internal/rosa/package/python: add kernel-headers

Missing kernel headers implicitly disables many useful things. This change also enables PGO and installs symlink, since a rebuild is unavoidable.

Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>

.gitignore

@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@
 
 # go generate
 /cmd/hakurei/LICENSE
-/internal/pkg/testdata/testtool
+/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/static
+/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/testtool
 /internal/rosa/hakurei_current.tar.gz
 
 # cmd/dist default destination
 /dist
+
+# local packages
+/internal/rosa/package/local

all.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 #!/bin/sh -e
 
-TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(go version)"
-cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/"
-echo "# Building cmd/dist using ${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}."
-go run -v --tags=dist ./cmd/dist
+HAKUREI_DIST_MAKE='' exec "$(dirname -- "$0")/cmd/dist/dist.sh"

check/absolute.go

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ func (e AbsoluteError) Error() string {
 }
 
 func (e AbsoluteError) Is(target error) bool {
-	var ce AbsoluteError
-	if !errors.As(target, &ce) {
+	ce, ok := errors.AsType[AbsoluteError](target)
+	if !ok {
 		return errors.Is(target, syscall.EINVAL)
 	}
 	return e == ce

check/overlay.go

@@ -4,15 +4,23 @@ import "strings"
 
 const (
 	// SpecialOverlayEscape is the escape string for overlay mount options.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayEscape = `\`
 	// SpecialOverlayOption is the separator string between overlay mount options.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayOption = ","
 	// SpecialOverlayPath is the separator string between overlay paths.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayPath = ":"
 )
 
 // EscapeOverlayDataSegment escapes a string for formatting into the data
 // argument of an overlay mount system call.
+//
+// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 func EscapeOverlayDataSegment(s string) string {
 	if s == "" {
 		return ""

cmd/dist/VERSION

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+v0.4.3

cmd/dist/dist.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/sh -e
+
+TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(go version)"
+cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/../.."
+echo "Building cmd/dist using ${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}."
+FLAGS=''
+if test -n "$VERBOSE"; then
+    FLAGS="$FLAGS -v"
+fi
+go run $FLAGS --tags=dist ./cmd/dist

cmd/dist/main.go

@@ -18,8 +18,13 @@ import (
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 )
 
+//go:generate sh -c "git describe --tags > VERSION"
+//go:embed VERSION
+var version string
+
 // getenv looks up an environment variable, and returns fallback if it is unset.
 func getenv(key, fallback string) string {
 	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv(key); ok {
@@ -42,14 +47,19 @@ func mustRun(ctx context.Context, name string, arg ...string) {
 var comp []byte
 
 func main() {
-	fmt.Println()
 	log.SetFlags(0)
-	log.SetPrefix("# ")
+	log.SetPrefix("")
 
-	version := getenv("HAKUREI_VERSION", "untagged")
+	verbose := os.Getenv("VERBOSE") != ""
+	runTests := os.Getenv("HAKUREI_DIST_MAKE") == ""
+	version = getenv("HAKUREI_VERSION", strings.TrimSpace(version))
 	prefix := getenv("PREFIX", "/usr")
 	destdir := getenv("DESTDIR", "dist")
 
+	if verbose {
+		log.Println()
+	}
+
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(destdir, 0755); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -76,12 +86,17 @@ func main() {
 	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	log.Println("Building hakurei.")
+	verboseFlag := "-v"
+	if !verbose {
+		verboseFlag = "-buildvcs=false"
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("Building hakurei for %s/%s.", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
 	mustRun(ctx, "go", "generate", "./...")
 	mustRun(
 		ctx, "go", "build",
 		"-trimpath",
-		"-v", "-o", s,
+		verboseFlag, "-o", s,
 		"-ldflags=-s -w "+
 			"-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static "+
 			"-X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion="+version+" "+
@@ -90,17 +105,19 @@ func main() {
 			"-X main.hakureiPath="+prefix+"/bin/hakurei",
 		"./...",
 	)
-	fmt.Println()
+	log.Println()
 
-	log.Println("Testing Hakurei.")
-	mustRun(
-		ctx, "go", "test",
-		"-ldflags=-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static",
-		"./...",
-	)
-	fmt.Println()
+	if runTests {
+		log.Println("##### Testing Hakurei.")
+		mustRun(
+			ctx, "go", "test",
+			"-ldflags=-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static",
+			"./...",
+		)
+		log.Println()
+	}
 
-	log.Println("Creating distribution.")
+	log.Println("##### Creating distribution.")
 	const suffix = ".tar.gz"
 	distName := "hakurei-" + version + "-" + runtime.GOARCH
 	var f *os.File
@@ -121,7 +138,7 @@ func main() {
 	}()
 
 	h := sha512.New()
-	gw := gzip.NewWriter(io.MultiWriter(f, h))
+	gw, _ := gzip.NewWriterLevel(io.MultiWriter(f, h), gzip.BestCompression)
 	tw := tar.NewWriter(gw)
 
 	mustWriteHeader := func(name string, size int64, mode os.FileMode) {

cmd/earlyinit/main.go

@@ -5,17 +5,91 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"log"
 	"os"
+	"os/signal"
 	"runtime"
+	"runtime/pprof"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	. "syscall"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/kobject"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/report"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/uevent"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+var r report.Reporter
+
+func init() {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	log.SetPrefix("earlyinit: ")
+	r.SetOutput(log.Default())
+
+	// this handles SIGQUIT to provide useful debugging information without
+	// terminating, and prevents the runtime from throwing on the must family
+	// of early error reporting functions, DO NOT REMOVE
+	c := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(c, SIGQUIT)
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			<-c
+			if p := pprof.Lookup("goroutine"); p == nil {
+				log.Println("initial built-in goroutine profile does not exist")
+			} else if err := p.WriteTo(os.Stderr, 2); err != nil {
+				log.Println(err)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// fatal calls [log.Println] with v and blocks forever. Must be called from
+// main. Must not be used after error reporting is set up.
+func fatal(v ...any) {
+	log.Println(v...)
+	log.Println("unable to continue, please reboot and resolve the problem manually")
+	select {}
+}
+
+// must calls fatal with err if it is non-nil.
+func must(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Println(err)
+		select {}
+	}
+}
+
+// mustSyscall is like must, but with an additional action name.
+func mustSyscall(action string, err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		fatal("cannot "+action+":", err)
+		select {}
+	}
+}
+
+// must1 is like must, but with an additional passed through value.
+func must1[T any](v T, err error) T {
+	must(err)
+	return v
+}
+
+const (
+	// optionSystem specifies devpath of the system device.
+	optionSystem = "system"
+
+	// flagVerbose increases output verbosity.
+	flagVerbose = "verbose"
+	// flagStrict sets [report.DStrict] on r.
+	flagStrict = "strict"
+	// flagNoRecover sets [report.DNoRecover] on r.
+	flagNoRecover = "no_recover"
 )
 
 func main() {
 	runtime.LockOSThread()
-	log.SetFlags(0)
-	log.SetPrefix("earlyinit: ")
 
 	var (
 		option map[string]string
@@ -33,15 +107,44 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := Mount(
+	{
+		var flag uint64
+		if slices.Contains(flags, flagStrict) {
+			flag |= report.DStrict
+		}
+		if slices.Contains(flags, flagNoRecover) {
+			flag |= report.DNoRecover
+		}
+		log.Printf("reporting flags %x", flag)
+		r.SetFlags(flag)
+	}
+
+	msg := message.New(log.Default())
+	msg.SwapVerbose(slices.Contains(flags, flagVerbose))
+
+	mustSyscall("mount devtmpfs", Mount(
 		"devtmpfs",
 		"/dev/",
 		"devtmpfs",
 		MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
 		"",
-	); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot mount devtmpfs: %v", err)
-	}
+	))
+	must(os.Mkdir("/dev/pts/", 0))
+	mustSyscall("mount devpts", Mount(
+		"devpts",
+		"/dev/pts/",
+		"devpts",
+		MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
+		"mode=620,ptmxmode=666",
+	))
+	must(os.Mkdir("/dev/shm/", 0))
+	mustSyscall("mount shm", Mount(
+		"shm",
+		"/dev/shm/",
+		"tmpfs",
+		MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV,
+		"",
+	))
 
 	// The kernel might be unable to set up the console. When that happens,
 	// printk is called with "Warning: unable to open an initial console."
@@ -98,6 +201,49 @@ func main() {
 		"",
 	))
 
+	conn := must1(uevent.Dial(-128 * 1024 * 1024))
+	events := make(chan *uevent.Message, 1<<10)
+	var uuid uevent.UUID
+	must1(rand.Read(uuid[:]))
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	go consume(ctx, msg, &r, conn, uuid, events)
+	s := kobject.New(uuid, func(o *kobject.Object, env map[string]string) {
+		p := make([]string, 0, len(env))
+		for k, v := range env {
+			p = append(p, k+"="+v)
+		}
+		slices.Sort(p)
+		log.Printf("change %s: %s", o.DevPath, strings.Join(p, ", "))
+	}, func(err error) {
+		severity := report.Inconsistent
+		if e, ok := err.(kobject.EventError); ok && e.Kind == kobject.EBadTarget {
+			severity = report.Trivial
+		}
+		r.Dispatch(
+			severity,
+			"processed inconsistent uevent",
+			err,
+		)
+	})
+	go func() {
+		s.Consume(ctx, events)
+
+		log.Println("closing NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT socket")
+		cancel()
+		if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err) // not reached
+		}
+	}()
+
+	must(os.Mkdir("/system", 0))
+	if devpath := option[optionSystem]; devpath == "" {
+		fatal("system must be nonempty")
+	} else {
+		log.Printf("waiting for devpath pattern %q", devpath)
+		mustMountSystem(ctx, s, devpath)
+	}
+
 	// after top level has been set up
 	mustSyscall("remount root", Mount(
 		"",
@@ -113,19 +259,6 @@ func main() {
 		[]byte("/system/lib/firmware"),
 		0,
 	))
+	go dispatchModprobe(ctx, s)
 
 }
-
-// mustSyscall calls [log.Fatalln] if err is non-nil.
-func mustSyscall(action string, err error) {
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalln("cannot "+action+":", err)
-	}
-}
-
-// must calls [log.Fatal] with err if it is non-nil.
-func must(err error) {
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}

cmd/earlyinit/modprobe.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/kobject"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/report"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/uevent"
+)
+
+// ModprobeError describes an unsuccessful modprobe invocation.
+type ModprobeError struct {
+	ModAlias string `json:"modalias"`
+	Stdout   string `json:"stdout"`
+	Stderr   string `json:"stderr"`
+	ExitCode int    `json:"exit_code"`
+}
+
+var _ report.RepresentableError = ModprobeError{}
+
+func (ModprobeError) Representable() {}
+func (e ModprobeError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(
+		"modprobe exit status %d: %s",
+		e.ExitCode, strings.TrimSpace(e.Stderr),
+	)
+}
+
+// dispatchModprobe invokes modprobe for [uevent.KOBJ_ADD] events raising new
+// MODALIAS strings.
+func dispatchModprobe(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	s *kobject.State,
+) {
+	aliases := make(chan string, 1<<8)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(aliases)
+		s.Range(ctx, func(o *kobject.Object, act uevent.KobjectAction) bool {
+			if act == uevent.KOBJ_ADD && o.Driver == "" && o.ModAlias != "" {
+				aliases <- o.ModAlias
+			}
+			return true
+		})
+	}()
+
+	for alias := range aliases {
+		stdout, err := exec.Command("/system/sbin/modprobe", alias).Output()
+		if err == nil {
+			if len(stdout) > 0 {
+				log.Println(string(stdout))
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		exitError, ok := errors.AsType[*exec.ExitError](err)
+		if !ok || exitError == nil {
+			r.Dispatch(report.Degraded, "invoke modprobe", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		r.Dispatch(report.Trivial, "load device driver", ModprobeError{
+			ModAlias: alias,
+			Stdout:   string(stdout),
+			Stderr:   string(exitError.Stderr),
+			ExitCode: exitError.ExitCode(),
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/earlyinit/mount.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/fhs"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/kobject"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/uevent"
+)
+
+// mustMountSystem waits for and mounts a system device matching pattern.
+func mustMountSystem(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	s *kobject.State,
+	pattern string,
+) {
+	c, stop := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 30*time.Second)
+	defer stop()
+
+	for {
+		var matchErr error
+		var systemPath *check.Absolute
+		s.Range(c, func(o *kobject.Object, act uevent.KobjectAction) bool {
+			if (act != uevent.KOBJ_ADD && act != uevent.KOBJ_CHANGE) ||
+				o.Subsystem != "block" ||
+				o.Env["DEVTYPE"] != "disk" {
+				return true
+			}
+
+			if ok, err := filepath.Match(pattern, o.DevPath); err != nil {
+				matchErr = err
+				return false
+			} else if !ok {
+				return true
+			}
+
+			name, ok := o.Env["DEVNAME"]
+			if !ok {
+				return true
+			}
+			systemPath = fhs.AbsDev.Append(name)
+			return false
+		})
+		if c.Err() != nil {
+			fatal("devpath", strconv.Quote(pattern), "never appeared")
+		}
+		if matchErr != nil {
+			fatal("cannot match system devpath:", matchErr)
+		}
+		err := syscall.Mount(
+			systemPath.String(),
+			"/system/",
+			"squashfs",
+			0,
+			"threads=multi",
+		)
+		if err == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			fatal("cannot mount system:", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/earlyinit/uevent.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/fhs"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/report"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/uevent"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+// newRejectColdboot returns a function to be called on every subsequent pending
+// coldboot, and returns whether coldboot should proceed. Rejection is sticky.
+func newRejectColdboot() func() bool {
+	// one coldboot per five minutes, two consecutive coldboot
+	const (
+		coldbootInterval = 5 * time.Minute
+		coldbootBurst    = 2
+	)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	s := make(chan struct{}, coldbootBurst)
+	s <- struct{}{} // for early fault before reporting is ready
+	go func() {
+		t := time.NewTicker(coldbootInterval)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-done:
+				return
+
+			case <-t.C:
+				select {
+				case s <- struct{}{}:
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return func() bool {
+		select {
+		case <-s:
+			return true
+
+		case <-done:
+			return false
+
+		default:
+			close(done)
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// consume continuously consumes events from conn with retries.
+func consume(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	msg message.Msg,
+	r *report.Reporter,
+	conn *uevent.Conn,
+	uuid uevent.UUID,
+	events chan<- *uevent.Message,
+) {
+	defer close(events)
+
+	nextColdboot := newRejectColdboot()
+	coldboot := true
+retry:
+	if dispatchErr := conn.Consume(ctx, fhs.Sys, &uuid, events, coldboot, func(path string) {
+		msg.Verbose("coldboot visited", path)
+	}, func(err error) bool {
+		if _, ok := err.(uevent.NeedsColdboot); ok && !nextColdboot() {
+			r.Dispatch(
+				report.Degraded,
+				"rejecting coldboot loop",
+				err,
+			)
+			return false
+		}
+		r.Dispatch(
+			report.Inconsistent,
+			"consumed invalid message",
+			err,
+		)
+		return true
+	}, nil); dispatchErr != nil {
+		if _, ok := dispatchErr.(uevent.Recoverable); !ok {
+			r.Dispatch(
+				report.Fatal,
+				"discontinuing uevent processing due to nonrecoverable error",
+				dispatchErr,
+			)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if _, ok := dispatchErr.(uevent.NeedsColdboot); ok {
+			// coldboot loop rejected by handler
+			coldboot = false
+		}
+
+		goto retry
+	}
+}

cmd/earlyinit/uevent_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"testing/synctest"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestRejectColdboot(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		nextColdboot := newRejectColdboot()
+		want := func(want bool) {
+			if got := nextColdboot(); got != want {
+				t.Fatalf("nextColdboot: %v, want %v", got, want)
+			}
+		}
+
+		synctest.Wait()
+		want(true)
+		time.Sleep(time.Hour)
+		synctest.Wait()
+		want(true)
+		want(true)
+		time.Sleep(5 * time.Minute)
+		synctest.Wait()
+		want(true)
+		want(false)
+		time.Sleep(time.Hour)
+		synctest.Wait()
+		want(false)
+		want(false)
+	})
+}

cmd/hakurei/json.go

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 )
 
-// decodeJSON decodes json from r and stores it in v. A non-nil error results in a call to fatal.
+// decodeJSON decodes json from r and stores it in v. A non-nil error results in
+// a call to fatal.
 func decodeJSON(fatal func(v ...any), op string, r io.Reader, v any) {
 	err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(v)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -47,14 +48,14 @@ func encodeJSON(fatal func(v ...any), output io.Writer, short bool, v any) {
 	}
 
 	if err := encoder.Encode(v); err != nil {
-		var marshalerError *json.MarshalerError
-		if errors.As(err, &marshalerError) && marshalerError != nil {
+		if e, ok := errors.AsType[*json.MarshalerError](err); ok && e != nil {
 			// this likely indicates an implementation error in hst
-			fatal("cannot encode json for " + marshalerError.Type.String() + ": " + marshalerError.Err.Error())
+			fatal("cannot encode json for " + e.Type.String() + ": " + e.Err.Error())
 			return
 		}
 
-		// UnsupportedTypeError, UnsupportedValueError: incorrect usage, does not need to be handled
+		// UnsupportedTypeError, UnsupportedValueError: incorrect usage, does
+		// not need to be handled
 		fatal("cannot write json: " + err.Error())
 	}
 }

cmd/hsu/main.go

@@ -21,15 +21,6 @@
 // following paragraphs are considered an internal detail and not covered by the
 // compatibility promise.
 //
-// After checking credentials, hsu checks via /proc/ the absolute pathname of
-// its parent process, and fails if it does not match the hakurei pathname set
-// at link time. This is not a security feature: the priv-side is considered
-// trusted, and this feature makes no attempt to address the racy nature of
-// querying /proc/, or debuggers attached to the parent process. Instead, this
-// aims to discourage misuse and reduce confusion if the user accidentally
-// stumbles upon this program. It also prevents accidental use of the incorrect
-// installation of hsu in some environments.
-//
 // Since target container environment variables are set up in shim via the
 // [container] infrastructure, the environment is used for parameters from the
 // parent process.
@@ -62,7 +53,6 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 )
 
@@ -107,18 +97,6 @@ func main() {
 		return
 	}
 
-	var toolPath string
-	pexe := filepath.Join("/proc", strconv.Itoa(os.Getppid()), "exe")
-	if p, err := os.Readlink(pexe); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("cannot read parent executable path: %v", err)
-	} else if strings.HasSuffix(p, " (deleted)") {
-		log.Fatal("hakurei executable has been deleted")
-	} else if p != hakureiPath {
-		log.Fatal("this program must be started by hakurei")
-	} else {
-		toolPath = p
-	}
-
 	// refuse to run if hsurc is not protected correctly
 	if s, err := os.Stat(hsuConfPath); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
@@ -205,7 +183,7 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatalf("cannot set no_new_privs flag: %s", errno.Error())
 	}
 
-	if err := syscall.Exec(toolPath, []string{
+	if err := syscall.Exec(hakureiPath, []string{
 		"hakurei",
 		"shim",
 	}, []string{

cmd/mbf/cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+// cache refers to an instance of [pkg.Cache] that might be open.
+type cache struct {
+	ctx context.Context
+	msg message.Msg
+
+	// Should generally not be used directly.
+	c *pkg.Cache
+
+	cures, jobs int
+	// Primarily to work around missing landlock LSM.
+	hostAbstract bool
+	// Set SCHED_IDLE.
+	idle bool
+	// Unset [pkg.CSuppressInit].
+	verboseInit bool
+	// Loaded artifact of [rosa.QEMU].
+	qemu pkg.Artifact
+
+	base, mirror string
+}
+
+// open opens the underlying [pkg.Cache].
+func (cache *cache) open() (err error) {
+	if cache.c != nil {
+		return os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+
+	var base *check.Absolute
+	if cache.base, err = filepath.Abs(cache.base); err != nil {
+		return
+	} else if base, err = check.NewAbs(cache.base); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var flags int
+	if cache.idle {
+		flags |= pkg.CSchedIdle
+	}
+	if cache.hostAbstract {
+		flags |= pkg.CHostAbstract
+	}
+	if !cache.verboseInit {
+		flags |= pkg.CSuppressInit
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(done)
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-cache.ctx.Done():
+			if testing.Testing() {
+				return
+			}
+			os.Exit(2)
+
+		case <-done:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+
+	cache.msg.Verbosef("opening cache at %s", base)
+	cache.c, err = pkg.Open(
+		cache.ctx,
+		cache.msg,
+		flags,
+		cache.cures,
+		cache.jobs,
+		base,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	done <- struct{}{}
+
+	if cache.mirror != "" {
+		var pub []byte
+		pub, err = os.ReadFile(base.Append("ed25519.pub").String())
+		if err != nil {
+			cache.c.Close()
+			return
+		}
+		var r rosa.Remote
+		if r, err = rosa.NewRemote(cache.mirror, pub, http.DefaultClient); err != nil {
+			cache.c.Close()
+			return err
+		}
+		cache.c.SetExternal(r)
+	}
+
+	if cache.qemu != nil {
+		var pathname *check.Absolute
+		pathname, _, err = cache.c.Cure(cache.qemu)
+		if err != nil {
+			cache.c.Close()
+			return
+		}
+
+		for arch, entry := range rosa.Arches(pathname) {
+			pkg.RegisterArch(arch, entry)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying [pkg.Cache] if it is open.
+func (cache *cache) Close() {
+	if cache.c != nil {
+		cache.c.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+// Do calls f on the underlying cache and returns its error value.
+func (cache *cache) Do(f func(cache *pkg.Cache) error) error {
+	if cache.c == nil {
+		if err := cache.open(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return f(cache.c)
+}

cmd/mbf/cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cm := cache{
+		ctx:  t.Context(),
+		msg:  message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "check: ", 0)),
+		base: t.TempDir(),
+
+		hostAbstract: true, idle: true,
+	}
+	defer cm.Close()
+	cm.Close()
+
+	if err := cm.open(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open: error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := cm.open(); err != os.ErrInvalid {
+		t.Errorf("(duplicate) open: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) error {
+		return cache.Scrub(0)
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Scrub: error = %v", err)
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/daemon.go

@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unique"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// daemonTimeout is the maximum amount of time cureFromIR will wait on I/O.
+const daemonTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+// daemonDeadline returns the deadline corresponding to daemonTimeout, or the
+// zero value when running in a test.
+func daemonDeadline() time.Time {
+	if testing.Testing() {
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+	return time.Now().Add(daemonTimeout)
+}
+
+const (
+	// remoteNoReply notifies that the client will not receive a cure reply.
+	remoteNoReply = 1 << iota
+)
+
+// cureFromIR services an IR curing request.
+func cureFromIR(
+	cache *pkg.Cache,
+	conn net.Conn,
+	flags uint64,
+) (pkg.Artifact, error) {
+	a, decodeErr := cache.NewDecoder(conn).Decode()
+	if decodeErr != nil {
+		_, err := conn.Write([]byte("\x00" + decodeErr.Error()))
+		return nil, errors.Join(decodeErr, err, conn.Close())
+	}
+
+	pathname, _, cureErr := cache.Cure(a)
+	if flags&remoteNoReply != 0 {
+		return a, errors.Join(cureErr, conn.Close())
+	}
+	if err := conn.SetWriteDeadline(daemonDeadline()); err != nil {
+		return a, errors.Join(cureErr, err, conn.Close())
+	}
+	if cureErr != nil {
+		_, err := conn.Write([]byte("\x00" + cureErr.Error()))
+		return a, errors.Join(cureErr, err, conn.Close())
+	}
+	_, err := conn.Write([]byte(pathname.String()))
+	if testing.Testing() && errors.Is(err, io.ErrClosedPipe) {
+		return a, nil
+	}
+	return a, errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+}
+
+const (
+	// specialCancel is a message consisting of a single identifier referring
+	// to a curing artifact to be cancelled.
+	specialCancel = iota
+	// specialAbort requests for all pending cures to be aborted. It has no
+	// message body.
+	specialAbort
+
+	// remoteSpecial denotes a special message with custom layout.
+	remoteSpecial = math.MaxUint64
+)
+
+// writeSpecialHeader writes the header of a remoteSpecial message.
+func writeSpecialHeader(conn net.Conn, kind uint64) error {
+	var sh [16]byte
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(sh[:], remoteSpecial)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(sh[8:], kind)
+	if n, err := conn.Write(sh[:]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if n != len(sh) {
+		return io.ErrShortWrite
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// cancelIdent reads an identifier from conn and cancels the corresponding cure.
+func cancelIdent(
+	cache *pkg.Cache,
+	conn net.Conn,
+) (*pkg.ID, bool, error) {
+	var ident pkg.ID
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, ident[:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+	}
+	ok := cache.Cancel(unique.Make(ident))
+	return &ident, ok, conn.Close()
+}
+
+// serve services connections from a [net.UnixListener].
+func serve(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	log *log.Logger,
+	cm *cache,
+	ul *net.UnixListener,
+) error {
+	ul.SetUnlinkOnClose(true)
+	if cm.c == nil {
+		if err := cm.open(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Join(err, ul.Close())
+		}
+	}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	defer wg.Wait()
+
+	wg.Go(func() {
+		for {
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				break
+			}
+
+			conn, err := ul.AcceptUnix()
+			if err != nil {
+				if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded) {
+					log.Println(err)
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			wg.Go(func() {
+				done := make(chan struct{})
+				defer close(done)
+				go func() {
+					select {
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						_ = conn.SetDeadline(time.Now())
+
+					case <-done:
+						return
+					}
+				}()
+
+				if _err := conn.SetReadDeadline(daemonDeadline()); _err != nil {
+					log.Println(_err)
+					if _err = conn.Close(); _err != nil {
+						log.Println(_err)
+					}
+					return
+				}
+
+				var word [8]byte
+				if _, _err := io.ReadFull(conn, word[:]); _err != nil {
+					log.Println(_err)
+					if _err = conn.Close(); _err != nil {
+						log.Println(_err)
+					}
+					return
+				}
+				flags := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(word[:])
+
+				if flags == remoteSpecial {
+					if _, _err := io.ReadFull(conn, word[:]); _err != nil {
+						log.Println(_err)
+						if _err = conn.Close(); _err != nil {
+							log.Println(_err)
+						}
+						return
+					}
+					switch special := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(word[:]); special {
+					default:
+						log.Printf("invalid special %d", special)
+
+					case specialCancel:
+						if id, ok, _err := cancelIdent(cm.c, conn); _err != nil {
+							log.Println(_err)
+						} else if !ok {
+							log.Println(
+								"attempting to cancel invalid artifact",
+								pkg.Encode(*id),
+							)
+						} else {
+							log.Println(
+								"cancelled artifact",
+								pkg.Encode(*id),
+							)
+						}
+
+					case specialAbort:
+						log.Println("aborting all pending cures")
+						cm.c.Abort()
+						if _err := conn.Close(); _err != nil {
+							log.Println(_err)
+						}
+					}
+
+					return
+				}
+
+				if a, _err := cureFromIR(cm.c, conn, flags); _err != nil {
+					log.Println(_err)
+				} else {
+					log.Printf(
+						"fulfilled artifact %s",
+						pkg.Encode(cm.c.Ident(a).Value()),
+					)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	<-ctx.Done()
+	if err := ul.SetDeadline(time.Now()); err != nil {
+		return errors.Join(err, ul.Close())
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	return ul.Close()
+}
+
+// dial wraps [net.DialUnix] with a context.
+func dial(ctx context.Context, addr *net.UnixAddr) (
+	done chan<- struct{},
+	conn *net.UnixConn,
+	err error,
+) {
+	conn, err = net.DialUnix("unix", nil, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	d := make(chan struct{})
+	done = d
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			_ = conn.SetDeadline(time.Now())
+
+		case <-d:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+	return
+}
+
+// cureRemote cures a [pkg.Artifact] on a daemon.
+func cureRemote(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	addr *net.UnixAddr,
+	a pkg.Artifact,
+	flags uint64,
+) (*check.Absolute, error) {
+	if flags == remoteSpecial {
+		return nil, syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+
+	done, conn, err := dial(ctx, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer close(done)
+
+	if n, flagErr := conn.Write(binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint64(nil, flags)); flagErr != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Join(flagErr, conn.Close())
+	} else if n != 8 {
+		return nil, errors.Join(io.ErrShortWrite, conn.Close())
+	}
+
+	if err = pkg.NewIR().EncodeAll(conn, a); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+	} else if err = conn.CloseWrite(); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+	}
+
+	if flags&remoteNoReply != 0 {
+		return nil, conn.Close()
+	}
+
+	payload, recvErr := io.ReadAll(conn)
+	if err = errors.Join(recvErr, conn.Close()); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded) {
+			if cancelErr := ctx.Err(); cancelErr != nil {
+				err = cancelErr
+			}
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(payload) > 0 && payload[0] == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New(string(payload[1:]))
+	}
+
+	var p *check.Absolute
+	p, err = check.NewAbs(string(payload))
+	return p, err
+}
+
+// cancelRemote cancels a [pkg.Artifact] curing on a daemon.
+func cancelRemote(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	addr *net.UnixAddr,
+	a pkg.Artifact,
+	wait bool,
+) error {
+	done, conn, err := dial(ctx, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer close(done)
+
+	if err = writeSpecialHeader(conn, specialCancel); err != nil {
+		return errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+	}
+
+	var n int
+	id := pkg.NewIR().Ident(a).Value()
+	if n, err = conn.Write(id[:]); err != nil {
+		return errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+	} else if n != len(id) {
+		return errors.Join(io.ErrShortWrite, conn.Close())
+	}
+	if wait {
+		if _, err = conn.Read(make([]byte, 1)); err == io.EOF {
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	return errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+}
+
+// abortRemote aborts all [pkg.Artifact] curing on a daemon.
+func abortRemote(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	addr *net.UnixAddr,
+	wait bool,
+) error {
+	done, conn, err := dial(ctx, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer close(done)
+
+	err = writeSpecialHeader(conn, specialAbort)
+	if wait && err == nil {
+		if _, err = conn.Read(make([]byte, 1)); err == io.EOF {
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	return errors.Join(err, conn.Close())
+}

