
+						return
+					}); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					if len(faults) == 0 {
+						return errors.New("no fault entries found")
+					}
+					fault := faults[len(faults)-1]
+					r, err := fault.Open()
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					if _, err = io.Copy(os.Stdout, r); err != nil {
+						_ = r.Close()
+						return err
+					}
+					fmt.Println()
+					if err = r.Close(); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					log.Printf("faulting cure terminated %s ago", time.Since(fault.Time()))
+					return fault.Destroy()
 				}
 			},
 		).Flag(
@@ -532,9 +681,48 @@ func main() {
 			&flagNoReply,
 			"no-reply", command.BoolFlag(false),
 			"Do not receive a reply from the daemon",
+		).Flag(
+			&flagBoot,
+			"boot", command.BoolFlag(false),
+			"Build on the stage0 toolchain",
+		).Flag(
+			&flagStd,
+			"std", command.BoolFlag(false),
+			"Build on the intermediate toolchain",
+		).Flag(
+			&flagFaults,
+			"faults", command.BoolFlag(false),
+			"Display fault entries of the specified artifact",
+		).Flag(
+			&flagPop,
+			"pop", command.BoolFlag(false),
+			"Display and destroy the most recent fault entry",
 		)
 	}
 
+	c.NewCommand(
+		"clear",
+		"Remove all fault entries from the cache",
+		func([]string) error {
+			return cm.Do(func(*pkg.Cache) error {
+				pathname := filepath.Join(cm.base, "fault")
+				dents, err := os.ReadDir(pathname)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				for _, dent := range dents {
+					msg.Verbosef("destroying entry %s", dent.Name())
+					if err = os.Remove(filepath.Join(pathname, dent.Name())); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				log.Printf("destroyed %d fault entries", len(dents))
+				return nil
+			})
+		},
+	)
+
 	c.NewCommand(
 		"abort",
 		"Abort all pending cures on the daemon",
@@ -633,6 +821,7 @@ func main() {
 				z.Hostname = "localhost"
 				z.Uid, z.Gid = (1<<10)-1, (1<<10)-1
 				z.Stdin, z.Stdout, z.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+				z.Quiet = !cm.verboseInit
 				if s, ok := os.LookupEnv("TERM"); ok {
 					z.Env = append(z.Env, "TERM="+s)
 				}

cmd/mbf/main_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	rosa.DropCaches("", rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO)
+	os.Exit(m.Run())
+}
+
+func TestCureAll(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	const env = "ROSA_TEST_DAEMON"
+
+	if !testing.Verbose() {
+		t.Skip("verbose flag not set")
+	}
+
+	pathname, ok := os.LookupEnv(env)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Skip(env + " not set")
+	}
+
+	addr := net.UnixAddr{Net: "unix", Name: pathname}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if t.Failed() {
+			if err := abortRemote(t.Context(), &addr, false); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	for i := range rosa.PresetEnd {
+		p := rosa.PArtifact(i)
+		t.Run(rosa.GetMetadata(p).Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := cureRemote(t.Context(), &addr, rosa.Std.Load(p), 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/sharefs/test/configuration.nix

@@ -20,11 +20,14 @@
   };
 
   virtualisation = {
+    # Hopefully reduces spurious test failures:
+    memorySize = if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.is32bit then 2046 else 8192;
+
     diskSize = 6 * 1024;
 
     qemu.options = [
       # Increase test performance:
-      "-smp 8"
+      "-smp 16"
     ];
   };
 

cmd/sharefs/test/default.nix

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ testers.nixosTest {
         # For go tests:
         (pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "sharefs-workload-hakurei-tests" ''
           cp -r "${self.packages.${system}.hakurei.src}" "/sdcard/hakurei" && cd "/sdcard/hakurei"
-          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
+          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'ROSA_SKIP_BINFMT=1 CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
         '')
       ];
 

container/binfmt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+)
+
+// escapeBinfmt escapes magic/mask sequences in a [BinfmtEntry].
+func escapeBinfmt(buf *strings.Builder, s string) string {
+	const lowerhex = "0123456789abcdef"
+
+	buf.Reset()
+	for _, c := range unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(s), len(s)) {
+		switch c {
+		case 0, '\\', ':':
+			buf.WriteString(`\x`)
+			buf.WriteByte(lowerhex[c>>4])
+			buf.WriteByte(lowerhex[c&0xf])
+
+		default:
+			buf.WriteByte(c)
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// BinfmtEntry is an entry to be registered by the init process.
+type BinfmtEntry struct {
+	// The offset of the magic/mask in the file, counted in bytes.
+	Offset byte
+	// The byte sequence binfmt_misc is matching for.
+	Magic string
+	// An (optional, defaults to all 0xff) mask.
+	Mask string
+	// The program that should be invoked with the binary as first argument.
+	Interpreter *check.Absolute
+}
+
+// Valid returns whether e can be registered into the kernel.
+func (e *BinfmtEntry) Valid() bool {
+	return e != nil &&
+		int(e.Offset)+max(len(e.Magic), len(e.Mask)) < 128 &&
+		e.Interpreter != nil && len(e.Interpreter.String()) < 128
+}

container/binfmt_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/fhs"
+)
+
+func TestEscapeBinfmt(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		magic string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"packed DOS applications", "\x0eDEX", "\x0eDEX"},
+
+		{"riscv64 magic",
+			"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xf3\x00",
+			"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\x02\\x00\xf3\\x00"},
+		{"riscv64 mask",
+			"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
+			"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := escapeBinfmt(new(strings.Builder), tc.magic)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("escapeBinfmt: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBinfmtEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		e     BinfmtEntry
+		valid bool
+	}{
+		{"zero", BinfmtEntry{}, false},
+		{"large offset", BinfmtEntry{Offset: 128}, false},
+		{"long magic", BinfmtEntry{Magic: strings.Repeat("\x00", 128)}, false},
+		{"long mask", BinfmtEntry{Mask: strings.Repeat("\x00", 128)}, false},
+		{"valid", BinfmtEntry{Interpreter: fhs.AbsRoot}, true},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if tc.e.Valid() != tc.valid {
+				t.Errorf("Valid: %v", !tc.valid)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

container/capability.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const (
 	CAP_SETPCAP      = 0x8
 	CAP_NET_ADMIN    = 0xc
 	CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE = 0x1
+	CAP_SETFCAP      = 0x1f
 )
 
 type (

container/container.go

@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ type (
 		// Copied to the underlying [exec.Cmd].
 		WaitDelay time.Duration
 
+		// Suppress verbose output of init.
+		Quiet bool
+
 		cmd *exec.Cmd
 		ctx context.Context
 		msg message.Msg
@@ -88,12 +91,20 @@ type (
 		// Time to wait for processes lingering after the initial process terminates.
 		AdoptWaitDelay time.Duration
 
+		// Map uid/gid 0 in the init process. Requires [FstypeProc] attached to
+		// [fhs.Proc] in the container filesystem.
+		InitAsRoot bool
 		// Mapped Uid in user namespace.
 		Uid int
 		// Mapped Gid in user namespace.
 		Gid int
 		// Hostname value in UTS namespace.
 		Hostname string
+		// Register binfmt_misc entries.
+		Binfmt []BinfmtEntry
+		// Alternative pathname to attach binfmt_misc filesystem. The zero value
+		// requires [FstypeProc] to be made available at [fhs.Proc].
+		BinfmtPath *check.Absolute
 		// Sequential container setup ops.
 		*Ops
 
@@ -213,6 +224,9 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	if p.cmd.Process != nil {
 		return errors.New("container: already started")
 	}
+	if !p.InitAsRoot && len(p.Binfmt) > 0 {
+		return errors.New("container: init as root required, but not enabled")
+	}
 
 	if err := ensureCloseOnExec(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -283,6 +297,18 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	if !p.HostNet {
 		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.Cloneflags |= CLONE_NEWNET
 	}
+	if p.InitAsRoot {
+		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps = append(p.cmd.SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps,
+			// mappings during init as root
+			CAP_SETFCAP,
+		)
+
+		if !p.SeccompDisable &&
+			len(p.SeccompRules) == 0 &&
+			p.SeccompPresets&std.PresetDenyNS != 0 {
+			return errors.New("container: as root requires late namespace creation")
+		}
+	}
 
 	// place setup pipe before user supplied extra files, this is later restored by init
 	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
@@ -342,8 +368,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 						Err:    ENOSYS,
 						Origin: true,
 					}
-				} else {
-					p.msg.Verbosef("landlock abi version %d", abi)
 				}
 
 				if rulesetFd, err := rulesetAttr.Create(0); err != nil {
@@ -353,7 +377,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 						Err:   err,
 					}
 				} else {
-					p.msg.Verbosef("enforcing landlock ruleset %s", rulesetAttr)
 					if err = landlock.RestrictSelf(rulesetFd, 0); err != nil {
 						_ = Close(rulesetFd)
 						return &StartError{
@@ -410,7 +433,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 				}
 			}
 
-			p.msg.Verbose("starting container init")
 			if err := p.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 				return &StartError{
 					Step:        "start container init",
@@ -481,7 +503,6 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() (err error) {
 			}
 
 		case <-done:
-			p.msg.Verbose("setup payload took", time.Since(t))
 			return
 		}
 	}(p.setup[1])
@@ -491,7 +512,7 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() (err error) {
 		Getuid(),
 		Getgid(),
 		len(p.ExtraFiles),
-		p.msg.IsVerbose(),
+		p.msg.IsVerbose() && !p.Quiet,
 	})
 }
 

container/container_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/command"
@@ -233,6 +235,9 @@ func earlyMnt(mnt ...*vfs.MountInfoEntry) func(*testing.T, context.Context) []*v
 	return func(*testing.T, context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry { return mnt }
 }
 
+//go:linkname toHost hakurei.app/container.toHost
+func toHost(name string) string
+
 var containerTestCases = []struct {
 	name    string
 	filter  bool
@@ -332,13 +337,15 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		func(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry {
 			return []*vfs.MountInfoEntry{
 				ent("/", hst.PrivateTmp, "rw", "overlay", "overlay",
-					"rw,lowerdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+":"+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+					"rw"+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",upperdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("upper")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("upper")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",workdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("work")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("work")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",redirect_dir=nofollow,uuid=on,userxattr"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -388,9 +395,11 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		func(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry {
 			return []*vfs.MountInfoEntry{
 				ent("/", hst.PrivateTmp, "rw", "overlay", "overlay",
-					"ro,lowerdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+":"+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+					"ro"+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",redirect_dir=nofollow,userxattr"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -400,39 +409,11 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	t.Run("cancel", testContainerCancel(nil, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
-		wantErr := context.Canceled
-		wantExitCode := 0
-		if err := c.Wait(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			}
-			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErr)
-		}
-		if ps := c.ProcessState(); ps == nil {
-			t.Errorf("ProcessState unexpectedly returned nil")
-		} else if code := ps.ExitCode(); code != wantExitCode {
-			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, wantExitCode)
-		}
-	}))
-
-	t.Run("forward", testContainerCancel(func(c *container.Container) {
-		c.ForwardCancel = true
-	}, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
-		var exitError *exec.ExitError
-		if err := c.Wait(); !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			}
-			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %v", err)
-		}
-		if code := exitError.ExitCode(); code != blockExitCodeInterrupt {
-			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, blockExitCodeInterrupt)
-		}
-	}))
-
+	var suffix string
+runTests:
 	for i, tc := range containerTestCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+		_suffix := suffix
+		t.Run(tc.name+_suffix, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
 			wantOps, wantOpsCtx := tc.ops(t)
@@ -456,6 +437,8 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 			c.SeccompDisable = !tc.filter
 			c.RetainSession = tc.session
 			c.HostNet = tc.net
+			c.InitAsRoot = _suffix != ""
+			c.Env = append(c.Env, "HAKUREI_TEST_SUFFIX="+_suffix)
 			if info.CanDegrade {
 				if _, err := landlock.GetABI(); err != nil {
 					if !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOSYS) {
@@ -465,6 +448,9 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Log("Landlock LSM is unavailable, enabling HostAbstract")
 				}
 			}
+			if c.InitAsRoot {
+				c.SeccompPresets &= ^std.PresetDenyNS
+			}
 
 			c.
 				Readonly(check.MustAbs(pathReadonly), 0755).
@@ -533,6 +519,11 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		})
 	}
+
+	if suffix == "" {
+		suffix = " as root"
+		goto runTests
+	}
 }
 
 func ent(root, target, vfsOptstr, fsType, source, fsOptstr string) *vfs.MountInfoEntry {
@@ -555,49 +546,118 @@ func hostnameFromTestCase(name string) string {
 }
 
 func testContainerCancel(
+	t *testing.T,
 	containerExtra func(c *container.Container),
-	waitCheck func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container),
-) func(t *testing.T) {
-	return func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	waitCheck func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error),
+) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
 
-		c := helperNewContainer(ctx, "block")
-		c.Stdout, c.Stderr = os.Stdout, os.Stderr
-		if containerExtra != nil {
-			containerExtra(c)
-		}
-
-		ready := make(chan struct{})
-		if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, w)
-			go func() {
-				defer close(ready)
-				if _, err = r.Read(make([]byte, 1)); err != nil {
-					panic(err.Error())
-				}
-			}()
-		}
-
-		if err := c.Start(); err != nil {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Fatal(m)
-			} else {
-				t.Fatalf("cannot start container: %v", err)
-			}
-		} else if err = c.Serve(); err != nil {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			} else {
-				t.Errorf("cannot serve setup params: %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-		<-ready
-		cancel()
-		waitCheck(t, c)
+	c := helperNewContainer(ctx, "block")
+	c.Stdout, c.Stderr = os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+	if containerExtra != nil {
+		containerExtra(c)
 	}
+
+	ready := make(chan struct{})
+	var waitErr error
+	r, w, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, w)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ready)
+		if _, _err := r.Read(make([]byte, 1)); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err = c.Start(); err != nil {
+		if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+			t.Fatal(m)
+		} else {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot start container: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		waitErr = c.Wait()
+		_ = r.SetReadDeadline(time.Now())
+	}()
+
+	if err = c.Serve(); err != nil {
+		if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+			t.Error(m)
+		} else {
+			t.Errorf("cannot serve setup params: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	<-ready
+	cancel()
+	<-done
+	waitCheck(c.ProcessState(), waitErr)
+}
+
+func TestForward(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error) {
+		var exitError *exec.ExitError
+		if !errors.As(waitErr, &exitError) {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(waitErr); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			}
+			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %v", waitErr)
+		}
+		if code := exitError.ExitCode(); code != blockExitCodeInterrupt {
+			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, blockExitCodeInterrupt)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Run("direct", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
+			c.ForwardCancel = true
+		}, f)
+	})
+	t.Run("as root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
+			c.ForwardCancel = true
+			c.InitAsRoot = true
+			c.Proc(fhs.AbsProc)
+		}, f)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error) {
+		wantErr := context.Canceled
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(waitErr, wantErr) {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(waitErr); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			}
+			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %#v, want %#v", waitErr, wantErr)
+		}
+		if ps == nil {
+			t.Errorf("ProcessState unexpectedly returned nil")
+		} else if code := ps.ExitCode(); code != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, 0)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Run("direct", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		testContainerCancel(t, nil, f)
+	})
+	t.Run("as root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
+			c.InitAsRoot = true
+			c.Proc(fhs.AbsProc)
+		}, f)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestContainerString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -633,6 +693,8 @@ func init() {
 		})
 
 		c.Command("container", command.UsageInternal, func(args []string) error {
+			asRoot := os.Getenv("HAKUREI_TEST_SUFFIX") == " as root"
+
 			if len(args) != 1 {
 				return syscall.EINVAL
 			}
@@ -650,6 +712,66 @@ func init() {
 				return fmt.Errorf("gid: %d, want %d", gid, tc.gid)
 			}
 
+			// no attack surface increase during as root due to no_new_privs
+			var wantBounding uintptr = 1
+			asRootNot := " not"
+			if !asRoot {
+				wantBounding = 0
+				asRootNot = ""
+			}
+
+			const (
+				PR_CAP_AMBIENT        = 0x2f
+				PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET = 0x1
+			)
+			for i := range container.LastCap(nil) + 1 {
+				r, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+					syscall.SYS_PRCTL,
+					PR_CAP_AMBIENT,
+					PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET,
+					i,
+				)
+				if errno != 0 {
+					return os.NewSyscallError("prctl", errno)
+				}
+				if r != 0 {
+					return fmt.Errorf("capability %d in ambient set", i)
+				}
+
+				r, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(
+					syscall.SYS_PRCTL,
+					syscall.PR_CAPBSET_READ,
+					i,
+					0,
+				)
+				if errno != 0 {
+					return os.NewSyscallError("prctl", errno)
+				}
+				if r != wantBounding {
+					return fmt.Errorf("capability %d%s in bounding set", i, asRootNot)
+				}
+			}
+
+			const _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3 = 0x20080522
+			var capData struct {
+				effective   uint32
+				permitted   uint32
+				inheritable uint32
+			}
+			if _, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_CAPGET, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&struct {
+				version uint32
+				pid     int32
+			}{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0})), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&capData)), 0); errno != 0 {
+				return os.NewSyscallError("capget", errno)
+			}
+
+			if max(capData.effective, capData.permitted, capData.inheritable) != 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf(
+					"effective = %d, permitted = %d, inheritable = %d",
+					capData.effective, capData.permitted, capData.inheritable,
+				)
+			}
+
 			wantHost := hostnameFromTestCase(tc.name)
 			if host, err := os.Hostname(); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("cannot get hostname: %v", err)
@@ -767,7 +889,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 		}
 		c.MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatal(err.Error())
+				log.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		})
 		return

container/dispatcher.go

@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	remount(msg message.Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error
 	// mountTmpfs provides mountTmpfs.
 	mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error
+	// mountOverlay provides mountOverlay.
+	mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error
 	// ensureFile provides ensureFile.
 	ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error
 	// mustLoopback provides mustLoopback.
@@ -169,6 +171,9 @@ func (direct) remount(msg message.Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 func (k direct) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error {
 	return mountTmpfs(k, fsname, target, flags, size, perm)
 }
+func (k direct) mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
+	return mountOverlay(target, options)
+}
 func (direct) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	return ensureFile(name, perm, pperm)
 }

container/dispatcher_test.go

@@ -468,6 +468,14 @@ func (k *kstub) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "perm", perm, 4))
 }
 
+func (k *kstub) mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
+	k.Helper()
+	return k.Expects("mountOverlay").Error(
+		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "target", target, 0),
+		stub.CheckArgReflect(k.Stub, "options", options, 1),
+	)
+}
+
 func (k *kstub) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	k.Helper()
 	return k.Expects("ensureFile").Error(

container/errors.go

@@ -118,6 +118,10 @@ func errnoFallback(op, path string, err error) (syscall.Errno, *os.PathError) {
 
 // mount wraps syscall.Mount for error handling.
 func mount(source, target, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error {
+	if max(len(source), len(target), len(data))+1 > os.Getpagesize() {
+		return &MountError{source, target, fstype, flags, data, syscall.ENOMEM}
+	}
+
 	err := syscall.Mount(source, target, fstype, flags, data)
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil

container/init.go

@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	. "syscall"
 	"time"
 
+	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/ext"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
@@ -182,23 +184,33 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		cancel()
 	}
 
+	uid, gid := param.Uid, param.Gid
+	if param.InitAsRoot {
+		uid, gid = 0, 0
+	}
+
 	// write uid/gid map here so parent does not need to set dumpable
 	if err := k.setDumpable(ext.SUID_DUMP_USER); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/uid_map",
-		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(param.Uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostUid)+" 1\n"...),
-		0); err != nil {
+	if err := k.writeFile(
+		fhs.Proc+"self/uid_map",
+		[]byte(strconv.Itoa(uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostUid)+" 1\n"),
+		0,
+	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
-	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/setgroups",
+	if err := k.writeFile(
+		fhs.Proc+"self/setgroups",
 		[]byte("deny\n"),
-		0); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		0,
+	); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/gid_map",
-		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(param.Gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostGid)+" 1\n"...),
-		0); err != nil {
+		[]byte(strconv.Itoa(gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostGid)+" 1\n"),
+		0,
+	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.setDumpable(ext.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
@@ -223,6 +235,23 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	state := &setupState{process: make(map[int]WaitStatus), Params: &param.Params, Msg: msg, Context: ctx}
 	defer cancel()
 
+	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
+	}
+	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(param.Binfmt) > 0 {
+		for i, e := range param.Binfmt {
+			if pathname, err := k.evalSymlinks(e.Interpreter.String()); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			} else if param.Binfmt[i].Interpreter, err = check.NewAbs(pathname); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	/* early is called right before pivot_root into intermediate root;
 	this step is mostly for gathering information that would otherwise be
 	difficult to obtain via library functions after pivot_root, and
@@ -242,13 +271,6 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
-	}
-	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	if err := k.mkdir(sysrootDir, 0755); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
@@ -285,6 +307,48 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if len(param.Binfmt) > 0 {
+		const interpreter = "/interpreter"
+
+		if param.BinfmtPath == nil {
+			param.BinfmtPath = fhs.AbsProcSys.Append("fs/binfmt_misc")
+		}
+		binfmt := sysrootPath + param.BinfmtPath.String()
+		if err := k.mkdirAll(binfmt, 0); err != nil {
+			k.fatal(msg, err)
+		}
+		if err := k.mount(
+			SourceBinfmtMisc,
+			binfmt,
+			FstypeBinfmtMisc,
+			MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+			zeroString,
+		); err != nil {
+			k.fatal(msg, err)
+		}
+
+		var buf strings.Builder
+		buf.Grow(1920)
+
+		register := binfmt + "/register"
+		for i, e := range param.Binfmt {
+			if err := k.symlink(hostPath+e.Interpreter.String(), interpreter); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			} else if err = k.writeFile(register, []byte(":"+
+				strconv.Itoa(i)+":"+
+				"M:"+
+				strconv.Itoa(int(e.Offset))+":"+
+				escapeBinfmt(&buf, e.Magic)+":"+
+				escapeBinfmt(&buf, e.Mask)+":"+
+				interpreter+":"+
+				"F"), 0); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			} else if err = k.remove(interpreter); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// setup requiring host root complete at this point
 	if err := k.mount(hostDir, hostDir, zeroString, MS_SILENT|MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, zeroString); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot make host root rprivate: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
@@ -323,11 +387,19 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	var keepCaps []uintptr
+	if param.Privileged {
+		keepCaps = append(keepCaps, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SETPCAP)
+	}
+	if param.InitAsRoot {
+		keepCaps = append(keepCaps, CAP_SETFCAP)
+	}
+
 	if err := k.capAmbientClearAll(); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot clear the ambient capability set: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i := uintptr(0); i <= lastcap; i++ {
-		if param.Privileged && i == CAP_SYS_ADMIN {
+	for i := range lastcap + 1 {
+		if slices.Contains(keepCaps, i) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if err := k.capBoundingSetDrop(i); err != nil {
@@ -336,20 +408,23 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	}
 
 	var keep [2]uint32
-	if param.Privileged {
-		keep[capToIndex(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)] |= capToMask(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)
-
-		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(CAP_SYS_ADMIN); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", err)
-		}
+	for _, c := range keepCaps {
+		keep[capToIndex(c)] |= capToMask(c)
 	}
+
 	if err := k.capset(
 		&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0},
-		&[2]capData{{0, keep[0], keep[0]}, {0, keep[1], keep[1]}},
+		&[2]capData{{keep[0], keep[0], keep[0]}, {keep[1], keep[1], keep[1]}},
 	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot capset: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	for _, c := range keepCaps {
+		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(c); err != nil {
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise %#x: %v", c, err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if !param.SeccompDisable {
 		rules := param.SeccompRules
 		if len(rules) == 0 { // non-empty rules slice always overrides presets
@@ -474,6 +549,14 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	cmd.ExtraFiles = extraFiles
 	cmd.Dir = param.Dir.String()
 
+	if param.InitAsRoot {
+		cmd.SysProcAttr = &SysProcAttr{
+			Cloneflags:  CLONE_NEWUSER,
+			UidMappings: []SysProcIDMap{{ContainerID: param.Uid, HostID: 0, Size: 1}},
+			GidMappings: []SysProcIDMap{{ContainerID: param.Gid, HostID: 0, Size: 1}},
+		}
+	}
+
 	msg.Verbosef("starting initial process %s", param.Path)
 	if err := k.start(cmd); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)

container/init_test.go

@@ -332,6 +332,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"invalid op at index %d", []any{0}}, nil, nil),
 				/* end early */
@@ -370,6 +372,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"invalid op at index %d", []any{0}}, nil, nil),
 				/* end early */
@@ -408,6 +412,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", stub.UniqueError(61)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot prepare op at index %d: %v", []any{0, stub.UniqueError(61)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -447,6 +453,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", &os.PathError{Op: "readlink", Path: "/", Err: stub.UniqueError(60)}),
 				call("fatal", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"cannot readlink /: unique error 60 injected by the test suite"}}, nil, nil),
@@ -486,9 +494,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				/* begin early */
-				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
-				/* end early */
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(58)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot mount intermediate root: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(58)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
@@ -526,9 +531,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				/* begin early */
-				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
-				/* end early */
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(56)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(56)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -567,11 +569,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(54)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"%v", []any{stub.UniqueError(54)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
@@ -609,11 +611,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(52)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot bind sysroot: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(52)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -652,11 +654,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(50)),
@@ -696,11 +698,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -741,11 +743,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -787,11 +789,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -842,11 +844,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -897,11 +899,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -953,11 +955,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1010,11 +1012,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1069,11 +1071,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1129,11 +1131,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1190,11 +1192,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1252,11 +1254,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1315,11 +1317,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1379,11 +1381,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1444,11 +1446,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1510,11 +1512,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1584,11 +1586,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1622,7 +1624,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1654,8 +1655,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(19)),
-				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(19)}}, nil, nil),
+				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot raise %#x: %v", []any{uintptr(0x15), stub.UniqueError(19)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
@@ -1691,11 +1693,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1729,7 +1731,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1761,8 +1762,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(17)),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(17)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot capset: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(17)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},
@@ -1799,11 +1799,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1837,7 +1837,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1869,8 +1868,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
+				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"resolving presets %#x", []any{std.FilterPreset(0xf)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("seccompLoad", stub.ExpectArgs{seccomp.Preset(0xf, 0), seccomp.ExportFlag(0)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(15)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot load syscall filter: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(15)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -1908,11 +1908,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2032,11 +2032,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2132,11 +2132,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2232,11 +2232,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2323,11 +2323,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2418,11 +2418,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2520,11 +2520,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2659,11 +2659,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2697,7 +2697,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2729,8 +2728,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
+				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"resolving presets %#x", []any{std.FilterPreset(0xf)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("seccompLoad", stub.ExpectArgs{seccomp.Preset(0xf, 0), seccomp.ExportFlag(0)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"%d filter rules loaded", []any{73}}, nil, nil),

container/initoverlay.go

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
-	"strings"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/ext"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 )
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(o.Upper.String()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else {
-				o.upper = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+				o.upper = toHost(v)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(o.Work.String()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else {
-				o.work = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+				o.work = toHost(v)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -168,12 +168,39 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(a.String()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
-			o.lower[i] = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+			o.lower[i] = toHost(v)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+// mountOverlay sets up an overlay mount via [ext.FS].
+func mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
+	fs, err := ext.OpenFS(SourceOverlay, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = fs.SetString("source", SourceOverlay); err != nil {
+		_ = fs.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, option := range options {
+		if err = fs.SetString(option[0], option[1]); err != nil {
+			_ = fs.Close()
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err = fs.SetFlag(OptionOverlayUserxattr); err != nil {
+		_ = fs.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = fs.Mount(target, 0); err != nil {
+		_ = fs.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	return fs.Close()
+}
+
 func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	target := o.Target.String()
 	if !o.noPrefix {
@@ -194,7 +221,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	options := make([]string, 0, 4)
+	options := make([][2]string, 0, 2+len(o.lower))
 
 	if o.upper == zeroString && o.work == zeroString { // readonly
 		if len(o.Lower) < 2 {
@@ -205,15 +232,16 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		if len(o.Lower) == 0 {
 			return &OverlayArgumentError{OverlayEmptyLower, zeroString}
 		}
-		options = append(options,
-			OptionOverlayUpperdir+"="+o.upper,
-			OptionOverlayWorkdir+"="+o.work)
+		options = append(options, [][2]string{
+			{OptionOverlayUpperdir, o.upper},
+			{OptionOverlayWorkdir, o.work},
+		}...)
+	}
+	for _, lower := range o.lower {
+		options = append(options, [2]string{OptionOverlayLowerdir + "+", lower})
 	}
-	options = append(options,
-		OptionOverlayLowerdir+"="+strings.Join(o.lower, check.SpecialOverlayPath),
-		OptionOverlayUserxattr)
 
-	return k.mount(SourceOverlay, target, FstypeOverlay, 0, strings.Join(options, check.SpecialOverlayOption))
+	return k.mountOverlay(target, options)
 }
 
 func (o *MountOverlayOp) late(*setupState, syscallDispatcher) error { return nil }

container/initoverlay_test.go

@@ -97,13 +97,12 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot", os.FileMode(0705)}, nil, nil),
 			call("mkdirTemp", stub.ExpectArgs{"/", "overlay.upper.*"}, "overlay.upper.32768", nil),
 			call("mkdirTemp", stub.ExpectArgs{"/", "overlay.work.*"}, "overlay.work.32768", nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"upperdir=overlay.upper.32768," +
-				"workdir=overlay.work.32768," +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				`/host/var/lib/planterette/base/debian\:f92c9052:` +
-				`/host/var/lib/planterette/app/org.chromium.Chromium@debian\:f92c9052,` +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "overlay.upper.32768"},
+				{"workdir", "overlay.work.32768"},
+				{"lowerdir+", `/host/var/lib/planterette/base/debian:f92c9052`},
+				{"lowerdir+", `/host/var/lib/planterette/app/org.chromium.Chromium@debian:f92c9052`},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"short lower ro", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -129,11 +128,10 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"}, "/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/nix/store", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"success ro", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -147,11 +145,10 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"}, "/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"nil lower", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -219,7 +216,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper,workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work,lowerdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store,userxattr"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
+				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
+			}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
 		}, stub.UniqueError(0)},
 
 		{"success single layer", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -233,11 +234,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper," +
-				"workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work," +
-				"lowerdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
+				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"success", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -261,16 +262,15 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store3"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper," +
-				"workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work," +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store0:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store1:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store2:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
+				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store0"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store1"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store2"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 	})
 

container/mount.go

@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ const (
 	// SourceMqueue is used when mounting mqueue.
 	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [FstypeMqueue].
 	SourceMqueue = "mqueue"
+	// SourceBinfmtMisc is used when mounting binfmt_misc.
+	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [SourceBinfmtMisc].
+	SourceBinfmtMisc = "binfmt_misc"
 	// SourceOverlay is used when mounting overlay.
 	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [FstypeOverlay].
 	SourceOverlay = "overlay"
@@ -70,6 +73,9 @@ const (
 	// FstypeMqueue represents the mqueue pseudo-filesystem.
 	// This filesystem type is usually mounted on /dev/mqueue.
 	FstypeMqueue = "mqueue"
+	// FstypeBinfmtMisc represents the binfmt_misc pseudo-filesystem.
+	// This filesystem type is usually mounted on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc.
+	FstypeBinfmtMisc = "binfmt_misc"
 	// FstypeOverlay represents the overlay pseudo-filesystem.
 	// This filesystem type can be mounted anywhere in the container filesystem.
 	FstypeOverlay = "overlay"

container/path_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"unsafe"
 
-	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/vfs"
 )
 
@@ -50,9 +49,6 @@ func TestToHost(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// InternalToHostOvlEscape exports toHost passed to [check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment].
-func InternalToHostOvlEscape(s string) string { return check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(s)) }
-
 func TestCreateFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("nonexistent", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("mkdir", func(t *testing.T) {

ext/fs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+package ext
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// include/uapi/linux/mount.h
+
+/*
+ * move_mount() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	MOVE_MOUNT_F_SYMLINKS   = 1 << iota /* Follow symlinks on from path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_F_AUTOMOUNTS             /* Follow automounts on from path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH             /* Empty from path permitted */
+	_
+	MOVE_MOUNT_T_SYMLINKS   /* Follow symlinks on to path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_T_AUTOMOUNTS /* Follow automounts on to path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH /* Empty to path permitted */
+	_
+	MOVE_MOUNT_SET_GROUP /* Set sharing group instead */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH   /* Mount beneath top mount */
+)
+
+/*
+ * fsopen() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	FSOPEN_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
+)
+
+/*
+ * fspick() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	FSPICK_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
+	FSPICK_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+	FSPICK_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+	FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH
+)
+
+/*
+ * The type of fsconfig() call made.
+ */
+const (
+	FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG        = iota /* Set parameter, supplying no value */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_STRING             /* Set parameter, supplying a string value */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_BINARY             /* Set parameter, supplying a binary blob value */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_PATH               /* Set parameter, supplying an object by path */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY         /* Set parameter, supplying an object by (empty) path */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_FD                 /* Set parameter, supplying an object by fd */
+	FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE             /* Create new or reuse existing superblock */
+	FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE        /* Invoke superblock reconfiguration */
+	FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL        /* Create new superblock, fail if reusing existing superblock */
+)
+
+/*
+ * fsmount() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
+)
+
+/*
+ * Mount attributes.
+ */
+const (
+	MOUNT_ATTR_RDONLY      = 0x00000001 /* Mount read-only */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOSUID      = 0x00000002 /* Ignore suid and sgid bits */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV       = 0x00000004 /* Disallow access to device special files */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC      = 0x00000008 /* Disallow program execution */
+	MOUNT_ATTR__ATIME      = 0x00000070 /* Setting on how atime should be updated */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_RELATIME    = 0x00000000 /* - Update atime relative to mtime/ctime. */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOATIME     = 0x00000010 /* - Do not update access times. */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_STRICTATIME = 0x00000020 /* - Always perform atime updates */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NODIRATIME  = 0x00000080 /* Do not update directory access times */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP       = 0x00100000 /* Idmap mount to @userns_fd in struct mount_attr. */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOSYMFOLLOW = 0x00200000 /* Do not follow symlinks */
+)
+
+// FS provides low-level wrappers around the suite of file-descriptor-based
+// mount facilities in Linux.
+type FS struct {
+	fd uintptr
+	c  runtime.Cleanup
+}
+
+// newFS allocates a new [FS] for the specified fd.
+func newFS(fd uintptr) *FS {
+	fs := FS{fd: fd}
+	fs.c = runtime.AddCleanup(&fs, func(fd uintptr) {
+		_ = syscall.Close(int(fd))
+	}, fd)
+	return &fs
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying filesystem context.
+func (fs *FS) Close() error {
+	if fs == nil {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	err := syscall.Close(int(fs.fd))
+	fs.c.Stop()
+	return err
+}
+
+// OpenFS creates a new filesystem context.
+func OpenFS(fsname string, flags int) (fs *FS, err error) {
+	var s *byte
+	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(fsname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fd, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+		SYS_FSOPEN,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s)),
+		uintptr(flags|FSOPEN_CLOEXEC),
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsopen", errno)
+	} else {
+		fs = newFS(fd)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// PickFS selects filesystem for reconfiguration.
+func PickFS(dirfd int, pathname string, flags int) (fs *FS, err error) {
+	var s *byte
+	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(pathname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fd, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+		SYS_FSPICK,
+		uintptr(dirfd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s)),
+		uintptr(flags|FSPICK_CLOEXEC),
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fspick", errno)
+	} else {
+		fs = newFS(fd)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// config configures new or existing filesystem context.
+func (fs *FS) config(cmd uint, key *byte, value unsafe.Pointer, aux int) (err error) {
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
+		SYS_FSCONFIG,
+		fs.fd,
+		uintptr(cmd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(key)),
+		uintptr(value),
+		uintptr(aux),
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsconfig", errno)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// SetFlag sets the flag parameter named by key. ([FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG])
+func (fs *FS) SetFlag(key string) (err error) {
+	var s *byte
+	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return fs.config(FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, s, nil, 0)
+}
+
+// SetString sets the string parameter named by key to the value specified by
+// value. ([FSCONFIG_SET_STRING])
+func (fs *FS) SetString(key, value string) (err error) {
+	var s0 *byte
+	s0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var s1 *byte
+	s1, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return fs.config(FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, s0, unsafe.Pointer(s1), 0)
+}
+
+// mount instantiates mount object from filesystem context.
+func (fs *FS) mount(flags, attrFlags int) (fsfd int, err error) {
+	r, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+		SYS_FSMOUNT,
+		fs.fd,
+		uintptr(flags|FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC),
+		uintptr(attrFlags),
+	)
+	fsfd = int(r)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsmount", errno)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MoveMount moves or attaches mount object to filesystem.
+func MoveMount(
+	fromDirfd int,
+	fromPathname string,
+	toDirfd int,
+	toPathname string,
+	flags int,
+) (err error) {
+	var s0 *byte
+	s0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(fromPathname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var s1 *byte
+	s1, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(toPathname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
+		SYS_MOVE_MOUNT,
+		uintptr(fromDirfd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s0)),
+		uintptr(toDirfd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s1)),
+		uintptr(flags),
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("move_mount", errno)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Mount attaches the underlying filesystem context to the specified pathname.
+func (fs *FS) Mount(pathname string, attrFlags int) error {
+	if err := fs.config(FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL, nil, nil, 0); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fd, err := fs.mount(0, attrFlags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	err = MoveMount(
+		fd, "",
+		-1, pathname,
+		MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH,
+	)
+	closeErr := syscall.Close(fd)
+	if err == nil {
+		err = closeErr
+	}
+	return err
+}

fhs/abs.go

@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ var (
 	AbsDevShm = unsafeAbs(DevShm)
 	// AbsProc is [Proc] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProc = unsafeAbs(Proc)
+	// AbsProcSys is [ProcSys] as [check.Absolute].
+	AbsProcSys = unsafeAbs(ProcSys)
 	// AbsProcSelfExe is [ProcSelfExe] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProcSelfExe = unsafeAbs(ProcSelfExe)
 	// AbsSys is [Sys] as [check.Absolute].

internal/pkg/dir_test.go

@@ -64,78 +64,6 @@ func TestFlatten(t *testing.T) {
 			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
 		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C"), nil},
 
-		{"sample cache file", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-			"identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			"identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			"identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("St9rlE-mGZ5gXwiv_hzQ_B8bZP-UUvSNmf4nHUZzCMOumb6hKnheZSe0dmnuc4Q2"), nil},
-
-		{"sample http get cure", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU", Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_", Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("L_0RFHpr9JUS4Zp14rz2dESSRvfLzpvqsLhR1-YjQt8hYlmEdVl7vI3_-v8UNPKs"), nil},
-
-		{"sample directory step simple", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-
-			"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"), nil},
-
 		{"sample directory step garbage", fstest.MapFS{
 			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
 
@@ -151,421 +79,6 @@ func TestFlatten(t *testing.T) {
 
 			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
 		}, pkg.MustDecode("CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT"), nil},
-
-		{"sample directory", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("WVpvsVqVKg9Nsh744x57h51AuWUoUR2nnh8Md-EYBQpk6ziyTuUn6PLtF2e0Eu_d"), nil},
-
-		{"sample no assume checksum", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-			"identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check", Data: []byte{}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("OC290t23aimNo2Rp2pPwan5GI2KRLRdOwYxXQMD9jw0QROgHnNXWodoWdV0hwu2w"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM":                                                                                          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum":                                                                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier":                                                                               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work":                                                                                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-			"identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("NQTlc466JmSVLIyWklm_u8_g95jEEb98PxJU-kjwxLpfdjwMWJq0G8ze9R4Vo1Vu"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar expand step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar expand", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-			"identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("hSoSSgCYTNonX3Q8FjvjD1fBl-E-BQyA6OTXro2OadXqbST4tZ-akGXszdeqphRe"), nil},
-
-		{"testtool", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0}},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("Q5DluWQCAeohLoiGRImurwFp3vdz9IfQCoj7Fuhh73s4KQPRHpEQEnHTdNHmB8Fx"), nil},
-
-		{"testtool net", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte("net")},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec net container", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check", Data: []byte("net")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3", Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("bPYvvqxpfV7xcC1EptqyKNK1klLJgYHMDkzBcoOyK6j_Aj5hb0mXNPwTwPSK5F6Z"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container overlay root", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("PO2DSSCa4yoSgEYRcCSZfQfwow1yRigL3Ry-hI0RDI4aGuFBha-EfXeSJnG_5_Rl"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container overlay work", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("iaRt6l_Wm2n-h5UsDewZxQkCmjZjyL8r7wv32QT2kyV55-Lx09Dq4gfg9BiwPnKs"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container multiple layers", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
-			"identifier/p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check", Data: []byte("layers")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2", Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("O2YzyR7IUGU5J2CADy0hUZ3A5NkP_Vwzs4UadEdn2oMZZVWRtH0xZGJ3HXiimTnZ"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container layer promotion", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("3EaW6WibLi9gl03_UieiFPaFcPy5p4x3JPxrnLJxGaTI-bh3HU9DK9IMx7c3rrNm"), nil},
-
-		{"sample file short", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("iR6H5OIsyOW4EwEgtm9rGzGF6DVtyHLySEtwnFE8bnus9VJcoCbR4JIek7Lw-vwT"), nil},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {

internal/pkg/exec.go

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 	"unique"
@@ -94,6 +96,32 @@ func MustPath(pathname string, writable bool, a ...Artifact) ExecPath {
 	return ExecPath{check.MustAbs(pathname), a, writable}
 }
 
+var (
+	binfmt   map[string]container.BinfmtEntry
+	binfmtMu sync.RWMutex
+)
+
+// RegisterArch arranges for [KindExec] and [KindExecNet] to support a new
+// architecture via a binfmt_misc entry. Each architecture must be registered
+// at most once.
+func RegisterArch(arch string, e container.BinfmtEntry) {
+	if arch == "" {
+		panic(UnsupportedArchError(arch))
+	}
+
+	binfmtMu.Lock()
+	defer binfmtMu.Unlock()
+
+	if binfmt == nil {
+		binfmt = make(map[string]container.BinfmtEntry)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := binfmt[arch]; ok {
+		panic("attempting to register " + strconv.Quote(arch) + " twice")
+	}
+	binfmt[arch] = e
+}
+
 const (
 	// ExecTimeoutDefault replaces out of range [NewExec] timeout values.
 	ExecTimeoutDefault = 15 * time.Minute
@@ -110,6 +138,8 @@ type execArtifact struct {
 	// Caller-supplied user-facing reporting name, guaranteed to be nonzero
 	// during initialisation.
 	name string
+	// Target architecture.
+	arch string
 	// Caller-supplied inner mount points.
 	paths []ExecPath
 
@@ -132,28 +162,40 @@ type execArtifact struct {
 
 var _ fmt.Stringer = new(execArtifact)
 
-// execNetArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and has
-// its resulting container keep the host net namespace.
-type execNetArtifact struct {
+// execMeasuredArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and
+// has its resulting container optionally keep the host net namespace.
+type execMeasuredArtifact struct {
 	checksum Checksum
 
+	// Whether to keep host net namespace.
+	hostNet bool
+
 	execArtifact
 }
 
-var _ KnownChecksum = new(execNetArtifact)
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(execMeasuredArtifact)
 
 // Checksum returns the caller-supplied checksum.
-func (a *execNetArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }
+func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }
 
-// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
-func (*execNetArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExecNet }
+// Kind returns [KindExecNet], or [KindExec] if hostNet is false.
+func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Kind() Kind {
+	if a == nil || a.hostNet {
+		return KindExecNet
+	}
+	return KindExec
+}
 
 // Cure cures the [Artifact] in the container described by the caller. The
-// container retains host networking.
-func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
-	return a.cure(f, true)
+// container optionally retains host networking.
+func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
+	return a.cure(f, a.hostNet)
 }
 
+// ErrNetChecksum is panicked by [NewExec] if host net namespace is requested
+// with a nil checksum.
+var ErrNetChecksum = errors.New("attempting to keep net namespace without checksum")
+
 // NewExec returns a new [Artifact] that executes the program path in a
 // container with specified paths bind mounted read-only in order. A private
 // instance of /proc and /dev is made available to the container.
@@ -167,7 +209,7 @@ func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
 // regular or symlink.
 //
 // If checksum is non-nil, the resulting [Artifact] implements [KnownChecksum]
-// and its container runs in the host net namespace.
+// and its container optionally runs in the host net namespace.
 //
 // The container is allowed to run for the specified duration before the initial
 // process and all processes originating from it is terminated. A zero or
@@ -178,10 +220,10 @@ func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
 // container and does not affect curing outcome. Because of this, it is omitted
 // from parameter data for computing identifier.
 func NewExec(
-	name string,
+	name, arch string,
 	checksum *Checksum,
 	timeout time.Duration,
-	exclusive bool,
+	hostNet, exclusive bool,
 
 	dir *check.Absolute,
 	env []string,
@@ -193,17 +235,23 @@ func NewExec(
 	if name == "" {
 		name = "exec-" + filepath.Base(pathname.String())
 	}
+	if arch == "" {
+		arch = runtime.GOARCH
+	}
 	if timeout <= 0 {
 		timeout = ExecTimeoutDefault
 	}
 	if timeout > ExecTimeoutMax {
 		timeout = ExecTimeoutMax
 	}
-	a := execArtifact{name, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
+	a := execArtifact{name, arch, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
 	if checksum == nil {
+		if hostNet {
+			panic(ErrNetChecksum)
+		}
 		return &a
 	}
-	return &execNetArtifact{*checksum, a}
+	return &execMeasuredArtifact{*checksum, hostNet, a}
 }
 
 // Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
@@ -211,6 +259,7 @@ func (*execArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExec }
 
 // Params writes paths, executable pathname and args.
 func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
+	ctx.WriteString(a.arch)
 	ctx.WriteString(a.name)
 
 	ctx.WriteUint32(uint32(len(a.paths)))
@@ -257,11 +306,26 @@ func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
 	}
 }
 
+// UnsupportedArchError describes an unsupported or invalid architecture.
+type UnsupportedArchError string
+
+func (e UnsupportedArchError) Error() string {
+	if e == "" {
+		return "invalid architecture name"
+	}
+	return "unsupported architecture " + string(e)
+}
+
 // readExecArtifact interprets IR values and returns the address of execArtifact
 // or execNetArtifact.
 func readExecArtifact(r *IRReader, net bool) Artifact {
 	r.DiscardAll()
 
+	arch := r.ReadString()
+	if arch == "" {
+		panic(UnsupportedArchError(arch))
+	}
+
 	name := r.ReadString()
 
 	sz := r.ReadUint32()
@@ -312,22 +376,17 @@ func readExecArtifact(r *IRReader, net bool) Artifact {
 	exclusive := r.ReadUint32() != 0
 
 	checksum, ok := r.Finalise()
-
 	var checksumP *Checksum
-	if net {
-		if !ok {
-			panic(ErrExpectedChecksum)
-		}
-		checksumVal := checksum.Value()
-		checksumP = &checksumVal
-	} else {
-		if ok {
-			panic(ErrUnexpectedChecksum)
-		}
+	if ok {
+		checksumP = new(checksum.Value())
+	}
+
+	if net && !ok {
+		panic(ErrExpectedChecksum)
 	}
 
 	return NewExec(
-		name, checksumP, timeout, exclusive, dir, env, pathname, args, paths...,
+		name, arch, checksumP, timeout, net, exclusive, dir, env, pathname, args, paths...,
 	)
 }
 
@@ -436,11 +495,23 @@ func (a *execArtifact) makeContainer(
 	if z.HostNet {
 		z.Hostname = "cure-net"
 	}
+	z.Quiet = flags&CSuppressInit != 0
 	z.Uid, z.Gid = (1<<10)-1, (1<<10)-1
 	z.Dir, z.Path, z.Args = a.dir, a.path, a.args
 	z.Env = slices.Concat(a.env, []string{EnvJobs + "=" + strconv.Itoa(jobs)})
 	z.Grow(len(a.paths) + 4)
 
+	if a.arch != runtime.GOARCH {
+		binfmtMu.RLock()
+		e, ok := binfmt[a.arch]
+		binfmtMu.RUnlock()
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, UnsupportedArchError(a.arch)
+		}
+		z.Binfmt = []container.BinfmtEntry{e}
+		z.InitAsRoot = true
+	}
+
 	for i, b := range a.paths {
 		if i == overlayWorkIndex {
 			if err = os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
@@ -527,9 +598,9 @@ func (c *Cache) EnterExec(
 	case *execArtifact:
 		e = f
 