cmd/mbf/daemon_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+func TestNoReply(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	if !daemonDeadline().IsZero() {
+		t.Fatal("daemonDeadline did not return the zero value")
+	}
+
+	c, err := pkg.Open(
+		t.Context(),
+		message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "cir: ", 0)),
+		0, 0, 0,
+		check.MustAbs(t.TempDir()),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Open: error = %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+
+	client, server := net.Pipe()
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		go func() {
+			<-t.Context().Done()
+			if _err := client.SetDeadline(time.Now()); _err != nil && !errors.Is(_err, io.ErrClosedPipe) {
+				panic(_err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		if _err := c.EncodeAll(
+			client,
+			pkg.NewFile("check", []byte{0}),
+		); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		} else if _err = client.Close(); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	a, cureErr := cureFromIR(c, server, remoteNoReply)
+	if cureErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cureFromIR: error = %v", cureErr)
+	}
+
+	<-done
+	wantIdent := pkg.MustDecode("fiZf-ZY_Yq6qxJNrHbMiIPYCsGkUiKCRsZrcSELXTqZWtCnESlHmzV5ThhWWGGYG")
+	if gotIdent := c.Ident(a).Value(); gotIdent != wantIdent {
+		t.Errorf(
+			"cureFromIR: %s, want %s",
+			pkg.Encode(gotIdent), pkg.Encode(wantIdent),
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDaemon(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := log.New(&buf, "daemon: ", 0)
+
+	addr := net.UnixAddr{
+		Name: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "daemon"),
+		Net:  "unix",
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	cm := cache{
+		ctx:  ctx,
+		msg:  message.New(logger),
+		base: t.TempDir(),
+	}
+	defer cm.Close()
+
+	ul, err := net.ListenUnix("unix", &addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListenUnix: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		if _err := serve(ctx, logger, &cm, ul); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err = cancelRemote(ctx, &addr, pkg.NewFile("nonexistent", nil), true); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cancelRemote: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = abortRemote(ctx, &addr, true); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("abortRemote: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// keep this last for synchronisation
+	var p *check.Absolute
+	p, err = cureRemote(ctx, &addr, pkg.NewFile("check", []byte{0}), 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cureRemote: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cancel()
+	<-done
+
+	const want = "fiZf-ZY_Yq6qxJNrHbMiIPYCsGkUiKCRsZrcSELXTqZWtCnESlHmzV5ThhWWGGYG"
+	if got := filepath.Base(p.String()); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("cureRemote: %s, want %s", got, want)
+	}
+
+	wantLog := []string{
+		"",
+		"daemon: aborting all pending cures",
+		"daemon: attempting to cancel invalid artifact kQm9fmnCmXST1-MMmxzcau2oKZCXXrlZydo4PkeV5hO_2PKfeC8t98hrbV_ZZx_j",
+		"daemon: fulfilled artifact fiZf-ZY_Yq6qxJNrHbMiIPYCsGkUiKCRsZrcSELXTqZWtCnESlHmzV5ThhWWGGYG",
+	}
+	gotLog := strings.Split(buf.String(), "\n")
+	slices.Sort(gotLog)
+	if !slices.Equal(gotLog, wantLog) {
+		t.Errorf(
+			"serve: logged\n%s\nwant\n%s",
+			strings.Join(gotLog, "\n"), strings.Join(wantLog, "\n"),
+		)
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/info.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"unique"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+// commandInfo implements the info subcommand.
+func commandInfo(
+	cm *cache,
+	args []string,
+	w io.Writer,
+	writeStatus bool,
+	r *rosa.Report,
+) (err error) {
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("info requires at least 1 argument")
+	}
+
+	// recovered by HandleAccess
+	mustPrintln := func(a ...any) {
+		if _, _err := fmt.Fprintln(w, a...); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		}
+	}
+	mustPrint := func(a ...any) {
+		if _, _err := fmt.Fprint(w, a...); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t := rosa.Native().Std()
+	for i, name := range args {
+		handle := rosa.ArtifactH(unique.Make(name))
+		if meta, a := t.Load(handle); meta == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", name)
+		} else {
+			var suffix string
+
+			if meta.Version != rosa.Unversioned {
+				suffix += "-" + meta.Version
+			}
+			mustPrintln("name        : " + name + suffix)
+
+			mustPrintln("description : " + meta.Description)
+			if meta.Website != "" {
+				mustPrintln("website     : " +
+					strings.TrimSuffix(meta.Website, "/"))
+			}
+			if len(meta.Dependencies) > 0 {
+				mustPrint("depends on  :")
+				for _, d := range meta.Dependencies {
+					_meta, _ := rosa.Native().Std().MustLoad(d)
+					s := _meta.Name
+					if _meta.Version != rosa.Unversioned {
+						s += "-" + _meta.Version
+					}
+					mustPrint(" " + s)
+				}
+				mustPrintln()
+			}
+
+			const statusPrefix = "status      : "
+			if writeStatus {
+				if r == nil {
+					var f io.ReadSeekCloser
+					err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
+						f, err = cache.OpenStatus(a)
+						return
+					})
+					if err != nil {
+						if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+							mustPrintln(
+								statusPrefix + "not yet cured",
+							)
+						} else {
+							return
+						}
+					} else {
+						mustPrint(statusPrefix)
+						_, err = io.Copy(w, f)
+						if err = errors.Join(err, f.Close()); err != nil {
+							return
+						}
+					}
+				} else if err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
+					status, n := r.ArtifactOf(cache.Ident(a))
+					if status == nil {
+						mustPrintln(
+							statusPrefix + "not in report",
+						)
+					} else {
+						mustPrintln("size        :", n)
+						mustPrint(statusPrefix)
+						if _, err = w.Write(status); err != nil {
+							return
+						}
+					}
+					return
+				}); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+
+			if i != len(args)-1 {
+				mustPrintln()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

cmd/mbf/info_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"unique"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+func TestInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	_t := rosa.Native().Std()
+	qemuMeta, _ := _t.Load(rosa.H("qemu"))
+	glibMeta, _ := _t.Load(rosa.H("glib"))
+	zlibMeta, zlib := _t.Load(rosa.H("zlib"))
+	zstdMeta, _ := _t.Load(rosa.H("zstd"))
+	hakureiMeta, _ := _t.Load(rosa.H("hakurei"))
+	hakureiDistMeta, _ := _t.Load(rosa.H("hakurei-dist"))
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    []string
+		status  map[string]string
+		report  string
+		want    string
+		wantErr any
+	}{
+		{"qemu", []string{"qemu"}, nil, "", `
+name        : qemu-` + qemuMeta.Version + `
+description : a generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizer
+website     : https://www.qemu.org
+depends on  : glib-` + glibMeta.Version + ` zstd-` + zstdMeta.Version + `
+`, nil},
+
+		{"multi", []string{"hakurei", "hakurei-dist"}, nil, "", `
+name        : hakurei-` + hakureiMeta.Version + `
+description : low-level userspace tooling for Rosa OS
+website     : https://hakurei.app
+
+name        : hakurei-dist-` + hakureiDistMeta.Version + `
+description : low-level userspace tooling for Rosa OS (distribution tarball)
+website     : https://hakurei.app
+`, nil},
+
+		{"nonexistent", []string{"zlib", "\x00"}, nil, "", `
+name        : zlib-` + zlibMeta.Version + `
+description : lossless data-compression library
+website     : https://zlib.net
+
+`, fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", "\x00")},
+
+		{"status cache", []string{"zlib", "zstd"}, map[string]string{
+			"zstd":    "internal/pkg (amd64) on satori\n",
+			"hakurei": "internal/pkg (amd64) on satori\n\n",
+		}, "", `
+name        : zlib-` + zlibMeta.Version + `
+description : lossless data-compression library
+website     : https://zlib.net
+status      : not yet cured
+
+name        : zstd-` + zstdMeta.Version + `
+description : a fast compression algorithm
+website     : https://facebook.github.io/zstd
+status      : internal/pkg (amd64) on satori
+`, nil},
+
+		{"status cache perm", []string{"zlib"}, map[string]string{
+			"zlib": "\x00",
+		}, "", `
+name        : zlib-` + zlibMeta.Version + `
+description : lossless data-compression library
+website     : https://zlib.net
+`, func(cm *cache) error {
+			return &os.PathError{
+				Op:   "open",
+				Path: filepath.Join(cm.base, "status", pkg.Encode(cm.c.Ident(zlib).Value())),
+				Err:  syscall.EACCES,
+			}
+		}},
+
+		{"status report", []string{"zlib"}, nil, strings.Repeat("\x00", len(pkg.Checksum{})+8), `
+name        : zlib-` + zlibMeta.Version + `
+description : lossless data-compression library
+website     : https://zlib.net
+status      : not in report
+`, nil},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			var (
+				cm  *cache
+				buf strings.Builder
+				r   *rosa.Report
+			)
+
+			if tc.status != nil || tc.report != "" {
+				cm = &cache{
+					ctx:  context.Background(),
+					msg:  message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "info: ", 0)),
+					base: t.TempDir(),
+				}
+				defer cm.Close()
+			}
+
+			if tc.report != "" {
+				pathname := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "report")
+				err := os.WriteFile(
+					pathname,
+					unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(tc.report), len(tc.report)),
+					0400,
+				)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+
+				r, err = rosa.OpenReport(pathname)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				defer func() {
+					if err = r.Close(); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
+					}
+				}()
+			}
+
+			if tc.status != nil {
+				for name, status := range tc.status {
+					_, a := _t.Load(rosa.ArtifactH(unique.Make(name)))
+					if a == nil {
+						t.Fatalf("invalid name %q", name)
+					}
+					perm := os.FileMode(0400)
+					if status == "\x00" {
+						perm = 0
+					}
+					if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) error {
+						return os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(
+							cm.base,
+							"status",
+							pkg.Encode(cache.Ident(a).Value()),
+						), unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(status), len(status)), perm)
+					}); err != nil {
+						t.Fatalf("Do: error = %v", err)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			var wantErr error
+			switch c := tc.wantErr.(type) {
+			case error:
+				wantErr = c
+			case func(cm *cache) error:
+				wantErr = c(cm)
+			default:
+				if tc.wantErr != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("invalid wantErr %#v", tc.wantErr)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if err := commandInfo(
+				cm,
+				tc.args,
+				&buf,
+				cm != nil,
+				r,
+			); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("commandInfo: error = %v, want %v", err, wantErr)
+			}
+
+			if got := buf.String(); got != strings.TrimPrefix(tc.want, "\n") {
+				t.Errorf("commandInfo:\n%s\nwant\n%s", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api.go

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// Package pkgserver implements the package metadata service backend.
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+// for lazy initialisation of serveInfo
+var (
+	infoPayload struct {
+		// Current package count.
+		Count int `json:"count"`
+		// Hakurei version, set at link time.
+		HakureiVersion string `json:"hakurei_version"`
+	}
+	infoPayloadOnce sync.Once
+)
+
+// handleInfo writes constant system information.
+func handleInfo(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+	infoPayloadOnce.Do(func() {
+		infoPayload.Count = len(rosa.Native().Collect())
+		infoPayload.HakureiVersion = info.Version()
+	})
+	// TODO(mae): cache entire response if no additional fields are planned
+	writeAPIPayload(w, infoPayload)
+}
+
+// newStatusHandler returns a [http.HandlerFunc] that offers status files for
+// viewing or download, if available.
+func (index *packageIndex) newStatusHandler(disposition bool) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		m, ok := index.names[path.Base(r.URL.Path)]
+		if !ok || !m.HasReport {
+			http.NotFound(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+
+		contentType := "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+		if disposition {
+			contentType = "application/octet-stream"
+
+			// quoting like this is unsound, but okay, because metadata is hardcoded
+			contentDisposition := `attachment; filename="`
+			contentDisposition += m.Name + "-"
+			if m.Version != "" {
+				contentDisposition += m.Version + "-"
+			}
+			contentDisposition += m.ids + `.log"`
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", contentDisposition)
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", contentType)
+		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+		if err := func() (err error) {
+			defer index.handleAccess(&err)()
+			_, err = w.Write(m.status)
+			return
+		}(); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err)
+			http.Error(
+				w, "cannot deliver status, contact maintainers",
+				http.StatusInternalServerError,
+			)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleGet writes a slice of metadata with specified order.
+func (index *packageIndex) handleGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	limit, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("limit"))
+	if err != nil || limit > 100 || limit < 1 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "limit must be an integer between 1 and 100",
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	i, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("index"))
+	if err != nil || i >= len(index.sorts[0]) || i < 0 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "index must be an integer between 0 and "+
+				strconv.Itoa(len(index.sorts[0])-1),
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	sort, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("sort"))
+	if err != nil || sort >= len(index.sorts) || sort < 0 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "sort must be an integer between 0 and "+
+				strconv.Itoa(sortOrderEnd),
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	values := index.sorts[sort][i:min(i+limit, len(index.sorts[sort]))]
+	writeAPIPayload(w, &struct {
+		Values []*metadata `json:"values"`
+	}{values})
+}
+
+func (index *packageIndex) handleSearch(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	limit, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("limit"))
+	if err != nil || limit > 100 || limit < 1 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "limit must be an integer between 1 and 100",
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	i, err := strconv.Atoi(q.Get("index"))
+	if err != nil || i >= len(index.sorts[0]) || i < 0 {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "index must be an integer between 0 and "+
+				strconv.Itoa(len(index.sorts[0])-1),
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	search, err := url.QueryUnescape(q.Get("search"))
+	if len(search) > 100 || err != nil {
+		http.Error(
+			w, "search must be a string between 0 and 100 characters long",
+			http.StatusBadRequest,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+	desc := q.Get("desc") == "true"
+	n, res, err := index.performSearchQuery(limit, i, search, desc)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	}
+	writeAPIPayload(w, &struct {
+		Count  int            `json:"count"`
+		Values []searchResult `json:"values"`
+	}{n, res})
+}
+
+// apiVersion is the name of the current API revision, as part of the pattern.
+const apiVersion = "v1"
+
+// registerAPI registers API handler functions.
+func (index *packageIndex) registerAPI(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/info", handleInfo)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/get", index.handleGet)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/search", index.handleSearch)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /api/"+apiVersion+"/status/", index.newStatusHandler(false))
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /status/", index.newStatusHandler(true))
+}
+
+// Register arranges for mux to service API requests.
+func Register(ctx context.Context, mux *http.ServeMux, report *rosa.Report) error {
+	var index packageIndex
+	index.search = make(searchCache)
+	if err := index.populate(report); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Minute)
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				ticker.Stop()
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				index.search.clean()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	index.registerAPI(mux)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeAPIPayload sets headers common to API responses and encodes payload as
+// JSON for the response body.
+func writeAPIPayload(w http.ResponseWriter, payload any) {
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
+	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+	w.Header().Set("Pragma", "no-cache")
+	w.Header().Set("Expires", "0")
+
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(payload); err != nil {
+		log.Println(err)
+		http.Error(
+			w, "cannot encode payload, contact maintainers",
+			http.StatusInternalServerError,
+		)
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+// prefix is prepended to every API path.
+const prefix = "/api/" + apiVersion + "/"
+
+func TestAPIInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	handleInfo(w, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+		t.Context(),
+		http.MethodGet,
+		prefix+"info",
+		nil,
+	))
+
+	resp := w.Result()
+	checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+	checkAPIHeader(t, w.Header())
+
+	checkPayload(t, resp, struct {
+		Count          int    `json:"count"`
+		HakureiVersion string `json:"hakurei_version"`
+	}{len(rosa.Native().Collect()), info.Version()})
+}
+
+func TestAPIGet(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	const target = prefix + "get"
+
+	index := newIndex(t)
+	newRequest := func(suffix string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		index.handleGet(w, httptest.NewRequestWithContext(
+			t.Context(),
+			http.MethodGet,
+			target+suffix,
+			nil,
+		))
+		return w
+	}
+
+	checkValidate := func(t *testing.T, suffix string, vmin, vmax int, wantErr string) {
+		t.Run("invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest("?" + suffix + "=invalid")
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkError(t, resp, wantErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("min", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmin-1))
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkError(t, resp, wantErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			w = newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmin))
+			resp = w.Result()
+			checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("max", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmax+1))
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkError(t, resp, wantErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
+
+			w = newRequest("?" + suffix + "=" + strconv.Itoa(vmax))
+			resp = w.Result()
+			checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("limit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		checkValidate(
+			t, "index=0&sort=0&limit", 1, 100,
+			"limit must be an integer between 1 and 100",
+		)
+	})
+
+	count := len(rosa.Native().Collect())
+	t.Run("index", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		checkValidate(
+			t, "limit=1&sort=0&index", 0, count-1,
+			"index must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(count-1),
+		)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("sort", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		checkValidate(
+			t, "index=0&limit=1&sort", 0, int(sortOrderEnd),
+			"sort must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(int(sortOrderEnd)),
+		)
+	})
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"errors"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+const (
+	declarationAscending = iota
+	declarationDescending
+	nameAscending
+	nameDescending
+	sizeAscending
+	sizeDescending
+
+	sortOrderEnd = iota - 1
+)
+
+// packageIndex refers to metadata by name and various sort orders.
+type packageIndex struct {
+	sorts  [sortOrderEnd + 1][]*metadata
+	names  map[string]*metadata
+	search searchCache
+	// Taken from [rosa.Report] if available.
+	handleAccess func(*error) func()
+}
+
+// metadata holds [rosa.Metadata] extended with additional information.
+type metadata struct {
+	handle rosa.ArtifactH
+	*rosa.Metadata
+
+	// Copied from [rosa.Metadata], [rosa.Unversioned] is equivalent to the zero
+	// value. Otherwise, the zero value is invalid.
+	Version string `json:"version,omitempty"`
+	// Output data size, available if present in report.
+	Size int64 `json:"size,omitempty"`
+	// Whether the underlying [pkg.Artifact] is present in the report.
+	HasReport bool `json:"report"`
+
+	// Ident string encoded ahead of time.
+	ids string
+	// Backed by [rosa.Report], access must be prepared by HandleAccess.
+	status []byte
+}
+
+// populate deterministically populates packageIndex, optionally with a report.
+func (index *packageIndex) populate(report *rosa.Report) (err error) {
+	if report != nil {
+		defer report.HandleAccess(&err)()
+		index.handleAccess = report.HandleAccess
+	}
+
+	handles := rosa.Native().Collect()
+	work := make([]*metadata, len(handles))
+	index.names = make(map[string]*metadata)
+	ir := pkg.NewIR()
+	for i, handle := range handles {
+		meta, a := rosa.Native().Std().MustLoad(handle)
+		m := metadata{
+			handle: handle,
+
+			Metadata: meta,
+			Version:  meta.Version,
+		}
+		if m.Version == "" {
+			return errors.New("invalid version from " + m.Name)
+		}
+		if m.Version == rosa.Unversioned {
+			m.Version = ""
+		}
+
+		if report != nil {
+			id := ir.Ident(a)
+			m.ids = pkg.Encode(id.Value())
+			m.status, m.Size = report.ArtifactOf(id)
+			m.HasReport = m.Size >= 0
+		}
+
+		work[i] = &m
+		index.names[m.Name] = &m
+	}
+
+	index.sorts[declarationAscending] = work
+	index.sorts[declarationDescending] = slices.Clone(work)
+	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[declarationDescending][:])
+
+	index.sorts[nameAscending] = slices.Clone(work)
+	slices.SortFunc(index.sorts[nameAscending][:], func(a, b *metadata) int {
+		return strings.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
+	})
+	index.sorts[nameDescending] = slices.Clone(index.sorts[nameAscending])
+	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[nameDescending][:])
+
+	index.sorts[sizeAscending] = slices.Clone(work)
+	slices.SortFunc(index.sorts[sizeAscending][:], func(a, b *metadata) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.Size, b.Size)
+	})
+	index.sorts[sizeDescending] = slices.Clone(index.sorts[sizeAscending])
+	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[sizeDescending][:])
+
+	return
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// newIndex returns the address of a newly populated packageIndex.
+func newIndex(t *testing.T) *packageIndex {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var index packageIndex
+	if err := index.populate(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("populate: error = %v", err)
+	}
+	return &index
+}
+
+// checkStatus checks response status code.
+func checkStatus(t *testing.T, resp *http.Response, want int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != want {
+		t.Errorf(
+			"StatusCode: %s, want %s",
+			http.StatusText(resp.StatusCode),
+			http.StatusText(want),
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkHeader checks the value of a header entry.
+func checkHeader(t *testing.T, h http.Header, key, want string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if got := h.Get(key); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("%s: %q, want %q", key, got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkAPIHeader checks common entries set for API endpoints.
+func checkAPIHeader(t *testing.T, h http.Header) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Pragma", "no-cache")
+	checkHeader(t, h, "Expires", "0")
+}
+
+// checkPayloadFunc checks the JSON response of an API endpoint by passing it to f.
+func checkPayloadFunc[T any](
+	t *testing.T,
+	resp *http.Response,
+	f func(got *T) bool,
+) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var got T
+	r := io.Reader(resp.Body)
+	if testing.Verbose() {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		r = io.TeeReader(r, &buf)
+		defer func() { t.Helper(); t.Log(buf.String()) }()
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Decode: error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !f(&got) {
+		t.Errorf("Body: %#v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkPayload checks the JSON response of an API endpoint.
+func checkPayload[T any](t *testing.T, resp *http.Response, want T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	checkPayloadFunc(t, resp, func(got *T) bool {
+		return reflect.DeepEqual(got, &want)
+	})
+}
+
+func checkError(t *testing.T, resp *http.Response, error string, code int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	checkStatus(t, resp, code)
+	if got, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body); string(got) != fmt.Sprintln(error) {
+		t.Errorf("Body: %q, want %q", string(got), error)
+	}
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/search.go

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package pkgserver
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"maps"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type searchCache map[string]searchCacheEntry
+type searchResult struct {
+	NameIndices [][]int `json:"name_matches"`
+	DescIndices [][]int `json:"desc_matches,omitempty"`
+	Score       float64 `json:"score"`
+	*metadata
+}
+type searchCacheEntry struct {
+	query   string
+	results []searchResult
+	expiry  time.Time
+}
+
+func (index *packageIndex) performSearchQuery(limit int, i int, search string, desc bool) (int, []searchResult, error) {
+	query := search
+	if desc {
+		query += ";withDesc"
+	}
+	entry, ok := index.search[query]
+	if ok && len(entry.results) > 0 {
+		return len(entry.results), entry.results[min(i, len(entry.results)-1):min(i+limit, len(entry.results))], nil
+	}
+
+	regex, err := regexp.Compile(search)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, make([]searchResult, 0), err
+	}
+	res := make([]searchResult, 0)
+	for p := range maps.Values(index.names) {
+		nameIndices := regex.FindAllIndex([]byte(p.Name), -1)
+		var descIndices [][]int = nil
+		if desc {
+			descIndices = regex.FindAllIndex([]byte(p.Description), -1)
+		}
+		if nameIndices == nil && descIndices == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		score := float64(indexsum(nameIndices)) / (float64(len(nameIndices)) + 1)
+		if desc {
+			score += float64(indexsum(descIndices)) / (float64(len(descIndices)) + 1) / 10.0
+		}
+		res = append(res, searchResult{
+			NameIndices: nameIndices,
+			DescIndices: descIndices,
+			Score:       score,
+			metadata:    p,
+		})
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(res[:], func(a, b searchResult) int { return -cmp.Compare(a.Score, b.Score) })
+	expiry := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Minute)
+	entry = searchCacheEntry{
+		query:   search,
+		results: res,
+		expiry:  expiry,
+	}
+	index.search[query] = entry
+
+	return len(res), res[i:min(i+limit, len(entry.results))], nil
+}
+func (s *searchCache) clean() {
+	maps.DeleteFunc(*s, func(_ string, v searchCacheEntry) bool {
+		return v.expiry.Before(time.Now())
+	})
+}
+func indexsum(in [][]int) int {
+	sum := 0
+	for i := range in {
+		sum += in[i][1] - in[i][0]
+	}
+	return sum
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
+    <link rel="icon" href="https://hakurei.app/favicon.ico"/>
+    <title>Rosa OS Packages</title>
+    <script src="index.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Rosa OS Packages</h1>
+<div class="top-controls" id="top-controls-regular">
+    <p>Showing entries <span id="entry-counter"></span>.</p>
+    <span id="search-bar">
+        <label for="search">Search: </label>
+        <input type="text" name="search" id="search"/>
+        <button onclick="doSearch()">Find</button>
+        <label for="include-desc">Include descriptions: </label>
+        <input type="checkbox" name="include-desc" id="include-desc" checked/>
+    </span>
+    <div><label for="count">Entries per page: </label><select name="count" id="count">
+        <option value="10">10</option>
+        <option value="20">20</option>
+        <option value="30">30</option>
+        <option value="50">50</option>
+    </select></div>
+    <div><label for="sort">Sort by: </label><select name="sort" id="sort">
+        <option value="0">Definition (ascending)</option>
+        <option value="1">Definition (descending)</option>
+        <option value="2">Name (ascending)</option>
+        <option value="3">Name (descending)</option>
+        <option value="4">Size (ascending)</option>
+        <option value="5">Size (descending)</option>
+    </select></div>
+</div>
+<div class="top-controls" id="search-top-controls" hidden>
+    <p>Showing search results <span id="search-entry-counter"></span> for query "<span id="search-query"></span>".</p>
+    <button onclick="exitSearch()">Back</button>
+    <div><label for="search-count">Entries per page: </label><select name="search-count" id="search-count">
+        <option value="10">10</option>
+        <option value="20">20</option>
+        <option value="30">30</option>
+        <option value="50">50</option>
+    </select></div>
+    <p>Sorted by best match</p>
+</div>
+<div class="page-controls"><a href="javascript:prevPage()">&laquo; Previous</a> <input type="text" class="page-number" value="1"/> <a href="javascript:nextPage()">Next &raquo;</a></div>
+<table id="pkg-list">
+    <tr><td>Loading...</td></tr>
+</table>
+<div class="page-controls"><a href="javascript:prevPage()">&laquo; Previous</a> <input type="text" class="page-number" value="1"/> <a href="javascript:nextPage()">Next &raquo;</a></div>
+<footer>
+    <p>&copy;<a href="https://hakurei.app/">Hakurei</a> (<span id="hakurei-version">unknown</span>). Licensed under the MIT license.</p>
+</footer>
+<script>main();</script>
+</body>
+</html>

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+interface PackageIndexEntry {
+    name: string
+    size?: number
+    description?: string
+    website?: string
+    version?: string
+    report?: boolean
+}
+
+function entryToHTML(entry: PackageIndexEntry | SearchResult): HTMLTableRowElement {
+    let v = entry.version != null ? `<span>${escapeHtml(entry.version)}</span>` : ""
+    let s = entry.size != null && entry.size > 0 ? `<p>Size: ${toByteSizeString(entry.size)} (${entry.size})</p>` : ""
+    let n: string
+    let d: string
+    if ('name_matches' in entry) {
+        n = `<h2>${nameMatches(entry as SearchResult)} ${v}</h2>`
+    } else {
+        n = `<h2>${escapeHtml(entry.name)} ${v}</h2>`
+    }
+    if ('desc_matches' in entry && STATE.getIncludeDescriptions()) {
+        d = descMatches(entry as SearchResult)
+    } else {
+        d = (entry as PackageIndexEntry).description != null ? `<p>${escapeHtml((entry as PackageIndexEntry).description)}</p>` : ""
+    }
+    let w = entry.website != null ? `<a href="${encodeURI(entry.website)}">Website</a>` : ""
+    let r = entry.report ? `Log (<a href=\"${encodeURI('/api/v1/status/' + entry.name)}\">View</a> | <a href=\"${encodeURI('/status/' + entry.name)}\">Download</a>)` : ""
+    let row = <HTMLTableRowElement>(document.createElement('tr'))
+    row.innerHTML = `<td>
+            ${n}
+            ${d}
+            ${s}
+            ${w}
+            ${r}
+        </td>`
+    return row
+}
+
+function nameMatches(sr: SearchResult): string {
+    return markMatches(sr.name, sr.name_matches)
+}
+
+function descMatches(sr: SearchResult): string {
+    return markMatches(sr.description!, sr.desc_matches)
+}
+
+function markMatches(str: string, indices: [number, number][]): string {
+    if (indices == null) {
+        return str
+    }
+    let out: string = ""
+    let j = 0
+    for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+        if (j < indices.length) {
+            if (i === indices[j][0]) {
+                out += `<mark>${escapeHtmlChar(str[i])}`
+                continue
+            }
+            if (i === indices[j][1]) {
+                out += `</mark>${escapeHtmlChar(str[i])}`
+                j++
+                continue
+            }
+        }
+        out += escapeHtmlChar(str[i])
+    }
+    if (indices[j] !== undefined) {
+        out += "</mark>"
+    }
+    return out
+}
+
+function toByteSizeString(bytes: number): string {
+    if (bytes == null) return `unspecified`
+    if (bytes < 1024) return `${bytes}B`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 2)) return `${(bytes / 1024).toFixed(2)}kiB`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 3)) return `${(bytes / Math.pow(1024, 2)).toFixed(2)}MiB`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 4)) return `${(bytes / Math.pow(1024, 3)).toFixed(2)}GiB`
+    if (bytes < Math.pow(1024, 5)) return `${(bytes / Math.pow(1024, 4)).toFixed(2)}TiB`
+    return "not only is it big, it's large"
+}
+
+const API_VERSION = 1
+const ENDPOINT = `/api/v${API_VERSION}`
+
+interface InfoPayload {
+    count?: number
+    hakurei_version?: string
+}
+
+async function infoRequest(): Promise<InfoPayload> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${ENDPOINT}/info`)
+    const payload = await res.json()
+    return payload as InfoPayload
+}
+
+interface GetPayload {
+    values?: PackageIndexEntry[]
+}
+
+enum SortOrders {
+    DeclarationAscending,
+    DeclarationDescending,
+    NameAscending,
+    NameDescending
+}
+
+async function getRequest(limit: number, index: number, sort: SortOrders): Promise<GetPayload> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${ENDPOINT}/get?limit=${limit}&index=${index}&sort=${sort.valueOf()}`)
+    const payload = await res.json()
+    return payload as GetPayload
+}
+
+interface SearchResult extends PackageIndexEntry {
+    name_matches: [number, number][]
+    desc_matches: [number, number][]
+    score: number
+}
+
+interface SearchPayload {
+    count?: number
+    values?: SearchResult[]
+}
+
+async function searchRequest(limit: number, index: number, search: string, desc: boolean): Promise<SearchPayload> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${ENDPOINT}/search?limit=${limit}&index=${index}&search=${encodeURIComponent(search)}&desc=${desc}`)
+    if (!res.ok) {
+        exitSearch()
+        alert("invalid search query!")
+        return Promise.reject(res.statusText)
+    }
+    const payload = await res.json()
+    return payload as SearchPayload
+}
+
+class State {
+    entriesPerPage: number = 10
+    entryIndex: number = 0
+    maxTotal: number = 0
+    maxEntries: number = 0
+    sort: SortOrders = SortOrders.DeclarationAscending
+    search: boolean = false
+
+    getEntriesPerPage(): number {
+        return this.entriesPerPage
+    }
+
+    setEntriesPerPage(entriesPerPage: number) {
+        this.entriesPerPage = entriesPerPage
+        this.setEntryIndex(Math.floor(this.getEntryIndex() / entriesPerPage) * entriesPerPage)
+    }
+
+    getEntryIndex(): number {
+        return this.entryIndex
+    }
+
+    setEntryIndex(entryIndex: number) {
+        this.entryIndex = entryIndex
+        this.updatePage()
+        this.updateRange()
+        this.updateListings()
+    }
+
+    getMaxTotal(): number {
+        return this.maxTotal
+    }
+
+    setMaxTotal(max: number) {
+        this.maxTotal = max
+    }
+
+    getSortOrder(): SortOrders {
+        return this.sort
+    }
+
+    setSortOrder(sortOrder: SortOrders) {
+        this.sort = sortOrder
+        this.setEntryIndex(0)
+    }
+
+    updatePage() {
+        let page = Math.ceil(((this.getEntryIndex() + this.getEntriesPerPage()) - 1) / this.getEntriesPerPage())
+        for (let e of document.getElementsByClassName("page-number")) {
+            (e as HTMLInputElement).value = String(page)
+        }
+    }
+
+    updateRange() {
+        let max = Math.min(this.getEntryIndex() + this.getEntriesPerPage(), this.getMaxTotal())
+        document.getElementById("entry-counter")!.textContent = `${this.getEntryIndex() + 1}-${max} of ${this.getMaxTotal()}`
+        if (this.search) {
+            document.getElementById("search-entry-counter")!.textContent = `${this.getEntryIndex() + 1}-${max} of ${this.maxTotal}/${this.maxEntries}`
+            document.getElementById("search-query")!.innerHTML = `<code>${escapeHtml(this.getSearchQuery())}</code>`
+        }
+    }
+
+    getSearchQuery(): string {
+        let queryString = document.getElementById("search")!;
+        return (queryString as HTMLInputElement).value
+    }
+
+    getIncludeDescriptions(): boolean {
+        let includeDesc = document.getElementById("include-desc")!;
+        return (includeDesc as HTMLInputElement).checked
+    }
+
+    updateListings() {
+        if (this.search) {
+            searchRequest(this.getEntriesPerPage(), this.getEntryIndex(), this.getSearchQuery(), this.getIncludeDescriptions())
+                .then(res => {
+                    let table = document.getElementById("pkg-list")!
+                    table.innerHTML = ''
+                    for (let row of res.values!) {
+                        table.appendChild(entryToHTML(row))
+                    }
+                    STATE.maxTotal = res.count!
+                    STATE.updateRange()
+                    if(res.count! < 1) {
+                        exitSearch()
+                        alert("no results found!")
+                    }
+                })
+        } else {
+            getRequest(this.getEntriesPerPage(), this.getEntryIndex(), this.getSortOrder())
+                .then(res => {
+                    let table = document.getElementById("pkg-list")!
+                    table.innerHTML = ''
+                    for (let row of res.values!) {
+                        table.appendChild(entryToHTML(row))
+                    }
+                })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+let STATE: State
+
+
+function lastPageIndex(): number {
+    return Math.floor(STATE.getMaxTotal() / STATE.getEntriesPerPage()) * STATE.getEntriesPerPage()
+}
+
+function setPage(page: number) {
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(Math.max(0, Math.min(STATE.getEntriesPerPage() * (page - 1), lastPageIndex())))
+}
+
+
+function escapeHtml(str?: string): string {
+    let out: string = ''
+    if (str == undefined) return ""
+    for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+        out += escapeHtmlChar(str[i])
+    }
+    return out
+}
+
+function escapeHtmlChar(char: string): string {
+    if (char.length != 1) return char
+    switch (char[0]) {
+        case '&':
+            return "&amp;"
+        case '<':
+            return "&lt;"
+        case '>':
+            return "&gt;"
+        case '"':
+            return "&quot;"
+        case "'":
+            return "&apos;"
+        default:
+            return char
+    }
+}
+
+function firstPage() {
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(0)
+}
+
+function prevPage() {
+    let index = STATE.getEntryIndex()
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(Math.max(0, index - STATE.getEntriesPerPage()))
+}
+
+function lastPage() {
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(lastPageIndex())
+}
+
+function nextPage() {
+    let index = STATE.getEntryIndex()
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(Math.min(lastPageIndex(), index + STATE.getEntriesPerPage()))
+}
+
+function doSearch() {
+    document.getElementById("top-controls-regular")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    document.getElementById("search-top-controls")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    STATE.search = true;
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(0);
+}
+
+function exitSearch() {
+    document.getElementById("top-controls-regular")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    document.getElementById("search-top-controls")!.toggleAttribute("hidden");
+    STATE.search = false;
+    STATE.setMaxTotal(STATE.maxEntries)
+    STATE.setEntryIndex(0)
+}
+
+function main() {
+    STATE = new State()
+    infoRequest()
+        .then(res => {
+            STATE.maxEntries = res.count!
+            STATE.setMaxTotal(STATE.maxEntries)
+            document.getElementById("hakurei-version")!.textContent = res.hakurei_version!
+            STATE.updateRange()
+            STATE.updateListings()
+        })
+    for (let e of document.getElementsByClassName("page-number")) {
+        e.addEventListener("change", (_) => {
+            setPage(parseInt((e as HTMLInputElement).value))
+        })
+    }
+    document.getElementById("count")?.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
+        STATE.setEntriesPerPage(parseInt((event.target as HTMLSelectElement).value))
+    })
+    document.getElementById("sort")?.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
+        STATE.setSortOrder(parseInt((event.target as HTMLSelectElement).value))
+    })
+    document.getElementById("search")?.addEventListener("keyup", (event) => {
+        if (event.key === 'Enter') doSearch()
+    })
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/style.css

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+.page-number {
+  width: 2em;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.page-number {
+  width: 2em;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+  html {
+    background-color: #2c2c2c;
+    color: ghostwhite;
+  }
+}
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
+  html {
+    background-color: #d3d3d3;
+    color: black;
+  }
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/tsconfig.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2024",
+    "strict": true,
+    "alwaysStrict": true,
+    "outDir": "static"
+  }
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Package ui holds the static web UI.
+package ui
+
+import "net/http"
+
+// Register arranges for mux to serve the embedded frontend.
+func Register(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.Handle("GET /", http.FileServer(http.FS(static)))
+}

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_full.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//go:build frontend
+
+package ui
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"io/fs"
+)
+
+//go:generate tsc
+//go:generate cp index.html style.css static
+//go:embed static
+var _static embed.FS
+
+var static = func() fs.FS {
+	if f, err := fs.Sub(_static, "static"); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	} else {
+		return f
+	}
+}()

cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_stub.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//go:build !frontend
+
+package ui
+
+import "testing/fstest"
+
+var static fstest.MapFS

cmd/mbf/main_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	rosa.Native().DropCaches("", rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO)
+	os.Exit(m.Run())
+}
+
+func TestCureAll(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	const env = "ROSA_TEST_DAEMON"
+
+	if !testing.Verbose() {
+		t.Skip("verbose flag not set")
+	}
+
+	pathname, ok := os.LookupEnv(env)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Skip(env + " not set")
+	}
+
+	addr := net.UnixAddr{Net: "unix", Name: pathname}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if t.Failed() {
+			if err := abortRemote(t.Context(), &addr, false); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	for _, handle := range rosa.Native().Collect() {
+		_, a := rosa.Native().Std().MustLoad(handle)
+		t.Run(handle.String(), func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := cureRemote(t.Context(), &addr, a, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/sharefs/fuse.go

@@ -508,8 +508,8 @@ func _main(s ...string) (exitCode int) {
 
 		if !z.AllowOrphan {
 			if err := z.Wait(); err != nil {
-				var exitError *exec.ExitError
-				if !errors.As(err, &exitError) || exitError == nil {
+				exitError, ok := errors.AsType[*exec.ExitError](err)
+				if !ok || exitError == nil {
 					log.Println(err)
 					return 5
 				}

cmd/sharefs/test/configuration.nix

@@ -20,11 +20,14 @@
   };
 
   virtualisation = {
+    # Hopefully reduces spurious test failures:
+    memorySize = if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.is32bit then 2046 else 8192;
+
     diskSize = 6 * 1024;
 
     qemu.options = [
       # Increase test performance:
-      "-smp 8"
+      "-smp 16"
     ];
   };
 

cmd/sharefs/test/default.nix

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ testers.nixosTest {
         # For go tests:
         (pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "sharefs-workload-hakurei-tests" ''
           cp -r "${self.packages.${system}.hakurei.src}" "/sdcard/hakurei" && cd "/sdcard/hakurei"
-          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
+          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'ROSA_SKIP_BINFMT=1 CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
         '')
       ];
 

command/parse.go

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ func (n *node) MustParse(arguments []string, handleError func(error)) {
 	case ErrEmptyTree:
 		os.Exit(1)
 	default:
-		var flagError FlagError
-		if !errors.As(err, &flagError) { // returned by HandlerFunc
+		flagError, ok := errors.AsType[FlagError](err)
+		if !ok { // returned by HandlerFunc
 			handleError(err)
 			os.Exit(1)
 		}

container/binfmt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+)
+
+// escapeBinfmt escapes magic/mask sequences in a [BinfmtEntry].
+func escapeBinfmt(buf *strings.Builder, s string) string {
+	const lowerhex = "0123456789abcdef"
+
+	buf.Reset()
+	for _, c := range unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(s), len(s)) {
+		switch c {
+		case 0, '\\', ':':
+			buf.WriteString(`\x`)
+			buf.WriteByte(lowerhex[c>>4])
+			buf.WriteByte(lowerhex[c&0xf])
+
+		default:
+			buf.WriteByte(c)
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// BinfmtEntry is an entry to be registered by the init process.
+type BinfmtEntry struct {
+	// The offset of the magic/mask in the file, counted in bytes.
+	Offset byte
+	// The byte sequence binfmt_misc is matching for.
+	Magic string
+	// An (optional, defaults to all 0xff) mask.
+	Mask string
+	// The program that should be invoked with the binary as first argument.
+	Interpreter *check.Absolute
+}
+
+// Valid returns whether e can be registered into the kernel.
+func (e *BinfmtEntry) Valid() bool {
+	return e != nil &&
+		int(e.Offset)+max(len(e.Magic), len(e.Mask)) < 128 &&
+		e.Interpreter != nil && len(e.Interpreter.String()) < 128
+}

container/binfmt_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package container
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/fhs"
+)
+
+func TestEscapeBinfmt(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		magic string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"packed DOS applications", "\x0eDEX", "\x0eDEX"},
+
+		{"riscv64 magic",
+			"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xf3\x00",
+			"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\x02\\x00\xf3\\x00"},
+		{"riscv64 mask",
+			"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
+			"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := escapeBinfmt(new(strings.Builder), tc.magic)
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("escapeBinfmt: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBinfmtEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		e     BinfmtEntry
+		valid bool
+	}{
+		{"zero", BinfmtEntry{}, false},
+		{"large offset", BinfmtEntry{Offset: 128}, false},
+		{"long magic", BinfmtEntry{Magic: strings.Repeat("\x00", 128)}, false},
+		{"long mask", BinfmtEntry{Mask: strings.Repeat("\x00", 128)}, false},
+		{"valid", BinfmtEntry{Interpreter: fhs.AbsRoot}, true},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if tc.e.Valid() != tc.valid {
+				t.Errorf("Valid: %v", !tc.valid)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

container/capability.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const (
 	CAP_SETPCAP      = 0x8
 	CAP_NET_ADMIN    = 0xc
 	CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE = 0x1
+	CAP_SETFCAP      = 0x1f
 )
 
 type (

container/container.go

@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ type (
 		// Copied to the underlying [exec.Cmd].
 		WaitDelay time.Duration
 
+		// Suppress verbose output of init.
+		Quiet bool
+
 		cmd *exec.Cmd
 		ctx context.Context
 		msg message.Msg
@@ -88,12 +91,20 @@ type (
 		// Time to wait for processes lingering after the initial process terminates.
 		AdoptWaitDelay time.Duration
 
+		// Map uid/gid 0 in the init process. Requires [FstypeProc] attached to
+		// [fhs.Proc] in the container filesystem.
+		InitAsRoot bool
 		// Mapped Uid in user namespace.
 		Uid int
 		// Mapped Gid in user namespace.
 		Gid int
 		// Hostname value in UTS namespace.
 		Hostname string
+		// Register binfmt_misc entries.
+		Binfmt []BinfmtEntry
+		// Alternative pathname to attach binfmt_misc filesystem. The zero value
+		// requires [FstypeProc] to be made available at [fhs.Proc].
+		BinfmtPath *check.Absolute
 		// Sequential container setup ops.
 		*Ops
 
@@ -143,11 +154,8 @@ func (e *StartError) Error() string {
 		return e.Step
 	}
 
-	{
-		var syscallError *os.SyscallError
-		if errors.As(e.Err, &syscallError) && syscallError != nil {
-			return e.Step + " " + syscallError.Error()
-		}
+	if se, ok := errors.AsType[*os.SyscallError](e.Err); ok && se != nil {
+		return e.Step + " " + se.Error()
 	}
 
 	return e.Step + ": " + e.Err.Error()
@@ -213,6 +221,9 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	if p.cmd.Process != nil {
 		return errors.New("container: already started")
 	}
+	if !p.InitAsRoot && len(p.Binfmt) > 0 {
+		return errors.New("container: init as root required, but not enabled")
+	}
 
 	if err := ensureCloseOnExec(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -283,6 +294,18 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	if !p.HostNet {
 		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.Cloneflags |= CLONE_NEWNET
 	}
+	if p.InitAsRoot {
+		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps = append(p.cmd.SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps,
+			// mappings during init as root
+			CAP_SETFCAP,
+		)
+
+		if !p.SeccompDisable &&
+			len(p.SeccompRules) == 0 &&
+			p.SeccompPresets&std.PresetDenyNS != 0 {
+			return errors.New("container: as root requires late namespace creation")
+		}
+	}
 
 	// place setup pipe before user supplied extra files, this is later restored by init
 	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
@@ -342,8 +365,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 						Err:    ENOSYS,
 						Origin: true,
 					}
-				} else {
-					p.msg.Verbosef("landlock abi version %d", abi)
 				}
 
 				if rulesetFd, err := rulesetAttr.Create(0); err != nil {
@@ -353,7 +374,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 						Err:   err,
 					}
 				} else {
-					p.msg.Verbosef("enforcing landlock ruleset %s", rulesetAttr)
 					if err = landlock.RestrictSelf(rulesetFd, 0); err != nil {
 						_ = Close(rulesetFd)
 						return &StartError{
@@ -410,7 +430,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 				}
 			}
 
-			p.msg.Verbose("starting container init")
 			if err := p.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 				return &StartError{
 					Step:        "start container init",
@@ -481,7 +500,6 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() (err error) {
 			}
 
 		case <-done:
-			p.msg.Verbose("setup payload took", time.Since(t))
 			return
 		}
 	}(p.setup[1])
@@ -491,7 +509,7 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() (err error) {
 		Getuid(),
 		Getgid(),
 		len(p.ExtraFiles),
-		p.msg.IsVerbose(),
+		p.msg.IsVerbose() && !p.Quiet,
 	})
 }
 

container/container_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/command"
@@ -233,6 +235,9 @@ func earlyMnt(mnt ...*vfs.MountInfoEntry) func(*testing.T, context.Context) []*v
 	return func(*testing.T, context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry { return mnt }
 }
 
+//go:linkname toHost hakurei.app/container.toHost
+func toHost(name string) string
+
 var containerTestCases = []struct {
 	name    string
 	filter  bool
@@ -332,13 +337,15 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		func(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry {
 			return []*vfs.MountInfoEntry{
 				ent("/", hst.PrivateTmp, "rw", "overlay", "overlay",
-					"rw,lowerdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+":"+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+					"rw"+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",upperdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("upper")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("upper")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",workdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("work")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("work")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",redirect_dir=nofollow,uuid=on,userxattr"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -388,9 +395,11 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		func(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry {
 			return []*vfs.MountInfoEntry{
 				ent("/", hst.PrivateTmp, "rw", "overlay", "overlay",
-					"ro,lowerdir="+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+":"+
-						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+					"ro"+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						",lowerdir+="+
+						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",redirect_dir=nofollow,userxattr"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -400,39 +409,11 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	t.Run("cancel", testContainerCancel(nil, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
-		wantErr := context.Canceled
-		wantExitCode := 0
-		if err := c.Wait(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			}
-			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErr)
-		}
-		if ps := c.ProcessState(); ps == nil {
-			t.Errorf("ProcessState unexpectedly returned nil")
-		} else if code := ps.ExitCode(); code != wantExitCode {
-			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, wantExitCode)
-		}
-	}))
-
-	t.Run("forward", testContainerCancel(func(c *container.Container) {
-		c.ForwardCancel = true
-	}, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
-		var exitError *exec.ExitError
-		if err := c.Wait(); !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			}
-			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %v", err)
-		}
-		if code := exitError.ExitCode(); code != blockExitCodeInterrupt {
-			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, blockExitCodeInterrupt)
-		}
-	}))
-
+	var suffix string
+runTests:
 	for i, tc := range containerTestCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+		_suffix := suffix
+		t.Run(tc.name+_suffix, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
 			wantOps, wantOpsCtx := tc.ops(t)
@@ -456,6 +437,8 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 			c.SeccompDisable = !tc.filter
 			c.RetainSession = tc.session
 			c.HostNet = tc.net
+			c.InitAsRoot = _suffix != ""
+			c.Env = append(c.Env, "HAKUREI_TEST_SUFFIX="+_suffix)
 			if info.CanDegrade {
 				if _, err := landlock.GetABI(); err != nil {
 					if !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOSYS) {
@@ -465,6 +448,9 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Log("Landlock LSM is unavailable, enabling HostAbstract")
 				}
 			}
+			if c.InitAsRoot {
+				c.SeccompPresets &= ^std.PresetDenyNS
+			}
 
 			c.
 				Readonly(check.MustAbs(pathReadonly), 0755).
@@ -533,6 +519,11 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		})
 	}
+
+	if suffix == "" {
+		suffix = " as root"
+		goto runTests
+	}
 }
 
 func ent(root, target, vfsOptstr, fsType, source, fsOptstr string) *vfs.MountInfoEntry {
@@ -555,49 +546,118 @@ func hostnameFromTestCase(name string) string {
 }
 
 func testContainerCancel(
+	t *testing.T,
 	containerExtra func(c *container.Container),
-	waitCheck func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container),
-) func(t *testing.T) {
-	return func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	waitCheck func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error),
+) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
 
-		c := helperNewContainer(ctx, "block")
-		c.Stdout, c.Stderr = os.Stdout, os.Stderr
-		if containerExtra != nil {
-			containerExtra(c)
-		}
-
-		ready := make(chan struct{})
-		if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, w)
-			go func() {
-				defer close(ready)
-				if _, err = r.Read(make([]byte, 1)); err != nil {
-					panic(err.Error())
-				}
-			}()
-		}
-
-		if err := c.Start(); err != nil {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Fatal(m)
-			} else {
-				t.Fatalf("cannot start container: %v", err)
-			}
-		} else if err = c.Serve(); err != nil {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			} else {
-				t.Errorf("cannot serve setup params: %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-		<-ready
-		cancel()
-		waitCheck(t, c)
+	c := helperNewContainer(ctx, "block")
+	c.Stdout, c.Stderr = os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+	if containerExtra != nil {
+		containerExtra(c)
 	}
+
+	ready := make(chan struct{})
+	var waitErr error
+	r, w, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, w)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ready)
+		if _, _err := r.Read(make([]byte, 1)); _err != nil {
+			panic(_err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err = c.Start(); err != nil {
+		if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+			t.Fatal(m)
+		} else {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot start container: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		waitErr = c.Wait()
+		_ = r.SetReadDeadline(time.Now())
+	}()
+
+	if err = c.Serve(); err != nil {
+		if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+			t.Error(m)
+		} else {
+			t.Errorf("cannot serve setup params: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	<-ready
+	cancel()
+	<-done
+	waitCheck(c.ProcessState(), waitErr)
+}
+
+func TestForward(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error) {
+		var exitError *exec.ExitError
+		if !errors.As(waitErr, &exitError) {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(waitErr); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			}
+			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %v", waitErr)
+		}
+		if code := exitError.ExitCode(); code != blockExitCodeInterrupt {
+			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, blockExitCodeInterrupt)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Run("direct", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
+			c.ForwardCancel = true
+		}, f)
+	})
+	t.Run("as root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
+			c.ForwardCancel = true
+			c.InitAsRoot = true
+			c.Proc(fhs.AbsProc)
+		}, f)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f := func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error) {
+		wantErr := context.Canceled
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(waitErr, wantErr) {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(waitErr); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			}
+			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %#v, want %#v", waitErr, wantErr)
+		}
+		if ps == nil {
+			t.Errorf("ProcessState unexpectedly returned nil")
+		} else if code := ps.ExitCode(); code != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, 0)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Run("direct", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		testContainerCancel(t, nil, f)
+	})
+	t.Run("as root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
+			c.InitAsRoot = true
+			c.Proc(fhs.AbsProc)
+		}, f)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestContainerString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -633,6 +693,8 @@ func init() {
 		})
 
 		c.Command("container", command.UsageInternal, func(args []string) error {
+			asRoot := os.Getenv("HAKUREI_TEST_SUFFIX") == " as root"
+
 			if len(args) != 1 {
 				return syscall.EINVAL
 			}
@@ -650,6 +712,66 @@ func init() {
 				return fmt.Errorf("gid: %d, want %d", gid, tc.gid)
 			}
 
+			// no attack surface increase during as root due to no_new_privs
+			var wantBounding uintptr = 1
+			asRootNot := " not"
+			if !asRoot {
+				wantBounding = 0
+				asRootNot = ""
+			}
+
+			const (
+				PR_CAP_AMBIENT        = 0x2f
+				PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET = 0x1
+			)
+			for i := range container.LastCap(nil) + 1 {
+				r, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+					syscall.SYS_PRCTL,
+					PR_CAP_AMBIENT,
+					PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET,
+					i,
+				)
+				if errno != 0 {
+					return os.NewSyscallError("prctl", errno)
+				}
+				if r != 0 {
+					return fmt.Errorf("capability %d in ambient set", i)
+				}
+
+				r, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(
+					syscall.SYS_PRCTL,
+					syscall.PR_CAPBSET_READ,
+					i,
+					0,
+				)
+				if errno != 0 {
+					return os.NewSyscallError("prctl", errno)
+				}
+				if r != wantBounding {
+					return fmt.Errorf("capability %d%s in bounding set", i, asRootNot)
+				}
+			}
+
+			const _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3 = 0x20080522
+			var capData struct {
+				effective   uint32
+				permitted   uint32
+				inheritable uint32
+			}
+			if _, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_CAPGET, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&struct {
+				version uint32
+				pid     int32
+			}{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0})), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&capData)), 0); errno != 0 {
+				return os.NewSyscallError("capget", errno)
+			}
+
+			if max(capData.effective, capData.permitted, capData.inheritable) != 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf(
+					"effective = %d, permitted = %d, inheritable = %d",
+					capData.effective, capData.permitted, capData.inheritable,
+				)
+			}
+
 			wantHost := hostnameFromTestCase(tc.name)
 			if host, err := os.Hostname(); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("cannot get hostname: %v", err)
@@ -767,7 +889,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 		}
 		c.MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatal(err.Error())
+				log.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		})
 		return

container/dispatcher.go

@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	remount(msg message.Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error
 	// mountTmpfs provides mountTmpfs.
 	mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error
+	// mountOverlay provides mountOverlay.
+	mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error
 	// ensureFile provides ensureFile.
 	ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error
 	// mustLoopback provides mustLoopback.
@@ -169,6 +171,9 @@ func (direct) remount(msg message.Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 func (k direct) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error {
 	return mountTmpfs(k, fsname, target, flags, size, perm)
 }
+func (k direct) mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
+	return mountOverlay(target, options)
+}
 func (direct) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	return ensureFile(name, perm, pperm)
 }

container/dispatcher_test.go

@@ -235,8 +235,6 @@ func checkOpBehaviour(t *testing.T, testCases []opBehaviourTestCase) {
 	})
 }
 
-func sliceAddr[S any](s []S) *[]S { return &s }
-
 func newCheckedFile(t *testing.T, name, wantData string, closeErr error) osFile {
 	f := &checkedOsFile{t: t, name: name, want: wantData, closeErr: closeErr}
 	// check happens in Close, and cleanup is not guaranteed to run, so relying
@@ -468,6 +466,14 @@ func (k *kstub) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "perm", perm, 4))
 }
 
+func (k *kstub) mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
+	k.Helper()
+	return k.Expects("mountOverlay").Error(
+		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "target", target, 0),
+		stub.CheckArgReflect(k.Stub, "options", options, 1),
+	)
+}
+
 func (k *kstub) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	k.Helper()
 	return k.Expects("ensureFile").Error(

container/errors.go

@@ -46,9 +46,8 @@ func messageFromError(err error) (m string, ok bool) {
 // While this is usable for pointer errors, such use should be avoided as nil
 // check is omitted.
 func messagePrefix[T error](prefix string, err error) (string, bool) {
-	var targetError T
-	if errors.As(err, &targetError) {
-		return prefix + targetError.Error(), true
+	if e, ok := errors.AsType[T](err); ok {
+		return prefix + e.Error(), true
 	}
 	return zeroString, false
 }
@@ -58,9 +57,8 @@ func messagePrefixP[V any, T interface {
 	*V
 	error
 }](prefix string, err error) (string, bool) {
-	var targetError T
-	if errors.As(err, &targetError) && targetError != nil {
-		return prefix + targetError.Error(), true
+	if e, ok := errors.AsType[T](err); ok && e != nil {
+		return prefix + e.Error(), true
 	}
 	return zeroString, false
 }
@@ -109,8 +107,8 @@ func optionalErrorUnwrap(err error) error {
 
 // errnoFallback returns the concrete errno from an error, or a [os.PathError] fallback.
 func errnoFallback(op, path string, err error) (syscall.Errno, *os.PathError) {
-	var errno syscall.Errno
-	if !errors.As(err, &errno) {
+	errno, ok := errors.AsType[syscall.Errno](err)
+	if !ok {
 		return 0, &os.PathError{Op: op, Path: path, Err: err}
 	}
 	return errno, nil
@@ -118,6 +116,10 @@ func errnoFallback(op, path string, err error) (syscall.Errno, *os.PathError) {
 
 // mount wraps syscall.Mount for error handling.
 func mount(source, target, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error {
+	if max(len(source), len(target), len(data))+1 > os.Getpagesize() {
+		return &MountError{source, target, fstype, flags, data, syscall.ENOMEM}
+	}
+
 	err := syscall.Mount(source, target, fstype, flags, data)
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil

container/init.go

@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	. "syscall"
 	"time"
 
+	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/ext"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
@@ -182,23 +184,33 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		cancel()
 	}
 
+	uid, gid := param.Uid, param.Gid
+	if param.InitAsRoot {
+		uid, gid = 0, 0
+	}
+
 	// write uid/gid map here so parent does not need to set dumpable
 	if err := k.setDumpable(ext.SUID_DUMP_USER); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/uid_map",
-		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(param.Uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostUid)+" 1\n"...),
-		0); err != nil {
+	if err := k.writeFile(
+		fhs.Proc+"self/uid_map",
+		[]byte(strconv.Itoa(uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostUid)+" 1\n"),
+		0,
+	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
-	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/setgroups",
+	if err := k.writeFile(
+		fhs.Proc+"self/setgroups",
 		[]byte("deny\n"),
-		0); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		0,
+	); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/gid_map",
-		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(param.Gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostGid)+" 1\n"...),
-		0); err != nil {
+		[]byte(strconv.Itoa(gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostGid)+" 1\n"),
+		0,
+	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.setDumpable(ext.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
@@ -223,6 +235,23 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	state := &setupState{process: make(map[int]WaitStatus), Params: &param.Params, Msg: msg, Context: ctx}
 	defer cancel()
 