-	case *execNetArtifact:
+	case *execMeasuredArtifact:
 		e = &f.execArtifact
-		hostNet = true
+		hostNet = f.hostNet
 
 	default:
 		return ErrNotExec
@@ -630,12 +701,6 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 			_ = stdout.Close()
 			return
 		}
-		defer func() {
-			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
-				_ = stdout.Close()
-				_ = stderr.Close()
-			}
-		}()
 
 		brStdout, brStderr := f.cache.getReader(stdout), f.cache.getReader(stderr)
 		stdoutDone, stderrDone := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
@@ -650,6 +715,11 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 			io.TeeReader(brStderr, status),
 		)
 		defer func() {
+			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
+				_ = stdout.Close()
+				_ = stderr.Close()
+			}
+
 			<-stdoutDone
 			<-stderrDone
 			f.cache.putReader(brStdout)

internal/pkg/exec_test.go

@@ -1,44 +1,70 @@
 package pkg_test
 
-//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o testdata/testtool ./testdata
-
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"testing"
-	"unique"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/stub"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected"
 )
 
 // testtoolBin is the container test tool binary made available to the
 // execArtifact for testing its curing environment.
 //
-//go:embed testdata/testtool
+//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o internal/testtool ./internal/testtool
+//go:embed internal/testtool/testtool
 var testtoolBin []byte
 
+func init() {
+	pathname, err := filepath.Abs("internal/testtool/testtool")
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	pkg.RegisterArch("cafe", container.BinfmtEntry{
+		Magic:       expected.Magic,
+		Interpreter: check.MustAbs(pathname),
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	wantChecksumOffline := pkg.MustDecode(
-		"GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9",
-	)
+	wantOffline := expectsFS{
+		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+		"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+	}
+	wantOfflineEncode := pkg.Encode(wantOffline.hash())
+	failingArtifact := &stubArtifact{
+		kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+		params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+			return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+		},
+	}
 
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
-		{"offline", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"offline", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-offline", "", new(wantOffline.hash()), 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -58,67 +84,128 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 
-				{"error passthrough", pkg.NewExec(
-					"", nil, 0, true,
+				{"substitution", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-offline", "", new(wantOffline.hash()), 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 					[]string{"testtool"},
 
-					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, &stubArtifact{
+					pkg.MustPath("/file", false, newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xfe, 0},
+						nil,
+						nil, nil,
+					)),
+					// substitution miss fails in testtool due to differing idents
+					pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, &stubArtifact{
 						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
-						params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+						params: []byte("empty directory (substituted)"),
 						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-							return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
 						},
 					}),
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+
+				{"error passthrough", pkg.NewExec(
+					"", "", nil, 0, false, true,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, failingArtifact),
+				), nil, nil, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
 					{
-						Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID(pkg.MustDecode(
-							"Sowo6oZRmG6xVtUaxB6bDWZhVsqAJsIJWUp0OPKlE103cY0lodx7dem8J-qQF0Z1",
-						))),
+						A:   failingArtifact,
 						Err: stub.UniqueError(0xcafe),
 					},
 				}},
 
 				{"invalid paths", pkg.NewExec(
-					"", nil, 0, false,
+					"", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 					[]string{"testtool"},
 
 					pkg.ExecPath{},
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.ErrInvalidPaths},
+				), nil, nil, pkg.ErrInvalidPaths},
 			})
 
 			// check init failure passthrough
-			var exitError *exec.ExitError
-			if _, _, err := c.Cure(pkg.NewExec(
-				"", nil, 0, false,
+			initFailureArtifact := pkg.NewExec(
+				"", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 				pkg.AbsWork,
 				nil,
 				check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 				[]string{"testtool"},
-			)); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
+			)
+			var exitError *exec.ExitError
+			if _, _, err := c.Cure(initFailureArtifact); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
 				exitError.ExitCode() != hst.ExitFailure {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v, want init exit status 1", err)
 			}
 
-			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("Q5DluWQCAeohLoiGRImurwFp3vdz9IfQCoj7Fuhh73s4KQPRHpEQEnHTdNHmB8Fx")},
+			var faultStatus []byte
+			if faults, err := c.ReadFaults(initFailureArtifact); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else if len(faults) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("ReadFaults: %v", faults)
+			} else if faultStatus, err = os.ReadFile(faults[0].String()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else if err = faults[0].Destroy(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else {
+				t.Logf("destroyed expected fault at %s", faults[0].Time().UTC())
+			}
 
-		{"net", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			if !bytes.HasPrefix(faultStatus, []byte(
+				"internal/pkg ",
+			)) || !bytes.Contains(faultStatus, []byte(
+				"\ninit: fork/exec /opt/bin/testtool: no such file or directory\n",
+			)) {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected status:\n%s", string(faultStatus))
+			}
+
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 1)
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/IY91PCtOpCYy21AaIK0c9f8-Z6fb2_2ewoHWkt4dxoLf0GOrWqS8yAGFLV84b1Dw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/QwS7SmiatdqryQYgESdGw7Yw2PcpNf0vNfpvUA0t92BTlKiUjfCrXyMW17G2X77X": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Offline:                                              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"net", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
-			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode(
-				"a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W",
-			)
+			wantNet := expectsFS{
+				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+				"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+			}
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-net", &wantChecksum, 0, false,
+					"exec-net", "", new(wantNet.hash()), 0, true, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -138,18 +225,37 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantNet, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("bPYvvqxpfV7xcC1EptqyKNK1klLJgYHMDkzBcoOyK6j_Aj5hb0mXNPwTwPSK5F6Z")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"overlay root", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+
+			"identifier":                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Net: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"overlay root", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-overlay-root", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-overlay-root", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -163,18 +269,35 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("PO2DSSCa4yoSgEYRcCSZfQfwow1yRigL3Ry-hI0RDI4aGuFBha-EfXeSJnG_5_Rl")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"overlay work", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier":                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/" + expected.OvlRoot: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"overlay work", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-overlay-work", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-overlay-work", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/work/bin/testtool"),
@@ -193,18 +316,35 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
 						},
 					}), pkg.Path(pkg.AbsWork, false /* ignored */, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("iaRt6l_Wm2n-h5UsDewZxQkCmjZjyL8r7wv32QT2kyV55-Lx09Dq4gfg9BiwPnKs")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"multiple layers", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier":                  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Work: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"multiple layers", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-multiple-layers", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-multiple-layers", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -245,18 +385,40 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("O2YzyR7IUGU5J2CADy0hUZ3A5NkP_Vwzs4UadEdn2oMZZVWRtH0xZGJ3HXiimTnZ")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"overlay layer promotion", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Layers:                                               {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"overlay layer promotion", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-layer-promotion", nil, 0, true,
+					"exec-layer-promotion", "", nil, 0, false, true,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -276,11 +438,96 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("3EaW6WibLi9gl03_UieiFPaFcPy5p4x3JPxrnLJxGaTI-bh3HU9DK9IMx7c3rrNm")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Promote:                                              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"binfmt", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			if info.CanDegrade && os.Getenv("ROSA_SKIP_BINFMT") != "" {
+				t.Skip("binfmt_misc test explicitly skipped")
+			}
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-binfmt", "cafe", nil, 0, false, true,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_BINFMT=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/sample"),
+					[]string{"sample"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 0xff}, &stubArtifact{
+						kind: pkg.KindTar,
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							work := t.GetWorkDir()
+							if err := os.MkdirAll(
+								work.Append("bin").String(),
+								0700,
+							); err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+
+							return os.WriteFile(t.GetWorkDir().Append(
+								"bin",
+								"sample",
+							).String(), []byte(expected.Full), 0500)
+						},
+					}}),
+				), ignorePathname, expectsFS{
+					".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+					"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("binfmt")},
+				}, nil},
+			})
+
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV/bin":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV/bin/sample": {Mode: 0500, Data: []byte("\xca\xfe\xba\xbe\xfd\xfd:3")},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3/check":      {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("binfmt")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/6VQTJ1lI5BmVuI1YFYJ8ClO3MRORvTTrcWFDcUU-l5Ga8EofxCxGlSTYN-u8dKj_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3")},
+			"identifier/_v8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }
 

internal/pkg/file_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package pkg_test
 
 import (
+	"io/fs"
 	"testing"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
@@ -10,18 +11,27 @@ import (
 func TestFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
+	want := expectsFile{0}
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"file", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"short", pkg.NewFile("null", []byte{0}), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					"3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi",
-				), pkg.MustDecode(
-					"vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX",
-				), nil},
+				), want, nil},
 			})
-		}, pkg.MustDecode(
-			"iR6H5OIsyOW4EwEgtm9rGzGF6DVtyHLySEtwnFE8bnus9VJcoCbR4JIek7Lw-vwT",
-		)},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + pkg.Encode(want.hash()): {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/expected.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Package expected contains data shared between test helper and test harness.
+package expected
+
+const (
+	// Magic are magic bytes in the binfmt test case.
+	Magic = "\xca\xfe\xba\xbe\xfd\xfd"
+	// Full is the full content of the binfmt test case executable.
+	Full = Magic + ":3"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_amd64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package expected
+
+const (
+	Offline = "q5ktDTq0miP-VvB2blxqXQeaRXCUWgP_KbC18KNtUDtyoaI_h5mHmGuPMArVEBDs"
+	OvlRoot = "NacZGXwuRkTvcHaG08a22ujJ8qCWN0RSoFlRSR5FSt0ZcBbJ28FRvkYsHEtX7G8i"
+	Layers  = "WBJDrATtX6rIE5yAu8ePX3WmDF0Tt9kFiue0m3cRnyRoVx1my8a67fh3CAW486oP"
+	Net     = "CmYtj2sNB3LHtqiDuck_Lz3MjLLIiwyP8N4NDitQ1Icvv__LVP9p8tm-sHeQaKKp"
+	Promote = "TX3eCloaQFkV-SZIH6Jg6E5WKH--rcXY1P0jnZKmLFKWrNqnOzd4G9eIBh6i5ywN"
+	Work    = "OuNiLSC68pZhAOr1YQ4WbV1tzASA0nxLEBcK7lO7MqxDY_j8dmP_C612RTuF23Lu"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_arm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package expected
+
+const (
+	Offline = "WapqyoPxbWSnq07dWHt71mHaJXq99pAjJfFlELlJljSiZMhTFqqlzU1_mN86shSj"
+	OvlRoot = "V9anFOiRvjGfAeBhLl14AL8TKdWZyD0WTPYe4fS9mOBw8iW5Lmarvt6TG6MV8uWm"
+	Layers  = "tKx7JNRoSBdK_7MdzI-nwTNV2wmiPzwYdcd17oLmXKL_iLmUzUiA79qTqdrTasrv"
+	Net     = "aXyDLzBCJ9XltXZIfetEVsEkrqHfcXuD5XE_FcUnYbN3emwL55N6P8LlHzNfGnM5"
+	Promote = "3k4V16n96Lq04gjFSKmm4sFjyQ883FFBNXgTy9s_DjeTwxT3pg_iacEh8yMb_S4m"
+	Work    = "6Q49MhFWRE3Ne6MycwAotgl1GtoU5WCHqJNWG2byYZCY-zX-IxPrWiKk7bKkNzhE"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_riscv64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package expected
+
+const (
+	Offline = "Z6yXE5gOJScL3srmnVMWgCXccDiUNZ5snSrf6RkXuU1_U0rX_kGVwsfHUgNG_awd"
+	OvlRoot = "zYXJHFRLuxvUhuisZEXgGgVvdQd6piMfp5jmtT6jdVjvC2gICXquOq-UTwlrSD5I"
+	Layers  = "_F8EDazHbcLeT0sVSQXRN_kn9IjduqJcDYgzXpsT-hpKU4EBcZ0PISN2zchpqMbm"
+	Net     = "CA_FAaSIYJgapBEHV40doxpH23PdUEy_6s1TZc7wfSPN0XYqwGpMceXXDSabGveO"
+	Promote = "_3LPrLp--4h9k4GsNNApu9hHtAafq-GUhfU6d4hJKBDKT3bz_szOsvkXxc5sK53d"
+	Work    = "FEgHeiCD_WT4wsfB-9kDH5n6cRWCEYtJmXdKZgmUUukAOoXumH_hLlosXREC-tqq"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/main.go

@@ -14,15 +14,29 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
-	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/vfs"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected"
 )
 
 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
 	log.SetPrefix("testtool: ")
 
+	if os.Getenv("HAKUREI_BINFMT") == "1" {
+		wantArgs := []string{"/interpreter", "/opt/bin/sample"}
+		if !slices.Equal(os.Args, wantArgs) {
+			log.Fatalf("Args: %q, want %q", os.Args, wantArgs)
+		}
+
+		if err := os.WriteFile("check", []byte("binfmt"), 0400); err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		return
+	}
+
 	environ := slices.DeleteFunc(slices.Clone(os.Environ()), func(s string) bool {
 		return s == "CURE_JOBS="+strconv.Itoa(runtime.NumCPU())
 	})
@@ -148,59 +162,40 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	const checksumEmptyDir = "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"
-	ident := "dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks"
+	ident := expected.Offline
 	log.Println(m)
 	next := func() { m = m.Next; log.Println(m) }
 
 	if overlayRoot {
-		ident = "RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb"
+		ident = expected.OvlRoot
 
 		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/" ||
 			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
 			log.Fatal("unexpected root mount entry")
 		}
-		var lowerdir string
+		var lowerdir []string
 		for _, o := range strings.Split(m.FsOptstr, ",") {
-			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir="
+			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir+="
 			if strings.HasPrefix(o, lowerdirKey) {
-				lowerdir = o[len(lowerdirKey):]
+				lowerdir = append(lowerdir, o[len(lowerdirKey):])
 			}
 		}
 		if !layers {
-			if filepath.Base(lowerdir) != checksumEmptyDir {
+			if len(lowerdir) != 1 || filepath.Base(lowerdir[0]) != checksumEmptyDir {
 				log.Fatal("unexpected artifact checksum")
 			}
 		} else {
-			ident = "p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT"
+			ident = expected.Layers
 
-			lowerdirsEscaped := strings.Split(lowerdir, ":")
-			lowerdirs := lowerdirsEscaped[:0]
-			// ignore the option separator since it does not appear in ident
-			for i, e := range lowerdirsEscaped {
-				if len(e) > 0 &&
-					e[len(e)-1] == check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0] &&
-					(len(e) == 1 || e[len(e)-2] != check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0]) {
-					// ignore escaped pathname separator since it does not
-					// appear in ident
-
-					e = e[:len(e)-1]
-					if len(lowerdirsEscaped) != i {
-						lowerdirsEscaped[i+1] = e + lowerdirsEscaped[i+1]
-						continue
-					}
-				}
-				lowerdirs = append(lowerdirs, e)
-			}
-
-			if len(lowerdirs) != 2 ||
-				filepath.Base(lowerdirs[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
-				filepath.Base(lowerdirs[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
-				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdirs, ", "))
+			if len(lowerdir) != 2 ||
+				filepath.Base(lowerdir[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
+				filepath.Base(lowerdir[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
+				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdir, ", "))
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		if hostNet {
-			ident = "G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3"
+			ident = expected.Net
 		}
 
 		if m.Root != "/sysroot" || m.Target != "/" {
@@ -219,14 +214,14 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	if promote {
-		ident = "xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ"
+		ident = expected.Promote
 	}
 
 	next() // testtool artifact
 
 	next()
 	if overlayWork {
-		ident = "5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-"
+		ident = expected.Work
 		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/work" ||
 			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
 			log.Fatal("unexpected work mount entry")

internal/pkg/ir.go

@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ type IContext struct {
 	// Written to by various methods, should be zeroed after [Artifact.Params]
 	// returns and must not be exposed directly.
 	w io.Writer
+	// Optional [Artifact] to cureRes cache, replaces [IRKindIdent] with
+	// checksum values if non-nil.
+	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes
 }
 
 // irZero is a zero IR word.
@@ -163,7 +166,15 @@ func (i *IContext) WriteIdent(a Artifact) {
 	defer i.ic.putIdentBuf(buf)
 
 	IRKindIdent.encodeHeader(0).put(buf[:])
-	*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = i.ic.Ident(a).Value()
+	if i.inputs != nil {
+		res, ok := i.inputs[a]
+		if !ok {
+			panic(InvalidLookupError(i.ic.Ident(a).Value()))
+		}
+		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = res.checksum.Value()
+	} else {
+		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = i.ic.Ident(a).Value()
+	}
 	i.mustWrite(buf[:])
 }
 
@@ -207,19 +218,44 @@ func (i *IContext) WriteString(s string) {
 // Encode writes a deterministic, efficient representation of a to w and returns
 // the first non-nil error encountered while writing to w.
 func (ic *irCache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
+	return ic.encode(w, a, nil)
+}
+
+// encode implements Encode but replaces identifiers with their cured checksums
+// for a non-nil ident. Caller must acquire Cache.identMu.
+func (ic *irCache) encode(
+	w io.Writer,
+	a Artifact,
+	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes,
+) (err error) {
 	deps := a.Dependencies()
 	idents := make([]*extIdent, len(deps))
-	for i, d := range deps {
-		dbuf, did := ic.unsafeIdent(d, true)
-		if dbuf == nil {
-			dbuf = ic.getIdentBuf()
+	if inputs == nil {
+		for i, d := range deps {
+			dbuf, did := ic.unsafeIdent(d, true)
+			if dbuf == nil {
+				dbuf = ic.getIdentBuf()
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dbuf[:], uint64(d.Kind()))
+				*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = did.Value()
+			} else {
+				ic.storeIdent(d, dbuf)
+			}
+			defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
+			idents[i] = dbuf
+		}
+	} else {
+		for i, d := range deps {
+			res, ok := inputs[d]
+			if !ok {
+				return InvalidLookupError(ic.Ident(d).Value())
+			}
+
+			dbuf := ic.getIdentBuf()
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dbuf[:], uint64(d.Kind()))
-			*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = did.Value()
-		} else {
-			ic.storeIdent(d, dbuf)
+			*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = res.checksum.Value()
+			defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
+			idents[i] = dbuf
 		}
-		defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
-		idents[i] = dbuf
 	}
 	slices.SortFunc(idents, func(a, b *extIdent) int {
 		return bytes.Compare(a[:], b[:])
@@ -244,7 +280,7 @@ func (ic *irCache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	func() {
-		i := IContext{ic, w}
+		i := IContext{ic, w, inputs}
 
 		defer panicToError(&err)
 		defer func() { i.ic, i.w = nil, nil }()

internal/pkg/ir_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package pkg_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 		)},
 
 		{"exec offline", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
+			"exec-offline", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 			pkg.AbsWork,
 			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -58,9 +59,9 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 		)},
 
 		{"exec net", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-net",
+			"exec-net", "",
 			(*pkg.Checksum)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-			0, false,
+			0, false, false,
 			pkg.AbsWork,
 			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -79,6 +80,28 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 			)),
 		)},
 
+		{"exec measured", pkg.NewExec(
+			"exec-measured", "",
+			(*pkg.Checksum)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
+			0, false, false,
+			pkg.AbsWork,
+			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+			[]string{"testtool", "measured"},
+
+			pkg.MustPath("/file", false, pkg.NewFile("file", []byte(
+				"stub file",
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+				nil, "file:///hakurei.tar",
+				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
+				pkg.TarUncompressed,
+			)), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+				nil, "file:///testtool.tar.gz",
+				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
+				pkg.TarGzip,
+			)),
+		)},
+
 		{"file anonymous", pkg.NewFile("", []byte{0})},
 		{"file", pkg.NewFile("stub", []byte("stub"))},
 	}
@@ -105,9 +128,13 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 				if err := <-done; err != nil {
 					t.Fatalf("EncodeAll: error = %v", err)
 				}
-			}, pkg.MustDecode(
-				"E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C",
-			),
+			}, expectsFS{
+				".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			},
 		}
 	}
 	checkWithCache(t, testCasesCache)

internal/pkg/net_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package pkg_test
 import (
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
@@ -85,7 +86,13 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			if _, err := f.Cure(r); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"cure", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			r := newRContext(t, c)
@@ -144,6 +151,18 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			if _, _, err := c.Cure(f); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
 				t.Fatalf("Pathname: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("L_0RFHpr9JUS4Zp14rz2dESSRvfLzpvqsLhR1-YjQt8hYlmEdVl7vI3_-v8UNPKs")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }

internal/pkg/pkg.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ package pkg
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"encoding/base64"
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"io/fs"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
+	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 	"unique"
 	"unsafe"
 
@@ -247,7 +250,14 @@ func (t *TContext) destroy(errP *error) {
 			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, err)
 		}
 		if *errP != nil {
-			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, os.Remove(t.statusPath.String()))
+			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, os.Rename(
+				t.statusPath.String(), t.cache.base.Append(
+					dirFault,
+					t.ids+"."+strconv.FormatUint(uint64(
+						time.Now().UnixNano(),
+					), 10),
+				).String(),
+			))
 		}
 		t.status = nil
 	}
@@ -508,33 +518,34 @@ const (
 )
 
 const (
-	// fileLock is the file name appended to Cache.base for guaranteeing
-	// exclusive access to the cache directory.
+	// fileLock is the lock file for exclusive access to the cache directory.
 	fileLock = "lock"
-	// fileVariant is the file name appended to Cache.base holding the variant
-	// identification string set by a prior call to [SetExtension].
+	// fileVariant is a file holding the variant identification string set by a
+	// prior call to [SetExtension].
 	fileVariant = "variant"
 
-	// dirIdentifier is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
-	// artifacts named after their [ID].
+	// dirSubstitute holds symlinks to artifacts by checksum, named after their
+	// substitute identifier.
+	dirSubstitute = "substitute"
+	// dirIdentifier holds symlinks to artifacts by checksum,  named after their
+	// IR-based identifier.
 	dirIdentifier = "identifier"
-	// dirChecksum is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
-	// artifacts named after their [Checksum].
+	// dirChecksum holds artifacts named after their [Checksum].
 	dirChecksum = "checksum"
-	// dirStatus is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
-	// artifact metadata and logs named after their [ID].
+	// dirStatus holds artifact metadata and logs named after their IR-based
+	// identifier. For [FloodArtifact], the same file is also available under
+	// its substitute identifier.
 	dirStatus = "status"
+	// dirFault holds status files of faulted cures.
+	dirFault = "fault"
 
-	// dirWork is the directory name appended to Cache.base for working
-	// pathnames set up during [Cache.Cure].
+	// dirWork holds working pathnames set up during [Cache.Cure].
 	dirWork = "work"
-	// dirTemp is the directory name appended to Cache.base for scratch space
-	// pathnames allocated during [Cache.Cure].
+	// dirTemp holds scratch space allocated during [Cache.Cure].
 	dirTemp = "temp"
 
-	// dirExecScratch is the directory name appended to Cache.base for scratch
-	// space setting up the container started by [Cache.EnterExec]. Exclusivity
-	// via Cache.inExec.
+	// dirExecScratch is scratch space set up for the container started by
+	// [Cache.EnterExec]. Exclusivity via Cache.inExec.
 	dirExecScratch = "scratch"
 
 	// checksumLinknamePrefix is prepended to the encoded [Checksum] value
@@ -617,6 +628,13 @@ const (
 	// CPromoteVariant allows [pkg.Open] to promote an unextended on-disk cache
 	// to the current extension variant. This is a one-way operation.
 	CPromoteVariant
+
+	// CSuppressInit arranges for verbose output of the container init to be
+	// suppressed regardless of [message.Msg] state.
+	CSuppressInit
+
+	// CIgnoreSubstitutes disables content-based dependency substitution.
+	CIgnoreSubstitutes
 )
 
 // toplevel holds [context.WithCancel] over caller-supplied context, where all
@@ -672,6 +690,11 @@ type Cache struct {
 	// Synchronises access to dirChecksum.
 	checksumMu sync.RWMutex
 
+	// Presence of an alternative in the cache. Keys are not valid identifiers
+	// and must not be used as such.
+	substitute map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
+	// Synchronises access to substitute and corresponding filesystem entries.
+	substituteMu sync.RWMutex
 	// Identifier to content pair cache.
 	ident map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
 	// Identifier to error pair for unrecoverably faulted [Artifact].
@@ -882,11 +905,14 @@ func (c *Cache) Scrub(checks int) error {
 		checks = runtime.NumCPU()
 	}
 
+	c.substituteMu.Lock()
+	defer c.substituteMu.Unlock()
 	c.identMu.Lock()
 	defer c.identMu.Unlock()
 	c.checksumMu.Lock()
 	defer c.checksumMu.Unlock()
 