+	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
+	}
+	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(param.Binfmt) > 0 {
+		for i, e := range param.Binfmt {
+			if pathname, err := k.evalSymlinks(e.Interpreter.String()); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			} else if param.Binfmt[i].Interpreter, err = check.NewAbs(pathname); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	/* early is called right before pivot_root into intermediate root;
 	this step is mostly for gathering information that would otherwise be
 	difficult to obtain via library functions after pivot_root, and
@@ -242,13 +271,6 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
-	}
-	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	if err := k.mkdir(sysrootDir, 0755); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
@@ -285,6 +307,48 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if len(param.Binfmt) > 0 {
+		const interpreter = "/interpreter"
+
+		if param.BinfmtPath == nil {
+			param.BinfmtPath = fhs.AbsProcSys.Append("fs/binfmt_misc")
+		}
+		binfmt := sysrootPath + param.BinfmtPath.String()
+		if err := k.mkdirAll(binfmt, 0); err != nil {
+			k.fatal(msg, err)
+		}
+		if err := k.mount(
+			SourceBinfmtMisc,
+			binfmt,
+			FstypeBinfmtMisc,
+			MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+			zeroString,
+		); err != nil {
+			k.fatal(msg, err)
+		}
+
+		var buf strings.Builder
+		buf.Grow(1920)
+
+		register := binfmt + "/register"
+		for i, e := range param.Binfmt {
+			if err := k.symlink(hostPath+e.Interpreter.String(), interpreter); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			} else if err = k.writeFile(register, []byte(":"+
+				strconv.Itoa(i)+":"+
+				"M:"+
+				strconv.Itoa(int(e.Offset))+":"+
+				escapeBinfmt(&buf, e.Magic)+":"+
+				escapeBinfmt(&buf, e.Mask)+":"+
+				interpreter+":"+
+				"F"), 0); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			} else if err = k.remove(interpreter); err != nil {
+				k.fatal(msg, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// setup requiring host root complete at this point
 	if err := k.mount(hostDir, hostDir, zeroString, MS_SILENT|MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, zeroString); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot make host root rprivate: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
@@ -323,11 +387,19 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	var keepCaps []uintptr
+	if param.Privileged {
+		keepCaps = append(keepCaps, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SETPCAP)
+	}
+	if param.InitAsRoot {
+		keepCaps = append(keepCaps, CAP_SETFCAP)
+	}
+
 	if err := k.capAmbientClearAll(); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot clear the ambient capability set: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i := uintptr(0); i <= lastcap; i++ {
-		if param.Privileged && i == CAP_SYS_ADMIN {
+	for i := range lastcap + 1 {
+		if slices.Contains(keepCaps, i) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if err := k.capBoundingSetDrop(i); err != nil {
@@ -336,20 +408,23 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	}
 
 	var keep [2]uint32
-	if param.Privileged {
-		keep[capToIndex(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)] |= capToMask(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)
-
-		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(CAP_SYS_ADMIN); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", err)
-		}
+	for _, c := range keepCaps {
+		keep[capToIndex(c)] |= capToMask(c)
 	}
+
 	if err := k.capset(
 		&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0},
-		&[2]capData{{0, keep[0], keep[0]}, {0, keep[1], keep[1]}},
+		&[2]capData{{keep[0], keep[0], keep[0]}, {keep[1], keep[1], keep[1]}},
 	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot capset: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	for _, c := range keepCaps {
+		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(c); err != nil {
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise %#x: %v", c, err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if !param.SeccompDisable {
 		rules := param.SeccompRules
 		if len(rules) == 0 { // non-empty rules slice always overrides presets
@@ -474,6 +549,14 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	cmd.ExtraFiles = extraFiles
 	cmd.Dir = param.Dir.String()
 
+	if param.InitAsRoot {
+		cmd.SysProcAttr = &SysProcAttr{
+			Cloneflags:  CLONE_NEWUSER,
+			UidMappings: []SysProcIDMap{{ContainerID: param.Uid, HostID: 0, Size: 1}},
+			GidMappings: []SysProcIDMap{{ContainerID: param.Gid, HostID: 0, Size: 1}},
+		}
+	}
+
 	msg.Verbosef("starting initial process %s", param.Path)
 	if err := k.start(cmd); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)

container/init_test.go

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					Uid:            1 << 16,
 					Gid:            1 << 15,
 					Hostname:       "hakurei-check",
-					Ops:            (*Ops)(sliceAddr(make(Ops, 1))),
+					Ops:            new(make(Ops, 1)),
 					SeccompRules:   make([]std.NativeRule, 0),
 					SeccompPresets: std.PresetStrict,
 					RetainSession:  true,
@@ -332,6 +332,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"invalid op at index %d", []any{0}}, nil, nil),
 				/* end early */
@@ -370,6 +372,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"invalid op at index %d", []any{0}}, nil, nil),
 				/* end early */
@@ -408,6 +412,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", stub.UniqueError(61)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot prepare op at index %d: %v", []any{0, stub.UniqueError(61)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -447,6 +453,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", &os.PathError{Op: "readlink", Path: "/", Err: stub.UniqueError(60)}),
 				call("fatal", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"cannot readlink /: unique error 60 injected by the test suite"}}, nil, nil),
@@ -486,9 +494,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				/* begin early */
-				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
-				/* end early */
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(58)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot mount intermediate root: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(58)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
@@ -526,9 +531,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				/* begin early */
-				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
-				/* end early */
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(56)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(56)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -567,11 +569,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(54)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"%v", []any{stub.UniqueError(54)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
@@ -609,11 +611,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(52)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot bind sysroot: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(52)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -652,11 +654,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(50)),
@@ -696,11 +698,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -741,11 +743,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -787,11 +789,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -842,11 +844,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -897,11 +899,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -953,11 +955,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1010,11 +1012,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1069,11 +1071,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1129,11 +1131,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1190,11 +1192,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1252,11 +1254,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1315,11 +1317,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1379,11 +1381,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1444,11 +1446,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1510,11 +1512,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1584,11 +1586,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1622,7 +1624,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1654,8 +1655,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(19)),
-				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(19)}}, nil, nil),
+				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot raise %#x: %v", []any{uintptr(0x15), stub.UniqueError(19)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},
 
@@ -1691,11 +1693,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1729,7 +1731,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1761,8 +1762,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(17)),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(17)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot capset: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(17)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},
@@ -1799,11 +1799,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1837,7 +1837,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1869,8 +1868,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
+				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"resolving presets %#x", []any{std.FilterPreset(0xf)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("seccompLoad", stub.ExpectArgs{seccomp.Preset(0xf, 0), seccomp.ExportFlag(0)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(15)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot load syscall filter: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(15)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -1908,11 +1908,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2032,11 +2032,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2132,11 +2132,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2232,11 +2232,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2323,11 +2323,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2418,11 +2418,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2520,11 +2520,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2659,11 +2659,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2697,7 +2697,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2729,8 +2728,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
+				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"resolving presets %#x", []any{std.FilterPreset(0xf)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("seccompLoad", stub.ExpectArgs{seccomp.Preset(0xf, 0), seccomp.ExportFlag(0)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"%d filter rules loaded", []any{73}}, nil, nil),

container/initoverlay.go

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
-	"strings"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/ext"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 )
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(o.Upper.String()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else {
-				o.upper = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+				o.upper = toHost(v)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(o.Work.String()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else {
-				o.work = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+				o.work = toHost(v)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -168,12 +168,39 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(a.String()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
-			o.lower[i] = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
+			o.lower[i] = toHost(v)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+// mountOverlay sets up an overlay mount via [ext.FS].
+func mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
+	fs, err := ext.OpenFS(SourceOverlay, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = fs.SetString("source", SourceOverlay); err != nil {
+		_ = fs.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, option := range options {
+		if err = fs.SetString(option[0], option[1]); err != nil {
+			_ = fs.Close()
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err = fs.SetFlag(OptionOverlayUserxattr); err != nil {
+		_ = fs.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = fs.Mount(target, 0); err != nil {
+		_ = fs.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	return fs.Close()
+}
+
 func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	target := o.Target.String()
 	if !o.noPrefix {
@@ -194,7 +221,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	options := make([]string, 0, 4)
+	options := make([][2]string, 0, 2+len(o.lower))
 
 	if o.upper == zeroString && o.work == zeroString { // readonly
 		if len(o.Lower) < 2 {
@@ -205,15 +232,16 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		if len(o.Lower) == 0 {
 			return &OverlayArgumentError{OverlayEmptyLower, zeroString}
 		}
-		options = append(options,
-			OptionOverlayUpperdir+"="+o.upper,
-			OptionOverlayWorkdir+"="+o.work)
+		options = append(options, [][2]string{
+			{OptionOverlayUpperdir, o.upper},
+			{OptionOverlayWorkdir, o.work},
+		}...)
+	}
+	for _, lower := range o.lower {
+		options = append(options, [2]string{OptionOverlayLowerdir + "+", lower})
 	}
-	options = append(options,
-		OptionOverlayLowerdir+"="+strings.Join(o.lower, check.SpecialOverlayPath),
-		OptionOverlayUserxattr)
 
-	return k.mount(SourceOverlay, target, FstypeOverlay, 0, strings.Join(options, check.SpecialOverlayOption))
+	return k.mountOverlay(target, options)
 }
 
 func (o *MountOverlayOp) late(*setupState, syscallDispatcher) error { return nil }

container/initoverlay_test.go

@@ -97,13 +97,12 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot", os.FileMode(0705)}, nil, nil),
 			call("mkdirTemp", stub.ExpectArgs{"/", "overlay.upper.*"}, "overlay.upper.32768", nil),
 			call("mkdirTemp", stub.ExpectArgs{"/", "overlay.work.*"}, "overlay.work.32768", nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"upperdir=overlay.upper.32768," +
-				"workdir=overlay.work.32768," +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				`/host/var/lib/planterette/base/debian\:f92c9052:` +
-				`/host/var/lib/planterette/app/org.chromium.Chromium@debian\:f92c9052,` +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "overlay.upper.32768"},
+				{"workdir", "overlay.work.32768"},
+				{"lowerdir+", `/host/var/lib/planterette/base/debian:f92c9052`},
+				{"lowerdir+", `/host/var/lib/planterette/app/org.chromium.Chromium@debian:f92c9052`},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"short lower ro", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -129,11 +128,10 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"}, "/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/nix/store", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"success ro", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -147,11 +145,10 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"}, "/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"nil lower", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -219,7 +216,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper,workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work,lowerdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store,userxattr"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
+				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
+			}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
 		}, stub.UniqueError(0)},
 
 		{"success single layer", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -233,11 +234,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper," +
-				"workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work," +
-				"lowerdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
+				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 
 		{"success", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -261,16 +262,15 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store3"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
-				"upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper," +
-				"workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work," +
-				"lowerdir=" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store0:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store1:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store2:" +
-				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3," +
-				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
+			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
+				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
+				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store0"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store1"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store2"},
+				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3"},
+			}}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 	})
 

container/mount.go

@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ const (
 	// SourceMqueue is used when mounting mqueue.
 	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [FstypeMqueue].
 	SourceMqueue = "mqueue"
+	// SourceBinfmtMisc is used when mounting binfmt_misc.
+	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [SourceBinfmtMisc].
+	SourceBinfmtMisc = "binfmt_misc"
 	// SourceOverlay is used when mounting overlay.
 	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [FstypeOverlay].
 	SourceOverlay = "overlay"
@@ -70,6 +73,9 @@ const (
 	// FstypeMqueue represents the mqueue pseudo-filesystem.
 	// This filesystem type is usually mounted on /dev/mqueue.
 	FstypeMqueue = "mqueue"
+	// FstypeBinfmtMisc represents the binfmt_misc pseudo-filesystem.
+	// This filesystem type is usually mounted on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc.
+	FstypeBinfmtMisc = "binfmt_misc"
 	// FstypeOverlay represents the overlay pseudo-filesystem.
 	// This filesystem type can be mounted anywhere in the container filesystem.
 	FstypeOverlay = "overlay"

container/path_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"unsafe"
 
-	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/vfs"
 )
 
@@ -50,9 +49,6 @@ func TestToHost(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// InternalToHostOvlEscape exports toHost passed to [check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment].
-func InternalToHostOvlEscape(s string) string { return check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(s)) }
-
 func TestCreateFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("nonexistent", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("mkdir", func(t *testing.T) {

ext/ext_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestSyscall(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("Unmarshal: %v, want %v", got, tc.want)
 				}
 			})
-			if errors.As(tc.err, new(ext.SyscallNameError)) {
+			if _, ok := errors.AsType[ext.SyscallNameError](tc.err); ok {
 				return
 			}
 

ext/fs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+package ext
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// include/uapi/linux/mount.h
+
+/*
+ * move_mount() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	MOVE_MOUNT_F_SYMLINKS   = 1 << iota /* Follow symlinks on from path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_F_AUTOMOUNTS             /* Follow automounts on from path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH             /* Empty from path permitted */
+	_
+	MOVE_MOUNT_T_SYMLINKS   /* Follow symlinks on to path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_T_AUTOMOUNTS /* Follow automounts on to path */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH /* Empty to path permitted */
+	_
+	MOVE_MOUNT_SET_GROUP /* Set sharing group instead */
+	MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH   /* Mount beneath top mount */
+)
+
+/*
+ * fsopen() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	FSOPEN_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
+)
+
+/*
+ * fspick() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	FSPICK_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
+	FSPICK_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+	FSPICK_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+	FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH
+)
+
+/*
+ * The type of fsconfig() call made.
+ */
+const (
+	FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG        = iota /* Set parameter, supplying no value */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_STRING             /* Set parameter, supplying a string value */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_BINARY             /* Set parameter, supplying a binary blob value */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_PATH               /* Set parameter, supplying an object by path */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY         /* Set parameter, supplying an object by (empty) path */
+	FSCONFIG_SET_FD                 /* Set parameter, supplying an object by fd */
+	FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE             /* Create new or reuse existing superblock */
+	FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE        /* Invoke superblock reconfiguration */
+	FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL        /* Create new superblock, fail if reusing existing superblock */
+)
+
+/*
+ * fsmount() flags.
+ */
+const (
+	FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
+)
+
+/*
+ * Mount attributes.
+ */
+const (
+	MOUNT_ATTR_RDONLY      = 0x00000001 /* Mount read-only */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOSUID      = 0x00000002 /* Ignore suid and sgid bits */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV       = 0x00000004 /* Disallow access to device special files */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC      = 0x00000008 /* Disallow program execution */
+	MOUNT_ATTR__ATIME      = 0x00000070 /* Setting on how atime should be updated */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_RELATIME    = 0x00000000 /* - Update atime relative to mtime/ctime. */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOATIME     = 0x00000010 /* - Do not update access times. */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_STRICTATIME = 0x00000020 /* - Always perform atime updates */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NODIRATIME  = 0x00000080 /* Do not update directory access times */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP       = 0x00100000 /* Idmap mount to @userns_fd in struct mount_attr. */
+	MOUNT_ATTR_NOSYMFOLLOW = 0x00200000 /* Do not follow symlinks */
+)
+
+// FS provides low-level wrappers around the suite of file-descriptor-based
+// mount facilities in Linux.
+type FS struct {
+	fd uintptr
+	c  runtime.Cleanup
+}
+
+// newFS allocates a new [FS] for the specified fd.
+func newFS(fd uintptr) *FS {
+	fs := FS{fd: fd}
+	fs.c = runtime.AddCleanup(&fs, func(fd uintptr) {
+		_ = syscall.Close(int(fd))
+	}, fd)
+	return &fs
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying filesystem context.
+func (fs *FS) Close() error {
+	if fs == nil {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	err := syscall.Close(int(fs.fd))
+	fs.c.Stop()
+	return err
+}
+
+// OpenFS creates a new filesystem context.
+func OpenFS(fsname string, flags int) (fs *FS, err error) {
+	var s *byte
+	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(fsname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fd, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+		SYS_FSOPEN,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s)),
+		uintptr(flags|FSOPEN_CLOEXEC),
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsopen", errno)
+	} else {
+		fs = newFS(fd)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// PickFS selects filesystem for reconfiguration.
+func PickFS(dirfd int, pathname string, flags int) (fs *FS, err error) {
+	var s *byte
+	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(pathname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fd, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+		SYS_FSPICK,
+		uintptr(dirfd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s)),
+		uintptr(flags|FSPICK_CLOEXEC),
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fspick", errno)
+	} else {
+		fs = newFS(fd)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// config configures new or existing filesystem context.
+func (fs *FS) config(cmd uint, key *byte, value unsafe.Pointer, aux int) (err error) {
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
+		SYS_FSCONFIG,
+		fs.fd,
+		uintptr(cmd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(key)),
+		uintptr(value),
+		uintptr(aux),
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsconfig", errno)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// SetFlag sets the flag parameter named by key. ([FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG])
+func (fs *FS) SetFlag(key string) (err error) {
+	var s *byte
+	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return fs.config(FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, s, nil, 0)
+}
+
+// SetString sets the string parameter named by key to the value specified by
+// value. ([FSCONFIG_SET_STRING])
+func (fs *FS) SetString(key, value string) (err error) {
+	var s0 *byte
+	s0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var s1 *byte
+	s1, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return fs.config(FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, s0, unsafe.Pointer(s1), 0)
+}
+
+// mount instantiates mount object from filesystem context.
+func (fs *FS) mount(flags, attrFlags int) (fsfd int, err error) {
+	r, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
+		SYS_FSMOUNT,
+		fs.fd,
+		uintptr(flags|FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC),
+		uintptr(attrFlags),
+	)
+	fsfd = int(r)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsmount", errno)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MoveMount moves or attaches mount object to filesystem.
+func MoveMount(
+	fromDirfd int,
+	fromPathname string,
+	toDirfd int,
+	toPathname string,
+	flags int,
+) (err error) {
+	var s0 *byte
+	s0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(fromPathname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var s1 *byte
+	s1, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(toPathname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
+		SYS_MOVE_MOUNT,
+		uintptr(fromDirfd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s0)),
+		uintptr(toDirfd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s1)),
+		uintptr(flags),
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = os.NewSyscallError("move_mount", errno)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Mount attaches the underlying filesystem context to the specified pathname.
+func (fs *FS) Mount(pathname string, attrFlags int) error {
+	if err := fs.config(FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL, nil, nil, 0); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fd, err := fs.mount(0, attrFlags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	err = MoveMount(
+		fd, "",
+		-1, pathname,
+		MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH,
+	)
+	closeErr := syscall.Close(fd)
+	if err == nil {
+		err = closeErr
+	}
+	return err
+}

fhs/abs.go

@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ var (
 	AbsDevShm = unsafeAbs(DevShm)
 	// AbsProc is [Proc] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProc = unsafeAbs(Proc)
+	// AbsProcSys is [ProcSys] as [check.Absolute].
+	AbsProcSys = unsafeAbs(ProcSys)
 	// AbsProcSelfExe is [ProcSelfExe] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProcSelfExe = unsafeAbs(ProcSelfExe)
 	// AbsSys is [Sys] as [check.Absolute].

flake.lock

@@ -7,32 +7,32 @@
         ]
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1772985280,
-        "narHash": "sha256-FdrNykOoY9VStevU4zjSUdvsL9SzJTcXt4omdEDZDLk=",
+        "lastModified": 1780361225,
+        "narHash": "sha256-wnV9ttf4fPWNonBIQmvlrSlNpQYgx5HgWWd007mwIFA=",
         "owner": "nix-community",
         "repo": "home-manager",
-        "rev": "8f736f007139d7f70752657dff6a401a585d6cbc",
+        "rev": "e28654b71096e08c019d4861ca26acb646f583d8",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
         "owner": "nix-community",
-        "ref": "release-25.11",
+        "ref": "release-26.05",
         "repo": "home-manager",
         "type": "github"
       }
     },
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1772822230,
-        "narHash": "sha256-yf3iYLGbGVlIthlQIk5/4/EQDZNNEmuqKZkQssMljuw=",
+        "lastModified": 1780453794,
+        "narHash": "sha256-bXMRa9VTsHSPXL4Cw8R6JJLQeY3Y/IP4+YJCYVmQ7FY=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "71caefce12ba78d84fe618cf61644dce01cf3a96",
+        "rev": "6b316287bae2ee04c9b93c8c858d930fd07d7338",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
         "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixos-25.11",
+        "ref": "nixos-26.05",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
         "type": "github"
       }

flake.nix

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
   description = "hakurei container tool and nixos module";
 
   inputs = {
-    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-25.11";
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-26.05";
 
     home-manager = {
-      url = "github:nix-community/home-manager/release-25.11";
+      url = "github:nix-community/home-manager/release-26.05";
       inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
     };
   };
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
           inherit (pkgs)
             runCommandLocal
             callPackage
-            nixfmt-rfc-style
+            nixfmt
             deadnix
             statix
             ;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 
           sharefs = callPackage ./cmd/sharefs/test { inherit system self; };
 
-          formatting = runCommandLocal "check-formatting" { nativeBuildInputs = [ nixfmt-rfc-style ]; } ''
+          formatting = runCommandLocal "check-formatting" { nativeBuildInputs = [ nixfmt ]; } ''
             cd ${./.}
 
             echo "running nixfmt..."
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@
                 GOCACHE="$(mktemp -d)" \
                 PATH="${pkgs.pkgsStatic.musl.bin}/bin:$PATH" \
                 DESTDIR="$out" \
-                HAKUREI_VERSION="v${hakurei.version}" \
                   ./all.sh
               '';
         }

hst/fs.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
 )
@@ -78,17 +79,17 @@ type FSImplError struct{ Value FilesystemConfig }
 
 func (f FSImplError) Error() string {
 	implType := reflect.TypeOf(f.Value)
-	var name string
-	for implType != nil && implType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-		name += "*"
+	var buf strings.Builder
+	for implType != nil && implType.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+		buf.WriteByte('*')
 		implType = implType.Elem()
 	}
 	if implType != nil {
-		name += implType.Name()
+		buf.WriteString(implType.Name())
 	} else {
-		name += "nil"
+		buf.WriteString("nil")
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("implementation %s not supported", name)
+	return "implementation " + buf.String() + " not supported"
 }
 
 // FilesystemConfigJSON is the [json] adapter for [FilesystemConfig].

hst/fs_test.go

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func TestFilesystemConfigJSON(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Run("marshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Parallel()
 				wantErr := tc.wantErr
-				if errors.As(wantErr, new(hst.FSTypeError)) {
+				if _, ok := errors.AsType[hst.FSTypeError](wantErr); ok {
 					// for unsupported implementation tc
 					wantErr = hst.FSImplError{Value: stubFS{"cat"}}
 				}
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func TestFilesystemConfigJSON(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Run("unmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Parallel()
 				if tc.data == "\x00" && tc.sData == "\x00" {
-					if errors.As(tc.wantErr, new(hst.FSImplError)) {
+					if _, ok := errors.AsType[hst.FSImplError](tc.wantErr); ok {
 						// this error is only returned on marshal
 						return
 					}

hst/fsephemeral.go

@@ -43,18 +43,13 @@ func (e *FSEphemeral) Apply(z *ApplyState) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	size := e.Size
-	if size < 0 {
-		size = 0
-	}
-
 	perm := e.Perm
 	if perm == 0 {
 		perm = fsEphemeralDefaultPerm
 	}
 
 	if e.Write {
-		z.Tmpfs(e.Target, size, perm)
+		z.Tmpfs(e.Target, max(e.Size, 0), perm)
 	} else {
 		z.Readonly(e.Target, perm)
 	}

internal/dbus/address.go

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func unescapeValue(v []byte) (val []byte, errno ParseError) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		if ib := bytes.IndexByte([]byte("-_/.\\*"), b); ib != -1 { // - // _/.\*
+		if found := bytes.Contains([]byte("-_/.\\*"), []byte{b}); found { // - // _/.\*
 			goto opt
 		} else if b >= '0' && b <= '9' { // 0-9
 			goto opt
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func unescapeValue(v []byte) (val []byte, errno ParseError) {
 			break
 		}
 		if c, err := hex.Decode(val[i:i+1], v[iu+1:iu+3]); err != nil {
-			if errors.As(err, new(hex.InvalidByteError)) {
+			if _, ok := errors.AsType[hex.InvalidByteError](err); ok {
 				errno = ErrBadValHexByte
 				break
 			}

internal/kobject/event.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package kobject
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"maps"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -28,6 +29,22 @@ type Event struct {
 	Subsystem string `json:"subsystem"`
 }
 
+// Clone returns a copy of e.
+func (e *Event) Clone() Event {
+	v := *e
+	v.Env = maps.Clone(e.Env)
+	return v
+}
+
+// makeColdboot allocates a new [Object] from e in [StateColdboot].
+func (e *Event) makeColdboot() *Object {
+	return &Object{
+		State:     StateColdboot,
+		DevPath:   e.DevPath,
+		Subsystem: e.Subsystem,
+	}
+}
+
 // Populate populates e with the contents of a [uevent.Message].
 //
 // The ACTION and DEVPATH environment variables are ignored and assumed to be