+	c.substitute = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
 	c.ident = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
 	c.identErr = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]error)
 	c.artifact.Clear()
@@ -994,47 +1020,52 @@ func (c *Cache) Scrub(checks int) error {
 		wg.Wait()
 	}
 
-	dir = c.base.Append(dirIdentifier)
-	if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
-		addErr(dir, readdirErr)
-	} else {
-		wg.Add(len(entries))
-		for _, ent := range entries {
-			w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
-				got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
-				defer p.Put(got)
+	for _, suffix := range []string{
+		dirSubstitute,
+		dirIdentifier,
+	} {
+		dir = c.base.Append(suffix)
+		if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
+			addErr(dir, readdirErr)
+		} else {
+			wg.Add(len(entries))
+			for _, ent := range entries {
+				w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
+					got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
+					defer p.Put(got)
 
-				pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
-				if linkname, err := os.Readlink(
-					pathname.String(),
-				); err != nil {
-					seMu.Lock()
-					se.Errs[pathname.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[pathname.Handle()], err)
-					se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
-					seMu.Unlock()
-					return false
-				} else if err = Decode(got, filepath.Base(linkname)); err != nil {
-					seMu.Lock()
-					lnp := dir.Append(linkname)
-					se.Errs[lnp.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[lnp.Handle()], err)
-					se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
-					seMu.Unlock()
-					return false
-				}
-
-				if _, err := os.Stat(pathname.String()); err != nil {
-					if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-						addErr(pathname, err)
+					pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
+					if linkname, err := os.Readlink(
+						pathname.String(),
+					); err != nil {
+						seMu.Lock()
+						se.Errs[pathname.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[pathname.Handle()], err)
+						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
+						seMu.Unlock()
+						return false
+					} else if err = Decode(got, filepath.Base(linkname)); err != nil {
+						seMu.Lock()
+						lnp := dir.Append(linkname)
+						se.Errs[lnp.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[lnp.Handle()], err)
+						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
+						seMu.Unlock()
+						return false
 					}
-					seMu.Lock()
-					se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
-					seMu.Unlock()
-					return false
-				}
-				return true
-			}}
+
+					if _, err := os.Stat(pathname.String()); err != nil {
+						if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+							addErr(pathname, err)
+						}
+						seMu.Lock()
+						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
+						seMu.Unlock()
+						return false
+					}
+					return true
+				}}
+			}
+			wg.Wait()
 		}
-		wg.Wait()
 	}
 
 	dir = c.base.Append(dirStatus)
@@ -1182,6 +1213,52 @@ func (c *Cache) finaliseIdent(
 	close(done)
 }
 
+// zeroChecksum is a zero [Checksum] handle, used for comparison only.
+var zeroChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
+
+// loadSubstitute returns a checksum corresponding to a substitute identifier,
+// or zeroChecksum if an alternative is not available.
+func (c *Cache) loadSubstitute(
+	substitute unique.Handle[ID],
+) (unique.Handle[Checksum], error) {
+	c.substituteMu.RLock()
+	if checksum, ok := c.substitute[substitute]; ok {
+		c.substituteMu.RUnlock()
+		return checksum, nil
+	}
+
+	linkname, err := os.Readlink(c.base.Append(
+		dirSubstitute,
+		Encode(substitute.Value()),
+	).String())
+	c.substituteMu.RUnlock()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			return zeroChecksum, err
+		}
+
+		c.substituteMu.Lock()
+		c.substitute[substitute] = zeroChecksum
+		c.substituteMu.Unlock()
+		return zeroChecksum, nil
+	}
+
+	var checksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
+	buf := c.getIdentBuf()
+	err = Decode((*Checksum)(buf[:]), filepath.Base(linkname))
+	if err == nil {
+		checksum = unique.Make(Checksum(buf[:]))
+
+		c.substituteMu.Lock()
+		c.substitute[substitute] = checksum
+		c.substituteMu.Unlock()
+	}
+	c.putIdentBuf(buf)
+
+	return checksum, err
+}
+
 // Done returns a channel that is closed when the ongoing cure of an [Artifact]
 // referred to by the specified identifier completes. Done may return nil if
 // no ongoing cure of the specified identifier exists.
@@ -1416,8 +1493,8 @@ func (c *Cache) Cure(a Artifact) (
 
 // CureError wraps a non-nil error returned attempting to cure an [Artifact].
 type CureError struct {
-	Ident unique.Handle[ID]
-	Err   error
+	A   Artifact
+	Err error
 }
 
 // Unwrap returns the underlying error.
@@ -1430,40 +1507,63 @@ func (e *CureError) Error() string { return e.Err.Error() }
 type DependencyCureError []*CureError
 
 // unwrapM recursively expands underlying errors into a caller-supplied map.
-func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrapM(me map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError) {
+func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrapM(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	ir *IRCache,
+	me map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError,
+) {
 	for _, err := range *e {
-		if _, ok := me[err.Ident]; ok {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			break
+		}
+
+		id := ir.Ident(err.A)
+		if _, ok := me[id]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
 		if _e, ok := err.Err.(*DependencyCureError); ok {
-			_e.unwrapM(me)
+			_e.unwrapM(ctx, ir, me)
 			continue
 		}
-		me[err.Ident] = err
+		me[id] = err
 	}
 }
 
 // unwrap recursively expands and deduplicates underlying errors.
-func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrap() DependencyCureError {
+func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrap(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	ir *IRCache,
+) DependencyCureError {
 	me := make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError)
-	e.unwrapM(me)
-	errs := slices.AppendSeq(
-		make(DependencyCureError, 0, len(me)),
-		maps.Values(me),
-	)
+	e.unwrapM(ctx, ir, me)
+	type ent struct {
+		id  unique.Handle[ID]
+		err *CureError
+	}
+	errs := make([]*ent, 0, len(me))
+	for id, err := range me {
+		errs = append(errs, &ent{id, err})
+	}
 
 	var identBuf [2]ID
-	slices.SortFunc(errs, func(a, b *CureError) int {
-		identBuf[0], identBuf[1] = a.Ident.Value(), b.Ident.Value()
+	slices.SortFunc(errs, func(a, b *ent) int {
+		identBuf[0], identBuf[1] = a.id.Value(), b.id.Value()
 		return slices.Compare(identBuf[0][:], identBuf[1][:])
 	})
 
-	return errs
+	_errs := make(DependencyCureError, len(errs))
+	for i, v := range errs {
+		_errs[i] = v.err
+	}
+	return _errs
 }
 
 // Unwrap returns a deduplicated slice of underlying errors.
 func (e *DependencyCureError) Unwrap() []error {
-	errs := e.unwrap()
+	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	errs := e.unwrap(ctx, NewIR())
 	_errs := make([]error, len(errs))
 	for i, err := range errs {
 		_errs[i] = err
@@ -1473,14 +1573,23 @@ func (e *DependencyCureError) Unwrap() []error {
 
 // Error returns a user-facing multiline error message.
 func (e *DependencyCureError) Error() string {
-	errs := e.unwrap()
+	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	ir := NewIR()
+	errs := e.unwrap(ctx, ir)
 	if len(errs) == 0 {
 		return "invalid dependency cure outcome"
 	}
 	var buf strings.Builder
 	buf.WriteString("errors curing dependencies:")
 	for _, err := range errs {
-		buf.WriteString("\n\t" + Encode(err.Ident.Value()) + ": " + err.Error())
+		buf.WriteString("\n\t" +
+			reportName(err.A, ir.Ident(err.A)) + ": " +
+			err.Error())
+	}
+	if ctx.Err() != nil {
+		buf.WriteString("\nerror resolution cancelled")
 	}
 	return buf.String()
 }
@@ -1650,16 +1759,44 @@ func (c *Cache) cure(a Artifact, curesExempt bool) (
 		return
 	}
 
-	var checksums string
+	var (
+		checksums   string
+		substitute  unique.Handle[ID]
+		alternative *check.Absolute
+	)
 	defer func() {
 		if err == nil && checksums != "" {
+			linkname := checksumLinknamePrefix + checksums
+
 			err = os.Symlink(
-				checksumLinknamePrefix+checksums,
+				linkname,
 				pathname.String(),
 			)
 			if err == nil {
 				err = zeroTimes(pathname.String())
 			}
+
+			if err == nil && alternative != nil {
+				c.substituteMu.Lock()
+				err = os.Symlink(
+					linkname,
+					alternative.String(),
+				)
+				if errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
+					c.msg.Verbosef(
+						"creating alternative over %s for artifact %s",
+						Encode(substitute.Value()), ids,
+					)
+					err = nil
+				}
+				if err == nil {
+					err = zeroTimes(alternative.String())
+				}
+				if err == nil && checksum != zeroChecksum {
+					c.substitute[substitute] = checksum
+				}
+				c.substituteMu.Unlock()
+			}
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -1856,11 +1993,64 @@ func (c *Cache) cure(a Artifact, curesExempt bool) (
 			f.deps[deps[i]] = p
 		}
 
+		sh := sha512.New384()
+		err = c.encode(sh, a, f.deps)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		buf := c.getIdentBuf()
+		sh.Sum(buf[wordSize:wordSize])
+		substitute = unique.Make(ID(buf[wordSize:]))
+		substitutes := Encode(substitute.Value())
+		c.putIdentBuf(buf)
+		alternative = c.base.Append(
+			dirSubstitute,
+			substitutes,
+		)
+
+		if c.flags&CIgnoreSubstitutes == 0 {
+			var substituteChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
+			substituteChecksum, err = c.loadSubstitute(substitute)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if substituteChecksum != zeroChecksum {
+				checksum = substituteChecksum
+				checksums = Encode(checksum.Value())
+				checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
+					dirChecksum,
+					checksums,
+				)
+				if _, err = os.Lstat(c.base.Append(
+					dirStatus,
+					substitutes,
+				).String()); err == nil {
+					err = os.Symlink(substitutes, c.base.Append(
+						dirStatus,
+						ids,
+					).String())
+				} else if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+					err = nil
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
 		defer f.destroy(&err)
 		if err = c.enterCure(a, curesExempt); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 		err = ca.Cure(&f)
+		if err == nil && f.status != nil {
+			err = os.Link(c.base.Append(
+				dirStatus,
+				ids,
+			).String(), c.base.Append(
+				dirStatus,
+				substitutes,
+			).String())
+		}
 		c.exitCure(a, curesExempt)
 		if err != nil {
 			return
@@ -1953,7 +2143,7 @@ func (pending *pendingArtifactDep) cure(c *Cache) {
 	}
 
 	pending.errsMu.Lock()
-	*pending.errs = append(*pending.errs, &CureError{c.Ident(pending.a), err})
+	*pending.errs = append(*pending.errs, &CureError{pending.a, err})
 	pending.errsMu.Unlock()
 }
 
@@ -1969,6 +2159,52 @@ func (c *Cache) OpenStatus(a Artifact) (r io.ReadSeekCloser, err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+// Fault holds the pathname and termination time of an [Artifact] fault entry.
+type Fault struct {
+	*check.Absolute
+	t uint64
+}
+
+// Time returns the instant in time where the fault occurred.
+func (f Fault) Time() time.Time { return time.Unix(0, int64(f.t)) }
+
+// Open opens the underlying entry for reading.
+func (f Fault) Open() (io.ReadCloser, error) { return os.Open(f.Absolute.String()) }
+
+// Destroy removes the underlying fault entry.
+func (f Fault) Destroy() error { return os.Remove(f.Absolute.String()) }
+
+// ReadFaults returns fault entries for an [Artifact].
+func (c *Cache) ReadFaults(a Artifact) (faults []Fault, err error) {
+	prefix := Encode(c.Ident(a).Value()) + "."
+	var dents []os.DirEntry
+	if dents, err = os.ReadDir(c.base.Append(dirFault).String()); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for _, dent := range dents {
+		name := dent.Name()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+			continue
+		}
+		var t uint64
+		t, err = strconv.ParseUint(name[len(prefix):], 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		faults = append(faults, Fault{c.base.Append(
+			dirFault,
+			name,
+		), t})
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(faults, func(a, b Fault) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.t, b.t)
+	})
+	return
+}
+
 // Abort cancels all pending cures and waits for them to clean up, but does not
 // close the cache.
 func (c *Cache) Abort() {
@@ -2068,9 +2304,11 @@ func open(
 	}
 
 	for _, name := range []string{
+		dirSubstitute,
 		dirIdentifier,
 		dirChecksum,
 		dirStatus,
+		dirFault,
 		dirWork,
 	} {
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(
@@ -2093,6 +2331,7 @@ func open(
 
 		irCache: zeroIRCache(),
 
+		substitute:   make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]),
 		ident:        make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]),
 		identErr:     make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]error),
 		identPending: make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]*pendingCure),

internal/pkg/pkg_test.go

@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+	"time"
 	"unique"
 	"unsafe"
 
@@ -242,6 +245,41 @@ func newDestroyArtifactFunc(a pkg.Artifact) func(
 	}
 }
 
+// destroyStatus counts non-substitution status entries and destroys them.
+func destroyStatus(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c, s int) {
+	dents, err := os.ReadDir(base.Append("status").String())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var gotC, gotS int
+	for _, dent := range dents {
+		if err = os.Remove(base.Append(
+			"status",
+			dent.Name(),
+		).String()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if dent.Type().IsRegular() {
+			gotC++
+			continue
+		}
+		if dent.Type()&fs.ModeSymlink == fs.ModeSymlink {
+			gotS++
+			continue
+		}
+		t.Errorf("%s: %s", dent.Name(), dent.Type())
+	}
+
+	if gotC != c {
+		t.Errorf("status: c = %d, want %d", gotC, c)
+	}
+	if gotS != s {
+		t.Errorf("status: s = %d, want %d", gotS, s)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestIdent(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -286,6 +324,99 @@ func TestIdent(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// An expectsKnown describes an expected file or directory.
+type expectsKnown interface {
+	// hash returns the checksum of the represented data.
+	hash() (checksum pkg.Checksum)
+}
+
+// An expectsChecksum is a prepared checksum value.
+type expectsChecksum pkg.Checksum
+
+// hash returns e.
+func (e expectsChecksum) hash() pkg.Checksum { return e }
+
+// An expectsFile is the contents of a file expected by the test suite.
+type expectsFile []byte
+
+// hash computes the checksum of e.
+func (e expectsFile) hash() (checksum pkg.Checksum) {
+	h := sha512.New384()
+	h.Write(e)
+	h.Sum(checksum[:0])
+	return
+}
+
+// An expectsFS describes the state of a filesystem expected by the test suite.
+type expectsFS fstest.MapFS
+
+// hash computes the checksum of e.
+func (e expectsFS) hash() (checksum pkg.Checksum) {
+	if err := pkg.HashFS(&checksum, fstest.MapFS(e), "."); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// expectsFrom generates expectsFS for a filesystem directory.
+func expectsFrom(pathname string) string {
+	var buf strings.Builder
+	buf.WriteString("expectsFS{\n")
+	if err := filepath.WalkDir(pathname, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		var rel string
+		if rel, err = filepath.Rel(pathname, path); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		buf.WriteString("\t" + strconv.Quote(rel) + ": {Mode: ")
+
+		var fi fs.FileInfo
+		if fi, err = d.Info(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		mode := fi.Mode()
+
+		switch {
+		case mode.IsDir():
+			buf.WriteString("fs.ModeDir | 0" +
+				strconv.FormatInt(int64(mode&^fs.ModeDir), 8))
+
+		case mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0:
+			buf.WriteString("fs.ModeSymlink | 0" +
+				strconv.FormatInt(int64(mode&^fs.ModeSymlink), 8) +
+				", Data: []byte(")
+			var linkname string
+			if linkname, err = os.Readlink(path); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			buf.WriteString(strconv.Quote(linkname))
+			buf.WriteByte(')')
+
+		case mode.IsRegular():
+			buf.WriteString("0" + strconv.FormatInt(int64(mode), 8))
+			var p []byte
+			if p, err = os.ReadFile(path); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if len(p) > 0 {
+				buf.WriteString(", Data: []byte(")
+				buf.WriteString(strconv.Quote(unsafe.String(unsafe.SliceData(p), len(p))))
+				buf.WriteByte(')')
+			}
+		}
+		buf.WriteString("},\n")
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	buf.WriteString("}")
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
 // cacheTestCase is a test case passed to checkWithCache where a new instance
 // of [pkg.Cache] is prepared for the test case, and is validated and removed
 // on test completion.
@@ -294,9 +425,15 @@ type cacheTestCase struct {
 	flags int
 	early func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute)
 	f     func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache)
-	want  pkg.Checksum
+	want  expectsFS
 }
 
+const (
+	// checkDestroySubstitutes arranges for substitutes to be destroyed before
+	// measurement during checkWithCache.
+	checkDestroySubstitutes = 1 << (iota + 32)
+)
+
 // checkWithCache runs a slice of cacheTestCase.
 func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 	t.Helper()
@@ -328,7 +465,7 @@ func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 			msg := message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "cache: ", 0))
 			msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())
 
-			flags := tc.flags
+			flags := tc.flags | pkg.CSuppressInit
 
 			if info.CanDegrade {
 				if _, err := landlock.GetABI(); err != nil {
@@ -377,19 +514,34 @@ func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			// destroy non-deterministic status files
-			if err := os.RemoveAll(base.Append("status").String()); err != nil {
+			// destroy non-deterministic substitutes
+			if tc.flags&checkDestroySubstitutes != 0 {
+				substitute := base.Append("substitute")
+				if err := os.RemoveAll(substitute.String()); err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				} else if err = os.Mkdir(substitute.String(), 0700); err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// destroy empty status directory
+			if err := syscall.Rmdir(base.Append("status").String()); err != nil {
+				t.Error(expectsFrom(base.Append("status").String()))
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
 
+			// destroy empty fault directory
+			if err := os.Remove(base.Append("fault").String()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			want := tc.want.hash()
+
 			var checksum pkg.Checksum
 			if err := pkg.HashDir(&checksum, base); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("HashDir: error = %v", err)
-			} else if checksum != tc.want {
-				t.Fatalf("HashDir: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
-					Got:  checksum,
-					Want: tc.want,
-				})
+			} else if checksum != want {
+				t.Fatal(expectsFrom(base.String()))
 			}
 
 			if err := scrubFunc(); err != nil {
@@ -408,10 +560,10 @@ func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 			// validate again to make sure scrub did not condemn anything
 			if err := pkg.HashDir(&checksum, base); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("HashDir: error = %v", err)
-			} else if checksum != tc.want {
+			} else if checksum != want {
 				t.Fatalf("(scrubbed) HashDir: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
 					Got:  checksum,
-					Want: tc.want,
+					Want: want,
 				})
 			}
 		})
@@ -425,7 +577,7 @@ type cureStep struct {
 	a pkg.Artifact
 
 	pathname *check.Absolute
-	checksum pkg.Checksum
+	output   expectsKnown
 	err      error
 }
 
@@ -446,17 +598,34 @@ func cureMany(t *testing.T, c *pkg.Cache, steps []cureStep) {
 	for _, step := range steps {
 		t.Log("cure step:", step.name)
 		if pathname, checksum, err := c.Cure(step.a); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, step.err) {
+			faults, _err := c.ReadFaults(step.a)
+			if _err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("ReadFaults: error = %v", _err)
+			}
+
+			var p []byte
+			for _, fault := range faults {
+				p, _err = os.ReadFile(fault.String())
+				if _err != nil {
+					t.Error(_err)
+					continue
+				}
+				t.Log(string(p))
+				t.Logf("faulting cure terminated %s ago", time.Since(faults[0].Time()))
+			}
 			t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v, want %v", err, step.err)
 		} else if step.pathname != ignorePathname && !pathname.Is(step.pathname) {
 			t.Fatalf("Cure: pathname = %q, want %q", pathname, step.pathname)
-		} else if checksum != makeChecksumH(step.checksum) {
-			if checksum == (unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{}) {
-				checksum = unique.Make(pkg.Checksum{})
+		} else if step.output == nil || checksum != makeChecksumH(step.output.hash()) {
+			if pathname != nil {
+				if name, _err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(pathname.String()); _err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(_err)
+				} else {
+					t.Fatal(expectsFrom(name))
+				}
+			} else if checksum != (unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{}) {
+				t.Fatalf("Cure: unexpected checksum %s", pkg.Encode(checksum.Value()))
 			}
-			t.Fatalf(
-				"Cure: checksum = %s, want %s",
-				pkg.Encode(checksum.Value()), pkg.Encode(step.checksum),
-			)
 		} else {
 			v := any(err)
 			if err == nil {
@@ -517,18 +686,12 @@ func newWantScrubError(base *check.Absolute) *pkg.ScrubError {
 func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	const testdata = "" +
+	testdata := expectsFile("" +
 		"\x00\x00\x00\x00" +
 		"\xad\x0b\x00" +
 		"\x04" +
 		"\xfe\xfe\x00\x00" +
-		"\xfe\xca\x00\x00"
-
-	testdataChecksum := func() pkg.Checksum {
-		h := sha512.New384()
-		h.Write([]byte(testdata))
-		return (pkg.Checksum)(h.Sum(nil))
-	}()
+		"\xfe\xca\x00\x00")
 
 	testCases := []cacheTestCase{
 		{"file", pkg.CValidateKnown | pkg.CAssumeChecksum, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
@@ -546,36 +709,45 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				"identifier",
 				"cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe",
 			)
+			failingFile := newStubFile(
+				pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+				pkg.ID{0xff, 3},
+				nil,
+				nil, struct {
+					_ []byte
+					stub.UniqueError
+				}{UniqueError: 0xbad},
+			)
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"initial file", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					identifier,
-					&testdataChecksum,
-					[]byte(testdata), nil,
-				), wantPathname, testdataChecksum, nil},
+					new(testdata.hash()),
+					testdata, nil,
+				), wantPathname, testdata, nil},
 
 				{"identical content", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					identifier0,
-					&testdataChecksum,
-					[]byte(testdata), nil,
-				), wantPathname0, testdataChecksum, nil},
+					new(testdata.hash()),
+					testdata, nil,
+				), wantPathname0, testdata, nil},
 
 				{"existing entry", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					identifier,
-					&testdataChecksum,
-					[]byte(testdata), nil,
-				), wantPathname, testdataChecksum, nil},
+					new(testdata.hash()),
+					testdata, nil,
+				), wantPathname, testdata, nil},
 
 				{"checksum mismatch", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 0},
 					new(pkg.Checksum),
-					[]byte(testdata), nil,
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
-					Got: testdataChecksum,
+					testdata, nil,
+				), nil, nil, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+					Got: testdata.hash(),
 				}},
 
 				{"store without validation", newStubFile(
@@ -586,7 +758,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					"vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX",
-				), pkg.Checksum{
+				), expectsChecksum{
 					0xbe, 0xc0, 0x21, 0xb4, 0xf3, 0x68,
 					0xe3, 0x06, 0x91, 0x34, 0xe0, 0x12,
 					0xc2, 0xb4, 0x30, 0x70, 0x83, 0xd3,
@@ -600,7 +772,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				{"incomplete implementation", struct{ pkg.Artifact }{&stubArtifact{
 					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
 					params: []byte("artifact overridden to be incomplete"),
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidArtifactError(pkg.MustDecode(
+				}}, nil, nil, pkg.InvalidArtifactError(pkg.MustDecode(
 					"E__uZ1sLIvb84vzSm5Uezb03RogsiaeTt1nfIVv8TKnnf4LqwtSi-smdHhlkZrUJ",
 				))},
 
@@ -609,40 +781,32 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 1},
 					nil,
 					nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe),
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+				), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
 
 				{"error caching", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 1},
 					nil,
 					nil, nil,
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+				), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
 
-				{"cache hit bad type", overrideChecksum{testdataChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 2}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"cache hit bad type", overrideChecksum{testdata.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 2}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
-				}}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+				}}}, nil, nil, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
 					0400,
 				)},
 
 				{"noncomparable error", &stubArtifactF{
 					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
 					params: []byte("artifact with dependency returning noncomparable error"),
-					deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
-						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-						pkg.ID{0xff, 3},
-						nil,
-						nil, struct {
-							_ []byte
-							stub.UniqueError
-						}{UniqueError: 0xbad},
-					)},
+					deps:   []pkg.Artifact{failingFile},
 
 					cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
 						panic("attempting to cure impossible artifact")
 					},
-				}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+				}, nil, nil, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
 					{
-						Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 3}),
+						A: failingFile,
 						Err: struct {
 							_ []byte
 							stub.UniqueError
@@ -662,18 +826,18 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				cureMany(t, c0, []cureStep{
 					{"cache hit ident", overrideIdent{
 						id: identifier,
-					}, wantPathname, testdataChecksum, nil},
+					}, wantPathname, testdata, nil},
 
 					{"cache miss checksum match", newStubFile(
 						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-						testdataChecksum,
+						testdata.hash(),
 						nil,
-						[]byte(testdata),
+						testdata,
 						nil,
 					), base.Append(
 						"identifier",
-						pkg.Encode(testdataChecksum),
-					), testdataChecksum, nil},
+						pkg.Encode(testdata.hash()),
+					), testdata, nil},
 				})
 
 				// cure after close
@@ -686,7 +850,23 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Fatalf("(closed) Cure: error = %v", err)
 				}
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("St9rlE-mGZ5gXwiv_hzQ_B8bZP-UUvSNmf4nHUZzCMOumb6hKnheZSe0dmnuc4Q2")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+			"identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			"identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			"identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"directory", pkg.CAssumeChecksum, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			id := pkg.MustDecode(
@@ -721,9 +901,16 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					).String(),
 				)
 			}
-			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode(
-				"qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b",
-			)
+			want := expectsFS{
+				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+				"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+
+				"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+				"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			}
 			wantPathname := base.Append(
 				"identifier",
 				pkg.Encode(id),
@@ -777,33 +964,33 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
-				{"initial directory", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
+				{"initial directory", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: makeSample,
-				}}}, wantPathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+				}}}, wantPathname, want, nil},
 
-				{"identical identifier", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
+				{"identical identifier", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
-				}}}, wantPathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+				}}}, wantPathname, want, nil},
 
 				{"identical checksum", overrideIdent{id0, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: makeSample,
-				}}, wantPathname0, wantChecksum, nil},
+				}}, wantPathname0, want, nil},
 
 				{"cure fault", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 0}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), stub.UniqueError(0xcafe))
 					},
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+				}}, nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
 
 				{"checksum mismatch", overrideChecksum{pkg.Checksum{}, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 1}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), nil)
 					},
-				}}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+				}}}, nil, nil, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
 					Got: pkg.MustDecode(
 						"CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT",
 					),
@@ -812,27 +999,27 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				{"cache hit bad type", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 2},
-					&wantChecksum,
-					[]byte(testdata), nil,
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+					new(want.hash()),
+					testdata, nil,
+				), nil, nil, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
 					fs.ModeDir | 0500,
 				)},
 
 				{"openFile directory", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 3}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-						r, err := t.Open(overrideChecksumFile{checksum: wantChecksum})
+						r, err := t.Open(overrideChecksumFile{checksum: want.hash()})
 						if err != nil {
 							panic(err)
 						}
 						_, err = io.ReadAll(r)
 						return err
 					},
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &os.PathError{
+				}}, nil, nil, &os.PathError{
 					Op: "read",
 					Path: base.Append(
 						"checksum",
-						pkg.Encode(wantChecksum),
+						pkg.Encode(want.hash()),
 					).String(),
 					Err: syscall.EISDIR,
 				}},
@@ -842,14 +1029,14 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return nil
 					},
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.NoOutputError{}},
+				}}, nil, nil, pkg.NoOutputError{}},
 
 				{"file output", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 5}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return os.WriteFile(t.GetWorkDir().String(), []byte{0}, 0400)
 					},
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New("non-file artifact produced regular file")},
+				}}, nil, nil, errors.New("non-file artifact produced regular file")},
 
 				{"symlink output", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 6}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
@@ -859,11 +1046,111 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 							t.GetWorkDir().String(),
 						)
 					},
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+				}}, nil, nil, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
 					fs.ModeSymlink | 0777,
 				)},
+
+				{"alternative", &stubArtifactF{
+					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+					params: []byte("substitutable artifact"),
+					deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xff, 8},
+						nil,
+						[]byte("substitutable dependency"),
+						nil,
+					)},
+
+					cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+						return makeSample(&f.TContext)
+					},
+				}, base.Append(
+					"identifier",
+					"xMDWovje7OfyIaDy_2VnjpKxRqSOQ_LoeD946t-3WsS2V2SeMJ7nDGrNfpa4Pbc-",
+				), want, nil},
+
+				{"substitutable", &stubArtifactF{
+					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+					params: []byte("substitutable artifact"),
+					deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xff, 10},
+						nil,
+						[]byte("substitutable dependency"),
+						nil,
+					)},
+
+					cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+						panic("substitution missed")
+					},
+				}, base.Append(
+					"identifier",
+					"k2ilgG5KQ9NXnMoT2oB6NdwOnSPRn_H24oXQc4l6qOYIxIG9XfuEczeyrR8UEv_f",
+				), want, nil},
 			})
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("WVpvsVqVKg9Nsh744x57h51AuWUoUR2nnh8Md-EYBQpk6ziyTuUn6PLtF2e0Eu_d")},
+
+			if c0, err := unsafeOpen(
+				t.Context(),
+				message.New(nil),
+				0, 0, 0, base, false,
+			); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("open: error = %v", err)
+			} else {
+				t.Cleanup(c.Close)
+				cureMany(t, c0, []cureStep{
+					{"substitutable", &stubArtifactF{
+						kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+						params: []byte("substitutable artifact"),
+						deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
+							pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+							pkg.ID{0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfd},
+							nil,
+							[]byte("substitutable dependency"),
+							nil,
+						)},
+
+						cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+							panic("substitution missed")
+						},
+					}, base.Append(
+						"identifier",
+						"_EmV5nsYZ2UWHgRmLDMU8i-rJWDx-kv5_1pFrzQI7vMMCM5mAXivO8UZtVfOqMR_",
+					), want, nil},
+				})
+			}
+
+			if dents, err := os.ReadDir(base.Append("status").String()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else if len(dents) > 0 {
+				t.Errorf("ReadDir: %v", dents)
+			}
+
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO":                {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("substitutable dependency")},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			"identifier/_EmV5nsYZ2UWHgRmLDMU8i-rJWDx-kv5_1pFrzQI7vMMCM5mAXivO8UZtVfOqMR_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			"identifier/___9_QAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO")},
+			"identifier/_wgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO")},
+			"identifier/_woAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO")},
+			"identifier/k2ilgG5KQ9NXnMoT2oB6NdwOnSPRn_H24oXQc4l6qOYIxIG9XfuEczeyrR8UEv_f": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			"identifier/xMDWovje7OfyIaDy_2VnjpKxRqSOQ_LoeD946t-3WsS2V2SeMJ7nDGrNfpa4Pbc-": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute/OyBGorh72Z9kVw35JUa8FbqDbpR4DqT-MX1jic0uKN5PdYmUBiAF38BRsIRnBigf": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"pending", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			wantErr := stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
@@ -899,7 +1186,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 1},
 					nil,
 					nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad),
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
+				), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
 
 				{"file output", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 2}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
@@ -910,7 +1197,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 							0400,
 						)
 					},
-				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+				}}, nil, nil, errors.New(
 					"non-file artifact produced regular file",
 				)},
 			})
@@ -932,7 +1219,13 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			for c.Done(unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff})) != nil {
 			}
 			<-wCureDone
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"cancel abort block", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			var wg sync.WaitGroup
@@ -985,7 +1278,13 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 
 			c.Close()
 			c.Abort()
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"no assume checksum", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			makeGarbage := func(work *check.Absolute, wantErr error) error {
@@ -1002,10 +1301,12 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				return wantErr
 			}
 
-			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode("Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")
+			want := expectsChecksum(pkg.MustDecode(
+				"Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M",
+			))
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
-				{"create", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 0}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"create", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 0}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), nil)
@@ -1013,16 +1314,16 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				}}}, base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					pkg.Encode(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}),
-				), wantChecksum, nil},
+				), want, nil},
 
-				{"reject", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 1}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"reject", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 1}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), stub.UniqueError(0xbad))
 					},
-				}}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
+				}}}, nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
 
-				{"match", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 1}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"match", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 1}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), nil)
@@ -1030,9 +1331,23 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				}}}, base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					pkg.Encode(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}),
-				), wantChecksum, nil},
+				), want, nil},
 			})
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("OC290t23aimNo2Rp2pPwan5GI2KRLRdOwYxXQMD9jw0QROgHnNXWodoWdV0hwu2w")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
+			"identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"scrub", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
@@ -1044,7 +1359,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					pkg.Encode(pkg.Checksum{0xfe, 0}),
-				), pkg.Checksum{0xff, 0}, nil},
+				), expectsChecksum{0xff, 0}, nil},
 			})
 
 			for _, p := range [][]string{
@@ -1077,7 +1392,13 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			if err := c.Scrub(1 << 6); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("Scrub: error =\n%s\nwant\n%s", err, wantErr)
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	}
 	checkWithCache(t, testCases)
 }
@@ -1135,6 +1456,11 @@ func TestErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		{"UnsupportedVariantError", pkg.UnsupportedVariantError(
 			"rosa",
 		), `unsupported variant "rosa"`},
+
+		{"UnsupportedArchError zero", pkg.UnsupportedArchError(""),
+			"invalid architecture name"},
+		{"UnsupportedArchError", pkg.UnsupportedArchError("riscv64"),
+			"unsupported architecture riscv64"},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1250,6 +1576,14 @@ errors during scrub:
 func TestDependencyCureError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
+	makeIdent := func(ident ...byte) pkg.Artifact {
+		var a overrideIdent
+		copy(a.id[:], ident)
+		// does not compare equal
+		a.TrivialArtifact = new(stubArtifact)
+		return a
+	}
+
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name   string
 		err    pkg.DependencyCureError
@@ -1257,51 +1591,51 @@ func TestDependencyCureError(t *testing.T) {
 		unwrap []error
 	}{
 		{"simple", pkg.DependencyCureError{
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
 		}, `errors curing dependencies:
 	_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765184 injected by the test suite
 	_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765185 injected by the test suite
 	_wkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765193 injected by the test suite
 	_w8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765199 injected by the test suite`, []error{
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
 		}},
 
 		{"dedup", pkg.DependencyCureError{
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xfd}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xc}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-					{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
-					{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xfd), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xc), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+					{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 				}},
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 			}},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xff}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xc}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-					{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xff), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xc), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 				}},
-				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 			}},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
-			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
 		}, `errors curing dependencies:
 	_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765184 injected by the test suite
 	_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765185 injected by the test suite
 	_wkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765193 injected by the test suite
 	_w8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765199 injected by the test suite`, []error{
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
 		}},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -1342,6 +1676,25 @@ func (a earlyFailureF) Cure(*pkg.FContext) error {
 	return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
 }
 
+func BenchmarkEarlyDCE(b *testing.B) {
+	msg := message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "dce: ", 0))
+	msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())
+	c, err := pkg.Open(b.Context(), msg, 0, 0, 0, check.MustAbs(b.TempDir()))
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, _, err = c.Cure(earlyFailureF(8))
+	if !errors.Is(err, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)) {
+		b.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
+	}
+	c.Close()
+	dce := err.(*pkg.DependencyCureError)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		dce.Unwrap()
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDependencyCureErrorEarly(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -1351,7 +1704,13 @@ func TestDependencyCureErrorEarly(t *testing.T) {
 			if !errors.Is(err, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)) {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }
 

internal/pkg/tar_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,31 @@ import (
 func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
+	want := expectsFS{
+		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+		"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+		"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+		"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+		"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+	}
+	wantEncode := pkg.Encode(want.hash())
+
+	wantExpand := expectsFS{
+		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+		"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+	}
+	wantExpandEncode := pkg.Encode(wantExpand.hash())
+
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"http", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
@@ -37,10 +62,32 @@ func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 				"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
 
 				"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			}, pkg.MustDecode(
-				"cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM",
-			))
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("NQTlc466JmSVLIyWklm_u8_g95jEEb98PxJU-kjwxLpfdjwMWJq0G8ze9R4Vo1Vu")},
+			}, want)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                             {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode:               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantEncode)},
+			"identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantEncode)},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"http expand", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
@@ -48,10 +95,23 @@ func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 
 				"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 				"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			}, pkg.MustDecode(
-				"CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN",
-			))
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("hSoSSgCYTNonX3Q8FjvjD1fBl-E-BQyA6OTXro2OadXqbST4tZ-akGXszdeqphRe")},
+			}, wantExpand)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantExpandEncode: {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantExpandEncode + "/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantExpandEncode)},
+			"identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantExpandEncode)},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +120,7 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 	base *check.Absolute,
 	c *pkg.Cache,
 	testdataFsys fs.FS,
-	wantChecksum pkg.Checksum,
+	want expectsKnown,
 ) {
 	var testdata string
 	{
@@ -194,24 +254,24 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 		{"file", a, base.Append(
 			"identifier",
 			pkg.Encode(wantIdent),
-		), wantChecksum, nil},
+		), want, nil},
 
 		{"directory", pkg.NewTar(
 			&tarDir,
 			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+		), ignorePathname, want, nil},
 
 		{"multiple entries", pkg.NewTar(
 			&tarDirMulti,
 			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+		), nil, nil, errors.New(
 			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
 		)},
 
 		{"bad type", pkg.NewTar(
 			&tarDirType,
 			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+		), nil, nil, errors.New(
 			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
 		)},
 
@@ -221,6 +281,6 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 			cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 				return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
 			},
-		}, pkg.TarGzip), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+		}, pkg.TarGzip), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
 	})
 }

internal/rosa/all.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ const (
 	Binutils
 	Bison
 	Bzip2
+	Cairo
 	CMake
 	Connman
 	Coreutils
@@ -55,7 +57,12 @@ const (
 	Fakeroot
 	Findutils
 	Flex
+	FontConfig
+	FontUtil
+	Freetype
+	Fribidi
 	Fuse
+	Gconf
 	GMP
 	GLib
 	Gawk
@@ -65,39 +72,77 @@ const (
 	Glslang
 	GnuTLS
 	Go
+	GObjectIntrospection
 	Gperf
 	Grep
 	Gzip
 	Hakurei
 	HakureiDist
+	HarfBuzz
+	Hwdata
 	IPTables
+	JDK
 	Kmod
+	LIT
+	LibX11
 	LibXau
+	LibXdmcp
+	LibXext
+	LibXfixes
+	LibXfont2
+	LibXft
+	LibXi
+	LibXrandr
+	LibXrender
+	LibXtst
+	LibXxf86vm
+	Libarchive
 	Libbsd
 	Libcap
+	Libconfig
+	Libdatrie
+	LibdisplayInfo
 	Libdrm
+	Libepoxy
 	Libev
 	Libexpat
 	Libffi
+	Libfontenc
 	Libgd
 	Libglvnd
 	Libiconv
+	Libjpeg
 	Libmd
 	Libmnl
-	Libpciaccess
 	Libnftnl
+	Libpciaccess
+	Libpng
 	Libpsl
 	Libseccomp
 	Libtasn1
+	Libthai
+	Libtirpc
 	Libtool
 	Libucontext
 	Libunistring
+	Libva
+	LibxcbRenderUtil
+	LibxcbUtil
+	LibxcbUtilImage
+	LibxcbUtilKeysyms
+	LibxcbUtilWM
+	Libxcvt
+	Libxkbfile
 	Libxml2
+	Libxshmfence
 	Libxslt
+	Libxtrans
+	LMSensors
 	M4
 	MPC
 	MPFR
 	Make
+	Mesa
 	Meson
 	Mksh
 	MuslFts
@@ -110,6 +155,7 @@ const (
 	OpenSSL
 	P11Kit
 	PCRE2
+	Pango
 	Parallel
 	Patch
 	Perl
@@ -119,10 +165,12 @@ const (
 	PerlPodParser
 	PerlSGMLS
 	PerlTermReadKey
+	PerlTestCmd
 	PerlTextCharWidth
 	PerlTextWrapI18N
 	PerlUnicodeLineBreak
 	PerlYAMLTiny
+	Pixman
 	PkgConfig
 	Procps
 	Python
@@ -136,6 +184,7 @@ const (
 	PythonPluggy
 	PythonPyTest
 	PythonPyYAML
+	PythonPycparser
 	PythonPygments
 	PythonSetuptools
 	PythonSetuptoolsSCM
@@ -147,7 +196,9 @@ const (
 	Readline
 	Rsync
 	Sed
+	SharedMimeInfo
 	SPIRVHeaders
+	SPIRVLLVMTranslator
 	SPIRVTools
 	SquashfsTools
 	Strace
@@ -158,20 +209,39 @@ const (
 	toyboxEarly
 	Unzip
 	UtilLinux
+	VIM
 	Wayland
 	WaylandProtocols
 	XCB
 	XCBProto
 	XDGDBusProxy
 	XZ
-	Xproto
+	Xkbcomp
+	XkeyboardConfig
+	XorgProto
+	Xserver
+	Zip
 	Zlib
 	Zstd
 
 	// PresetUnexportedStart is the first unexported preset.
 	PresetUnexportedStart
 
-	buildcatrust = iota - 1
+	stage0Dist = iota - 1
+	llvmSource
+	// earlyCompilerRT is an early, standalone compiler-rt installation for the
+	// standalone runtimes build.
+	//
+	// earlyCompilerRT must only be loaded by [LLVM].
+	earlyCompilerRT
+	// earlyRuntimes is an early, standalone installation of LLVM runtimes to
+	// work around the cmake build system leaking the system LLVM installation
+	// when invoking the newly built toolchain.
+	//
+	// earlyRuntimes must only be loaded by [LLVM].
+	earlyRuntimes
+
+	buildcatrust
 	utilMacros
 
 	// Musl is a standalone libc that does not depend on the toolchain.
@@ -323,6 +393,9 @@ var (
 	// artifactsOnce is for lazy initialisation of artifacts.
 	artifactsOnce [_toolchainEnd][len(artifactsM)]sync.Once
 
+	// arch is the target architecture.
+	arch = runtime.GOARCH
+
 	// presetOpts globally modifies behaviour of presets.
 	presetOpts int
 )
@@ -334,6 +407,9 @@ const (
 	OptLLVMNoLTO
 )
 
+// Arch returns the target architecture.
+func Arch() string { return arch }
+
 // Flags returns the current preset flags
 func Flags() int { return presetOpts }
 
@@ -343,7 +419,12 @@ func zero[T any](p *T) { var v T; *p = v }
 // DropCaches arranges for all cached [pkg.Artifact] to be freed some time after
 // it returns. Must not be used concurrently with any other function from this
 // package.
-func DropCaches(flags int) {
+func DropCaches(targetArch string, flags int) {
+	if targetArch == "" {
+		targetArch = runtime.GOARCH
+	}
+
+	arch = targetArch
 	presetOpts = flags
 	zero(&artifacts)
 	zero(&artifactsOnce)

internal/rosa/all_test.go

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ func TestLoad(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkAll(b *testing.B) {
-	flags := rosa.Flags()
-	b.Cleanup(func() { rosa.DropCaches(flags) })
+	arch, flags := rosa.Arch(), rosa.Flags()
+	b.Cleanup(func() { rosa.DropCaches(arch, flags) })
 
 	for b.Loop() {
 		for i := range rosa.PresetEnd {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func BenchmarkAll(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 
 		b.StopTimer()
-		rosa.DropCaches(0)
+		rosa.DropCaches("", 0)
 		b.StartTimer()
 	}
 }

internal/rosa/busybox.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
-	"runtime"
 	"time"
 
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ func (a busyboxBin) Cure(t *pkg.TContext) (err error) {
 // the https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/ binary release.
 func newBusyboxBin() pkg.Artifact {
 	var version, url, checksum string
-	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	switch arch {
 	case "amd64":
 		version = "1.35.0"
 		url = "https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/" +
@@ -101,11 +100,11 @@ func newBusyboxBin() pkg.Artifact {
 		checksum = "npJjBO7iwhjW6Kx2aXeSxf8kXhVgTCDChOZTTsI8ZfFfa3tbsklxRiidZQdrVERg"
 
 	default:
-		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+		panic("unsupported target " + arch)
 	}
 
 	return pkg.NewExec(
-		"busybox-bin-"+version, nil, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, false,
+		"busybox-bin-"+version, arch, nil, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, false, false,
 		fhs.AbsRoot, []string{
 			"PATH=/system/bin",
 		},

internal/rosa/cmake.go

@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ type CMakeHelper struct {
 	// Path elements joined with source.
 	Append []string
 
+	// Value of CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE. The zero value is equivalent to "Release".
+	BuildType string
 	// CMake CACHE entries.
 	Cache []KV
 	// Runs after install.
@@ -164,14 +166,7 @@ func (*CMakeHelper) wantsDir() string { return "/cure/" }
 // script generates the cure script.
 func (attr *CMakeHelper) script(name string) string {
 	if attr == nil {
-		attr = &CMakeHelper{
-			Cache: []KV{
-				{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
-			},
-		}
-	}
-	if len(attr.Cache) == 0 {
-		panic("CACHE must be non-empty")
+		attr = new(CMakeHelper)
 	}
 
 	generate := "Ninja"
@@ -189,6 +184,13 @@ func (attr *CMakeHelper) script(name string) string {
 		script += "\n" + test
 	}
 
+	cache := make([]KV, 1, 1+len(attr.Cache))
+	cache[0] = KV{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"}
+	if attr.BuildType != "" {
+		cache[0][1] = attr.BuildType
+	}
+	cache = append(cache, attr.Cache...)
+
 	return `
 cmake -G ` + generate + ` \
 	-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ cmake -G ` + generate + ` \
 	-DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
 	-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib \
 	` + strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
-		for _, v := range attr.Cache {
+		for _, v := range cache {
 			if !yield("-D" + v[0] + "=" + v[1]) {
 				return
 			}

internal/rosa/curl.go

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 
 func (t Toolchain) newCurl() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "8.19.0"
-		checksum = "YHuVLVVp8q_Y7-JWpID5ReNjq2Zk6t7ArHB6ngQXilp_R5l3cubdxu3UKo-xDByv"
+		version  = "8.20.0"
+		checksum = "xyHXwrngIRGMasuzhn-I5MSCOhktwINbsWt1f_LuR-5jRVvyx_g6U1EQfDLEbr9r"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("curl", version, newTar(
 		"https://curl.se/download/curl-"+version+".tar.bz2",

internal/rosa/fontstack.go

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newFontConfig() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.15.0"
+		checksum = "rvlTL_zn-RwVkTBFdsOacUmEdLmwa3whTkuTzV8JH7kKbsFmnbG2qof3hN9ghr9d"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("fontconfig", version, newFromGitLab("gitlab.freedesktop.org", "fontconfig/fontconfig", version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		(*MesonHelper)(nil),
+		Gperf,
+		Freetype,
+		Libexpat,
+		Python,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[FontConfig] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newFontConfig,
+		Name:        "fontconfig",
+		Description: "freedesktop font discovery",
+		Website:     "https://fontconfig.pages.freedesktop.org/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html",
+		ID:          827,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newCairo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.18.4"
+		checksum = "_Ztw0ttmYLIiElqS27x2Iu4EneXOMNHp2or6bJA6suLeF3NRvORzUMPPQy9Wr5gT"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("cairo", version, newFromGitLab("gitlab.freedesktop.org", "cairo/cairo", version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MesonHelper{
+			SkipTest: true,
+			Setup:    []KV{{"Dfreetype", "enabled"}, {"Dfontconfig", "enabled"}},
+		},
+		Automake,
+		Libtool,
+		Libpng,
+		PkgConfig,
+		FontConfig,
+		Libexpat,
+		Freetype,
+		Pixman,
+		Gawk,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Cairo] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newCairo,
+		Name:        "cairo",
+		Description: "freedesktop 2d rendering library",
+		Website:     "https://cairographics.org",
+		ID:          247,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newHarfbuzz() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "14.2.0"
+		checksum = "2VgjUmcPeIbleafZaGk5l7iGnag2qj0HTqrJ5770GzivebryZ2pbwVIha5j_24PH"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("harfbuzz", version, newFromGitHub("harfbuzz/harfbuzz", version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		(*MesonHelper)(nil),
+		Freetype,
+		GLib,
+		Cairo,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[HarfBuzz] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newHarfbuzz,
+		Name:        "harfbuzz",
+		Description: "text shaping library",
+		Website:     "https://harfbuzz.github.io",
+		ID:          1299,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newFribidi() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.0.16"
+		checksum = "Sn9hwdgViXW9_MOi8ovAcBgQy6s6o4cc0o260k76nqCRzxmxxD1-B37GVkJ2EoMy"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("fribidi", version, newFromGitHub("fribidi/fribidi", "v"+version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MesonHelper{
+			Setup: []KV{[2]string{"Ddocs", "false"}},
+		},
+		PkgConfig,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Fribidi] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newFribidi,
+		Name:        "fribidi",
+		Description: "bidirectional text library",
+		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/fribidi/",
+		ID:          857,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibdatrie() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.2.14"
+		checksum = "JnJBEFrA8xYscXOSRJNGb1ZyRqrdsfP1_sdRIQeeSujdcsxmYT5Yl9m4byTsLozp"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libdatrie", version, newFromGitHub("tlwg/libdatrie", "v"+version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MakeHelper{
+			Generate: "sh autogen.sh",
+		},
+		Libtool,
+		Automake,
+		M4,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libdatrie] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newLibdatrie,
+		Name:        "libdatrie",
+		Description: "double-array trie library",
+		Website:     "https://linux.thai.net/~thep/datrie/datrie.html",
+		ID:          7342,
+	}
+}
+func (t Toolchain) newLibThai() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.1.30"
+		checksum = "jQxUviF-lSiVrnqXebc4kROp0hrIeQbke2gvaeTfkCDp-wHkpxb3xP18fsNOF_F-"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libthai", version, newFromGitHub("tlwg/libthai", "v"+version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MakeHelper{
+			Generate: "sh autogen.sh",
+		},
+		Libtool,
+		Automake,
+		M4,
+		Libdatrie,
+		PkgConfig,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libthai] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newLibThai,
+		Name:        "libthai",
+		Description: "thai language handling library",
+		Website:     "https://linux.thai.net/",
+
+		ID: 1737,
+	}
+}
+func (t Toolchain) newPango() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.56.3"
+		checksum = "O73sc8axQyjIFpW4XkV7wi4HVSvmdUnx1uTn-HtbewXgrCVWX9Du-pssL5BK7rf1"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("pango", version, newFromGitLab("gitlab.gnome.org", "GNOME/pango", version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MesonHelper{
+			SkipTest: true,
+		},
+		GLib,
+		GObjectIntrospection,
+		Freetype,
+		PkgConfig,
+		FontConfig,
+		HarfBuzz,
+		Fribidi,
+		Cairo,
+		Pixman,
+		Libpng,
+		Libexpat,
+		Libdatrie,
+		Libthai,
+		Libtool,
+		LibX11,
+		LibXrender,
+		LibXft,
+		Diffutils,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Pango] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newPango,
+		Name:        "pango",
+		Description: "text rendering library",
+		Website:     "https://pango.org",
+		ID:          11783,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/freetype.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newFreetype() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.14.3"
+		checksum = "-WfLv8fVJNyCHpP_lriiDzOcVbBL9ajdQ3tl8AzIIUa9-8sVpU9irxOmSMgRHWYz"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("freetype", version, newTar(
+		"https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/"+
+			"freetype-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		checksum,
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Freetype] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newFreetype,
+
+		Name:        "freetype",
+		Description: "a freely available software library to render fonts",
+		Website:     "http://www.freetype.org/",
+
+		ID: 854,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/git.go