internal/kobject/kobject.go

@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+// Package kobject interprets uevent messages from a NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT socket.
+package kobject
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/report"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/uevent"
+)
+
+const (
+	// StateColdboot denotes an [Object] populated by a coldboot event. It is
+	// eligible for all event actions.
+	StateColdboot = iota
+	// StateNew denotes an [Object] previously populated by a [uevent.KOBJ_ADD]
+	// event, but has not yet been targeted by a [uevent.KOBJ_BIND] event, or
+	// has been targeted by a [uevent.KOBJ_UNBIND] event.
+	StateNew
+	// StateBound denotes an [Object] that has been targeted by a
+	// [uevent.KOBJ_BIND] and has not been targeted by a [uevent.KOBJ_UNBIND]
+	// after that.
+	StateBound
+)
+
+// Object represents a kernel object.
+type Object struct {
+	// Origin of the object.
+	State int `json:"state,omitempty"`
+	// Set by [uevent.KOBJ_OFFLINE] and [uevent.KOBJ_ONLINE].
+	Offline bool `json:"offline,omitempty"`
+
+	// alloc_uevent_skb: devpath
+	DevPath string `json:"devpath"`
+	// registered per-driver (optional)
+	ModAlias string `json:"modalias,omitempty"`
+	// dev_driver_uevent: drv->name (optional)
+	Driver string `json:"driver,omitempty"`
+
+	// SUBSYSTEM value set by the kernel.
+	Subsystem string `json:"subsystem"`
+
+	// Uninterpreted environment variable pairs. An entry missing a separator
+	// gains the value "\x00".
+	Env map[string]string `json:"env"`
+}
+
+// Clone returns the address of a copy of o.
+func (o *Object) Clone() *Object {
+	v := *o
+	v.Env = maps.Clone(o.Env)
+	return &v
+}
+
+// GoString returns compound literal for the underlying value.
+func (o *Object) GoString() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("&%#v", *o)
+}
+
+// merge merges uninterpreted environment variable pairs from an [Event].
+func (o *Object) merge(env map[string]string) {
+	for k, v := range env {
+		if v == "\x00" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch k {
+		case "MODALIAS":
+			o.ModAlias = v
+			continue
+
+		case "DRIVER":
+			o.Driver = v
+			continue
+
+		default:
+			if o.Env == nil {
+				o.Env = make(map[string]string)
+			}
+			o.Env[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// update updates o with pairs from env, optionally stripping visited pairs.
+func (o *Object) update(env map[string]string, strip bool) {
+	for k := range o.Env {
+		if v, ok := env[k]; ok {
+			if strip {
+				delete(env, k)
+			}
+			o.Env[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A pendingIterator is a callback currently iterating through objects targeted
+// by ongoing events.
+type pendingIterator struct {
+	f    func(o *Object, act uevent.KobjectAction) bool
+	done chan<- struct{}
+}
+
+// State processes a stream of [Event] populated from [uevent.Message] received
+// from a NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT socket and presents an efficient representation
+// of kernel state.
+type State struct {
+	// Next expected SEQNUM.
+	seq uint64
+	// DevPath to environment variables.
+	uevent map[string]*Object
+	// Synchronises access to uevent and its objects.
+	ueventMu sync.RWMutex
+	// Alive iterators.
+	iter []*pendingIterator
+	// Synchronises access to iter.
+	iterMu sync.Mutex
+	// UUID for synthetic [uevent.Coldboot] events.
+	coldboot uevent.UUID
+	// Called on [uevent.KOBJ_CHANGE] with stripped environment variables.
+	handleChange func(o *Object, env map[string]string)
+	// Reports errors populating [Event] from [uevent.Message]. A user-supplied
+	// nil value is replaced with a noop.
+	reportErr func(error)
+}
+
+// New returns the address of a new [State].
+func New(
+	coldboot uevent.UUID,
+	handleChange func(o *Object, env map[string]string),
+	reportErr func(error),
+) *State {
+	return &State{
+		uevent:       make(map[string]*Object),
+		coldboot:     coldboot,
+		handleChange: handleChange,
+		reportErr:    reportErr,
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteIter removes an iterator from s. Must be called after acquiring iterMu.
+func (s *State) deleteIter(p *pendingIterator) {
+	s.iter = slices.DeleteFunc(s.iter, func(v *pendingIterator) bool {
+		return p == v
+	})
+}
+
+// dispatchIter broadcasts an [Object] to all alive iterators.
+func (s *State) dispatchIter(o *Object, act uevent.KobjectAction) {
+	s.iterMu.Lock()
+	defer s.iterMu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, p := range s.iter {
+		if !p.f(o, act) {
+			s.deleteIter(p)
+			close(p.done)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Range calls f on all current and upcoming [Object] values tracked by s until
+// f returns false or the context is cancelled. f must not retain o or modify
+// the value it points to.
+func (s *State) Range(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	f func(o *Object, act uevent.KobjectAction) bool,
+) {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	p := pendingIterator{f, done}
+
+	s.iterMu.Lock()
+	s.ueventMu.RLock()
+	for _, o := range s.uevent {
+		if !f(o, uevent.KOBJ_ADD) {
+			s.ueventMu.RUnlock()
+			s.iterMu.Unlock()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	s.ueventMu.RUnlock()
+	s.iter = append(s.iter, &p)
+	s.iterMu.Unlock()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		s.iterMu.Lock()
+		s.deleteIter(&p)
+		s.iterMu.Unlock()
+		return
+
+	case <-done:
+		// deregistered by dispatchIter
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// An EventError describes a malformed or inconsistent [Event].
+type EventError struct {
+	Kind int     `json:"fault"`
+	E    Event   `json:"event"`
+	O    *Object `json:"object,omitempty"`
+}
+
+var _ report.RepresentableError = EventError{}
+
+func (EventError) Representable() {}
+
+const (
+	// EUnexpectedColdboot is reported for a coldboot event with action other
+	// than the expected [uevent.KOBJ_ADD].
+	EUnexpectedColdboot = iota
+	// EDuplicateAdd is reported for a [uevent.KOBJ_ADD] event on a
+	// still-existing entry that was not the result of a coldboot.
+	EDuplicateAdd
+	// EBadTarget is reported for an event on a nonexistent [Object]. This is
+	// generally only possible before coldboot completes.
+	EBadTarget
+	// ERemoveState is reported for a [uevent.KOBJ_REMOVE] event targeting an
+	// entry in a state other than [StateColdboot] and [StateNew].
+	ERemoveState
+	// EUnexpectedOffline is reported for a [uevent.KOBJ_OFFLINE] or
+	// [uevent.KOBJ_ONLINE] event targeting an already offline or online object.
+	EUnexpectedOffline
+	// EBindState is reported for a [uevent.KOBJ_BIND] event targeting an entry
+	// in a state other than [StateColdboot] and [StateNew].
+	EBindState
+	// EUnbindState is reported for a [uevent.KOBJ_UNBIND] event targeting an
+	// entry in a state other than [StateBound].
+	EUnbindState
+	// EMalformedMove is reported for a [uevent.KOBJ_MOVE] event missing the
+	// DEVPATH_OLD environment variable.
+	EMalformedMove
+)
+
+func (e EventError) Error() string {
+	switch e.Kind {
+	case EUnexpectedColdboot:
+		return "unexpected " + e.E.Action.String() + " coldboot event"
+	case EDuplicateAdd:
+		return "duplicate add event on devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath)
+	case EBadTarget:
+		return "unexpected " + e.E.Action.String() + " event on devpath " +
+			strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath)
+	case ERemoveState:
+		if e.O == nil {
+			return "invalid remove event error"
+		}
+		return "remove event targeting devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath) +
+			" in state " + strconv.Itoa(e.O.State)
+	case EUnexpectedOffline:
+		if e.O == nil {
+			return "invalid unexpected offline error"
+		}
+		if e.O.Offline {
+			return "offline event targeting devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath)
+		}
+		return "online event targeting devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath)
+	case EBindState:
+		if e.O == nil {
+			return "invalid bind state error"
+		}
+		return "bind event targeting devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath) +
+			" in state " + strconv.Itoa(e.O.State)
+	case EUnbindState:
+		if e.O == nil {
+			return "invalid unbind state error"
+		}
+		return "unbind event targeting devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath) +
+			" in state " + strconv.Itoa(e.O.State)
+	case EMalformedMove:
+		return "move event targeting devpath " + strconv.Quote(e.E.DevPath) +
+			" missing DEVPATH_OLD"
+
+	default:
+		return "invalid event error kind " + strconv.Itoa(e.Kind)
+	}
+}
+
+// NewError returns a new [EventError] for e and o.
+func (e *Event) NewError(kind int, o *Object) error {
+	if o != nil {
+		o = o.Clone()
+	}
+	return EventError{kind, e.Clone(), o}
+}
+
+// processEvent merges an event into s.
+func (s *State) processEvent(e *Event) {
+	s.ueventMu.Lock()
+	defer s.ueventMu.Unlock()
+
+	coldboot := e.Synth != nil
+	if e.Action != uevent.KOBJ_ADD && coldboot {
+		s.reportErr(e.NewError(EUnexpectedColdboot, nil))
+		return
+	}
+
+	switch act := e.Action; act {
+	case uevent.KOBJ_ADD:
+		if e.Synth == nil {
+			if o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]; ok {
+				s.reportErr(e.NewError(EDuplicateAdd, o))
+				o.merge(e.Env)
+				s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		o := e.makeColdboot()
+		if !coldboot {
+			o.State = StateNew
+		}
+		o.merge(e.Env)
+		s.uevent[e.DevPath] = o
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_REMOVE:
+		if o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]; !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			return
+		} else if o.State != StateColdboot && o.State != StateNew {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(ERemoveState, o))
+		}
+		delete(s.uevent, e.DevPath)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_CHANGE:
+		o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]
+		if !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			// this suffers from the coldboot race window similar to KOBJ_MOVE,
+			// however this action combines driver-specific and change-specific
+			// environment variables and combines them with environment
+			// variables meant to convey state of the kobject, and it is not
+			// possible to reliably separate them, so this fallback avoids the
+			// race at the cost of including some garbage in tracked state
+			o = e.makeColdboot()
+			o.merge(e.Env)
+			s.uevent[e.DevPath] = o
+			s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+			return
+		}
+		o.update(e.Env, true)
+		if s.handleChange != nil {
+			s.handleChange(o, e.Env)
+		}
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_MOVE:
+		var o *Object
+		if old, ok := e.Env["DEVPATH_OLD"]; !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EMalformedMove, nil))
+			// not reached
+			o = e.makeColdboot()
+		} else if o, ok = s.uevent[old]; !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			// this generally happens during coldboot, dropping the event here
+			// may cause inconsistent state if the coldboot event for this
+			// object was generated before the bind event
+			delete(e.Env, "DEVPATH_OLD")
+			o = e.makeColdboot()
+		} else {
+			delete(s.uevent, old)
+			delete(e.Env, "DEVPATH_OLD")
+		}
+		o.merge(e.Env)
+		s.uevent[e.DevPath] = o
+		o.DevPath = e.DevPath
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_ONLINE:
+		o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]
+		if !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			// coldboot race window similar to an unexpected KOBJ_MOVE
+			o = e.makeColdboot()
+			s.uevent[e.DevPath] = o
+			o.merge(e.Env)
+		}
+		if !o.Offline {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EUnexpectedOffline, o))
+		}
+		o.Offline = false
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_OFFLINE:
+		o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]
+		if !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			// coldboot race window similar to an unexpected KOBJ_MOVE
+			o = e.makeColdboot()
+			s.uevent[e.DevPath] = o
+			o.merge(e.Env)
+		}
+		if o.Offline {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EUnexpectedOffline, o))
+		}
+		o.Offline = true
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_BIND:
+		o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]
+		if !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			// coldboot race window similar to an unexpected KOBJ_MOVE
+			o = e.makeColdboot()
+			s.uevent[e.DevPath] = o
+		}
+		if o.State != StateColdboot && o.State != StateNew {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBindState, o))
+		}
+		o.State = StateBound
+		o.merge(e.Env)
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	case uevent.KOBJ_UNBIND:
+		o, ok := s.uevent[e.DevPath]
+		if !ok {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EBadTarget, nil))
+			// coldboot race window similar to an unexpected KOBJ_MOVE, but does
+			// not result in inconsistent state if dropped
+			return
+		}
+		if o.State != StateBound {
+			s.reportErr(e.NewError(EUnbindState, o))
+		}
+		o.State = StateNew
+		o.Driver = ""
+		s.dispatchIter(o, act)
+		return
+
+	default: // not reached
+		s.reportErr(fmt.Errorf("invalid action %d", e.Action))
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// BadSequenceError is reported for an unexpected SEQNUM.
+type BadSequenceError struct{ Got, Want uint64 }
+
+func (e BadSequenceError) Error() string {
+	return "SEQNUM=" + strconv.FormatUint(e.Got, 10) +
+		", want " + strconv.FormatUint(e.Want, 10)
+}
+
+// Consume receives uevent messages and updates s to reflect state of kernel.
+func (s *State) Consume(ctx context.Context, events <-chan *uevent.Message) {
+	if s.uevent == nil {
+		s.uevent = make(map[string]*Object)
+	}
+	if s.reportErr == nil {
+		s.reportErr = func(error) {}
+	}
+
+	var e Event
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+
+		case m, ok := <-events:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			e.Populate(s.reportErr, m)
+
+			// skip external synthetic event
+			if e.Synth != nil && *e.Synth != s.coldboot {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if s.seq == 0 {
+				s.seq = e.Sequence
+			}
+			if s.seq != e.Sequence {
+				s.reportErr(BadSequenceError{e.Sequence, s.seq})
+			}
+			s.seq++
+			s.processEvent(&e)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/kobject/testdata/00-coldboot

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:LNXPWRBN:","SEQNUM=777"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/wakeup/wakeup7","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/wakeup/wakeup7","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=778"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/ACPI0010:00/LNXCPU:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/ACPI0010:00/LNXCPU:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:LNXCPU:","SEQNUM=779"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/ACPI0010:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/ACPI0010:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:ACPI0010:PNP0A05:","SEQNUM=780"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0103:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0103:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0103:","SEQNUM=781"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/PNP0A06:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/PNP0A06:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0A06:","SEQNUM=782"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/PNP0A06:01","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/PNP0A06:01","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0A06:","SEQNUM=783"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/PNP0A06:02","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/PNP0A06:02","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0A06:","SEQNUM=784"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/QEMU0002:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/QEMU0002:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:QEMU0002:","SEQNUM=785"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=786"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:00/wakeup/wakeup0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:00/wakeup/wakeup0","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=787"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0303:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0303:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0303:","SEQNUM=788"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0400:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0400:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0400:","SEQNUM=789"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0501:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0501:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0501:","SEQNUM=790"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0700:00/device:02","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0700:00/device:02","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=791"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0700:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0700:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0700:","SEQNUM=792"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0B00:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0B00:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0B00:","SEQNUM=793"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0F13:00","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/PNP0F13:00","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MODALIAS=acpi:PNP0F13:","SEQNUM=794"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=795"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/wakeup/wakeup1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:01/wakeup/wakeup1","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=796"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:03","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:03","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=797"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:03/wakeup/wakeup2","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:03/wakeup/wakeup2","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=798"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:04","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:04","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=799"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:04/wakeup/wakeup3","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:04/wakeup/wakeup3","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=800"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:05","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:05","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=801"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:05/wakeup/wakeup4","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:05/wakeup/wakeup4","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=802"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:06","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:06","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=803"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:06/wakeup/wakeup5","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:06/wakeup/wakeup5","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=804"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=805"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=806"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:09","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:09","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=807"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0a","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0a","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=808"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0b","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0b","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=809"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0c","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0c","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=810"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0d","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0d","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=811"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0e","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0e","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=812"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0f","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:0f","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=813"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:10","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:10","SUBSYSTEM=acpi","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=814"]}
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+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/vc/vcsa1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/vc/vcsa1","SUBSYSTEM=vc","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MAJOR=7","MINOR=129","DEVNAME=vcsa1","SEQNUM=1004"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/vc/vcsu","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/vc/vcsu","SUBSYSTEM=vc","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MAJOR=7","MINOR=64","DEVNAME=vcsu","SEQNUM=1005"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/vc/vcsu1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/vc/vcsu1","SUBSYSTEM=vc","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","MAJOR=7","MINOR=65","DEVNAME=vcsu1","SEQNUM=1006"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/vtconsole/vtcon0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/vtconsole/vtcon0","SUBSYSTEM=vtconsole","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1007"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-auth-wq","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-auth-wq","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1008"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-delete-wq","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-delete-wq","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1009"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-reset-wq","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-reset-wq","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1010"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-wq","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/nvme-wq","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1011"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/scsi_tmf_0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/scsi_tmf_0","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1012"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/scsi_tmf_1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/scsi_tmf_1","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1013"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/workqueue/writeback","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/workqueue/writeback","SUBSYSTEM=workqueue","SYNTH_UUID=fe4d7c9d-b8c6-4a70-9ef1-3d8a58d18eed","SEQNUM=1014"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07/wakeup/wakeup8","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07/wakeup/wakeup8","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1015"]}
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+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/virtio1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/virtio1","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1017"]}
+{"action":"bind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","env":["ACTION=bind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","DRIVER=virtio-pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:04.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1018"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1019"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1020"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1021"]}
+{"action":"bind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=bind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","DRIVER=virtio-pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1022"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/virtio1","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/virtio1","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1023"]}
+{"action":"unbind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","env":["ACTION=unbind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:04.0","SEQNUM=1024"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07/wakeup/wakeup8","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07/wakeup/wakeup8","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1025"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:04.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1026"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1027"]}
+{"action":"unbind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=unbind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","SEQNUM=1028"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1029"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1030"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07/wakeup/wakeup8","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:07/wakeup/wakeup8","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1031"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:04.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1032"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/virtio1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/virtio1","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1033"]}
+{"action":"bind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","env":["ACTION=bind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","DRIVER=virtio-pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:04.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1034"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1035"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1036"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1037"]}
+{"action":"bind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=bind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","DRIVER=virtio-pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1038"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2","SUBSYSTEM=virtio","MODALIAS=virtio:d00000019v00001AF4","SEQNUM=1039"]}
+{"action":"unbind","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=unbind","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","SEQNUM=1040"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/device:08/wakeup/wakeup9","SUBSYSTEM=wakeup","SEQNUM=1041"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0","SUBSYSTEM=pci","PCI_CLASS=40100","PCI_ID=1AF4:1059","PCI_SUBSYS_ID=1AF4:1100","PCI_SLOT_NAME=0000:00:05.0","MODALIAS=pci:v00001AF4d00001059sv00001AF4sd00001100bc04sc01i00","SEQNUM=1042"]}

internal/kobject/testdata/01-move

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"action":"move","devpath":"/devices/virtual/net/_lo","env":["ACTION=move","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/net/_lo","SUBSYSTEM=net","DEVPATH_OLD=/devices/virtual/net/lo","INTERFACE=_lo","IFINDEX=1","SEQNUM=1043"]}

internal/kobject/testdata/02-cpu

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","SUBSYSTEM=machinecheck","SEQNUM=1044"]}
+{"action":"offline","devpath":"/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","env":["ACTION=offline","DEVPATH=/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","SUBSYSTEM=cpu","DRIVER=processor","MODALIAS=cpu:type:x86,ven0002fam000Fmod006B:feature:,0000,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000B,000C,000D,000E,000F,0010,0011,0013,0017,0018,0019,001A,001C,0020,0022,0023,0024,0025,0026,0027,0028,0029,002B,002C,002D,002E,002F,0030,0031,0034,0037,0038,003D,0064,006E,0070,0074,0075,0076,0079,007A,007F,0080,008D,0095,009F,00C0,00C1,00C8,00ED,00F3,010F,0115,0165,016C,0282\n","SEQNUM=1045"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","SUBSYSTEM=machinecheck","SEQNUM=1046"]}
+{"action":"online","devpath":"/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","env":["ACTION=online","DEVPATH=/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","SUBSYSTEM=cpu","DRIVER=processor","MODALIAS=cpu:type:x86,ven0002fam000Fmod006B:feature:,0000,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000B,000C,000D,000E,000F,0010,0011,0013,0017,0018,0019,001A,001C,0020,0022,0023,0024,0025,0026,0027,0028,0029,002B,002C,002D,002E,002F,0030,0031,0034,0037,0038,003D,0064,006E,0070,0074,0075,0076,0079,007A,007F,0080,008D,0095,009F,00C0,00C1,00C8,00ED,00F3,010F,0115,0165,016C,0282\n","SEQNUM=1047"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","SUBSYSTEM=machinecheck","SEQNUM=1048"]}
+{"action":"offline","devpath":"/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","env":["ACTION=offline","DEVPATH=/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","SUBSYSTEM=cpu","DRIVER=processor","MODALIAS=cpu:type:x86,ven0002fam000Fmod006B:feature:,0000,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000B,000C,000D,000E,000F,0010,0011,0013,0017,0018,0019,001A,001C,0020,0022,0023,0024,0025,0026,0027,0028,0029,002B,002C,002D,002E,002F,0030,0031,0034,0037,0038,003D,0064,006E,0070,0074,0075,0076,0079,007A,007F,0080,008D,0095,009F,00C0,00C1,00C8,00ED,00F3,010F,0115,0165,016C,0282\n","SEQNUM=1049"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/system/machinecheck/machinecheck0","SUBSYSTEM=machinecheck","SEQNUM=1050"]}
+{"action":"online","devpath":"/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","env":["ACTION=online","DEVPATH=/devices/system/cpu/cpu0","SUBSYSTEM=cpu","DRIVER=processor","MODALIAS=cpu:type:x86,ven0002fam000Fmod006B:feature:,0000,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000B,000C,000D,000E,000F,0010,0011,0013,0017,0018,0019,001A,001C,0020,0022,0023,0024,0025,0026,0027,0028,0029,002B,002C,002D,002E,002F,0030,0031,0034,0037,0038,003D,0064,006E,0070,0074,0075,0076,0079,007A,007F,0080,008D,0095,009F,00C0,00C1,00C8,00ED,00F3,010F,0115,0165,016C,0282\n","SEQNUM=1051"]}

internal/kobject/testdata/03-loop

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/misc/loop-control","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/misc/loop-control","SUBSYSTEM=misc","MAJOR=10","MINOR=237","DEVNAME=loop-control","SEQNUM=1052"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:0","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1053"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop0","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop0","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=0","DEVNAME=loop0","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=2","SEQNUM=1054"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:1","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1055"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop1","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop1","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=1","DEVNAME=loop1","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=3","SEQNUM=1056"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:2","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:2","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1057"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop2","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop2","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=2","DEVNAME=loop2","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=4","SEQNUM=1058"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:3","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:3","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1059"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop3","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop3","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=3","DEVNAME=loop3","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=5","SEQNUM=1060"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:4","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:4","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1061"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop4","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop4","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=4","DEVNAME=loop4","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=6","SEQNUM=1062"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:5","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:5","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1063"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop5","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop5","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=5","DEVNAME=loop5","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=7","SEQNUM=1064"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:6","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:6","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1065"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop6","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop6","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=6","DEVNAME=loop6","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=8","SEQNUM=1066"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:7","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:7","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1067"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop7","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop7","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=7","DEVNAME=loop7","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=9","SEQNUM=1068"]}
+{"action":"add","devpath":"/module/loop","env":["ACTION=add","DEVPATH=/module/loop","SUBSYSTEM=module","SEQNUM=1069"]}
+{"action":"change","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop0","env":["ACTION=change","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop0","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=0","DEVNAME=loop0","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=10","SEQNUM=1070"]}

internal/kobject/testdata/04-loop-detach

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"action":"change","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop0","env":["ACTION=change","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop0","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=0","DEVNAME=loop0","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=10","SEQNUM=1071"]}
+{"action":"change","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop0","env":["ACTION=change","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop0","SUBSYSTEM=block","DISK_MEDIA_CHANGE=1","MAJOR=7","MINOR=0","DEVNAME=loop0","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=10","SEQNUM=1072"]}

internal/kobject/testdata/05-loop-remove

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/misc/loop-control","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/misc/loop-control","SUBSYSTEM=misc","MAJOR=10","MINOR=237","DEVNAME=loop-control","SEQNUM=1073"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:0","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1074"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop0","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop0","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=0","DEVNAME=loop0","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=11","SEQNUM=1075"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:1","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:1","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1076"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop1","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop1","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=1","DEVNAME=loop1","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=3","SEQNUM=1077"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:2","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:2","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1078"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop2","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop2","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=2","DEVNAME=loop2","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=4","SEQNUM=1079"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:3","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:3","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1080"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop3","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop3","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=3","DEVNAME=loop3","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=5","SEQNUM=1081"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:4","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:4","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1082"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop4","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop4","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=4","DEVNAME=loop4","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=6","SEQNUM=1083"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:5","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:5","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1084"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop5","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop5","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=5","DEVNAME=loop5","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=7","SEQNUM=1085"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:6","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:6","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1086"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop6","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop6","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=6","DEVNAME=loop6","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=8","SEQNUM=1087"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/bdi/7:7","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/bdi/7:7","SUBSYSTEM=bdi","SEQNUM=1088"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/devices/virtual/block/loop7","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/devices/virtual/block/loop7","SUBSYSTEM=block","MAJOR=7","MINOR=7","DEVNAME=loop7","DEVTYPE=disk","DISKSEQ=9","SEQNUM=1089"]}
+{"action":"remove","devpath":"/module/loop","env":["ACTION=remove","DEVPATH=/module/loop","SUBSYSTEM=module","SEQNUM=1090"]}

internal/lockedfile/transform_test.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func TestTransform(t *testing.T) {
 
 	const maxChunkWords = 8 << 10
 	buf := make([]byte, 2*maxChunkWords*8)
-	for i := uint64(0); i < 2*maxChunkWords; i++ {
+	for i := range uint64(2 * maxChunkWords) {
 		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[i*8:], i)
 	}
 	if err := lockedfile.Write(path, bytes.NewReader(buf[:8]), 0666); err != nil {

internal/outcome/finalise.go

@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ func (k *outcome) finalise(
 	supp := make([]string, len(config.Groups))
 	for i, name := range config.Groups {
 		if gid, err := k.lookupGroupId(name); err != nil {
-			var unknownGroupError user.UnknownGroupError
-			if errors.As(err, &unknownGroupError) {
+			if unknownGroupError, ok := errors.AsType[user.UnknownGroupError](err); ok {
 				return newWithMessageError(fmt.Sprintf("unknown group %q", name), unknownGroupError)
 			} else {
 				return &hst.AppError{Step: "look up group by name", Err: err, Msg: err.Error()}

internal/outcome/hsu.go

@@ -51,18 +51,16 @@ func (h *Hsu) ID() (int, error) {
 		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr // pass through fatal messages
 		cmd.Env = make([]string, 0)
 		cmd.Dir = fhs.Root
-		var (
-			p         []byte
-			exitError *exec.ExitError
-		)
-
+		var p []byte
 		const step = "obtain uid from hsu"
 		if p, h.idErr = h.k.cmdOutput(cmd); h.idErr == nil {
 			h.id, h.idErr = strconv.Atoi(string(p))
 			if h.idErr != nil {
 				h.idErr = &hst.AppError{Step: step, Err: h.idErr, Msg: "invalid uid string from hsu"}
 			}
-		} else if errors.As(h.idErr, &exitError) && exitError != nil && exitError.ExitCode() == 1 {
+		} else if exitError, ok := errors.AsType[*exec.ExitError](h.idErr); ok &&
+			exitError != nil &&
+			exitError.ExitCode() == 1 {
 			// hsu prints an error message in this case
 			h.idErr = &hst.AppError{Step: step, Err: ErrHsuAccess}
 		} else if errors.Is(h.idErr, os.ErrNotExist) {

internal/outcome/process.go

@@ -328,11 +328,11 @@ func (k *outcome) main(msg message.Msg, identifierFd int) {
 				}
 
 				if err := k.sys.Revert((*system.Criteria)(&ec)); err != nil {
-					var joinError interface {
+					joinError, ok := errors.AsType[interface {
 						Unwrap() []error
 						error
-					}
-					if !errors.As(err, &joinError) || joinError == nil {
+					}](err)
+					if !ok || joinError == nil {
 						perror(err, "revert system setup")
 					} else {
 						for _, v := range joinError.Unwrap() {

internal/outcome/shim.go

@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ func shimEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher) {
 	if err := k.containerWait(z); err != nil {
 		sp.destroy()
 
-		var exitError *exec.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
+		exitError, ok := errors.AsType[*exec.ExitError](err)
+		if !ok {
 			if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 				k.exit(hst.ExitCancel)
 			}

internal/pipewire/pod.go

@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ func marshalValueAppendRaw(data []byte, v reflect.Value) ([]byte, error) {
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		data = SPA_TYPE_Struct.append(data)
 		var err error
-		for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
-			data, err = marshalValueAppend(data, v.Field(i))
+		for _, field := range v.Fields() {
+			data, err = marshalValueAppend(data, field)
 			if err != nil {
 				return data, err
 			}
@@ -370,8 +370,8 @@ func unmarshalValue(data []byte, v reflect.Value, wireSizeP *Word) error {
 		}
 
 		var fieldWireSize Word
-		for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
-			if err := unmarshalValue(data, v.Field(i), &fieldWireSize); err != nil {
+		for _, field := range v.Fields() {
+			if err := unmarshalValue(data, field, &fieldWireSize); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			// bounds check completed in successful call to unmarshalValue