@@ -55,6 +55,14 @@ disable_test t9300-fast-import
 disable_test t0211-trace2-perf
 disable_test t1517-outside-repo
 disable_test t2200-add-update
+disable_test t0027-auto-crlf
+disable_test t7513-interpret-trailers
+disable_test t7703-repack-geometric
+disable_test t7002-mv-sparse-checkout
+disable_test t1451-fsck-buffer
+disable_test t4104-apply-boundary
+disable_test t4200-rerere
+disable_test t5515-fetch-merge-logic
 `,
 		Check: []string{
 			"-C t",
@@ -105,7 +113,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) NewViaGit(
 	return t.New(strings.TrimSuffix(
 		path.Base(url),
 		".git",
-	)+"-src-"+path.Base(rev), 0, t.AppendPresets(nil,
+	)+"-src-"+path.Base(rev), THostNet, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		NSSCACert,
 		Git,
 	), &checksum, nil, `

internal/rosa/glslang.go

@@ -17,10 +17,6 @@ func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVHeaders() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		"vulkan-sdk-"+version,
 		checksum,
 	), nil, &CMakeHelper{
-		Cache: []KV{
-			{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
-		},
-
 		// upstream has no tests
 		SkipTest: true,
 	}), version
@@ -67,7 +63,6 @@ func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVTools() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		checksum,
 	), nil, &CMakeHelper{
 		Cache: []KV{
-			{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
 			{"SPIRV-Headers_SOURCE_DIR", "/system"},
 		},
 	},
@@ -96,8 +91,8 @@ func init() {
 
 func (t Toolchain) newGlslang() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "16.2.0"
-		checksum = "6_UuF9reLRDaVkgO-9IfB3kMwme3lQZM8LL8YsJwPdUFkrjzxJtf2A9X3w9nFxj2"
+		version  = "16.3.0"
+		checksum = "xyqDf8k3-D0_BXHGi0uLgMglnJ05Rf3j73QgbDs3sGtKNdBIQhY8JfqX1NcNoJQN"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("glslang", version, newFromGitHub(
 		"KhronosGroup/glslang",
@@ -109,7 +104,6 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGlslang() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		Chmod:    true,
 	}, &CMakeHelper{
 		Cache: []KV{
-			{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
 			{"BUILD_SHARED_LIBS", "ON"},
 			{"ALLOW_EXTERNAL_SPIRV_TOOLS", "ON"},
 		},
@@ -132,3 +126,123 @@ func init() {
 		ID: 205796,
 	}
 }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVLLVMTranslator() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "22.1.2"
+		checksum = "JZAaV5ewYcm-35YA_U2BM2IcsQouZtX1BLZR0zh2vSlfEXMsT5OCtY4Gh5RJkcGy"
+	)
+	skipChecks := []string{
+		// error: line 13: OpTypeCooperativeMatrixKHR Scope is limited to Workgroup and Subgroup
+		"cooperative_matrix_constant_null.spvasm",
+	}
+
+	switch arch {
+	case "arm64":
+		skipChecks = append(skipChecks,
+			// LLVM ERROR: unsupported calling convention
+			"DebugInfo/COFF/no-cus.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2009-11-05-DeadGlobalVariable.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2009-11-10-CurrentFn.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-01-05-DbgScope.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-03-12-llc-crash.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-03-24-MemberFn.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-04-19-FramePtr.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-06-29-InlinedFnLocalVar.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-10-01-crash.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/PR20038.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/constant-pointers.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/dead-argument-order.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/debug-info-eis-option.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/def-line.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/discriminator.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/dwarf-public-names.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/enum.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/func-using-decl.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/global.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/imported-name-inlined.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/incorrect-variable-debugloc1.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/inline-scopes.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/inlined-arguments.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/inlined-vars.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/linear-dbg-value.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/linkage-name-abstract.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/member-order.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/missing-abstract-variable.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/multiline.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/namespace_function_definition.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/namespace_inline_function_definition.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/noscopes.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/ptrsize.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/restrict.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/two-cus-from-same-file.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/Generic/version.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/LocalAddressSpace.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/UnknownBaseType.ll",
+			"DebugInfo/expr-opcode.ll",
+		)
+	}
+
+	return t.NewPackage("spirv-llvm-translator", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator",
+		"v"+version, checksum,
+	), &PackageAttr{
+		Patches: []KV{
+			{"remove-early-prefix", `diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
+index c000a77e..f18f3fde 100644
+--- a/CMakeLists.txt
++++ b/CMakeLists.txt
+@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ install(
+     ${LLVM_SPIRV_INCLUDE_DIRS}/LLVMSPIRVOpts.h
+     ${LLVM_SPIRV_INCLUDE_DIRS}/LLVMSPIRVExtensions.inc
+   DESTINATION
+-    ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include/LLVMSPIRVLib
++    include/LLVMSPIRVLib
+ )
+ 
+ configure_file(LLVMSPIRVLib.pc.in ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/LLVMSPIRVLib.pc @ONLY)
+@@ -172,5 +172,5 @@ install(
+   FILES
+     ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/LLVMSPIRVLib.pc
+   DESTINATION
+-    ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}/pkgconfig
++    lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}/pkgconfig
+ )
+;`},
+		},
+
+		// litArgs emits shell syntax
+		ScriptEarly: `
+export LIT_OPTS=` + litArgs(true, skipChecks...) + `
+`,
+	}, &CMakeHelper{
+		Cache: []KV{
+			{"CMAKE_SKIP_BUILD_RPATH", "ON"},
+			{"BUILD_SHARED_LIBS", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_SPIRV_ENABLE_LIBSPIRV_DIS", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_EXTERNAL_SPIRV_HEADERS_SOURCE_DIR", "/system"},
+			{"LLVM_EXTERNAL_LIT", "/system/bin/lit"},
+			{"LLVM_INCLUDE_TESTS", "ON"},
+		},
+	},
+		Bash,
+		LIT,
+
+		SPIRVTools,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[SPIRVLLVMTranslator] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newSPIRVLLVMTranslator,
+
+		Name:        "spirv-llvm-translator",
+		Description: "bi-directional translation between SPIR-V and LLVM IR",
+		Website:     "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			SPIRVTools,
+		},
+
+		ID: 227273,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/gnu.go

@@ -1,11 +1,47 @@
 package rosa
 
 import (
-	"runtime"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 )
 
+// skipGNUTests generates a string for skipping specific tests by number in a
+// GNU test suite. This is nontrivial because the test suite does not support
+// excluding tests in any way, so ranges for all but the skipped tests have to
+// be specified instead.
+//
+// For example, to skip test 764, ranges around the skipped test must be
+// specified:
+//
+//	1-763 765-
+//
+// Tests are numbered starting from 1. The resulting string is unquoted.
+func skipGNUTests(tests ...int) string {
+	tests = slices.Clone(tests)
+	slices.Sort(tests)
+
+	var buf strings.Builder
+
+	if tests[0] != 1 {
+		buf.WriteString("1-")
+	}
+
+	for i, n := range tests {
+		if n != 1 && (i == 0 || tests[i-1] != n-1) {
+			buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(n - 1))
+			buf.WriteString(" ")
+		}
+		if i == len(tests)-1 || tests[i+1] != n+1 {
+			buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(n + 1))
+			buf.WriteString("-")
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
 func (t Toolchain) newM4() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
 		version  = "1.4.21"
@@ -47,7 +83,15 @@ func (t Toolchain) newBison() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		"https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-"+version+".tar.gz",
 		checksum,
 		pkg.TarGzip,
-	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil),
+	), nil, &MakeHelper{
+		Check: []string{
+			"TESTSUITEFLAGS=" + jobsFlagE + "' " + skipGNUTests(
+				// clang miscompiles (SIGILL)
+				764,
+			) + "'",
+			"check",
+		},
+	},
 		M4,
 		Diffutils,
 		Sed,
@@ -798,7 +842,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGnuTLS() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	)
 
 	var configureExtra []KV
-	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	switch arch {
 	case "arm64":
 		configureExtra = []KV{
 			{"disable-hardware-acceleration"},
@@ -1098,12 +1142,12 @@ func init() {
 
 func (t Toolchain) newGCC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "15.2.0"
-		checksum = "TXJ5WrbXlGLzy1swghQTr4qxgDCyIZFgJry51XEPTBZ8QYbVmFeB4lZbSMtPJ-a1"
+		version  = "16.1.0"
+		checksum = "4ASoWbxaA2FW7PAB0zzHDPC5XnNhyaAyjtDPpGzceSLeYnEIXsNYZR3PA_Zu5P0K"
 	)
 
 	var configureExtra []KV
-	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	switch arch {
 	case "amd64", "arm64":
 		configureExtra = append(configureExtra, KV{"with-multilib-list", "''"})
 	}

internal/rosa/gnu_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSkipGNUTests(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		tests []int
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{[]int{764}, "1-763 765-"},
+		{[]int{764, 0xcafe, 37, 9}, "1-8 10-36 38-763 765-51965 51967-"},
+		{[]int{1, 2, 0xbed}, "3-3052 3054-"},
+		{[]int{3, 4}, "1-2 5-"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
+			for _, n := range tc.tests {
+				yield(strconv.Itoa(n))
+			}
+		}), ","), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if got := skipGNUTests(tc.tests...); got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("skipGNUTests: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/go.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package rosa
 
 import (
-	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
@@ -35,6 +34,10 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGo(
 	script string,
 	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
 ) pkg.Artifact {
+	name := "all"
+	if presetOpts&OptSkipCheck != 0 {
+		name = "make"
+	}
 	return t.New("go"+version, 0, t.AppendPresets(extra,
 		Bash,
 	), nil, slices.Concat([]string{
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ cp -r /usr/src/go /work/system
 cd /work/system/go/src
 chmod -R +w ..
 `+script+`
-./all.bash
+./`+name+`.bash
 
 mkdir /work/system/bin
 ln -s \
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGoLatest() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 
 		finalEnv []string
 	)
-	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	switch arch {
 	case "amd64":
 		bootstrapExtra = append(bootstrapExtra, t.newGoBootstrap())
 
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGoLatest() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		finalEnv = append(finalEnv, "CGO_ENABLED=0")
 
 	default:
-		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+		panic("unsupported target " + arch)
 	}
 
 	go119 := t.newGo(
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ echo \
 		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
 sed -i \
 	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+	cmd/link/internal/`+arch+`/obj.go
 
 rm \
 	crypto/tls/handshake_client_test.go \
@@ -122,17 +125,17 @@ echo \
 		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
 sed -i \
 	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+	cmd/link/internal/`+arch+`/obj.go
 `, go121,
 	)
 
 	go125 := t.newGo(
-		"1.25.9",
-		"gShJb9uOMk5AxqPSwvn53ZO56S6PyP6nfojzrHUiJ3krAvrgjJpYa6-DPA-jxbpN",
+		"1.25.10",
+		"TwKwatkpwal-j9U2sDSRPEdM3YesI4Gm88YgGV59wtU-L85K9gA7UPy9SCxn6PMb",
 		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
 sed -i \
 	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+	cmd/link/internal/`+arch+`/obj.go
 
 rm \
 	os/root_unix_test.go \
@@ -141,8 +144,8 @@ rm \
 	)
 
 	const (
-		version  = "1.26.2"
-		checksum = "v-6BE89_1g3xYf-9oIYpJKFXlo3xKHYJj2_VGkaUq8ZVkIVQmLwrto-xGG03OISH"
+		version  = "1.26.3"
+		checksum = "lEiFocZFnN5fKvZzmwVdqc9pYUjAuhzqZGbuiOqxUP4XdcY8yECisKcqsQ_eNn1N"
 	)
 	return t.newGo(
 		version,
@@ -150,7 +153,7 @@ rm \
 		finalEnv, `
 sed -i \
 	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+	cmd/link/internal/`+arch+`/obj.go
 sed -i \
 	's/cpu.X86.HasAVX512VBMI/& \&\& cpu.X86.HasPOPCNT/' \
 	internal/runtime/gc/scan/scan_amd64.go

internal/rosa/gtk.go

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 
 func (t Toolchain) newGLib() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "2.88.0"
-		checksum = "T79Cg4z6j-sDZ2yIwvbY4ccRv2-fbwbqgcw59F5NQ6qJT6z4v261vbYp3dHO6Ma3"
+		version  = "2.88.1"
+		checksum = "Rkszn6W4RHjyspyqfXdVAVawdwDJCuS0Zu0f7qot7tbJhnw2fUDoUUJB40m-1MCX"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("glib", version, t.newTagRemote(
 		"https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib.git",
@@ -58,3 +58,91 @@ func init() {
 		ID: 10024,
 	}
 }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newSharedMimeInfo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.4"
+		checksum = "RrqfOT1gGuYfN7pkwgeLPfljkk9eL5BwRsNTuJNZjOk1vT5frTJ1EshDvaSqKwiL"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("shared-mime-info", version, newFromGitLab("gitlab.freedesktop.org", "xdg/shared-mime-info", version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MesonHelper{
+			SkipTest: true,
+		},
+		GLib,
+		Meson,
+		Libxml2,
+		Gettext,
+		Libpng,
+		Libjpeg,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[SharedMimeInfo] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newSharedMimeInfo,
+		Name:        "shared-mime-info",
+		Description: "xdg MIME repository",
+		Website:     "https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/shared-mime-info/",
+		ID:          5524,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGobjectIntrospection() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.86.0"
+		checksum = "M-eq1kEEX215x0VMfTIfJXNfVnZwiC41QK33tlCeK0_GDwGUILQm0SqvRSySNoka"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("gobject-introspection", version, t.NewViaGit("https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gobject-introspection.git", version, mustDecode(checksum)),
+		&PackageAttr{
+			Writable: true,
+		},
+		&MesonHelper{
+			SkipTest: true,
+		},
+		GLib,
+		PythonSetuptools,
+		Flex,
+		Bison,
+		Cairo,
+		Libffi,
+		Libpng,
+		M4,
+		PythonMako,
+		Pixman,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[GObjectIntrospection] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newGobjectIntrospection,
+		Name:        "gobject-introspection",
+		Description: "introspection toolkit",
+		Website:     "https://gi.readthedocs.io/",
+		ID:          1223,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newGconf() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.2.6"
+		checksum = "oSoPCk8J4Xd1gF1RLPqzdvHQfEn2eOE9qpLoT2CyDwnkUERgg2990dHN_AKhVgJp"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("gconf", version, newFromGitLab("gitlab.gnome.org", "Archive/gconf", version, checksum),
+		nil,
+		&MakeHelper{
+			Configure: []KV{{"disable-orbit"}, {"disable-introspection"}},
+			Generate:  "autoreconf -if",
+		},
+		Automake,
+		Libtool,
+		GLib,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Gconf] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newGconf,
+		Name:        "gconf",
+		Description: "outdated configuration database library",
+		Website:     "http://projects.gnome.org/gconf/",
+		ID:          8423,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/hakurei.go

@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ func (t Toolchain) newHakurei(
 	withHostname bool,
 ) pkg.Artifact {
 	hostname := `
-echo '# Building test helper (hostname).'
-go build -v -o /bin/hostname /usr/src/hostname/main.go
-echo
+echo 'Building test helper (hostname).'
+go build -o /bin/hostname /usr/src/hostname/main.go
 `
 	if !withHostname {
 		hostname = ""
@@ -64,9 +63,9 @@ func init() {
 			return t.newHakurei("", `
 mkdir -p /work/system/libexec/hakurei/
 
-echo '# Building hakurei.'
-go generate -v ./...
-go build -trimpath -v -tags=rosa -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
+echo "Building hakurei for $(go env GOOS)/$(go env GOARCH)."
+go generate ./...
+go build -trimpath -tags=rosa -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
 	-buildid=
 	-linkmode external
 	-extldflags=-static
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ go build -trimpath -v -tags=rosa -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
 " ./...
 echo
 
-echo '# Testing hakurei.'
+echo '##### Testing hakurei.'
 go test -ldflags='-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static' ./...
 echo
 
@@ -97,9 +96,13 @@ mkdir -p /work/system/bin/
 	}
 	artifactsM[HakureiDist] = Metadata{
 		f: func(t Toolchain) (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+			name := "all"
+			if presetOpts&OptSkipCheck != 0 {
+				name = "make"
+			}
 			return t.newHakurei("-dist", `
 export HAKUREI_VERSION
-DESTDIR=/work /usr/src/hakurei/all.sh
+DESTDIR=/work /usr/src/hakurei/`+name+`.sh
 `, true), hakureiVersion
 		},
 

internal/rosa/hakurei_release.go

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ package rosa
 
 import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 
-const hakureiVersion = "0.4.0"
+const hakureiVersion = "0.4.2"
 
 // hakureiSource is the source code of a hakurei release.
 var hakureiSource = newTar(
 	"https://git.gensokyo.uk/rosa/hakurei/archive/"+
 		"v"+hakureiVersion+".tar.gz",
-	"wfQ9DqCW0Fw9o91wj-I55waoqzB-UqzzuC0_2h-P-1M78SgZ1WHSPCDJMth6EyC2",
+	"jadgaOrxv5ABGvzQ_Rk0aPGz7U8K-427TbMhQNQ32scSizEnlR44Pu7NoWYWVZWq",
 	pkg.TarGzip,
 )
 

internal/rosa/hwdata.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newHwdata() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.407"
+		checksum = "6p1XD0CRuzt6hLfjv4ShKBW934BexmoPkRrmwxD4J63fBVCzVBRHyF8pVJdW_Xjm"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("hwdata", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"vcrhonek/hwdata",
+		"v"+version, checksum,
+	), &PackageAttr{
+		Writable:    true,
+		EnterSource: true,
+	}, &MakeHelper{
+		// awk: fatal: cannot open file `hwdata.spec' for reading: No such file or directory
+		InPlace: true,
+
+		// lspci: Unknown option 'A' (see "lspci --help")
+		SkipCheck: true,
+	}), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Hwdata] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newHwdata,
+
+		Name:        "hwdata",
+		Description: "contains various hardware identification and configuration data",
+		Website:     "https://github.com/vcrhonek/hwdata",
+
+		ID: 5387,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/jdk.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newJikes() pkg.Artifact {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.22"
+		checksum = "qb5Pf6P7RBrXRVLNEwfGxqhb05WW-MjJyJw7O-fYKizNGDNJEpsttbmOsFge0MO1"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("jikes", version,
+		newTar("https://sourceforge.net/projects/jikes/files/Jikes/"+version+"/jikes-"+version+".tar.bz2/download",
+			checksum, pkg.TarBzip2),
+		&PackageAttr{},
+		&MakeHelper{
+			Generate: "autoreconf -if",
+			Make: []string{
+				"CXXFLAGS='-std=c++03'",
+			},
+		},
+		Automake,
+	)
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newClasspath(version, checksum string, extra ...pkg.Artifact) pkg.Artifact {
+	attr := &PackageAttr{
+		Patches: []KV{{"classpath0.93-include-stdlib",
+			`diff --git a/native/fdlibm/dtoa.c b/native/fdlibm/dtoa.c
+index 5fb6aae..e710d96 100644
+--- a/native/fdlibm/dtoa.c
++++ b/native/fdlibm/dtoa.c
+@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
+ 
+ #include "mprec.h"
+ #include <string.h>
++#include <stdlib.h>
+ 
+ static int
+ _DEFUN (quorem,
+`}},
+	}
+	helper := &MakeHelper{
+		SkipCheck: true,
+		Generate:  "autoreconf -if",
+		Configure: []KV{{"with-jikes"}, {"disable-gtk-peer"}, {"disable-gconf-peer"}, {"disable-Werror"}, {"disable-plugin"}},
+	}
+	script := attr.ScriptEarly
+	script += helper.scriptEarly()
+
+	source := newTar(
+		"https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/classpath/classpath-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		checksum,
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	)
+
+	wantsChmod, wantsWrite := helper.wantsChmod(), helper.wantsWrite()
+	pExtra := []PArtifact{Automake, Libtool, LibX11, LibXtst, LibXi, PkgConfig, Gzip, GLib, Findutils, Unzip}
+	extraRes := make([]pkg.Artifact, 0, 1<<3+len(pExtra))
+	{
+		pv := paGet()
+		for _, p := range helper.extra(attr.Flag) {
+			extraRes = t.appendPreset(extraRes, pv, p)
+		}
+		for _, p := range pExtra {
+			extraRes = t.appendPreset(extraRes, pv, p)
+		}
+		paPut(pv)
+	}
+	var (
+		scriptEarly  string
+		sourceSuffix string
+	)
+
+	if _, ok := source.(pkg.FileArtifact); ok {
+		if attr.Writable || attr.Chmod ||
+			wantsChmod || wantsWrite ||
+			len(attr.Patches) > 0 {
+			panic("source processing requested on a xz-compressed tarball")
+		}
+
+		sourceSuffix = ".tar.xz"
+		scriptEarly += `
+tar -C /usr/src/ -xf '/usr/src/` + "classpath" + `.tar.xz'
+mv '/usr/src/` + "classpath" + `-` + version + `' '/usr/src/` + "classpath" + `'
+`
+	}
+
+	dir := helper.wantsDir()
+	helperScriptEarly := helper.scriptEarly()
+	if attr.EnterSource ||
+		dir == "" ||
+		attr.ScriptEarly != "" ||
+		helperScriptEarly != "" {
+		scriptEarly += `
+cd '/usr/src/` + "classpath" + `/'
+`
+	}
+	scriptEarly += attr.ScriptEarly + helperScriptEarly
+	if dir != "" && dir != helperInPlace {
+		if helper.createDir() {
+			scriptEarly += "\nmkdir -p " + dir
+		}
+		scriptEarly += "\ncd " + dir + "\n"
+	} else if !attr.EnterSource && attr.ScriptEarly == "" {
+		panic("cannot remain in root")
+	}
+
+	return t.New(
+		"classpath"+"-"+version,
+		attr.Flag,
+		slices.Concat(extra, extraRes),
+		attr.KnownChecksum,
+		attr.Env,
+		scriptEarly+helper.script("classpath"),
+		slices.Concat(attr.Paths, []pkg.ExecPath{
+			pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append(
+				"classpath"+sourceSuffix,
+			), attr.Writable || wantsWrite, t.NewPatchedSource(
+				"classpath", version, source, !attr.Chmod && !wantsChmod, attr.Patches...,
+			)),
+		})...,
+	)
+}
+func (t Toolchain) newLatestJdk() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	jikes := t.newJikes()
+	classpath093 := t.newClasspath("0.93", "WKsqDegi4rVCdQ2uJc3BOPuMnovU_cbiQy7nAzvYYtYnw75V6--sZFyRKnfiwGg9", jikes)
+	return classpath093, "0.93"
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[JDK] = Metadata{
+		f:           Toolchain.newLatestJdk,
+		Name:        "jdk",
+		Description: "java toolchain",
+		Website:     "https://jikes.sourceforge.net/",
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/kernel.go

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package rosa
 
 import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 
-const kernelVersion = "6.12.84"
+const kernelVersion = "6.12.87"
 
 var kernelSource = newTar(
 	"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/"+
 		"snapshot/linux-"+kernelVersion+".tar.gz",
-	"GJLUEu68r3DpLYoTcMl4wA_ThMBs_Zwc0gZsp82ii_3AOfcVxpI639IKfq2jAAY2",
+	"QTl5teIy0K5KsOLYGHQ3FbnPCZNRH2bySXVzghiOoHDdM3zAcSPUkmdly85lMzHx",
 	pkg.TarGzip,
 )
 
@@ -29,8 +29,22 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func (t Toolchain) newKernelHeaders() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const checksum = "lCmBNcMeUmXifg0vecKOPy3GAaFcJSmOPnf3wit9xYTDSTsFADPt1xxUFfmTn1fD"
 	return t.NewPackage("kernel-headers", kernelVersion, kernelSource, &PackageAttr{
-		Flag: TEarly,
+		Flag:          TEarly,
+		KnownChecksum: new(mustDecode(checksum)),
+
+		Paths: []pkg.ExecPath{
+			// updated manually for API changes
+			pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("version.h"), false, pkg.NewFile(
+				"version.h", []byte(`#define LINUX_VERSION_CODE 396372
+#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) (((a) << 16) + ((b) << 8) + ((c) > 255 ? 255 : (c)))
+#define LINUX_VERSION_MAJOR 6
+#define LINUX_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL 12
+#define LINUX_VERSION_SUBLEVEL 84
+`),
+			)),
+		},
 	}, &MakeHelper{
 		SkipConfigure: true,
 
@@ -43,7 +57,11 @@ func (t Toolchain) newKernelHeaders() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 			"INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/work/system",
 			"headers_install",
 		},
-		Install: "# headers installed during make",
+		Install: `
+cat \
+	/usr/src/version.h > \
+	/work/system/include/linux/version.h
+`,
 	},
 		Rsync,
 	), kernelVersion

internal/rosa/libarchive.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibarchive() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.8.7"
+		checksum = "CUJK4MDQmZmATClgQBH2Wt-7Ts4iiSUlg1J_TVb6-5IK3rVUgVLIMc5k-bnWB9w3"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libarchive", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"libarchive/libarchive",
+		"v"+version, checksum,
+	), &PackageAttr{
+		Paths: []pkg.ExecPath{
+			pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append(
+				"CTestCustom.cmake",
+			), false, pkg.NewFile("CTestCustom.cmake", []byte(`
+list(APPEND CTEST_CUSTOM_TESTS_IGNORE
+	"libarchive_test_archive_string_conversion_fail_c"
+	"libarchive_test_archive_string_conversion_fail_latin1"
+	"libarchive_test_archive_string_update_utf8_koi8"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_CP1251_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_Russian_Russia"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_CP932_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_EUCJP"
+	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_eucJP"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_CP866_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_KOI8R_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_eucJP_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_CP866_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_CP866_CP1251_win"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_KOI8R_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_CP866_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_KOI8R_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_eucJP_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_CP866_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_CP866_CP1251_win"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_KOI8R_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_rar_unicode_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP932_eucJP"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_eucJP"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP866_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_KOI8R_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP932_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP866_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP866_CP1251_win"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_KOI8R_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_CP866"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_CP1251_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_Russian_Russia"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_CP932_UTF8"
+	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_KOI8R"
+	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_ru_RU_CP1251"
+	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_Russian_Russia"
+	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_EUCJP"
+	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_CP932"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_cab_filename"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_lha_filename"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_tar_filename"
+	"libarchive_test_read_format_ustar_filename"
+	"libarchive_test_read_append_wrong_filter"
+)
+`))),
+		},
+
+		Writable: true,
+		ScriptEarly: `
+install -Dv /usr/src/CTestCustom.cmake /cure/
+`,
+	}, (*CMakeHelper)(nil)), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libarchive] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibarchive,
+
+		Name:        "libarchive",
+		Description: "multi-format archive and compression library",
+		Website:     "https://www.libarchive.org/",
+
+		ID: 1558,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libbsd.go

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 
 func (t Toolchain) newLibmd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "1.1.0"
-		checksum = "9apYqPPZm0j5HQT8sCsVIhnVIqRD7XgN7kPIaTwTqnTuUq5waUAMq4M7ev8CODJ1"
+		version  = "1.2.0"
+		checksum = "1rJ6joAO0wwMZvSfnRNkc1MOhywyAq7SM8VmF92NvDtv7Qdl1LRbjm5fg_DFFtGj"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("libmd", version, t.newTagRemote(
 		"https://git.hadrons.org/git/libmd.git",

internal/rosa/libconfig.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibconfig() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.8.2"
+		checksum = "fD32hjeAZuTz98g6WYHRwsxphrgrEFqxi5Z1jlJemPckPBfxpS3i5HgshAuA6vmT"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libconfig", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"hyperrealm/libconfig",
+		"v"+version,
+		checksum,
+	), &PackageAttr{
+		Patches: []KV{
+			{"disable-broken-tests", `diff --git a/tests/tests.c b/tests/tests.c
+index eba7eae..f916d2e 100644
+--- a/tests/tests.c
++++ b/tests/tests.c
+@@ -753,7 +753,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
+   int failures;
+ 
+   TT_SUITE_START(LibConfigTests);
+-  TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ParsingAndFormatting);
+   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ParseInvalidFiles);
+   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ParseInvalidStrings);
+   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, BigInt1);
+@@ -768,7 +767,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
+   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, OverrideSetting);
+   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, SettingLookups);
+   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ReadStream);
+-  TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, BinaryAndHex);
+   TT_SUITE_RUN(LibConfigTests);
+   failures = TT_SUITE_NUM_FAILURES(LibConfigTests);
+   TT_SUITE_END(LibConfigTests);
+`},
+		},
+	}, (*CMakeHelper)(nil)), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libconfig] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibconfig,
+
+		Name:        "libconfig",
+		Description: "a simple library for processing structured configuration files",
+		Website:     "https://hyperrealm.github.io/libconfig/",
+
+		ID: 1580,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libdisplay-info.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibdisplayInfo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.3.0"
+		checksum = "yjOqPUHHYgRtpqGw5RI1n2Q1_hO5j0LiFNMbjcRWV4Nf71XwwoC9fZMlKBDeLchT"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libdisplay-info", version, newFromGitLab(
+		"gitlab.freedesktop.org",
+		"emersion/libdisplay-info",
+		version, checksum,
+	), nil, (*MesonHelper)(nil),
+		Diffutils,
+
+		Hwdata,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[LibdisplayInfo] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibdisplayInfo,
+
+		Name:        "libdisplay-info",
+		Description: "EDID and DisplayID library",
+		Website:     "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/emersion/libdisplay-info",
+
+		ID: 326668,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libepoxy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibepoxy() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.5.10"
+		checksum = "OHI8wshrlGw6BMGrmSyejJtwzM2gPhyFJrTsKxULyKMmYrfgcOe7Iw2ibVoUND_Q"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libepoxy", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"anholt/libepoxy",
+		version,
+		checksum,
+	), nil, &MesonHelper{
+		Setup: []KV{
+			{"Dglx", "no"},
+			{"Degl", "no"},
+		},
+	},
+		LibX11,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libepoxy] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibepoxy,
+
+		Name:        "libepoxy",
+		Description: "a library for handling OpenGL function pointer management",
+		Website:     "https://github.com/anholt/libepoxy",
+
+		ID: 6090,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libexpat.go

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 
 func (t Toolchain) newLibexpat() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "2.8.0"
-		checksum = "pnwZ_JSif-OfoWIwk2JYXWHagOWMA3Sh-Ea0p-4Rz9U9mDEeAebhyvnfD7OYOMCk"
+		version  = "2.8.1"
+		checksum = "iMEtbOJhQfGof2GxSlxffQSI1va_NDDQ9VIuqcPbNZ0291Dr8wttD5QecYyjIQap"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("libexpat", version, newFromGitHubRelease(
 		"libexpat/libexpat",

internal/rosa/libjpeg.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibjpeg() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "10"
+		checksum = "N-o4pq6wO8fPeIePdi6-fZtiiRUzdizja_B-BYpmx-GU2Qesdgg0QF0ub-jtiYmd"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libjpeg", version, newTar("https://www.ijg.org/files/jpegsrc.v"+version+".tar.gz", checksum, pkg.TarGzip),
+		nil,
+		(*MakeHelper)(nil),
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libjpeg] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibjpeg,
+
+		Name:        "libjpeg",
+		Description: "jpeg library",
+		Website:     "https://www.ijg.org",
+		ID:          21362,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libpng.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibpng() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.6.58"
+		checksum = "m_a5lROJH7vmF3cMjqwTUqURuQLhV1JQx2ySPzcN3VPdgDB9pG3UINsIx_mtkr-t"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libpng", version, newTar(
+		"https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/libpng/libpng"+
+			strings.Join(strings.SplitN(version, ".", 3)[:2], "")+
+			"/"+version+"/libpng-"+version+".tar.gz",
+		checksum,
+		pkg.TarGzip,
+	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil),
+		Zlib,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libpng] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibpng,
+
+		Name:        "libpng",
+		Description: "the official PNG reference library",
+		Website:     "https://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			Zlib,
+		},
+
+		ID: 1705,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libtirpc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibtirpc() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.3.7"
+		checksum = "nzFfu7LNvnSNiNAryD1vtnNWnU-Xqee8KqfXUKoBf5yjb5-dkeRkYuRijdCoYLof"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libtirpc", version, t.newTagRemote(
+		"git://linux-nfs.org/~steved/libtirpc",
+		"libtirpc-"+
+			strings.Join(strings.SplitN(version, ".", 3), "-"),
+		checksum,
+	), nil, &MakeHelper{
+		Generate: "sh -e ./bootstrap",
+		Configure: []KV{
+			{"CFLAGS", `"$(pkg-config --cflags libbsd-overlay) ${CFLAGS:-}"`},
+			{"disable-gssapi"},
+		},
+	},
+		Automake,
+		Libtool,
+		PkgConfig,
+
+		Libbsd,
+		KernelHeaders,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libtirpc] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibtirpc,
+
+		Name:        "libtirpc",
+		Description: "a port of Suns Transport-Independent RPC library to Linux",
+		Website:     "https://sourceforge.net/projects/libtirpc/",
+
+		ID: 1740,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/libucontext.go

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 
 func (t Toolchain) newLibucontext() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "1.5"
-		checksum = "Ggk7FMmDNBdCx1Z9PcNWWW6LSpjGYssn2vU0GK5BLXJYw7ZxZbA2m_eSgT9TFnIG"
+		version  = "1.5.1"
+		checksum = "mUgeyJknjMxT-5fORzz-rqhZfP3Y7EZGBhOwvhuX7MsF4Pk9wkuwtrLf5IML-jWu"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("libucontext", version, newFromGitHub(
 		"kaniini/libucontext",

internal/rosa/llvm.go

@@ -2,20 +2,173 @@ package rosa
 
 import (
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 )
 
+// litArgs returns [LIT] arguments for optional verbosity and check skipping.
+func litArgs(verbose bool, skipChecks ...string) string {
+	args := []string{"-sv"}
+	if verbose {
+		args[0] = "--verbose"
+	}
+
+	if len(skipChecks) > 0 {
+		skipChecks = slices.Clone(skipChecks)
+		for i, s := range skipChecks {
+			s = regexp.QuoteMeta(s)
+			s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "/", "\\/")
+			skipChecks[i] = s
+		}
+		args = append(args,
+			"--filter-out='\\''"+strings.Join(skipChecks, "|")+"'\\''")
+	}
+
+	return "'" + strings.Join(args, " ") + "'"
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newEarlyCompilerRT() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	version := t.Version(llvmSource)
+	major, _, _ := strings.Cut(version, ".")
+	return t.NewPackage("early-compiler-rt", version, t.Load(llvmSource), &PackageAttr{
+		Flag: TExclusive,
+	}, &CMakeHelper{
+		Append: []string{"compiler-rt"},
+
+		Cache: []KV{
+			{"ENABLE_LINKER_BUILD_ID", "ON"},
+
+			// libc++ not yet available
+			{"CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_TARGET", ""},
+
+			{"LLVM_HOST_TRIPLE", `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`},
+			{"LLVM_DEFAULT_TARGET_TRIPLE", `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_RTTI", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_BUILD_LLVM_DYLIB", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_LINK_LLVM_DYLIB", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_PER_TARGET_RUNTIME_DIR", "ON"},
+
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_BUILTINS", "ON"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_DEFAULT_TARGET_ONLY", "ON"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_USE_BUILTINS_LIBRARY", "ON"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_SANITIZERS_TO_BUILD", "asan"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_GWP_ASAN", "OFF"},
+
+			// does not work without libunwind
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_CTX_PROFILE", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_LIBFUZZER", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_MEMPROF", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_PROFILE", "OFF"},
+			{"COMPILER_RT_BUILD_XRAY", "OFF"},
+		},
+		SkipTest: true,
+		Script: `
+mkdir -p "/work/system/lib/clang/` + major + `/lib/"
+ln -s \
+	"../../../${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
+	"/work/system/lib/clang/` + major + `/lib/"
+
+ln -s \
+	"clang_rt.crtbegin-` + linuxArch() + `.o" \
+	"/work/system/lib/${ROSA_TRIPLE}/crtbeginS.o"
+ln -s \
+	"clang_rt.crtend-` + linuxArch() + `.o" \
+	"/work/system/lib/${ROSA_TRIPLE}/crtendS.o"
+`,
+	},
+		Python,
+
+		muslHeaders,
+		KernelHeaders,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[earlyCompilerRT] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newEarlyCompilerRT,
+
+		Name:        "early-compiler-rt",
+		Description: "early LLVM runtime: compiler-rt",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			Musl,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newEarlyRuntimes() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	version := t.Version(llvmSource)
+	return t.NewPackage("early-runtimes", version, t.Load(llvmSource), &PackageAttr{
+		Flag: TExclusive,
+	}, &CMakeHelper{
+		Append: []string{"runtimes"},
+
+		Cache: []KV{
+			{"ENABLE_LINKER_BUILD_ID", "ON"},
+
+			// libc++ not yet available
+			{"CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_WORKS", "ON"},
+
+			{"LLVM_HOST_TRIPLE", `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`},
+			{"LLVM_DEFAULT_TARGET_TRIPLE", `"${ROSA_TRIPLE}"`},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_RTTI", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_BUILD_LLVM_DYLIB", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_LINK_LLVM_DYLIB", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES", "'libunwind;libcxx;libcxxabi'"},
+
+			{"LIBUNWIND_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS", "OFF"},
+			{"LIBUNWIND_USE_COMPILER_RT", "ON"},
+			{"LIBCXX_HAS_MUSL_LIBC", "ON"},
+			{"LIBCXX_USE_COMPILER_RT", "ON"},
+			{"LIBCXX_CXX_ABI", "libcxxabi"},
+			{"LIBCXX_ENABLE_STATIC_ABI_LIBRARY", "OFF"},
+			{"LIBCXX_HARDENING_MODE", "fast"},
+			{"LIBCXX_HAS_ATOMIC_LIB", "OFF"},
+			{"LIBCXXABI_USE_COMPILER_RT", "ON"},
+			{"LIBCXXABI_USE_LLVM_UNWINDER", "ON"},
+			{"LIBCXXABI_ENABLE_STATIC_UNWINDER", "OFF"},
+			{"LIBCXXABI_HAS_CXA_THREAD_ATEXIT_IMPL", "OFF"},
+
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_ZLIB", "FORCE_ON"},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_ZSTD", "FORCE_ON"},
+			{"LLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2", "OFF"},
+		},
+		SkipTest: true,
+	},
+		Python,
+
+		Zlib,
+		Zstd,
+		earlyCompilerRT,
+		KernelHeaders,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[earlyRuntimes] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newEarlyRuntimes,
+
+		Name:        "early-runtimes",
+		Description: "early LLVM runtimes: libunwind, libcxx, libcxxabi",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			earlyCompilerRT,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
 func (t Toolchain) newLLVM() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "22.1.4"
-		checksum = "Bk3t-tV5sD5T0bqefFMcLeFuAwXnhFipywZmqst5hAZs97QQWGKB_5XyAFjj5tDB"
-	)
+	var early PArtifact = muslHeaders
+	if t.isStage0() {
+		// The LLVM build system uses the system installation when building with
+		// LLVM_LINK_LLVM_DYLIB, since it builds runtimes after the fact, using
+		// the just-built toolchain. This is unacceptable in stage0 due to the
+		// potential version difference. Later stages bootstrap off of runtimes
+		// of its previous stage via 3-stage determinism.
+		early = earlyRuntimes
+	}
 
 	cache := []KV{
-		{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
-
 		{"ENABLE_LINKER_BUILD_ID", "ON"},
 		{"COMPILER_RT_USE_BUILTINS_LIBRARY", "ON"},
 		{"COMPILER_RT_DEFAULT_TARGET_ONLY", "ON"},
@@ -37,6 +190,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLLVM() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		{"LLVM_ENABLE_ZLIB", "FORCE_ON"},
 		{"LLVM_ENABLE_ZSTD", "FORCE_ON"},
 		{"LLVM_ENABLE_PER_TARGET_RUNTIME_DIR", "ON"},
+		{"LLVM_INCLUDE_BENCHMARKS", "OFF"},
 		{"CLANG_DEFAULT_RTLIB", "compiler-rt"},
 		{"CLANG_DEFAULT_UNWINDLIB", "libunwind"},
 		{"CLANG_DEFAULT_CXX_STDLIB", "libc++"},
@@ -93,10 +247,14 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLLVM() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 			// unwind: fails on musl
 			"eh_frame_fde_pc_range",
 		}
-		for i, s := range skipChecks {
-			s = regexp.QuoteMeta(s)
-			s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "/", "\\/")
-			skipChecks[i] = s
+		switch arch {
+		case "arm64":
+			skipChecks = append(skipChecks,
+				// LLVM: intermittently crashes
+				"ExecutionEngine/OrcLazy/multiple-compile-threads-basic.ll",
+				// unwind: unexpectedly passes
+				"unwind_leaffunction",
+			)
 		}
 
 		if presetOpts&OptLLVMNoLTO == 0 {
@@ -110,25 +268,22 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLLVM() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 			// symbols: clock_gettime, mallopt
 			{"COMPILER_RT_INCLUDE_TESTS", "OFF"},
 
-			{"LLVM_LIT_ARGS", "'" + strings.Join([]string{
-				"--verbose",
-				"--filter-out='\\''" + strings.Join(skipChecks, "|") + "'\\''",
-			}, " ") + "'"},
+			{"LLVM_BUILD_TESTS", "ON"},
+			{"LLVM_LIT_ARGS", litArgs(true, skipChecks...)},
 		}...)
 	}
 
-	return t.NewPackage("llvm", version, t.NewPatchedSource("llvm", version, newFromGitHub(
-		"llvm/llvm-project",
-		"llvmorg-"+version,
-		checksum,
-	), true, llvmPatches...), nil, &CMakeHelper{
+	version := t.Version(llvmSource)
+	return t.NewPackage("llvm", version, t.Load(llvmSource), &PackageAttr{
+		Flag: TExclusive,
+	}, &CMakeHelper{
 		Append: []string{"llvm"},
 
 		Cache: cache,
 		Script: `
 ln -s ld.lld /work/system/bin/ld
-
 ln -s clang /work/system/bin/cc
+ln -s clang /work/system/bin/cpp
 ln -s clang++ /work/system/bin/c++
 `,
 
@@ -159,11 +314,31 @@ ninja ` + jobsFlagE + ` check-all
 
 		Zlib,
 		Zstd,
-		muslHeaders,
+		early,
 		KernelHeaders,
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
+	const (
+		version  = "22.1.5"
+		checksum = "32gOaLPHcUlo3hkdk5RbFumTE01XKeCAYZcpvn8IDHF95egXVfDFSl6eZL3ChMen"
+	)
+
+	artifactsM[llvmSource] = Metadata{
+		f: func(t Toolchain) (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+			return t.NewPatchedSource("llvm", version, newFromGitHub(
+				"llvm/llvm-project",
+				"llvmorg-"+version,
+				checksum,
+			), true, llvmPatches...), version
+		},
+
+		Name:        "llvm-project",
+		Description: "LLVM monorepo with Rosa OS patches",
+
+		ID: 1830,
+	}
+
 	artifactsM[LLVM] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLLVM,
 
@@ -176,7 +351,5 @@ func init() {
 			Zstd,
 			Musl,
 		},
-
-		ID: 1830,
 	}
 }

internal/rosa/llvm_patches.go

@@ -90,8 +90,23 @@ index 8ac8d4eb9181..e46b04a898ca 100644
      addSystemInclude(DriverArgs, CC1Args, ResourceDirInclude);
 `},
 
-	{"path-system-libraries", `diff --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
-index d525b417b4ea..fdc411f2239c 100644
+	{"path-system-libraries", `diff --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Gnu.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Gnu.cpp
+index cb6a9b242421..b8d31690d1af 100644
+--- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Gnu.cpp
++++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Gnu.cpp
+@@ -2314,6 +2314,10 @@ void Generic_GCC::GCCInstallationDetector::AddDefaultGCCPrefixes(
+     Prefixes.push_back("/opt/rh/devtoolset-2/root/usr");
+   }
+ 
++  if (TargetTriple.getVendor() == llvm::Triple::Rosa) {
++    Prefixes.push_back(concat(SysRoot, "/system"));
++  }
++
+   // Fall back to /usr which is used by most non-Solaris systems.
+   Prefixes.push_back(concat(SysRoot, "/usr"));
+ }
+diff --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
+index d525b417b4ea..2b93f401733e 100644
 --- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
 +++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Linux.cpp
 @@ -302,6 +302,7 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
@@ -102,18 +117,7 @@ index d525b417b4ea..fdc411f2239c 100644
  
    if (IsCSKY && !SelectedMultilibs.empty())
      SysRoot = SysRoot + SelectedMultilibs.back().osSuffix();
-@@ -337,12 +338,23 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
-   const std::string OSLibDir = std::string(getOSLibDir(Triple, Args));
-   const std::string MultiarchTriple = getMultiarchTriple(D, Triple, SysRoot);
- 
-+  if (IsRosa) {
-+    ExtraOpts.push_back("-rpath");
-+    ExtraOpts.push_back("/system/lib");
-+    ExtraOpts.push_back("-rpath");
-+    ExtraOpts.push_back(concat("/system/lib", Triple.str()));
-+  }
-+
-   // mips32: Debian multilib, we use /libo32, while in other case, /lib is
+@@ -341,8 +342,12 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
    // used. We need add both libo32 and /lib.
    if (Arch == llvm::Triple::mips || Arch == llvm::Triple::mipsel) {
      Generic_GCC::AddMultilibPaths(D, SysRoot, "libo32", MultiarchTriple, Paths);
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ index d525b417b4ea..fdc411f2239c 100644
    }
    Generic_GCC::AddMultilibPaths(D, SysRoot, OSLibDir, MultiarchTriple, Paths);
  