internal/pkg/archive.go

@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+)
+
+/*
+| mode uint32 | path_sz uint32 |
+|        data_sz uint64        |
+|         path string          |
+|         data []byte          |
+*/
+
+// An ArchiveHeader represents a single header in an archive.
+type ArchiveHeader struct {
+	Mode fs.FileMode // file mode bits
+	Path string      // pathname of the file
+	Size uint64      // size of data segment
+}
+
+// Writer implements sequential writing of an archive. [Writer.WriteHeader]
+// begins a new file with the provided [ArchiveHeader], and then Writer can be
+// treated as an [io.Writer] to supply that file's data.
+//
+// It is the caller's responsibility to write entries in lexical order.
+type Writer struct {
+	// Underlying writer.
+	w io.Writer
+	// Current header.
+	h ArchiveHeader
+	// Fixed-size header segment.
+	buf [wordSize * 2]byte
+	// Current position in data segment.
+	n uint64
+}
+
+// NewWriter returns the address of a new [Writer] writing to w.
+func NewWriter(w io.Writer) *Writer { return &Writer{w: w} }
+
+var zero [wordSize]byte
+
+// padSize returns the padding size for aligning sz.
+func padSize[T int | uint64](sz T) T {
+	return (wordSize - (sz)%wordSize) % wordSize
+}
+
+// flush concludes writing to the current file and writes padding.
+func (aw *Writer) flush() error {
+	if aw.h.Size > aw.n {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missed writing %d bytes", aw.h.Size-aw.n)
+	} else if aw.h.Size < aw.n {
+		return fmt.Errorf("wrote %d bytes beyond end of file", aw.n-aw.h.Size)
+	}
+
+	if psz := padSize(aw.h.Size); psz != 0 {
+		if _, err := aw.w.Write(zero[:psz]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	aw.n = 0
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WriteHeader writes h and begins accepting its corresponding file.
+func (aw *Writer) WriteHeader(h *ArchiveHeader) error {
+	if err := aw.flush(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	aw.h = *h
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(aw.buf[:], uint32(aw.h.Mode))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(aw.buf[wordSize/2:], uint32(len(aw.h.Path)))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(aw.buf[wordSize:], aw.h.Size)
+	if _, err := aw.w.Write(aw.buf[:]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if _, err = aw.w.Write(
+		unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(aw.h.Path), len(aw.h.Path)),
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if psz := padSize(len(aw.h.Path)); psz != 0 {
+		if _, err = aw.w.Write(zero[:psz]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Write writes p to the underlying writer and records the new position. Invalid
+// positions are reported by WriteHeader and Close.
+func (aw *Writer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	n, err = aw.w.Write(p)
+	aw.n += uint64(n)
+	return
+}
+
+// Close concludes writing to the archive stream.
+func (aw *Writer) Close() (err error) {
+	err = aw.flush()
+	aw.w = nil
+	return
+}
+
+// ErrInsecurePath is returned by [FlatEntry.Decode] if validation is requested
+// and a nonlocal path is encountered in the stream.
+var ErrInsecurePath = errors.New("insecure file path")
+
+// Reader implements sequential reading of an archive. [Reader.Next] advances to
+// the next file in the archive (including the first), and then Reader can be
+// treated as an [io.Reader] to access the file's data.
+type Reader struct {
+	// Underlying reader.
+	r io.Reader
+	// Fixed-size header segment.
+	buf [wordSize * 2]byte
+	// Remaining bytes in current data segment.
+	n, pad uint64
+}
+
+// NewReader returns the address of a new [Reader] reading from r.
+func NewReader(r io.Reader) *Reader { return &Reader{r: r} }
+
+// Next advances ar to the next entry. Remaining bytes of the current data
+// segment are discarded. Advancing beyond the final entry returns [io.EOF].
+func (ar *Reader) Next() (*ArchiveHeader, error) {
+	if dsz := int64(ar.n + ar.pad); dsz > 0 {
+		if n, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, ar.r, dsz); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && n != dsz {
+				err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(ar.r, ar.buf[:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	h := ArchiveHeader{
+		Mode: fs.FileMode(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(ar.buf[:])),
+		Size: binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(ar.buf[wordSize:]),
+	}
+	pathSize := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(ar.buf[wordSize/2:]))
+	pPathSize := alignSize(pathSize)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, pPathSize)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(ar.r, buf); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	h.Path = unsafe.String(unsafe.SliceData(buf), pathSize)
+	if !filepath.IsLocal(h.Path) {
+		return &h, ErrInsecurePath
+	}
+
+	ar.n = h.Size
+	ar.pad = padSize(h.Size)
+	return &h, nil
+}
+
+// Read implements [io.Reader] for the data segment of the current entry.
+func (ar *Reader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if uint64(len(p)) > ar.n {
+		p = p[:ar.n]
+	}
+
+	if len(p) > 0 {
+		n, err = ar.r.Read(p)
+		ar.n -= uint64(n)
+	}
+
+	switch err {
+	case io.EOF:
+		if ar.n > 0 {
+			return n, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		}
+
+	case nil:
+		if ar.n == 0 {
+			return n, io.EOF
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Write writes a deterministic representation of the contents of fsys to w.
+// The resulting data can be hashed to produce a deterministic checksum for the
+// directory.
+func Write(fsys fs.FS, root string, w io.Writer) error {
+	aw := NewWriter(w)
+	if err := fs.WalkDir(fsys, root, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		var fi fs.FileInfo
+		fi, err = d.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		h := ArchiveHeader{
+			Path: path,
+			Mode: fi.Mode(),
+		}
+		if h.Mode.IsRegular() {
+			h.Size = uint64(fi.Size())
+			if err = aw.WriteHeader(&h); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			var r fs.File
+			r, err = fsys.Open(path)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			_, err = io.Copy(aw, r)
+			if _err := r.Close(); err == nil {
+				err = _err
+			}
+			return err
+		} else if h.Mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0 {
+			var newpath string
+			if newpath, err = fs.ReadLink(fsys, path); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			h.Size = uint64(len(newpath))
+			if err = aw.WriteHeader(&h); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			_, err = aw.Write(unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(newpath), len(newpath)))
+			return err
+		} else if !h.Mode.IsDir() {
+			return InvalidFileModeError(h.Mode)
+		}
+		return aw.WriteHeader(&h)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return aw.Close()
+}
+
+// SumFS saves checksum of the archive of fsys to the value pointed to by buf.
+func SumFS(buf *Checksum, fsys fs.FS, root string) error {
+	h := sha512.New384()
+	if err := Write(fsys, root, h); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h.Sum(buf[:0])
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SumDir saves checksum of the archive of directory at pathname to the value
+// pointed to by buf.
+func SumDir(buf *Checksum, pathname *check.Absolute) error {
+	return SumFS(buf, os.DirFS(pathname.String()), ".")
+}
+
+// archiveArtifact is an [Artifact] unpacking an archive supported by [Reader]
+// backed by a [FileArtifact].
+type archiveArtifact struct {
+	// Caller-supplied backing archive.
+	f Artifact
+}
+
+// NewArchive returns a new [Artifact] backed by the supplied [Artifact]. The
+// source [Artifact] must be a [FileArtifact] and produce a stream compatible
+// with [Reader].
+func NewArchive(a Artifact) Artifact {
+	return archiveArtifact{a}
+}
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (archiveArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindArchive }
+
+// Params is a noop.
+func (archiveArtifact) Params(*IContext) {}
+
+func init() {
+	register(KindArchive, func(r *IRReader) Artifact {
+		a := NewArchive(r.Next())
+		if _, ok := r.Finalise(); ok {
+			panic(ErrUnexpectedChecksum)
+		}
+		return a
+	})
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns a slice containing the backing file.
+func (a archiveArtifact) Dependencies() []Artifact {
+	return []Artifact{a.f}
+}
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: [Reader] is fully sequential.
+func (archiveArtifact) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// Cure cures the [Artifact], producing a directory located at work.
+func (a archiveArtifact) Cure(t *TContext) (err error) {
+	var r io.ReadCloser
+	if r, err = t.Open(a.f); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		closeErr := r.Close()
+		if err == nil {
+			err = closeErr
+		}
+	}()
+
+	type dirTargetPerm struct {
+		path string
+		mode fs.FileMode
+	}
+	var madeDirectories []dirTargetPerm
+
+	if err = os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	var root *os.Root
+	if root, err = os.OpenRoot(t.GetWorkDir().String()); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		closeErr := root.Close()
+		if err == nil {
+			err = closeErr
+		}
+	}()
+
+	var header *ArchiveHeader
+	ar := NewReader(r)
+	for header, err = ar.Next(); err == nil; header, err = ar.Next() {
+		if header.Mode.IsRegular() {
+			var f *os.File
+			if f, err = root.OpenFile(
+				header.Path,
+				os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL|os.O_WRONLY,
+				header.Mode.Perm(),
+			); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if _, err = io.Copy(f, ar); err != nil {
+				_ = f.Close()
+				return
+			} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		} else if header.Mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0 {
+			var p []byte
+			if p, err = io.ReadAll(ar); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err = root.Symlink(
+				unsafe.String(unsafe.SliceData(p), len(p)),
+				header.Path,
+			); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		} else if header.Mode.IsDir() {
+			if header.Path == "." {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			madeDirectories = append(madeDirectories, dirTargetPerm{
+				path: header.Path,
+				mode: header.Mode,
+			})
+			if err = root.Mkdir(header.Path, 0700); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			return InvalidFileModeError(header.Mode)
+		}
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		err = nil
+	}
+	if err == nil {
+		for _, e := range madeDirectories {
+			if err = root.Chmod(e.path, e.mode.Perm()); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		return
+	}
+	return
+}

internal/pkg/archive_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"maps"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func TestArchive(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	type entry struct {
+		path string
+		mode fs.FileMode
+		data string
+	}
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		fsys    fs.FS
+		entries []entry
+		sum     pkg.Checksum
+		err     error
+	}{
+		{"bad type", fstest.MapFS{
+			".":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"invalid": {Mode: fs.ModeCharDevice | 0400},
+		}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+			fs.ModeCharDevice | 0400,
+		)},
+
+		{"coldboot", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"devices":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"devices/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
+			"devices/empty":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"devices/sub":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"devices/sub/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
+
+			"block":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"block/uevent": {Mode: 0600},
+		}, []entry{
+			{".", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+
+			{"block", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"block/uevent", 0600, ""},
+
+			{"devices", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"devices/empty", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"devices/sub", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"devices/sub/uevent", 0600, "add"},
+			{"devices/uevent", 0600, "add"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("mEy_Lf5KotThm7OwMx7yTKZh5HCCyaB41pVAvI9uDMgVQFM91iosBLYsRm8bDsX8"), nil},
+
+		{"empty", fstest.MapFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []entry{
+			{".", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"checksum", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"identifier", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+			{"work", fs.ModeDir | 0700, ""},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C"), nil},
+
+		{"sample directory step garbage", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"lib":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"lib/check": {Mode: 0400},
+
+			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		}, []entry{
+			{".", fs.ModeDir | 0500, ""},
+
+			{"lib", fs.ModeDir | 0500, ""},
+			{"lib/check", 0400, ""},
+
+			{"lib/pkgconfig", fs.ModeDir | 0500, ""},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT"), nil},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			t.Run("roundtrip", func(t *testing.T) {
+				t.Parallel()
+
+				var buf bytes.Buffer
+				if err := pkg.Write(
+					tc.fsys,
+					".",
+					&buf,
+				); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, tc.err) {
+					t.Fatalf("Flatten: error = %v, want %v", err, tc.err)
+				} else if tc.err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+
+				r := pkg.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
+				var got []entry
+				for {
+					h, err := r.Next()
+					if err != nil {
+						if err == io.EOF {
+							break
+						}
+						t.Fatalf("Next: error = %v", err)
+					}
+
+					var data []byte
+					if data, err = io.ReadAll(r); err != nil {
+						t.Fatalf("Read: error = %v", err)
+					}
+
+					got = append(got, entry{
+						path: h.Path,
+						mode: h.Mode,
+						data: unsafe.String(unsafe.SliceData(data), len(data)),
+					})
+				}
+
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.entries) {
+					t.Fatalf("Reader: %#v, want %#v", got, tc.entries)
+				}
+			})
+
+			if tc.err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+
+			t.Run("hash", func(t *testing.T) {
+				t.Parallel()
+
+				var got pkg.Checksum
+				if err := pkg.SumFS(&got, tc.fsys, "."); err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("SumFS: error = %v", err)
+				} else if got != tc.sum {
+					t.Fatalf("SumFS: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+						Got:  got,
+						Want: tc.sum,
+					})
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+var archiveTestdata = fstest.MapFS{
+	".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+	"devices":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+	"devices/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
+	"devices/empty":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+	"devices/sub":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+	"devices/sub/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
+
+	"block":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+	"block/uevent": {Mode: 0600},
+}
+
+func TestArchiveArtifact(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	want := maps.Clone(archiveTestdata)
+	want["."].Mode = fs.ModeDir | 0500
+
+	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
+		{"unpack", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			var buf bytes.Buffer
+			if err := pkg.Write(archiveTestdata, ".", &buf); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"sample", pkg.NewArchive(
+					pkg.NewFile("", buf.Bytes()),
+				), ignorePathname, expectsFS(want), nil},
+			})
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F":                    {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/block":              {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/block/uevent":       {Mode: 0600},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/devices":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/devices/empty":      {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/devices/sub":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/devices/sub/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
+			"checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F/devices/uevent":     {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/3oYyAbRJ_we7AgWo1BRcRcnxXFk3mAQ0Qui2nGQMi8GIJNJQtvUC6P2IeoA5mbjD": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CBPcoVHuVUTVRCMbRl8J30RSSzm_tyfuXaZ-HlZsanY1sY50meOVmgaWDrGKbx9F")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+	})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkArchiveRead(b *testing.B) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err := pkg.Write(archiveTestdata, ".", &buf); err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	testdata := buf.Bytes()
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		r := pkg.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(testdata))
+		for {
+			_, err := r.Next()
+			if err != nil {
+				if err == io.EOF {
+					break
+				}
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkArchiveWrite(b *testing.B) {
+	for b.Loop() {
+		if err := pkg.Write(archiveTestdata, ".", io.Discard); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/pkg/clean.go

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"unique"
+)
+
+// Clean destroys checksum backing entries without any identifier or substitute
+// entry referring to it. If at least one keep [Artifact] is specified,
+// identifier and substitute entries not kept alive by them are destroyed first.
+func (c *Cache) Clean(dry, inputs bool, keep ...Artifact) (
+	[]unique.Handle[ID],
+	[]unique.Handle[Checksum],
+	error,
+) {
+	c.identMu.Lock()
+	defer c.identMu.Unlock()
+
+	c.checksumMu.Lock()
+	defer c.checksumMu.Unlock()
+
+	dents, err := os.ReadDir(c.base.Append(dirChecksum).String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	checksums := make(map[unique.Handle[Checksum]]string, len(dents))
+	var buf Checksum
+	for _, dent := range dents {
+		name := dent.Name()
+		if err = Decode(&buf, name); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		checksums[unique.Make(buf)] = name
+	}
+
+	type identPair struct {
+		id   unique.Handle[ID]
+		name string
+	}
+	dents, err = os.ReadDir(c.base.Append(dirIdentifier).String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	keepIdents := make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]struct{})
+	if inputs {
+		for _, id := range Inputs((*Collect)(&keep)) {
+			keepIdents[id] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for _, a := range keep {
+			keepIdents[c.Ident(a)] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	idents := make([]identPair, 0, len(dents))
+	for _, dent := range dents {
+		name := dent.Name()
+		if err = Decode(&buf, name); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		id := unique.Make(ID(buf))
+
+		if _, ok := keepIdents[id]; len(keep) == 0 || ok {
+			if err = readlinkChecksum(c.base.Append(
+				dirIdentifier,
+				name,
+			), &buf); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			delete(checksums, unique.Make(buf))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		c.msg.Verbosef("arranging for destruction of %s...", name)
+		idents = append(idents, identPair{id, name})
+	}
+
+	destroyedIdents := make([]unique.Handle[ID], 0, len(idents))
+	for _, pair := range idents {
+		if !dry {
+			if err = os.Remove(c.base.Append(
+				dirStatus,
+				pair.name,
+			).String()); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+				return destroyedIdents, nil, err
+			}
+
+			if err = os.Remove(c.base.Append(
+				dirIdentifier,
+				pair.name,
+			).String()); err != nil {
+				return destroyedIdents, nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		destroyedIdents = append(destroyedIdents, pair.id)
+	}
+
+	destroyedChecksums := make([]unique.Handle[Checksum], 0, len(checksums))
+	for checksum, name := range checksums {
+		if err = c.parent.Err(); err != nil {
+			return destroyedIdents, destroyedChecksums, err
+		}
+		c.msg.Verbosef("destroying checksum %s...", name)
+		if !dry {
+			if err = errors.Join(removeAll(c.base.Append(
+				dirChecksum,
+				name,
+			))); err != nil {
+				return destroyedIdents, destroyedChecksums, err
+			}
+		}
+		destroyedChecksums = append(destroyedChecksums, checksum)
+	}
+
+	dents, err = os.ReadDir(c.base.Append(dirSubstitute).String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return destroyedIdents, destroyedChecksums, err
+	}
+	for _, dent := range dents {
+		name := dent.Name()
+		if err = readlinkChecksum(c.base.Append(
+			dirSubstitute,
+			name,
+		), &buf); err != nil {
+			return destroyedIdents, destroyedChecksums, err
+		}
+		if _, ok := checksums[unique.Make(buf)]; !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		c.msg.Verbosef("destroying substitute %s...", name)
+		if !dry {
+			if err = os.Remove(c.base.Append(
+				dirStatus,
+				name,
+			).String()); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+				return destroyedIdents, nil, err
+			}
+
+			if err = os.Remove(c.base.Append(
+				dirSubstitute,
+				name,
+			).String()); err != nil {
+				return destroyedIdents, destroyedChecksums, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return destroyedIdents, destroyedChecksums, nil
+}

internal/pkg/clean_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"io/fs"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"unique"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+// formatHandles returns a user-facing string representing h.
+func formatHandles[T pkg.ID | pkg.Checksum](handles ...unique.Handle[T]) string {
+	var buf strings.Builder
+	for _, h := range handles {
+		buf.WriteString(pkg.Encode(pkg.Checksum(h.Value())))
+		buf.WriteString(", ")
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(buf.String(), ", ")
+}
+
+func TestClean(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	ic := pkg.NewIR()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		a      []pkg.Artifact
+		keep   []pkg.Artifact
+		inputs bool
+		want   expectsFS
+
+		wantIdents    []unique.Handle[pkg.ID]
+		wantChecksums []unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]
+	}{
+		{"simple", []pkg.Artifact{
+			pkg.NewFile("file", nil),
+		}, nil, false, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb": {Mode: 0400},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/pPRjw2XYgjB5k8dYedwxTBMgHh4_v2JM_G2Vd-skQbAGOOgPsl3CGSUbEF7om_MO": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+
+			"lock":       {Mode: 0644},
+			"variant":    {Mode: 0400},
+			"status":     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"fault":      {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, nil, nil},
+
+		{"keep", []pkg.Artifact{
+			pkg.NewFile("removed-file", []byte("removed file")),
+		}, []pkg.Artifact{
+			pkg.NewFile("file", []byte("\xfd")),
+		}, false, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/KgZ-FjbGuU-XP2QEHInpgv-2Zn0cTH5NqFMgTU0XrSdKmSwyC-3baVs1BMCP5spk": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\xfd")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/FMwSBYw22KqM8jZryfY2ChHXpLuVDdWYyNOYdHvIVYk8ujY6UnGRm5brr2sTTfpD": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/KgZ-FjbGuU-XP2QEHInpgv-2Zn0cTH5NqFMgTU0XrSdKmSwyC-3baVs1BMCP5spk")},
+
+			"lock":       {Mode: 0644},
+			"variant":    {Mode: 0400},
+			"status":     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"fault":      {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []unique.Handle[pkg.ID]{
+			ic.Ident(pkg.NewFile("removed-file", []byte("removed file"))),
+		}, []unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{
+			unique.Make(sha512.Sum384([]byte("removed file"))),
+		}},
+
+		{"inputs anchored substitute", []pkg.Artifact{
+			&stubArtifactF{
+				kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+				params: []byte("destroyed"),
+				deps: []pkg.Artifact{
+					pkg.NewFile("destroyed-input", []byte("destroyed")),
+				},
+				cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+					p := f.GetWorkDir()
+					if err := os.MkdirAll(p.String(), 0755); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return os.WriteFile(p.Append("result").String(), nil, 0444)
+				},
+			},
+		}, []pkg.Artifact{
+			&stubArtifactF{
+				kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+				params: []byte("kept"),
+				deps: []pkg.Artifact{
+					pkg.NewFile("kept-input", []byte("kept")),
+				},
+				cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+					p := f.GetWorkDir()
+					if err := os.MkdirAll(p.String(), 0755); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return os.WriteFile(p.Append("result").String(), nil, 0444)
+				},
+			},
+		}, true, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/H-eSiCo227-xdqyNl2R-5G3eqXPtbb8XegAB70I5OQb2majeZXJoCxTq9wJy5qqv":        {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("kept")},
+			"checksum/UjZSrgz7_B7XMd9fHU7jM33UZhWlFgX0rz7JZbCBYR28bCS7jr_CAJdcDhi52ruE":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/UjZSrgz7_B7XMd9fHU7jM33UZhWlFgX0rz7JZbCBYR28bCS7jr_CAJdcDhi52ruE/result": {Mode: 0444},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/Ef8KX6s_rS_nLgze0rj90zKyrGAvOnzyU0DL7nrYQWEG_f4a9pmUKI6HBEMD8AE8": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/H-eSiCo227-xdqyNl2R-5G3eqXPtbb8XegAB70I5OQb2majeZXJoCxTq9wJy5qqv")},
+			"identifier/xoIGLemzLF227e-w_AJcf_1Sgqh2gs3KFgqvOIWUQE-9P_y2vHBMBytL4GRGQqTb": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/UjZSrgz7_B7XMd9fHU7jM33UZhWlFgX0rz7JZbCBYR28bCS7jr_CAJdcDhi52ruE")},
+
+			"lock":    {Mode: 0644},
+			"variant": {Mode: 0400},
+			"status":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute/4bjS-QjGcSV4nth-W6Vg3-wolKmKgiq4Ld2oRIWcOfy6Wi41XXLAWPoo8FcDx6BH": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/UjZSrgz7_B7XMd9fHU7jM33UZhWlFgX0rz7JZbCBYR28bCS7jr_CAJdcDhi52ruE")},
+			"substitute/dzO8FEY9lu4hwRT6BfRZOX-uYGsC_5XH4jEJ7sJyThcmG9J_w1ArOAaUCGfL8wAM": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/UjZSrgz7_B7XMd9fHU7jM33UZhWlFgX0rz7JZbCBYR28bCS7jr_CAJdcDhi52ruE")},
+
+			"fault": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []unique.Handle[pkg.ID]{
+			ic.Ident(pkg.NewFile("destroyed-input", []byte("destroyed"))),
+			ic.Ident(&stubArtifactF{
+				kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+				params: []byte("destroyed"),
+				deps: []pkg.Artifact{
+					pkg.NewFile("destroyed-input", []byte("destroyed")),
+				},
+			}),
+		}, []unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{
+			unique.Make(sha512.Sum384([]byte("destroyed"))),
+		}},
+
+		{"inputs", []pkg.Artifact{
+			&stubArtifactF{
+				kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+				params: []byte("destroyed"),
+				deps: []pkg.Artifact{
+					pkg.NewFile("destroyed-input", []byte("destroyed")),
+				},
+				cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+					if w, err := f.GetStatusWriter(); err != nil {
+						return err
+					} else if _, err = w.Write([]byte("destroyed")); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					p := f.GetWorkDir()
+					if err := os.MkdirAll(p.String(), 0755); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return os.WriteFile(p.Append("result").String(), nil, 0444)
+				},
+			},
+		}, []pkg.Artifact{
+			&stubArtifactF{
+				kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+				params: []byte("kept"),
+				deps: []pkg.Artifact{
+					pkg.NewFile("kept-input", []byte("kept")),
+				},
+				cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
+					if w, err := f.GetStatusWriter(); err != nil {
+						return err
+					} else if _, err = w.Write([]byte("kept")); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					p := f.GetWorkDir()
+					if err := os.MkdirAll(p.String(), 0755); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return os.WriteFile(p.Append("result").String(), []byte{0}, 0444)
+				},
+			},
+		}, true, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CyDnDvF-LaeGPcSW70tPosNCoclByWkTjznUUF1DcgzlIwkN9yzz1ZFME1TlPj6W":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/CyDnDvF-LaeGPcSW70tPosNCoclByWkTjznUUF1DcgzlIwkN9yzz1ZFME1TlPj6W/result": {Mode: 0444, Data: []byte("\x00")},
+			"checksum/H-eSiCo227-xdqyNl2R-5G3eqXPtbb8XegAB70I5OQb2majeZXJoCxTq9wJy5qqv":        {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("kept")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/Ef8KX6s_rS_nLgze0rj90zKyrGAvOnzyU0DL7nrYQWEG_f4a9pmUKI6HBEMD8AE8": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/H-eSiCo227-xdqyNl2R-5G3eqXPtbb8XegAB70I5OQb2majeZXJoCxTq9wJy5qqv")},
+			"identifier/xoIGLemzLF227e-w_AJcf_1Sgqh2gs3KFgqvOIWUQE-9P_y2vHBMBytL4GRGQqTb": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CyDnDvF-LaeGPcSW70tPosNCoclByWkTjznUUF1DcgzlIwkN9yzz1ZFME1TlPj6W")},
+
+			"lock":    {Mode: 0644},
+			"variant": {Mode: 0400},
+
+			"status": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"status/4bjS-QjGcSV4nth-W6Vg3-wolKmKgiq4Ld2oRIWcOfy6Wi41XXLAWPoo8FcDx6BH": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte(statusHeader + "kept")},
+			"status/xoIGLemzLF227e-w_AJcf_1Sgqh2gs3KFgqvOIWUQE-9P_y2vHBMBytL4GRGQqTb": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte(statusHeader + "kept")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute/4bjS-QjGcSV4nth-W6Vg3-wolKmKgiq4Ld2oRIWcOfy6Wi41XXLAWPoo8FcDx6BH": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CyDnDvF-LaeGPcSW70tPosNCoclByWkTjznUUF1DcgzlIwkN9yzz1ZFME1TlPj6W")},
+
+			"fault": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []unique.Handle[pkg.ID]{
+			ic.Ident(pkg.NewFile("destroyed-input", []byte("destroyed"))),
+			ic.Ident(&stubArtifactF{
+				kind:   pkg.KindExec,
+				params: []byte("destroyed"),
+				deps: []pkg.Artifact{
+					pkg.NewFile("destroyed-input", []byte("destroyed")),
+				},
+			}),
+		}, []unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{
+			unique.Make(expectsFS{
+				".":      {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+				"result": {Mode: 0444},
+			}.hash()),
+			unique.Make(sha512.Sum384([]byte("destroyed"))),
+		}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			base := makeBase(t)
+			msg := message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "clean: ", 0))
+			msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())
+			c, err := pkg.Open(t.Context(), msg, 0, 0, 0, base)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			t.Cleanup(c.Close)
+
+			all := pkg.Collect(slices.Concat(tc.a, tc.keep))
+			if _, _, err = c.Cure(&all); !pkg.IsCollected(err) {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			var (
+				idents    []unique.Handle[pkg.ID]
+				checksums []unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]
+			)
+			idents, checksums, err = c.Clean(false, tc.inputs, tc.keep...)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Clean: error = %v", err)
+			}
+			var buf [2]pkg.Checksum
+
+			slices.SortFunc(idents, func(a, b unique.Handle[pkg.ID]) int {
+				buf[0], buf[1] = a.Value(), b.Value()
+				return bytes.Compare(buf[0][:], buf[1][:])
+			})
+			slices.SortFunc(checksums, func(a, b unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]) int {
+				buf[0], buf[1] = a.Value(), b.Value()
+				return bytes.Compare(buf[0][:], buf[1][:])
+			})
+
+			if !slices.Equal(idents, tc.wantIdents) {
+				t.Errorf(
+					"Clean: idents = %s, want %s",
+					formatHandles(idents...), formatHandles(tc.wantIdents...),
+				)
+			}
+			if !slices.Equal(checksums, tc.wantChecksums) {
+				t.Errorf(
+					"Clean: checksums = %s, want %s",
+					formatHandles(checksums...), formatHandles(tc.wantChecksums...),
+				)
+			}
+
+			want := tc.want.hash()
+			var checksum pkg.Checksum
+			if err = pkg.SumDir(&checksum, base); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("SumDir: error = %v", err)
+			} else if checksum != want {
+				t.Error(expectsFrom(base.String()))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/pkg/compress.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"compress/bzip2"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Gzip denotes a stream compressed via [gzip].
+	Gzip = iota
+	// Bzip2 denotes a stream compressed via [bzip2].
+	Bzip2
+)
+
+// A decompressArtifact is a [FileArtifact] decompressing a backing
+// [FileArtifact] stream.
+type decompressArtifact struct {
+	// Caller-supplied backing stream.
+	f Artifact
+	// Compression on top of the stream.
+	compress uint32
+}
+
+var _ FileArtifact = new(decompressArtifact)
+
+// decompressArtifactNamed embeds decompressArtifact for a [fmt.Stringer] stream.
+type decompressArtifactNamed struct {
+	decompressArtifact
+	// Copied from decompressArtifact.f.
+	name string
+}
+
+var _ fmt.Stringer = new(decompressArtifactNamed)
+
+// NewDecompress returns a [FileArtifact] decompressing the supplied [Artifact].
+func NewDecompress(a Artifact, compress uint32) FileArtifact {
+	da := decompressArtifact{a, compress}
+	if s, ok := a.(fmt.Stringer); ok {
+		if name := s.String(); name != "" {
+			return &decompressArtifactNamed{da, name}
+		}
+	}
+	return &da
+}
+
+// String returns the name of the underlying [Artifact] prefixed with decompress.
+func (a *decompressArtifactNamed) String() string { return "decompress-" + a.name }
+
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (a *decompressArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindDecompress }
+
+// Params writes value of compression enum.
+func (a *decompressArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) { ctx.WriteUint32(a.compress) }
+
+func init() {
+	register(KindDecompress, func(r *IRReader) Artifact {
+		a := NewDecompress(r.Next(), r.ReadUint32())
+		if _, ok := r.Finalise(); ok {
+			panic(ErrUnexpectedChecksum)
+		}
+		return a
+	})
+}
+
+// Dependencies returns a slice containing the backing file.
+func (a *decompressArtifact) Dependencies() []Artifact {
+	return []Artifact{a.f}
+}
+
+// IsExclusive returns false: decompressor is fully sequential.
+func (a *decompressArtifact) IsExclusive() bool { return false }
+
+// compoundCloser is an [io.ReadCloser] with an additional [io.Closer] attached.
+type compoundCloser struct {
+	io.ReadCloser
+	c io.Closer
+}
+
+// Close closes [io.ReadCloser] and the additional [io.Closer]. It returns the
+// non-nil error returned by the underlying [io.ReadCloser], otherwise it
+// returns the error returned by the additional [io.Closer].
+func (c compoundCloser) Close() error {
+	err := c.ReadCloser.Close()
+	if _err := c.c.Close(); err == nil {
+		err = _err
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// Cure returns a decompressor [io.ReadCloser].
+func (a *decompressArtifact) Cure(r *RContext) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	sr, err := r.Open(a.f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	br := r.cache.getReaderRC(sr)
+
+	var dr io.ReadCloser
+	switch a.compress {
+	case Gzip:
+		if dr, err = gzip.NewReader(br); err != nil {
+			_ = br.Close()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return compoundCloser{dr, br}, nil
+
+	case Bzip2:
+		return struct {
+			io.Reader
+			io.Closer
+		}{bzip2.NewReader(br), br}, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+}

internal/pkg/compress_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package pkg_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"io/fs"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+func TestDecompress(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gw := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	if _, err := gw.Write([]byte{0}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if err = gw.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	testdata := buf.String()
+
+	var transport http.Transport
+	client := http.Client{Transport: &transport}
+	transport.RegisterProtocol("file", http.NewFileTransportFS(fstest.MapFS{
+		"testdata": {Data: []byte(testdata), Mode: 0400},
+	}))
+	testdataChecksum := func() pkg.Checksum {
+		h := sha512.New384()
+		h.Write([]byte(testdata))
+		return (pkg.Checksum)(h.Sum(nil))
+	}()
+
+	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
+		{"decompress", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"close", pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+					&client,
+					"file:///testdata",
+					pkg.Checksum{0xfd},
+				), pkg.Gzip), nil, nil, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+					Got:  testdataChecksum,
+					Want: pkg.Checksum{0xfd},
+				}},
+
+				{"gzip", pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+					&client,
+					"file:///testdata",
+					testdataChecksum,
+				), pkg.Gzip), ignorePathname, expectsChecksum(sha512.Sum384([]byte{0})), nil},
+			})
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + pkg.Encode(sha512.Sum384([]byte{0})): {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/QpjkahDrz7pz-tv0eAGNXR6x9NAtTjWCK5Hr7G1cIZj9rT7bLYJWUQeLD4wamAlF": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+	})
+}