-@@ -360,18 +372,30 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
+@@ -360,18 +365,30 @@ Linux::Linux(const Driver &D, const llvm::Triple &Triple, const ArgList &Args)
          Paths);
    }
  
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ index d525b417b4ea..fdc411f2239c 100644
  }
  
  ToolChain::RuntimeLibType Linux::GetDefaultRuntimeLibType() const {
-@@ -572,6 +596,9 @@ std::string Linux::getDynamicLinker(const ArgList &Args) const {
+@@ -572,6 +589,9 @@ std::string Linux::getDynamicLinker(const ArgList &Args) const {
      return Triple.isArch64Bit() ? "/system/bin/linker64" : "/system/bin/linker";
    }
    if (Triple.isMusl()) {
@@ -174,18 +178,5 @@ index d525b417b4ea..fdc411f2239c 100644
      std::string ArchName;
      bool IsArm = false;
  
-diff --git a/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp b/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp
-index f484d6f33ad8..dca55e72d67e 100644
---- a/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp
-+++ b/clang/tools/clang-installapi/Options.cpp
-@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ bool Options::processFrontendOptions(InputArgList &Args) {
-     FEOpts.FwkPaths = std::move(FrameworkPaths);
- 
-   // Add default framework/library paths.
--  PathSeq DefaultLibraryPaths = {"/usr/lib", "/usr/local/lib"};
-+  PathSeq DefaultLibraryPaths = {"/usr/lib", "/system/lib", "/usr/local/lib"};
-   PathSeq DefaultFrameworkPaths = {"/Library/Frameworks",
-                                    "/System/Library/Frameworks"};
- 
 `},
 }

internal/rosa/lm-sensors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLMSensors() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "3-6-2"
+		checksum = "7JYNutrihe-FP6r3ftf96uFZJJWPfxnBHL0ALSMA-vovaXVRr-sAjlLitw7WWpCI"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("lm_sensors", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"lm-sensors/lm-sensors",
+		"V"+version,
+		checksum,
+	), &PackageAttr{
+		Writable:    true,
+		Chmod:       true,
+		EnterSource: true,
+
+		ScriptEarly: `
+ln -s \
+	../../system/bin/perl \
+	/usr/bin/
+`,
+	}, &MakeHelper{
+		InPlace:       true,
+		SkipConfigure: true,
+
+		Make: []string{
+			"CC=cc",
+			"ETCDIR=/system/etc",
+			"PREFIX=/system",
+		},
+
+		Check: []string{
+			"CC=cc",
+			"check",
+		},
+
+		Install: "make DESTDIR=/work PREFIX=/system install",
+	},
+		Perl,
+		PerlTestCmd,
+
+		M4,
+		Bison,
+		Flex,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[LMSensors] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLMSensors,
+
+		Name:        "lm_sensors",
+		Description: "user-space support for hardware monitoring drivers",
+		Website:     "https://hwmon.wiki.kernel.org/lm_sensors",
+
+		ID: 1831,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/mesa.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package rosa
 
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
 
 func (t Toolchain) newLibglvnd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
@@ -12,8 +16,22 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibglvnd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		"glvnd/libglvnd",
 		"v"+version,
 		checksum,
-	), nil, (*MesonHelper)(nil),
+	), nil, &MesonHelper{
+		Setup: []KV{
+			{"Dx11", "enabled"},
+			{"Dglx", "enabled"},
+		},
+		ScriptCompiled: `
+export DISPLAY=':0'
+Xvfb &
+XVFB_PID="$!"
+trap 'kill $XVFB_PID && wait $XVFB_PID' EXIT
+`,
+	},
 		Binutils, // symbols check fail with llvm nm
+		Xserver,  // test suite wants X server
+
+		LibXext,
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
@@ -24,6 +42,10 @@ func init() {
 		Description: "The GL Vendor-Neutral Dispatch library",
 		Website:     "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/glvnd/libglvnd",
 
+		Dependencies: P{
+			LibXext,
+		},
+
 		ID: 12098,
 	}
 }
@@ -64,3 +86,180 @@ func init() {
 		ID: 1596,
 	}
 }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newLibva() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "2.23.0"
+		checksum = "UmF5tPyWIG_w5kiR3KFpoYbF7UUcaak5tyc-RhOheNTwQlLkPlifreFYCM9FQxbq"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("libva", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"intel/libva",
+		version,
+		checksum,
+	), nil, &MesonHelper{
+		Setup: []KV{
+			{"Dwith_x11", "yes"},
+			{"Dwith_glx", "yes"},
+			{"Dwith_wayland", "yes"},
+		},
+	},
+		Libdrm,
+		LibXfixes,
+		Libglvnd,
+		Wayland,
+		KernelHeaders,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Libva] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newLibva,
+
+		Name:        "libva",
+		Description: "an implementation for VA-API (Video Acceleration API)",
+		Website:     "https://01.org/vaapi",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			Libdrm,
+			LibXfixes,
+			Libglvnd,
+			Wayland,
+		},
+
+		ID: 1752,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Toolchain) newMesa() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "26.1.0"
+		checksum = "zU0fjqevySBaoi_5SLW3e2UffmGeBdxOuHmAHTH68n2hV-sjYoqg30koLqFXuk5y"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("mesa", version, newFromGitLab(
+		"gitlab.freedesktop.org",
+		"mesa/mesa",
+		"mesa-"+version,
+		checksum,
+	), nil, &MesonHelper{
+		Setup: []KV{
+			{"Dplatforms", "x11,wayland"},
+			{"Dvideo-codecs", "all"},
+
+			{"Dglvnd", "enabled"},
+			{"Dgbm", "enabled"},
+
+			{"Dgallium-drivers", strings.Join([]string{
+				"asahi",     // Apple AGX
+				"crocus",    // Intel legacy
+				"etnaviv",   // Vivante GPU designs (mostly NXP/Marvell SoCs)
+				"freedreno", // Qualcomm Adreno (all Qualcomm SoCs)
+				"i915",      // Intel extra legacy
+				"iris",      // new Intel (Broadwell+)
+				"lima",      // ARM Mali 4xx
+				"llvmpipe",  // software renderer
+				"nouveau",   // Nvidia
+				"panfrost",  // ARM Mali Midgard and up (T/G series)
+				"r300",      // very old AMD
+				"r600",      // less old AMD
+				"radeonsi",  // new AMD (GCN+)
+				"softpipe",  // older software renderer
+				"svga",      // VMWare virtualized GPU
+				"tegra",     // Nvidia Tegra SoCs
+				"v3d",       // Broadcom VC5 (Raspberry Pi 4)
+				"vc4",       // Broadcom VC4 (Raspberry Pi 0-3)
+				"virgl",     // QEMU virtualized GPU (aka VirGL)
+				"zink",      // generic OpenGL over Vulkan, experimental
+
+				// d3d12: WSL emulated GPU (aka Dozen)
+				// ethosu: accelerator
+				// rocket: accelerator
+			}, ",")},
+
+			{"Dvulkan-drivers", strings.Join([]string{
+				"amd",         // AMD (aka RADV)
+				"broadcom",    // Broadcom VC5 (Raspberry Pi 4, aka V3D)
+				"freedreno",   // Qualcomm Adreno (all Qualcomm SoCs)
+				"intel",       // new Intel (aka ANV)
+				"intel_hasvk", // Intel Haswell/Broadwell, "legacy" Vulkan driver (https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-HasVK-Drop-Dead-Code)
+				"panfrost",    // ARM Mali Midgard and up (T/G series)
+				"swrast",      // software renderer (aka Lavapipe)
+				"virtio",      // QEMU virtualized GPU (aka VirGL)
+				"imagination", // PowerVR Rogue
+				"asahi",       // Apple AGX
+				"gfxstream",   // Android virtualized GPU
+
+				// nouveau: Nouveau (aka NVK), requires rust
+				// microsoft-experimental: WSL virtualized GPU (aka DZN/Dozen)
+				// kosmickrisp: macOS-specific
+			}, ",")},
+			{"Dvulkan-layers", strings.Join([]string{
+				"device-select",
+				"intel-nullhw",
+				"overlay",
+				"screenshot",
+				"anti-lag",
+				"vram-report-limit",
+			}, ",")},
+
+			{"Dfreedreno-kmds", "msm,virtio"},
+			{"Damdgpu-virtio", "true"},
+		},
+	},
+		M4,
+		PythonPackaging,
+		PythonMako,
+		PythonPyYAML,
+		PythonPycparser,
+		Glslang,
+		SPIRVLLVMTranslator,
+
+		Zlib,
+		Zstd,
+		Gzip,
+		Ncurses,
+		Libglvnd,
+		Libexpat,
+		Libva,
+		Libdrm,
+		Elfutils,
+		Bison,
+		Flex,
+		LMSensors,
+		Libconfig,
+		LibdisplayInfo,
+		Wayland,
+		WaylandProtocols,
+		Libxshmfence,
+		LibXxf86vm,
+		LibXrandr,
+		LibxcbUtilKeysyms,
+		Libpng,
+		Libarchive,
+		KernelHeaders,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Mesa] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newMesa,
+
+		Name:        "mesa",
+		Description: "open source implementations of OpenGL, OpenGL ES, Vulkan, OpenCL, and more",
+		Website:     "https://mesa3d.org",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			Libdrm,
+			Elfutils,
+			LMSensors,
+			LibdisplayInfo,
+			Wayland,
+			Libxshmfence,
+			LibXxf86vm,
+			LibXrandr,
+			LibxcbUtilKeysyms,
+			Libpng,
+		},
+
+		ID: 1970,
+
+		latest: (*Versions).getStable,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/meson.go

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ cd "$(mktemp -d)"
 meson setup \
 	` + strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
 		for _, v := range append([]KV{
-			{"wrap-mode", "nodownload"},
+			{"wrap-mode", "nofallback"},
 			{"prefix", "/system"},
 			{"buildtype", "release"},
 		}, attr.Setup...) {

internal/rosa/mksh.go

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ func (t Toolchain) newMksh() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		version  = "59c"
 		checksum = "0Zj-k4nXEu3IuJY4lvwD2OrC2t27GdZj8SPy4DoaeuBRH1padWb7oREpYgwY8JNq"
 	)
+	scriptTest := "./test.sh -C regress:no-ctty\n"
+	if presetOpts&OptSkipCheck != 0 {
+		scriptTest = ""
+	}
 	return t.New("mksh-"+version, 0, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		Perl,
 		Coreutils,
@@ -18,8 +22,7 @@ cd "$(mktemp -d)"
 sh /usr/src/mksh/Build.sh -r
 CPPFLAGS="${CPPFLAGS} -DMKSH_BINSHPOSIX -DMKSH_BINSHREDUCED" \
 sh /usr/src/mksh/Build.sh -r -L
-./test.sh -C regress:no-ctty
-
+`+scriptTest+`
 mkdir -p /work/system/bin/
 cp -v mksh /work/system/bin/
 cp -v lksh /work/system/bin/sh

internal/rosa/musl.go

@@ -53,6 +53,23 @@ rmdir -v /work/lib
 		Chmod: true,
 
 		Env: env,
+
+		Patches: []KV{
+			{"ldso-rosa", `diff --git a/ldso/dynlink.c b/ldso/dynlink.c
+index 715948f4..c2fece68 100644
+--- a/ldso/dynlink.c
++++ b/ldso/dynlink.c
+@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ static struct dso *load_library(const char *name, struct dso *needed_by)
+ 					sys_path = "";
+ 				}
+ 			}
+-			if (!sys_path) sys_path = "/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/lib";
++			if (!sys_path) sys_path = "/system/lib:/system/lib/" LDSO_ARCH "-rosa-linux-musl:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/lib";
+ 			fd = path_open(name, sys_path, buf, sizeof buf);
+ 		}
+ 		pathname = buf;
+`},
+		},
 	}, &helper,
 		Coreutils,
 	), version

internal/rosa/perl.go

@@ -382,3 +382,27 @@ func init() {
 		ID: 3549,
 	}
 }
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPerlTestCmd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "1.09"
+		checksum = "gpGUwyC9IozDiYSgW_kXARNfXsTPFa6cTowJmmCBbPqcs2-pONZca_SB06FGy-7H"
+	)
+	return t.newViaPerlMakeMaker("Test::Cmd", version, newFromCPAN(
+		"NEILB",
+		"Test-Cmd",
+		version,
+		checksum,
+	), nil), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[PerlTestCmd] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newPerlTestCmd,
+
+		Name:        "perl-Test::Cmd",
+		Description: "portable testing of commands and scripts",
+		Website:     "https://metacpan.org/release/Test-Cmd",
+
+		ID: 6014,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/pixman.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newPixman() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "0.46.4"
+		checksum = "iECDxLG9SxUrvGHqeDoaBa-b3uqdT5DC4zudjtrwb8Wodq82pyacmFNEAo4SDsiE"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("pixman", version, newFromGitLab(
+		"gitlab.freedesktop.org",
+		"pixman/pixman",
+		"pixman-"+version,
+		checksum,
+	), nil, &MesonHelper{
+		Setup: []KV{
+			{"Dtests", "enabled"},
+		},
+	}), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[Pixman] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newPixman,
+
+		Name:        "pixman",
+		Description: "a low-level software library for pixel manipulation",
+		Website:     "https://pixman.org/",
+
+		ID: 3648,
+	}
+}

internal/rosa/python.go

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 
 func (t Toolchain) newPython() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "3.14.4"
-		checksum = "X0VRAAGOlCVldh4J9tRAE-YrJtDvqfQTJaqxKPXNX6YTPlwpR9GwA5WRIZDO-63s"
+		version  = "3.14.5"
+		checksum = "zYIpDlk2ftZ-UVGCQS1rthle2OHoyXV653ztWiopKV1NhmIJf1K2hHbkwM4DozQ9"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("python", version, newTar(
 		"https://www.python.org/ftp/python/"+version+
@@ -351,6 +351,29 @@ func init() {
 	)
 }
 
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[LIT] = Metadata{
+		f: func(t Toolchain) (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+			version := t.Version(LLVM)
+			return t.NewPackage("lit", version, t.Load(llvmSource), nil, &PipHelper{
+				Append: []string{"llvm", "utils", "lit"},
+				// already checked during llvm
+				SkipCheck: true,
+			},
+				PythonSetuptools,
+			), version
+		},
+
+		Name:        "lit",
+		Description: "a portable tool for executing LLVM and Clang style test suites",
+		Website:     "https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/lit.html",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			Python,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
 func init() {
 	const (
 		version  = "1.1.1"
@@ -372,8 +395,8 @@ func init() {
 
 func init() {
 	const (
-		version  = "2026.4.28.13"
-		checksum = "Z3MbmMXtmWHCM3-EvJehb9MzDqX7Ce_Xg86D5g5nxFRWMKqwHwnQ8R-AlKf-32HU"
+		version  = "2026.5.7.17"
+		checksum = "1Fcps0gK9P4ofwGL8MISN9k1Q40-quxX7NDpIna50TmziBNrZy-0Vz0I9yIeHCoP"
 	)
 	artifactsM[PythonTroveClassifiers] = newPythonPackage(
 		"trove-classifiers", 88298,
@@ -561,3 +584,24 @@ func init() {
 		}, P{PythonSetuptools},
 	)
 }
+
+func init() {
+	const (
+		version  = "3.00"
+		checksum = "4qfCMFKp0fLsRsloOAF780tXX_Ce_68RwinCmjNGObAX32WpF_iBafIKW1S1bYlA"
+	)
+	artifactsM[PythonPycparser] = newPythonPackage(
+		"pycparser", 8175,
+		"complete C99 parser in pure Python",
+		"https://github.com/eliben/pycparser",
+		version, newFromGitHub(
+			"eliben/pycparser",
+			"release_v"+version, checksum,
+		), &PackageAttr{
+			// test case hard codes gcc
+			ScriptEarly: `
+ln -s clang /system/bin/gcc
+`,
+		}, nil, P{PythonSetuptools},
+	)
+}

internal/rosa/qemu.go

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ EOF
 			{"disable-download"},
 			{"disable-docs"},
 
+			{"static"},
 			{"target-list-exclude", "" +
 				// fails to load firmware
 				"ppc-linux-user," +

internal/rosa/rosa.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ package rosa
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"path"
-	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -54,10 +53,9 @@ var (
 	AbsSystem = fhs.AbsRoot.Append("system")
 )
 
-// linuxArch returns the architecture name used by linux corresponding to
-// [runtime.GOARCH].
+// linuxArch returns the architecture name used by linux corresponding to arch.
 func linuxArch() string {
-	switch runtime.GOARCH {
+	switch arch {
 	case "amd64":
 		return "x86_64"
 	case "arm64":
@@ -66,11 +64,11 @@ func linuxArch() string {
 		return "riscv64"
 
 	default:
-		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+		panic("unsupported target " + arch)
 	}
 }
 
-// triplet returns the Rosa OS host triple corresponding to [runtime.GOARCH].
+// triplet returns the Rosa OS host triple corresponding to arch.
 func triplet() string {
 	return linuxArch() + "-rosa-linux-musl"
 }
@@ -80,9 +78,9 @@ type perArch[T any] map[string]T
 
 // unwrap returns the value for the current architecture.
 func (p perArch[T]) unwrap() T {
-	v, ok := p[runtime.GOARCH]
+	v, ok := p[arch]
 	if !ok {
-		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
+		panic("unsupported target " + arch)
 	}
 	return v
 }
@@ -222,6 +220,8 @@ const (
 	TEarly
 	// TNoToolchain excludes the LLVM toolchain.
 	TNoToolchain
+	// THostNet arranges for a [pkg.KindExecNet] to be created.
+	THostNet
 )
 
 var (
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) New(
 		support = append(support, extra...)
 		support = append(support, cureEtc{})
 		if t == toolchainStage0 {
-			support = append(support, NewStage0())
+			support = append(support, t.Load(stage0Dist))
 		} else {
 			support = append(support, _toolchainBusybox.New("gentoo", 0, nil, nil, nil, `
 tar -C /work -xf /usr/src/stage3.tar.xz
@@ -327,7 +327,9 @@ mkdir -vp /work/system/bin
 	}
 
 	return pkg.NewExec(
-		name, knownChecksum, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, flag&TExclusive != 0,
+		name, arch, knownChecksum, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax,
+		flag&THostNet != 0,
+		flag&TExclusive != 0,
 		fhs.AbsRoot, env,
 		AbsSystem.Append("bin", "sh"),
 		[]string{"sh", absCureScript.String()},
@@ -410,6 +412,9 @@ type Helper interface {
 
 // PackageAttr holds build-system-agnostic attributes.
 type PackageAttr struct {
+	// Measure output if populated. Required by [THostNet].
+	KnownChecksum *pkg.Checksum
+
 	// Mount the source tree writable.
 	Writable bool
 	// Do not pass through [Toolchain.NewPatchedSource].
@@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ cd '/usr/src/` + name + `/'
 		name+"-"+version,
 		attr.Flag,
 		extraRes,
-		nil,
+		attr.KnownChecksum,
 		attr.Env,
 		scriptEarly+helper.script(name),
 		slices.Concat(attr.Paths, []pkg.ExecPath{

internal/rosa/rosa_test.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	rosa.DropCaches(rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO)
+	rosa.DropCaches("", rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO)
 	container.TryArgv0(nil)
 
 	code := m.Run()
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func getCache(t *testing.T) *pkg.Cache {
 			msg := message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "rosa: ", 0))
 			msg.SwapVerbose(true)
 
-			if buildTestCache, err = pkg.Open(ctx, msg, 0, 0, 0, a); err != nil {
+			if buildTestCache, err = pkg.Open(ctx, msg, pkg.CSuppressInit, 0, 0, a); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ func TestCureAll(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkStage3(b *testing.B) {
-	flags := rosa.Flags()
-	b.Cleanup(func() { rosa.DropCaches(flags) })
+	arch, flags := rosa.Arch(), rosa.Flags()
+	b.Cleanup(func() { rosa.DropCaches(arch, flags) })
 
 	for b.Loop() {
 		rosa.Std.Load(rosa.LLVM)
 
 		b.StopTimer()
-		rosa.DropCaches(0)
+		rosa.DropCaches("", 0)
 		b.StartTimer()
 	}
 }

internal/rosa/stage0.go

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package rosa
 
 import (
-	"sync"
-
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 )
@@ -32,24 +30,32 @@ func init() {
 	}
 }
 
-var (
-	// stage0 stores the tarball unpack artifact.
-	stage0 pkg.Artifact
-	// stage0Once is for lazy initialisation of stage0.
-	stage0Once sync.Once
-)
+func init() {
+	const version = "20260504"
+	artifactsM[stage0Dist] = Metadata{
+		f: func(Toolchain) (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+			return newTar(
+				"https://hakurei.app/seed/"+version+"/"+
+					"stage0-"+triplet()+".tar.bz2",
+				perArch[string]{
+					"amd64":   "IQjFDkiAVLo1XzflgMMiLP3gnVY2hhDMTzl-QqJDCQhcLQ3lLtRzjI5WCxGyW_lk",
+					"arm64":   "6fmwl2Umx2QssKQvxxb1JOGkAjzfA_MXKku0jVdGjYGb35OvwEVA5NYtd0HIy3yH",
+					"riscv64": "Z2ODV0rIoo9iQRUIu35bsaOBeXc_9qQfGcyb2aGneatzNUJlXh5emSpEV2bOklUL",
+				}.unwrap(),
+				pkg.TarBzip2,
+			), version
+		},
 
-// NewStage0 returns a stage0 distribution created from curing [Stage0].
-func NewStage0() pkg.Artifact {
-	stage0Once.Do(func() {
-		stage0 = newTar(
-			"https://hakurei.app/seed/20260429/"+
-				"stage0-"+triplet()+".tar.bz2",
-			perArch[string]{
-				"amd64": "ldz-WkSx2wxUK4ndi-tlaaU8ykOowbpGRcBsciAcIDdnX6-QfzQg_se3lsZYuzuK",
-			}.unwrap(),
-			pkg.TarBzip2,
-		)
-	})
-	return stage0
+		Name:        "stage0-dist",
+		Description: "Rosa OS stage0 bootstrap seed",
+	}
+}
+
+// HasStage0 returns whether a stage0 distribution is available.
+func HasStage0() (ok bool) {
+	func() {
+		defer func() { ok = recover() == nil }()
+		toolchainStage0.Load(stage0Dist)
+	}()
+	return
 }

internal/rosa/tamago.go

@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 package rosa
 
-import (
-	"runtime"
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-)
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 
 func (t Toolchain) newTamaGo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "1.26.2"
-		checksum = "5xlhWq2NGhYCjt0y73QkydJ386lxg6-HkiO84ne6ByQSJBDat7-HSVzNA6jy7Laz"
+		version  = "1.26.3"
+		checksum = "-nH3MjAzDDLTeJ2hRKYJcJwo5-Ikci4zOHfB8j1vKn7zrF9TS6zYaoLi8qohGwAE"
 	)
 	return t.New("tamago-go"+version, 0, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		Bash,
@@ -26,7 +22,7 @@ chmod -R +w ..
 
 sed -i \
 	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
+	cmd/link/internal/`+arch+`/obj.go
 sed -i \
 	's/cpu.X86.HasAVX512VBMI/& \&\& cpu.X86.HasPOPCNT/' \
 	internal/runtime/gc/scan/scan_amd64.go

internal/rosa/vim.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package rosa
+
+import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+
+func (t Toolchain) newVIM() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
+	const (
+		version  = "9.2.0461"
+		checksum = "18Rr_5oIf_PkKuqVkN4CMZIGkZEgpN1vamlrsvPLBjn4mN98CRuoJmhzRZ7MoVYM"
+	)
+	return t.NewPackage("vim", version, newFromGitHub(
+		"vim/vim",
+		"v"+version,
+		checksum,
+	), &PackageAttr{
+		Chmod:       true,
+		Writable:    true,
+		EnterSource: true,
+	}, &MakeHelper{
+		InPlace: true,
+		Configure: []KV{
+			{"with-tlib", "ncursesw"},
+		},
+		Check: []string{"test"},
+
+		// very expensive
+		SkipCheck: true,
+	},
+		Ncurses,
+	), version
+}
+func init() {
+	artifactsM[VIM] = Metadata{
+		f: Toolchain.newVIM,
+
+		Name:        "vim",
+		Description: "a greatly improved version of the good old UNIX editor Vi",
+		Website:     "https://www.vim.org",
+
+		Dependencies: P{
+			Ncurses,
+		},
+
+		ID: 5092,
+	}
+}