internal/pkg/dir.go

@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-package pkg
-
-import (
-	"crypto/sha512"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"io/fs"
-	"math"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"syscall"
-
-	"hakurei.app/check"
-)
-
-// FlatEntry is a directory entry to be encoded for [Flatten].
-type FlatEntry struct {
-	Mode fs.FileMode // file mode bits
-	Path string      // pathname of the file
-	Data []byte      // file content or symlink destination
-}
-
-/*
-| mode uint32 | path_sz uint32 |
-|        data_sz uint64        |
-|         path string          |
-|         data []byte          |
-*/
-
-// Encode encodes the entry for transmission or hashing.
-func (ent *FlatEntry) Encode(w io.Writer) (n int, err error) {
-	pPathSize := alignSize(len(ent.Path))
-	if pPathSize > math.MaxUint32 {
-		return 0, syscall.E2BIG
-	}
-	pDataSize := alignSize(len(ent.Data))
-
-	payload := make([]byte, wordSize*2+pPathSize+pDataSize)
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload, uint32(ent.Mode))
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload[wordSize/2:], uint32(len(ent.Path)))
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(payload[wordSize:], uint64(len(ent.Data)))
-	copy(payload[wordSize*2:], ent.Path)
-	copy(payload[wordSize*2+pPathSize:], ent.Data)
-	return w.Write(payload)
-}
-
-// ErrInsecurePath is returned by [FlatEntry.Decode] if validation is requested
-// and a nonlocal path is encountered in the stream.
-var ErrInsecurePath = errors.New("insecure file path")
-
-// Decode decodes the entry from its representation produced by Encode.
-func (ent *FlatEntry) Decode(r io.Reader, validate bool) (n int, err error) {
-	var nr int
-
-	header := make([]byte, wordSize*2)
-	nr, err = r.Read(header)
-	n += nr
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && n != 0 {
-			err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
-	ent.Mode = fs.FileMode(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(header))
-	pathSize := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(header[wordSize/2:]))
-	pPathSize := alignSize(pathSize)
-	dataSize := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(header[wordSize:]))
-	pDataSize := alignSize(dataSize)
-
-	buf := make([]byte, pPathSize+pDataSize)
-	nr, err = r.Read(buf)
-	n += nr
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-			if nr != len(buf) {
-				err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-				return
-			}
-		} else {
-			return
-		}
-	}
-
-	ent.Path = string(buf[:pathSize])
-	if ent.Mode.IsDir() {
-		ent.Data = nil
-	} else {
-		ent.Data = buf[pPathSize : pPathSize+dataSize]
-	}
-
-	if validate && !filepath.IsLocal(ent.Path) {
-		err = ErrInsecurePath
-	}
-
-	return
-}
-
-// DirScanner provides an efficient interface for reading a stream of encoded
-// [FlatEntry]. Successive calls to the Scan method will step through the
-// entries in the stream.
-type DirScanner struct {
-	// Underlying reader to scan [FlatEntry] representations from.
-	r io.Reader
-
-	// First non-EOF I/O error, returned by the Err method.
-	err error
-
-	// Entry to store results in. Its address is returned by the Entry method
-	// and is updated on every call to Scan.
-	ent FlatEntry
-
-	// Validate pathnames during decoding.
-	validate bool
-}
-
-// NewDirScanner returns the address of a new instance of [DirScanner] reading
-// from r. The caller must no longer read from r after this function returns.
-func NewDirScanner(r io.Reader, validate bool) *DirScanner {
-	return &DirScanner{r: r, validate: validate}
-}
-
-// Err returns the first non-EOF I/O error.
-func (s *DirScanner) Err() error {
-	if errors.Is(s.err, io.EOF) {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return s.err
-}
-
-// Entry returns the address to the [FlatEntry] value storing the last result.
-func (s *DirScanner) Entry() *FlatEntry { return &s.ent }
-
-// Scan advances to the next [FlatEntry].
-func (s *DirScanner) Scan() bool {
-	if s.err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	var n int
-	n, s.err = s.ent.Decode(s.r, s.validate)
-	if errors.Is(s.err, io.EOF) {
-		return n != 0
-	}
-	return s.err == nil
-}
-
-// Flatten writes a deterministic representation of the contents of fsys to w.
-// The resulting data can be hashed to produce a deterministic checksum for the
-// directory.
-func Flatten(fsys fs.FS, root string, w io.Writer) (n int, err error) {
-	var nr int
-	err = fs.WalkDir(fsys, root, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		var fi fs.FileInfo
-		fi, err = d.Info()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		ent := FlatEntry{
-			Path: path,
-			Mode: fi.Mode(),
-		}
-		if ent.Mode.IsRegular() {
-			if ent.Data, err = fs.ReadFile(fsys, path); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		} else if ent.Mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0 {
-			var newpath string
-			if newpath, err = fs.ReadLink(fsys, path); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			ent.Data = []byte(newpath)
-		} else if !ent.Mode.IsDir() {
-			return InvalidFileModeError(ent.Mode)
-		}
-
-		nr, err = ent.Encode(w)
-		n += nr
-		return err
-	})
-	return
-}
-
-// HashFS returns a checksum produced by hashing the result of [Flatten].
-func HashFS(buf *Checksum, fsys fs.FS, root string) error {
-	h := sha512.New384()
-	if _, err := Flatten(fsys, root, h); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	h.Sum(buf[:0])
-	return nil
-}
-
-// HashDir returns a checksum produced by hashing the result of [Flatten].
-func HashDir(buf *Checksum, pathname *check.Absolute) error {
-	return HashFS(buf, os.DirFS(pathname.String()), ".")
-}

internal/pkg/dir_test.go

@@ -1,621 +0,0 @@
-package pkg_test
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"io/fs"
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-	"testing/fstest"
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-)
-
-func TestFlatten(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name    string
-		fsys    fs.FS
-		entries []pkg.FlatEntry
-		sum     pkg.Checksum
-		err     error
-	}{
-		{"bad type", fstest.MapFS{
-			".":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"invalid": {Mode: fs.ModeCharDevice | 0400},
-		}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
-			fs.ModeCharDevice | 0400,
-		)},
-
-		{"coldboot", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"devices":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"devices/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
-			"devices/empty":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"devices/sub":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"devices/sub/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte("add")},
-
-			"block":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"block/uevent": {Mode: 0600, Data: []byte{}},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "block"},
-			{Mode: 0600, Path: "block/uevent", Data: []byte{}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "devices"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "devices/empty"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "devices/sub"},
-			{Mode: 0600, Path: "devices/sub/uevent", Data: []byte("add")},
-			{Mode: 0600, Path: "devices/uevent", Data: []byte("add")},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("mEy_Lf5KotThm7OwMx7yTKZh5HCCyaB41pVAvI9uDMgVQFM91iosBLYsRm8bDsX8"), nil},
-
-		{"empty", fstest.MapFS{
-			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C"), nil},
-
-		{"sample cache file", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-			"identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			"identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			"identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("St9rlE-mGZ5gXwiv_hzQ_B8bZP-UUvSNmf4nHUZzCMOumb6hKnheZSe0dmnuc4Q2"), nil},
-
-		{"sample http get cure", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU", Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_", Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("L_0RFHpr9JUS4Zp14rz2dESSRvfLzpvqsLhR1-YjQt8hYlmEdVl7vI3_-v8UNPKs"), nil},
-
-		{"sample directory step simple", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-
-			"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"), nil},
-
-		{"sample directory step garbage", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"lib":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"lib/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "lib"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "lib/check", Data: []byte{}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT"), nil},
-
-		{"sample directory", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("WVpvsVqVKg9Nsh744x57h51AuWUoUR2nnh8Md-EYBQpk6ziyTuUn6PLtF2e0Eu_d"), nil},
-
-		{"sample no assume checksum", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-			"identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check", Data: []byte{}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("OC290t23aimNo2Rp2pPwan5GI2KRLRdOwYxXQMD9jw0QROgHnNXWodoWdV0hwu2w"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM":                                                                                          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum":                                                                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier":                                                                               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work":                                                                                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-			"identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("NQTlc466JmSVLIyWklm_u8_g95jEEb98PxJU-kjwxLpfdjwMWJq0G8ze9R4Vo1Vu"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar expand step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"), nil},
-
-		{"sample tar expand", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-			"identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("hSoSSgCYTNonX3Q8FjvjD1fBl-E-BQyA6OTXro2OadXqbST4tZ-akGXszdeqphRe"), nil},
-
-		{"testtool", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0}},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("Q5DluWQCAeohLoiGRImurwFp3vdz9IfQCoj7Fuhh73s4KQPRHpEQEnHTdNHmB8Fx"), nil},
-
-		{"testtool net", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte("net")},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec net container", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check", Data: []byte("net")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3", Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("bPYvvqxpfV7xcC1EptqyKNK1klLJgYHMDkzBcoOyK6j_Aj5hb0mXNPwTwPSK5F6Z"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container overlay root", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("PO2DSSCa4yoSgEYRcCSZfQfwow1yRigL3Ry-hI0RDI4aGuFBha-EfXeSJnG_5_Rl"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container overlay work", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("iaRt6l_Wm2n-h5UsDewZxQkCmjZjyL8r7wv32QT2kyV55-Lx09Dq4gfg9BiwPnKs"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container multiple layers", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
-			"identifier/p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check", Data: []byte("layers")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2", Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("O2YzyR7IUGU5J2CADy0hUZ3A5NkP_Vwzs4UadEdn2oMZZVWRtH0xZGJ3HXiimTnZ"), nil},
-
-		{"sample exec container layer promotion", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("3EaW6WibLi9gl03_UieiFPaFcPy5p4x3JPxrnLJxGaTI-bh3HU9DK9IMx7c3rrNm"), nil},
-
-		{"sample file short", fstest.MapFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
-			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
-			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("iR6H5OIsyOW4EwEgtm9rGzGF6DVtyHLySEtwnFE8bnus9VJcoCbR4JIek7Lw-vwT"), nil},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			t.Run("roundtrip", func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
-				var buf bytes.Buffer
-				if _, err := pkg.Flatten(
-					tc.fsys,
-					".",
-					&buf,
-				); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, tc.err) {
-					t.Fatalf("Flatten: error = %v, want %v", err, tc.err)
-				} else if tc.err != nil {
-					return
-				}
-
-				s := pkg.NewDirScanner(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()), true)
-				var got []pkg.FlatEntry
-				for s.Scan() {
-					got = append(got, *s.Entry())
-				}
-				if err := s.Err(); err != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("Err: error = %v", err)
-				}
-
-				if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.entries) {
-					t.Fatalf("Scan: %#v, want %#v", got, tc.entries)
-				}
-			})
-
-			if tc.err != nil {
-				return
-			}
-
-			t.Run("hash", func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
-
-				var got pkg.Checksum
-				if err := pkg.HashFS(&got, tc.fsys, "."); err != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("HashFS: error = %v", err)
-				} else if got != tc.sum {
-					t.Fatalf("HashFS: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
-						Got:  got,
-						Want: tc.sum,
-					})
-				}
-			})
-		})
-	}
-}

internal/pkg/exec.go

@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 	"unique"
@@ -27,6 +30,11 @@ import (
 // AbsWork is the container pathname [TContext.GetWorkDir] is mounted on.
 var AbsWork = fhs.AbsRoot.Append("work/")
 
+// EnvJobs is the name of the environment variable holding a decimal
+// representation of the preferred job count. Its value must not affect cure
+// outcome.
+const EnvJobs = "CURE_JOBS"
+
 // ExecPath is a slice of [Artifact] and the [check.Absolute] pathname to make
 // it available at under in the container.
 type ExecPath struct {
@@ -89,6 +97,41 @@ func MustPath(pathname string, writable bool, a ...Artifact) ExecPath {
 	return ExecPath{check.MustAbs(pathname), a, writable}
 }
 
+var (
+	binfmt   map[string]container.BinfmtEntry
+	binfmtMu sync.RWMutex
+)
+
+// RegisterArch arranges for [KindExec] and [KindExecNet] to support a new
+// architecture via a binfmt_misc entry. Each architecture must be registered
+// at most once.
+func RegisterArch(arch string, e container.BinfmtEntry) {
+	if arch == "" {
+		panic(UnsupportedArchError(arch))
+	}
+
+	binfmtMu.Lock()
+	defer binfmtMu.Unlock()
+
+	if binfmt == nil {
+		binfmt = make(map[string]container.BinfmtEntry)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := binfmt[arch]; ok {
+		panic("attempting to register " + strconv.Quote(arch) + " twice")
+	}
+	binfmt[arch] = e
+}
+
+// Arch returns a snapshot of currently registered [KindExec] and [KindExecNet]
+// binfmt entries.
+func Arch() map[string]container.BinfmtEntry {
+	binfmtMu.RLock()
+	r := maps.Clone(binfmt)
+	binfmtMu.RUnlock()
+	return r
+}
+
 const (
 	// ExecTimeoutDefault replaces out of range [NewExec] timeout values.
 	ExecTimeoutDefault = 15 * time.Minute
@@ -105,6 +148,8 @@ type execArtifact struct {
 	// Caller-supplied user-facing reporting name, guaranteed to be nonzero
 	// during initialisation.
 	name string
+	// Target architecture.
+	arch string
 	// Caller-supplied inner mount points.
 	paths []ExecPath
 
@@ -127,28 +172,40 @@ type execArtifact struct {
 
 var _ fmt.Stringer = new(execArtifact)
 
-// execNetArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and has
-// its resulting container keep the host net namespace.
-type execNetArtifact struct {
+// execMeasuredArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and
+// has its resulting container optionally keep the host net namespace.
+type execMeasuredArtifact struct {
 	checksum Checksum
 
+	// Whether to keep host net namespace.
+	hostNet bool
+
 	execArtifact
 }
 
-var _ KnownChecksum = new(execNetArtifact)
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(execMeasuredArtifact)
 
 // Checksum returns the caller-supplied checksum.
-func (a *execNetArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }
+func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }
 
-// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
-func (*execNetArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExecNet }
+// Kind returns [KindExecNet], or [KindExec] if hostNet is false.
+func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Kind() Kind {
+	if a == nil || a.hostNet {
+		return KindExecNet
+	}
+	return KindExec
+}
 
 // Cure cures the [Artifact] in the container described by the caller. The
-// container retains host networking.
-func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
-	return a.cure(f, true)
+// container optionally retains host networking.
+func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
+	return a.cure(f, a.hostNet)
 }
 
+// ErrNetChecksum is panicked by [NewExec] if host net namespace is requested
+// with a nil checksum.
+var ErrNetChecksum = errors.New("attempting to keep net namespace without checksum")
+
 // NewExec returns a new [Artifact] that executes the program path in a
 // container with specified paths bind mounted read-only in order. A private
 // instance of /proc and /dev is made available to the container.
@@ -162,7 +219,7 @@ func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
 // regular or symlink.
 //
 // If checksum is non-nil, the resulting [Artifact] implements [KnownChecksum]
-// and its container runs in the host net namespace.
+// and its container optionally runs in the host net namespace.
 //
 // The container is allowed to run for the specified duration before the initial
 // process and all processes originating from it is terminated. A zero or
@@ -173,10 +230,10 @@ func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
 // container and does not affect curing outcome. Because of this, it is omitted
 // from parameter data for computing identifier.
 func NewExec(
-	name string,
+	name, arch string,
 	checksum *Checksum,
 	timeout time.Duration,
-	exclusive bool,
+	hostNet, exclusive bool,
 
 	dir *check.Absolute,
 	env []string,
@@ -188,17 +245,23 @@ func NewExec(
 	if name == "" {
 		name = "exec-" + filepath.Base(pathname.String())
 	}
+	if arch == "" {
+		arch = runtime.GOARCH
+	}
 	if timeout <= 0 {
 		timeout = ExecTimeoutDefault
 	}
 	if timeout > ExecTimeoutMax {
 		timeout = ExecTimeoutMax
 	}
-	a := execArtifact{name, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
+	a := execArtifact{name, arch, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
 	if checksum == nil {
+		if hostNet {
+			panic(ErrNetChecksum)
+		}
 		return &a
 	}
-	return &execNetArtifact{*checksum, a}
+	return &execMeasuredArtifact{*checksum, hostNet, a}
 }
 
 // Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
@@ -206,6 +269,7 @@ func (*execArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExec }
 
 // Params writes paths, executable pathname and args.
 func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
+	ctx.WriteString(a.arch)
 	ctx.WriteString(a.name)
 
 	ctx.WriteUint32(uint32(len(a.paths)))
@@ -252,11 +316,26 @@ func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
 	}
 }
 
+// UnsupportedArchError describes an unsupported or invalid architecture.
+type UnsupportedArchError string
+
+func (e UnsupportedArchError) Error() string {
+	if e == "" {
+		return "invalid architecture name"
+	}
+	return "unsupported architecture " + string(e)
+}
+
 // readExecArtifact interprets IR values and returns the address of execArtifact
 // or execNetArtifact.
 func readExecArtifact(r *IRReader, net bool) Artifact {
 	r.DiscardAll()
 
+	arch := r.ReadString()
+	if arch == "" {
+		panic(UnsupportedArchError(arch))
+	}
+
 	name := r.ReadString()
 
 	sz := r.ReadUint32()
@@ -307,22 +386,17 @@ func readExecArtifact(r *IRReader, net bool) Artifact {
 	exclusive := r.ReadUint32() != 0
 
 	checksum, ok := r.Finalise()
-
 	var checksumP *Checksum
-	if net {
-		if !ok {
-			panic(ErrExpectedChecksum)
-		}
-		checksumVal := checksum.Value()
-		checksumP = &checksumVal
-	} else {
-		if ok {
-			panic(ErrUnexpectedChecksum)
-		}
+	if ok {
+		checksumP = new(checksum.Value())
+	}
+
+	if net && !ok {
+		panic(ErrExpectedChecksum)
 	}
 
 	return NewExec(
-		name, checksumP, timeout, exclusive, dir, env, pathname, args, paths...,
+		name, arch, checksumP, timeout, net, exclusive, dir, env, pathname, args, paths...,
 	)
 }
 
@@ -397,7 +471,7 @@ const SeccompPresets = std.PresetStrict &
 func (a *execArtifact) makeContainer(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	msg message.Msg,
-	flags int,
+	flags, jobs int,
 	hostNet bool,
 	temp, work *check.Absolute,
 	getArtifact GetArtifactFunc,
@@ -431,11 +505,23 @@ func (a *execArtifact) makeContainer(
 	if z.HostNet {
 		z.Hostname = "cure-net"
 	}
+	z.Quiet = flags&CSuppressInit != 0
 	z.Uid, z.Gid = (1<<10)-1, (1<<10)-1
-
-	z.Dir, z.Env, z.Path, z.Args = a.dir, a.env, a.path, a.args
+	z.Dir, z.Path, z.Args = a.dir, a.path, a.args
+	z.Env = slices.Concat(a.env, []string{EnvJobs + "=" + strconv.Itoa(jobs)})
 	z.Grow(len(a.paths) + 4)
 
+	if a.arch != runtime.GOARCH {
+		binfmtMu.RLock()
+		e, ok := binfmt[a.arch]
+		binfmtMu.RUnlock()
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, UnsupportedArchError(a.arch)
+		}
+		z.Binfmt = []container.BinfmtEntry{e}
+		z.InitAsRoot = true
+	}
+
 	for i, b := range a.paths {
 		if i == overlayWorkIndex {
 			if err = os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
@@ -505,6 +591,7 @@ var (
 func (c *Cache) EnterExec(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	a Artifact,
+	hostname string,
 	retainSession bool,
 	stdin io.Reader,
 	stdout, stderr io.Writer,
@@ -522,9 +609,9 @@ func (c *Cache) EnterExec(
 	case *execArtifact:
 		e = f
 
-	case *execNetArtifact:
+	case *execMeasuredArtifact:
 		e = &f.execArtifact
-		hostNet = true
+		hostNet = f.hostNet
 
 	default:
 		return ErrNotExec
@@ -563,6 +650,7 @@ func (c *Cache) EnterExec(
 	z, err = e.makeContainer(
 		ctx, c.msg,
 		c.flags,
+		c.jobs,
 		hostNet,
 		temp, work,
 		func(a Artifact) (*check.Absolute, unique.Handle[Checksum]) {
@@ -584,6 +672,9 @@ func (c *Cache) EnterExec(
 			z.Env = append(z.Env, "TERM="+s)
 		}
 	}
+	if hostname != "" {
+		z.Hostname = hostname
+	}
 
 	if err = z.Start(); err != nil {
 		return
@@ -602,7 +693,7 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 	msg := f.GetMessage()
 	var z *container.Container
 	if z, err = a.makeContainer(
-		ctx, msg, f.cache.flags, hostNet,
+		ctx, msg, f.cache.flags, f.GetJobs(), hostNet,
 		f.GetTempDir(), f.GetWorkDir(),
 		f.GetArtifact,
 		f.cache.Ident,
@@ -624,12 +715,6 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 			_ = stdout.Close()
 			return
 		}
-		defer func() {
-			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
-				_ = stdout.Close()
-				_ = stderr.Close()
-			}
-		}()
 
 		brStdout, brStderr := f.cache.getReader(stdout), f.cache.getReader(stderr)
 		stdoutDone, stderrDone := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
@@ -644,6 +729,11 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 			io.TeeReader(brStderr, status),
 		)
 		defer func() {
+			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
+				_ = stdout.Close()
+				_ = stderr.Close()
+			}
+
 			<-stdoutDone
 			<-stderrDone
 			f.cache.putReader(brStdout)

internal/pkg/exec_test.go

@@ -1,44 +1,70 @@
 package pkg_test
 
-//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o testdata/testtool ./testdata
-
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"testing"
-	"unique"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/stub"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected"
 )
 
 // testtoolBin is the container test tool binary made available to the
 // execArtifact for testing its curing environment.
 //
-//go:embed testdata/testtool
+//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o internal/testtool ./internal/testtool
+//go:embed internal/testtool/testtool
 var testtoolBin []byte
 
+func init() {
+	pathname, err := filepath.Abs("internal/testtool/testtool")
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	pkg.RegisterArch("cafe", container.BinfmtEntry{
+		Magic:       expected.Magic,
+		Interpreter: check.MustAbs(pathname),
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	wantChecksumOffline := pkg.MustDecode(
-		"GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9",
-	)
+	wantOffline := expectsFS{
+		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+		"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+	}
+	wantOfflineEncode := pkg.Encode(wantOffline.hash())
+	failingArtifact := &stubArtifact{
+		kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+		params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+			return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+		},
+	}
 
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
-		{"offline", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"offline", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-offline", "", new(wantOffline.hash()), 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -58,67 +84,128 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 
-				{"error passthrough", pkg.NewExec(
-					"", nil, 0, true,
+				{"substitution", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-offline", "", new(wantOffline.hash()), 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 					[]string{"testtool"},
 
-					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, &stubArtifact{
+					pkg.MustPath("/file", false, newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xfe, 0},
+						nil,
+						nil, nil,
+					)),
+					// substitution miss fails in testtool due to differing idents
+					pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, &stubArtifact{
 						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
-						params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+						params: []byte("empty directory (substituted)"),
 						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-							return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
 						},
 					}),
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+
+				{"error passthrough", pkg.NewExec(
+					"", "", nil, 0, false, true,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+					[]string{"testtool"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, failingArtifact),
+				), nil, nil, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
 					{
-						Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID(pkg.MustDecode(
-							"Sowo6oZRmG6xVtUaxB6bDWZhVsqAJsIJWUp0OPKlE103cY0lodx7dem8J-qQF0Z1",
-						))),
+						A:   failingArtifact,
 						Err: stub.UniqueError(0xcafe),
 					},
 				}},
 
 				{"invalid paths", pkg.NewExec(
-					"", nil, 0, false,
+					"", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 					[]string{"testtool"},
 
 					pkg.ExecPath{},
-				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.ErrInvalidPaths},
+				), nil, nil, pkg.ErrInvalidPaths},
 			})
 
 			// check init failure passthrough
-			var exitError *exec.ExitError
-			if _, _, err := c.Cure(pkg.NewExec(
-				"", nil, 0, false,
+			initFailureArtifact := pkg.NewExec(
+				"", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 				pkg.AbsWork,
 				nil,
 				check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 				[]string{"testtool"},
-			)); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
+			)
+			var exitError *exec.ExitError
+			if _, _, err := c.Cure(initFailureArtifact); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
 				exitError.ExitCode() != hst.ExitFailure {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v, want init exit status 1", err)
 			}
 
-			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("Q5DluWQCAeohLoiGRImurwFp3vdz9IfQCoj7Fuhh73s4KQPRHpEQEnHTdNHmB8Fx")},
+			var faultStatus []byte
+			if faults, err := c.ReadFaults(initFailureArtifact); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else if len(faults) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("ReadFaults: %v", faults)
+			} else if faultStatus, err = os.ReadFile(faults[0].String()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else if err = faults[0].Destroy(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else {
+				t.Logf("destroyed expected fault at %s", faults[0].Time().UTC())
+			}
 
-		{"net", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			if !bytes.HasPrefix(faultStatus, []byte(
+				"internal/pkg ",
+			)) || !bytes.Contains(faultStatus, []byte(
+				"\ninit: fork/exec /opt/bin/testtool: no such file or directory\n",
+			)) {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected status:\n%s", string(faultStatus))
+			}
+
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 1)
+			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/QwS7SmiatdqryQYgESdGw7Yw2PcpNf0vNfpvUA0t92BTlKiUjfCrXyMW17G2X77X": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Offline:                                              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/" + expected.OfflineS:                                             {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"net", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
-			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode(
-				"a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W",
-			)
+			wantNet := expectsFS{
+				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+				"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+			}
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-net", &wantChecksum, 0, false,
+					"exec-net", "", new(wantNet.hash()), 0, true, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -138,18 +225,37 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantNet, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("bPYvvqxpfV7xcC1EptqyKNK1klLJgYHMDkzBcoOyK6j_Aj5hb0mXNPwTwPSK5F6Z")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"overlay root", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+
+			"identifier":                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Net: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"overlay root", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-overlay-root", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-overlay-root", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -163,18 +269,35 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("PO2DSSCa4yoSgEYRcCSZfQfwow1yRigL3Ry-hI0RDI4aGuFBha-EfXeSJnG_5_Rl")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"overlay work", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier":                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/" + expected.OvlRoot: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"overlay work", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-overlay-work", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-overlay-work", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/work/bin/testtool"),
@@ -193,18 +316,35 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
 						},
 					}), pkg.Path(pkg.AbsWork, false /* ignored */, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("iaRt6l_Wm2n-h5UsDewZxQkCmjZjyL8r7wv32QT2kyV55-Lx09Dq4gfg9BiwPnKs")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"multiple layers", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier":                  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Work: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"multiple layers", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-multiple-layers", nil, 0, false,
+					"exec-multiple-layers", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -245,18 +385,40 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("O2YzyR7IUGU5J2CADy0hUZ3A5NkP_Vwzs4UadEdn2oMZZVWRtH0xZGJ3HXiimTnZ")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 
-		{"overlay layer promotion", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Layers:                                               {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"overlay layer promotion", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()
 
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-layer-promotion", nil, 0, true,
+					"exec-layer-promotion", "", nil, 0, false, true,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -276,11 +438,96 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
 			})
 
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("3EaW6WibLi9gl03_UieiFPaFcPy5p4x3JPxrnLJxGaTI-bh3HU9DK9IMx7c3rrNm")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/" + expected.Promote:                                              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
+
+		{"binfmt", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+			if info.CanDegrade && os.Getenv("ROSA_SKIP_BINFMT") != "" {
+				t.Skip("binfmt_misc test explicitly skipped")
+			}
+
+			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
+				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
+					"exec-binfmt", "cafe", nil, 0, false, true,
+					pkg.AbsWork,
+					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_BINFMT=1"},
+					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/sample"),
+					[]string{"sample"},
+
+					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("empty directory"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
+						},
+					}),
+					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 0xff}, &stubArtifact{
+						kind: pkg.KindTar,
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							work := t.GetWorkDir()
+							if err := os.MkdirAll(
+								work.Append("bin").String(),
+								0700,
+							); err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+
+							return os.WriteFile(t.GetWorkDir().Append(
+								"bin",
+								"sample",
+							).String(), []byte(expected.Full), 0500)
+						},
+					}}),
+				), ignorePathname, expectsFS{
+					".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+					"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("binfmt")},
+				}, nil},
+			})
+
+			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV/bin":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV/bin/sample": {Mode: 0500, Data: []byte("\xca\xfe\xba\xbe\xfd\xfd:3")},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3/check":      {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("binfmt")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/6VQTJ1lI5BmVuI1YFYJ8ClO3MRORvTTrcWFDcUU-l5Ga8EofxCxGlSTYN-u8dKj_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3")},
+			"identifier/_v8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }
 

internal/pkg/file_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package pkg_test
 
 import (
+	"io/fs"
 	"testing"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
@@ -10,18 +11,27 @@ import (
 func TestFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
+	want := expectsFile{0}
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"file", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"short", pkg.NewFile("null", []byte{0}), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					"3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi",
-				), pkg.MustDecode(
-					"vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX",
-				), nil},
+				), want, nil},
 			})
-		}, pkg.MustDecode(
-			"iR6H5OIsyOW4EwEgtm9rGzGF6DVtyHLySEtwnFE8bnus9VJcoCbR4JIek7Lw-vwT",
-		)},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + pkg.Encode(want.hash()): {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/expected.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Package expected contains data shared between test helper and test harness.
+package expected
+
+const (
+	// Magic are magic bytes in the binfmt test case.
+	Magic = "\xca\xfe\xba\xbe\xfd\xfd"
+	// Full is the full content of the binfmt test case executable.
+	Full = Magic + ":3"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_amd64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package expected
+
+const (
+	Offline  = "q5ktDTq0miP-VvB2blxqXQeaRXCUWgP_KbC18KNtUDtyoaI_h5mHmGuPMArVEBDs"
+	OfflineS = "IY91PCtOpCYy21AaIK0c9f8-Z6fb2_2ewoHWkt4dxoLf0GOrWqS8yAGFLV84b1Dw"
+	OvlRoot  = "NacZGXwuRkTvcHaG08a22ujJ8qCWN0RSoFlRSR5FSt0ZcBbJ28FRvkYsHEtX7G8i"
+	Layers   = "WBJDrATtX6rIE5yAu8ePX3WmDF0Tt9kFiue0m3cRnyRoVx1my8a67fh3CAW486oP"
+	Net      = "CmYtj2sNB3LHtqiDuck_Lz3MjLLIiwyP8N4NDitQ1Icvv__LVP9p8tm-sHeQaKKp"
+	Promote  = "TX3eCloaQFkV-SZIH6Jg6E5WKH--rcXY1P0jnZKmLFKWrNqnOzd4G9eIBh6i5ywN"
+	Work     = "OuNiLSC68pZhAOr1YQ4WbV1tzASA0nxLEBcK7lO7MqxDY_j8dmP_C612RTuF23Lu"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_arm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package expected
+
+const (
+	Offline  = "WapqyoPxbWSnq07dWHt71mHaJXq99pAjJfFlELlJljSiZMhTFqqlzU1_mN86shSj"
+	OfflineS = "ibQZHcdXgNQ1OiMX1FrburBbGPVvKEHvPilbQCkm_0oV0BQCHomyyTbYNrFMGIwl"
+	OvlRoot  = "V9anFOiRvjGfAeBhLl14AL8TKdWZyD0WTPYe4fS9mOBw8iW5Lmarvt6TG6MV8uWm"
+	Layers   = "tKx7JNRoSBdK_7MdzI-nwTNV2wmiPzwYdcd17oLmXKL_iLmUzUiA79qTqdrTasrv"
+	Net      = "aXyDLzBCJ9XltXZIfetEVsEkrqHfcXuD5XE_FcUnYbN3emwL55N6P8LlHzNfGnM5"
+	Promote  = "3k4V16n96Lq04gjFSKmm4sFjyQ883FFBNXgTy9s_DjeTwxT3pg_iacEh8yMb_S4m"
+	Work     = "6Q49MhFWRE3Ne6MycwAotgl1GtoU5WCHqJNWG2byYZCY-zX-IxPrWiKk7bKkNzhE"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_riscv64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package expected
+
+const (
+	Offline  = "Z6yXE5gOJScL3srmnVMWgCXccDiUNZ5snSrf6RkXuU1_U0rX_kGVwsfHUgNG_awd"
+	OfflineS = "zN16xv6LKRJRipUJwupyxg2rZcvf-qpsMn_qCxUmgxlTSuNwYI70ZEb7dHW5k0gO"
+	OvlRoot  = "zYXJHFRLuxvUhuisZEXgGgVvdQd6piMfp5jmtT6jdVjvC2gICXquOq-UTwlrSD5I"
+	Layers   = "_F8EDazHbcLeT0sVSQXRN_kn9IjduqJcDYgzXpsT-hpKU4EBcZ0PISN2zchpqMbm"
+	Net      = "CA_FAaSIYJgapBEHV40doxpH23PdUEy_6s1TZc7wfSPN0XYqwGpMceXXDSabGveO"
+	Promote  = "_3LPrLp--4h9k4GsNNApu9hHtAafq-GUhfU6d4hJKBDKT3bz_szOsvkXxc5sK53d"
+	Work     = "FEgHeiCD_WT4wsfB-9kDH5n6cRWCEYtJmXdKZgmUUukAOoXumH_hLlosXREC-tqq"
+)

internal/pkg/internal/testtool/main.go

@@ -9,18 +9,38 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
 	"slices"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
-	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/vfs"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected"
 )
 
 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
 	log.SetPrefix("testtool: ")
 
+	if os.Getenv("HAKUREI_BINFMT") == "1" {
+		wantArgs := []string{"/interpreter", "/opt/bin/sample"}
+		if !slices.Equal(os.Args, wantArgs) {
+			log.Fatalf("Args: %q, want %q", os.Args, wantArgs)
+		}
+
+		if err := os.WriteFile("check", []byte("binfmt"), 0400); err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	environ := slices.DeleteFunc(slices.Clone(os.Environ()), func(s string) bool {
+		return s == "CURE_JOBS="+strconv.Itoa(runtime.NumCPU())
+	})
+
 	var hostNet, layers, promote bool
 	if len(os.Args) == 2 && os.Args[0] == "testtool" {
 		switch os.Args[1] {
@@ -48,15 +68,15 @@ func main() {
 
 	var overlayRoot bool
 	wantEnv := []string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"}
-	if len(os.Environ()) == 2 {
+	if len(environ) == 2 {
 		overlayRoot = true
 		if !layers && !promote {
 			log.SetPrefix("testtool(overlay root): ")
 		}
 		wantEnv = []string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"}
 	}
-	if !slices.Equal(wantEnv, os.Environ()) {
-		log.Fatalf("Environ: %q, want %q", os.Environ(), wantEnv)
+	if !slices.Equal(wantEnv, environ) {
+		log.Fatalf("Environ: %q, want %q", environ, wantEnv)
 	}
 
 	var overlayWork bool
@@ -142,59 +162,40 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	const checksumEmptyDir = "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"
-	ident := "dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks"
+	ident := expected.Offline
 	log.Println(m)
 	next := func() { m = m.Next; log.Println(m) }
 
 	if overlayRoot {
-		ident = "RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb"
+		ident = expected.OvlRoot
 
 		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/" ||
 			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
 			log.Fatal("unexpected root mount entry")
 		}
-		var lowerdir string
+		var lowerdir []string
 		for _, o := range strings.Split(m.FsOptstr, ",") {
-			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir="
+			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir+="
 			if strings.HasPrefix(o, lowerdirKey) {
-				lowerdir = o[len(lowerdirKey):]
+				lowerdir = append(lowerdir, o[len(lowerdirKey):])
 			}
 		}
 		if !layers {
-			if filepath.Base(lowerdir) != checksumEmptyDir {
+			if len(lowerdir) != 1 || filepath.Base(lowerdir[0]) != checksumEmptyDir {
 				log.Fatal("unexpected artifact checksum")
 			}
 		} else {
-			ident = "p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT"
+			ident = expected.Layers
 
-			lowerdirsEscaped := strings.Split(lowerdir, ":")
-			lowerdirs := lowerdirsEscaped[:0]
-			// ignore the option separator since it does not appear in ident
-			for i, e := range lowerdirsEscaped {
-				if len(e) > 0 &&
-					e[len(e)-1] == check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0] &&
-					(len(e) == 1 || e[len(e)-2] != check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0]) {
-					// ignore escaped pathname separator since it does not
-					// appear in ident
-
-					e = e[:len(e)-1]
-					if len(lowerdirsEscaped) != i {
-						lowerdirsEscaped[i+1] = e + lowerdirsEscaped[i+1]
-						continue
-					}
-				}
-				lowerdirs = append(lowerdirs, e)
-			}
-
-			if len(lowerdirs) != 2 ||
-				filepath.Base(lowerdirs[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
-				filepath.Base(lowerdirs[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
-				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdirs, ", "))
+			if len(lowerdir) != 2 ||
+				filepath.Base(lowerdir[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
+				filepath.Base(lowerdir[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
+				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdir, ", "))
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		if hostNet {
-			ident = "G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3"
+			ident = expected.Net
 		}
 
 		if m.Root != "/sysroot" || m.Target != "/" {
@@ -213,14 +214,14 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	if promote {
-		ident = "xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ"
+		ident = expected.Promote
 	}
 
 	next() // testtool artifact
 
 	next()
 	if overlayWork {
-		ident = "5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-"
+		ident = expected.Work
 		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/work" ||
 			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
 			log.Fatal("unexpected work mount entry")

internal/pkg/ir.go

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package pkg
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"iter"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"unique"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 const wordSize = 8
 
 // alignSize returns the padded size for aligning sz.
-func alignSize(sz int) int {
+func alignSize[T int | uint64](sz T) T {
 	return sz + (wordSize-(sz)%wordSize)%wordSize
 }
 
@@ -39,22 +40,60 @@ func panicToError(errP *error) {
 	}
 }
 
+// irCache implements [IRCache].
+type irCache struct {
+	// Artifact to [unique.Handle] of identifier cache.
+	artifact sync.Map
+	// Identifier free list, must not be accessed directly.
+	identPool sync.Pool
+}
+
+// zeroIRCache returns the initialised value of irCache.
+func zeroIRCache() irCache {
+	return irCache{
+		identPool: sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(extIdent) }},
+	}
+}
+
+// IRCache provides memory management and caching primitives for IR and
+// identifier operations against [Artifact] implementations.
+//
+// The zero value is not safe for use.
+type IRCache struct{ irCache }
+
+// NewIR returns the address of a new [IRCache].
+func NewIR() *IRCache {
+	return &IRCache{zeroIRCache()}
+}
+
+// Inputs returns an iterator over direct and transitive inputs of an [Artifact]
+// in randomised order.
+func Inputs(a Artifact) iter.Seq2[Artifact, unique.Handle[ID]] {
+	ic := NewIR()
+	ic.Ident(a)
+	return func(yield func(Artifact, unique.Handle[ID]) bool) {
+		ic.artifact.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+			return yield(key.(Artifact), value.(unique.Handle[ID]))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // IContext is passed to [Artifact.Params] and provides methods for writing
 // values to the IR writer. It does not expose the underlying [io.Writer].
 //
 // IContext is valid until [Artifact.Params] returns.
 type IContext struct {
-	// Address of underlying [Cache], should be zeroed or made unusable after
+	// Address of underlying irCache, should be zeroed or made unusable after
 	// [Artifact.Params] returns and must not be exposed directly.
-	cache *Cache
+	ic *irCache
 	// Written to by various methods, should be zeroed after [Artifact.Params]
 	// returns and must not be exposed directly.
 	w io.Writer
+	// Optional [Artifact] to cureRes cache, replaces [IRKindIdent] with
+	// checksum values if non-nil.
+	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes
 }
 
-// Unwrap returns the underlying [context.Context].
-func (i *IContext) Unwrap() context.Context { return i.cache.ctx }
-
 // irZero is a zero IR word.
 var irZero [wordSize]byte
 
@@ -136,11 +175,19 @@ func (i *IContext) mustWrite(p []byte) {
 // WriteIdent is not defined for an [Artifact] not part of the slice returned by
 // [Artifact.Dependencies].
 func (i *IContext) WriteIdent(a Artifact) {
-	buf := i.cache.getIdentBuf()
-	defer i.cache.putIdentBuf(buf)
+	buf := i.ic.getIdentBuf()
+	defer i.ic.putIdentBuf(buf)
 
 	IRKindIdent.encodeHeader(0).put(buf[:])
-	*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = i.cache.Ident(a).Value()
+	if i.inputs != nil {
+		res, ok := i.inputs[a]
+		if !ok {
+			panic(InvalidLookupError(i.ic.Ident(a).Value()))
+		}
+		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = res.checksum.Value()
+	} else {
+		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = i.ic.Ident(a).Value()
+	}
 	i.mustWrite(buf[:])
 }
 
@@ -183,20 +230,45 @@ func (i *IContext) WriteString(s string) {
 
 // Encode writes a deterministic, efficient representation of a to w and returns
 // the first non-nil error encountered while writing to w.
-func (c *Cache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
+func (ic *irCache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
+	return ic.encode(w, a, nil)
+}
+
+// encode implements Encode but replaces identifiers with their cured checksums
+// for a non-nil ident. Caller must acquire Cache.identMu.
+func (ic *irCache) encode(
+	w io.Writer,
+	a Artifact,
+	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes,
+) (err error) {
 	deps := a.Dependencies()
 	idents := make([]*extIdent, len(deps))
-	for i, d := range deps {
-		dbuf, did := c.unsafeIdent(d, true)
-		if dbuf == nil {
-			dbuf = c.getIdentBuf()
+	if inputs == nil {
+		for i, d := range deps {
+			dbuf, did := ic.unsafeIdent(d, true)
+			if dbuf == nil {
+				dbuf = ic.getIdentBuf()
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dbuf[:], uint64(d.Kind()))
+				*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = did.Value()
+			} else {
+				ic.storeIdent(d, dbuf)
+			}
+			defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
+			idents[i] = dbuf
+		}
+	} else {
+		for i, d := range deps {
+			res, ok := inputs[d]
+			if !ok {
+				return InvalidLookupError(ic.Ident(d).Value())
+			}
+
+			dbuf := ic.getIdentBuf()
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dbuf[:], uint64(d.Kind()))
-			*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = did.Value()
-		} else {
-			c.storeIdent(d, dbuf)
+			*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = res.checksum.Value()
+			defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
+			idents[i] = dbuf
 		}
-		defer c.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
-		idents[i] = dbuf
 	}
 	slices.SortFunc(idents, func(a, b *extIdent) int {
 		return bytes.Compare(a[:], b[:])
@@ -221,10 +293,10 @@ func (c *Cache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	func() {
-		i := IContext{c, w}
+		i := IContext{ic, w, inputs}
 
 		defer panicToError(&err)
-		defer func() { i.cache, i.w = nil, nil }()
+		defer func() { i.ic, i.w = nil, nil }()
 
 		a.Params(&i)
 	}()
@@ -233,7 +305,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	var f IREndFlag
-	kcBuf := c.getIdentBuf()
+	kcBuf := ic.getIdentBuf()
 	sz := wordSize
 	if kc, ok := a.(KnownChecksum); ok {
 		f |= IREndKnownChecksum
@@ -243,13 +315,13 @@ func (c *Cache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
 	IRKindEnd.encodeHeader(uint32(f)).put(kcBuf[:])
 
 	_, err = w.Write(kcBuf[:sz])
-	c.putIdentBuf(kcBuf)
+	ic.putIdentBuf(kcBuf)
 	return
 }
 
 // encodeAll implements EncodeAll by recursively encoding dependencies and
 // performs deduplication by value via the encoded map.
-func (c *Cache) encodeAll(
+func (ic *irCache) encodeAll(
 	w io.Writer,
 	a Artifact,
 	encoded map[Artifact]struct{},
@@ -259,13 +331,13 @@ func (c *Cache) encodeAll(
 	}
 
 	for _, d := range a.Dependencies() {
-		if err = c.encodeAll(w, d, encoded); err != nil {
+		if err = ic.encodeAll(w, d, encoded); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 	}
 
 	encoded[a] = struct{}{}
-	return c.Encode(w, a)
+	return ic.Encode(w, a)
 }
 
 // EncodeAll writes a self-describing IR stream of a to w and returns the first
@@ -283,8 +355,8 @@ func (c *Cache) encodeAll(
 // the ident cache, nor does it contribute identifiers it computes back to the
 // ident cache. Because of this, multiple invocations of EncodeAll will have
 // similar cost and does not amortise when combined with a call to Cure.
-func (c *Cache) EncodeAll(w io.Writer, a Artifact) error {
-	return c.encodeAll(w, a, make(map[Artifact]struct{}))
+func (ic *irCache) EncodeAll(w io.Writer, a Artifact) error {
+	return ic.encodeAll(w, a, make(map[Artifact]struct{}))
 }
 
 // ErrRemainingIR is returned for a [IRReadFunc] that failed to call
@@ -409,6 +481,12 @@ func (e InvalidKindError) Error() string {
 // register is not safe for concurrent use. register must not be called after
 // the first instance of [Cache] has been opened.
 func register(k Kind, f IRReadFunc) {
+	openMu.Lock()
+	defer openMu.Unlock()
+
+	if opened {
+		panic("attempting to register after open")
+	}
 	if _, ok := irArtifact[k]; ok {
 		panic("attempting to register " + strconv.Itoa(int(k)) + " twice")
 	}

internal/pkg/ir_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package pkg_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -26,19 +27,17 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 			pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
 		)},
 
-		{"http get tar", pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		{"http get tar", pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 			nil, "file:///testdata",
 			pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-			pkg.TarBzip2,
-		)},
-		{"http get tar unaligned", pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+		), pkg.Bzip2))},
+		{"http get tar unaligned", pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 			nil, "https://hakurei.app",
 			pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfe}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-			pkg.TarUncompressed,
-		)},
+		))},
 
 		{"exec offline", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
+			"exec-offline", "", nil, 0, false, false,
 			pkg.AbsWork,
 			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -46,21 +45,19 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 
 			pkg.MustPath("/file", false, pkg.NewFile("file", []byte(
 				"stub file",
-			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 				nil, "file:///hakurei.tar",
 				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-				pkg.TarUncompressed,
-			)), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 				nil, "file:///testtool.tar.gz",
 				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-				pkg.TarGzip,
-			)),
+			), pkg.Gzip))),
 		)},
 
 		{"exec net", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-net",
+			"exec-net", "",
 			(*pkg.Checksum)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-			0, false,
+			0, false, false,
 			pkg.AbsWork,
 			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -68,19 +65,41 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 
 			pkg.MustPath("/file", false, pkg.NewFile("file", []byte(
 				"stub file",
-			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 				nil, "file:///hakurei.tar",
 				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-				pkg.TarUncompressed,
-			)), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 				nil, "file:///testtool.tar.gz",
 				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-				pkg.TarGzip,
-			)),
+			), pkg.Gzip))),
+		)},
+
+		{"exec measured", pkg.NewExec(
+			"exec-measured", "",
+			(*pkg.Checksum)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
+			0, false, false,
+			pkg.AbsWork,
+			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
+			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
+			[]string{"testtool", "measured"},
+
+			pkg.MustPath("/file", false, pkg.NewFile("file", []byte(
+				"stub file",
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				nil, "file:///hakurei.tar",
+				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
+			))), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+				nil, "file:///testtool.tar.gz",
+				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
+			), pkg.Gzip))),
 		)},
 
 		{"file anonymous", pkg.NewFile("", []byte{0})},
 		{"file", pkg.NewFile("stub", []byte("stub"))},
+
+		{"decompress", pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewFile("", []byte{0}), pkg.Bzip2)},
+
+		{"archive", pkg.NewArchive(pkg.NewFile("", []byte{0}))},
 	}
 	testCasesCache := make([]cacheTestCase, len(testCases))
 	for i, tc := range testCases {
@@ -105,9 +124,13 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 				if err := <-done; err != nil {
 					t.Fatalf("EncodeAll: error = %v", err)
 				}
-			}, pkg.MustDecode(
-				"E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C",
-			),
+			}, expectsFS{
+				".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+				"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			},
 		}
 	}
 	checkWithCache(t, testCasesCache)

internal/pkg/net_test.go

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ package pkg_test
 import (
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"testing/fstest"
 	"unique"
-	"unsafe"
 
 	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
@@ -33,20 +33,14 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"direct", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
-			var r pkg.RContext
-			rCacheVal := reflect.ValueOf(&r).Elem().FieldByName("cache")
-			reflect.NewAt(
-				rCacheVal.Type(),
-				unsafe.Pointer(rCacheVal.UnsafeAddr()),
-			).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(c))
-
+			r := newRContext(t, c)
 			f := pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 				&client,
 				"file:///testdata",
 				testdataChecksum.Value(),
 			)
 			var got []byte
-			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(r); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
@@ -65,7 +59,7 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			wantErrMismatch := &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
 				Got: testdataChecksum.Value(),
 			}
-			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(r); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
@@ -76,7 +70,7 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			// check fallback validation
-			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(r); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			} else if err = rc.Close(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrMismatch) {
 				t.Fatalf("Close: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrMismatch)
@@ -89,18 +83,19 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 				pkg.Checksum{},
 			)
 			wantErrNotFound := pkg.ResponseStatusError(http.StatusNotFound)
-			if _, err := f.Cure(&r); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
+			if _, err := f.Cure(r); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"cure", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
-			var r pkg.RContext
-			rCacheVal := reflect.ValueOf(&r).Elem().FieldByName("cache")
-			reflect.NewAt(
-				rCacheVal.Type(),
-				unsafe.Pointer(rCacheVal.UnsafeAddr()),
-			).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(c))
+			r := newRContext(t, c)
 
 			f := pkg.NewHTTPGet(
 				&client,
@@ -120,7 +115,7 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			var got []byte
-			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(r); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
@@ -136,7 +131,7 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 				"file:///testdata",
 				testdataChecksum.Value(),
 			)
-			if rc, err := f.Cure(&r); err != nil {
+			if rc, err := f.Cure(r); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			} else if got, err = io.ReadAll(rc); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("ReadAll: error = %v", err)
@@ -156,6 +151,18 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			if _, _, err := c.Cure(f); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
 				t.Fatalf("Pathname: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
 			}
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("L_0RFHpr9JUS4Zp14rz2dESSRvfLzpvqsLhR1-YjQt8hYlmEdVl7vI3_-v8UNPKs")},
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }

internal/pkg/tar.go

@@ -2,32 +2,18 @@ package pkg
 
 import (
 	"archive/tar"
-	"compress/bzip2"
-	"compress/gzip"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
-	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 )
 
-const (
-	// TarUncompressed denotes an uncompressed tarball.
-	TarUncompressed = iota
-	// TarGzip denotes a tarball compressed via [gzip].
-	TarGzip
-	// TarBzip2 denotes a tarball compressed via [bzip2].
-	TarBzip2
-)
-
 // A tarArtifact is an [Artifact] unpacking a tarball backed by a [FileArtifact].
 type tarArtifact struct {
 	// Caller-supplied backing tarball.
 	f Artifact
-	// Compression on top of the tarball.
-	compression uint32
 }
 
 // tarArtifactNamed embeds tarArtifact for a [fmt.Stringer] tarball.
@@ -39,14 +25,13 @@ type tarArtifactNamed struct {
 
 var _ fmt.Stringer = new(tarArtifactNamed)
 
-// String returns the name of the underlying [Artifact] suffixed with unpack.
-func (a *tarArtifactNamed) String() string { return a.name + "-unpack" }
+// String returns the name of the underlying [Artifact] prefixed with unpack.
+func (a *tarArtifactNamed) String() string { return "unpack-" + a.name }
 
-// NewTar returns a new [Artifact] backed by the supplied [Artifact] and
-// compression method. The source [Artifact] must be compatible with
-// [TContext.Open].
-func NewTar(a Artifact, compression uint32) Artifact {
-	ta := tarArtifact{a, compression}
+// NewTar returns a new [Artifact] unpacking the tar stream produced by the
+// backing [Artifact]. The source [Artifact] must be a [FileArtifact].
+func NewTar(a Artifact) Artifact {
+	ta := tarArtifact{a}
 	if s, ok := a.(fmt.Stringer); ok {
 		if name := s.String(); name != "" {
 			return &tarArtifactNamed{ta, name}
@@ -55,25 +40,15 @@ func NewTar(a Artifact, compression uint32) Artifact {
 	return &ta
 }
 
-// NewHTTPGetTar is abbreviation for NewHTTPGet passed to NewTar.
-func NewHTTPGetTar(
-	hc *http.Client,
-	url string,
-	checksum Checksum,
-	compression uint32,
-) Artifact {
-	return NewTar(NewHTTPGet(hc, url, checksum), compression)
-}
-
 // Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
 func (a *tarArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindTar }
 
-// Params writes compression encoded in little endian.
-func (a *tarArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) { ctx.WriteUint32(a.compression) }
+// Params is a noop.
+func (a *tarArtifact) Params(*IContext) {}
 
 func init() {
 	register(KindTar, func(r *IRReader) Artifact {
-		a := NewTar(r.Next(), r.ReadUint32())
+		a := NewTar(r.Next())
 		if _, ok := r.Finalise(); ok {
 			panic(ErrUnexpectedChecksum)
 		}
@@ -99,42 +74,17 @@ func (e DisallowedTypeflagError) Error() string {
 
 // Cure cures the [Artifact], producing a directory located at work.
 func (a *tarArtifact) Cure(t *TContext) (err error) {
-	var tr io.ReadCloser
-	if tr, err = t.Open(a.f); err != nil {
+	var r io.ReadCloser
+	if r, err = t.Open(a.f); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	defer func(f io.ReadCloser) {
-		if err == nil {
-			err = tr.Close()
-		}
-
-		closeErr := f.Close()
+	defer func() {
+		closeErr := r.Close()
 		if err == nil {
 			err = closeErr
 		}
-	}(tr)
-	br := t.cache.getReader(tr)
-	defer t.cache.putReader(br)
-	tr = io.NopCloser(br)
-
-	switch a.compression {
-	case TarUncompressed:
-		break
-
-	case TarGzip:
-		if tr, err = gzip.NewReader(tr); err != nil {
-			return
-		}
-		break
-
-	case TarBzip2:
-		tr = io.NopCloser(bzip2.NewReader(tr))
-		break
-
-	default:
-		return os.ErrInvalid
-	}
+	}()
 
 	type dirTargetPerm struct {
 		path string
@@ -157,8 +107,8 @@ func (a *tarArtifact) Cure(t *TContext) (err error) {
 	}()
 
 	var header *tar.Header
-	r := tar.NewReader(tr)
-	for header, err = r.Next(); err == nil; header, err = r.Next() {
+	tr := tar.NewReader(r)
+	for header, err = tr.Next(); err == nil; header, err = tr.Next() {
 		typeflag := header.Typeflag
 		if typeflag == 0 {
 			if len(header.Name) > 0 && header.Name[len(header.Name)-1] == '/' {
@@ -184,7 +134,7 @@ func (a *tarArtifact) Cure(t *TContext) (err error) {
 			); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
-			if _, err = io.Copy(f, r); err != nil {
+			if _, err = io.Copy(f, tr); err != nil {
 				_ = f.Close()
 				return
 			} else if err = f.Close(); err != nil {

internal/pkg/tar_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,31 @@ import (
 func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
+	want := expectsFS{
+		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+		"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+		"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+		"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+		"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+	}
+	wantEncode := pkg.Encode(want.hash())
+
+	wantExpand := expectsFS{
+		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+		"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+	}
+	wantExpandEncode := pkg.Encode(wantExpand.hash())
+
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"http", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
@@ -37,10 +62,32 @@ func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 				"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
 
 				"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			}, pkg.MustDecode(
-				"cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM",
-			))
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("NQTlc466JmSVLIyWklm_u8_g95jEEb98PxJU-kjwxLpfdjwMWJq0G8ze9R4Vo1Vu")},
+			}, want)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                             {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode:               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/T68YqeEW5moiwVe4J0wPvjERgyMUd4k_cKKxTcQx6AXqZaQAuuryu-Iv-qxDV6-T": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantEncode)},
+			"identifier/WbWIIUGl6bqDBsjU-UB69JqOWLjG5waiUJBUBGeeRp3V7FBbwaBe3sG1qm7DlPSk": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantEncode)},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 
 		{"http expand", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
@@ -48,10 +95,23 @@ func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 
 				"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 				"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			}, pkg.MustDecode(
-				"CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN",
-			))
-		}, pkg.MustDecode("hSoSSgCYTNonX3Q8FjvjD1fBl-E-BQyA6OTXro2OadXqbST4tZ-akGXszdeqphRe")},
+			}, wantExpand)
+		}, expectsFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum":                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/" + wantExpandEncode: {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/" + wantExpandEncode + "/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/WbWIIUGl6bqDBsjU-UB69JqOWLjG5waiUJBUBGeeRp3V7FBbwaBe3sG1qm7DlPSk": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantExpandEncode)},
+			"identifier/e3BECw_x_vDyTvj2P48MJVgwpgALeXQ90Ye2Y8gr6SwIPtMup6SR2LVcCTDRGpVi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantExpandEncode)},
+
+			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}},
 	})
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +120,7 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 	base *check.Absolute,
 	c *pkg.Cache,
 	testdataFsys fs.FS,
-	wantChecksum pkg.Checksum,
+	want expectsKnown,
 ) {
 	var testdata string
 	{
@@ -96,49 +156,6 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 		"testdata": {Data: []byte(testdata), Mode: 0400},
 	}))
 
-	wantIdent := func() pkg.ID {
-		h := sha512.New384()
-
-		// kind uint64
-		h.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.KindTar), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
-		// deps_sz uint64
-		h.Write([]byte{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
-
-		// kind uint64
-		h.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.KindHTTPGet), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
-		// ident ID
-		h0 := sha512.New384()
-		// kind uint64
-		h0.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.KindHTTPGet), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
-		// deps_sz uint64
-		h0.Write([]byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
-		// url string
-		h0.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.IRKindString), 0, 0, 0})
-		h0.Write([]byte{0x10, 0, 0, 0})
-		h0.Write([]byte("file:///testdata"))
-		// end(KnownChecksum)
-		h0.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.IRKindEnd), 0, 0, 0})
-		h0.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.IREndKnownChecksum), 0, 0, 0})
-		// checksum Checksum
-		h0.Write(testdataChecksum[:])
-		h.Write(h0.Sum(nil))
-		// compression uint32
-		h.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.IRKindUint32), 0, 0, 0})
-		h.Write([]byte{pkg.TarGzip, 0, 0, 0})
-		// end
-		h.Write([]byte{byte(pkg.IRKindEnd), 0, 0, 0})
-		h.Write([]byte{0, 0, 0, 0})
-
-		return pkg.ID(h.Sum(nil))
-	}()
-
-	a := pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
-		&client,
-		"file:///testdata",
-		testdataChecksum,
-		pkg.TarGzip,
-	)
-
 	tarDir := stubArtifact{
 		kind:   pkg.KindExec,
 		params: []byte("directory containing a single regular file"),
@@ -191,27 +208,28 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 	defer newDestroyArtifactFunc(&tarDirType)(t, base, c)
 
 	cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
-		{"file", a, base.Append(
-			"identifier",
-			pkg.Encode(wantIdent),
-		), wantChecksum, nil},
+		{"file", pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(pkg.NewHTTPGet(
+			&client,
+			"file:///testdata",
+			testdataChecksum,
+		), pkg.Gzip)), ignorePathname, want, nil},
 
-		{"directory", pkg.NewTar(
+		{"directory", pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(
 			&tarDir,
-			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
+			pkg.Gzip,
+		)), ignorePathname, want, nil},
 
-		{"multiple entries", pkg.NewTar(
+		{"multiple entries", pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(
 			&tarDirMulti,
-			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+			pkg.Gzip,
+		)), nil, nil, errors.New(
 			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
 		)},
 
-		{"bad type", pkg.NewTar(
+		{"bad type", pkg.NewTar(pkg.NewDecompress(
 			&tarDirType,
-			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
+			pkg.Gzip,
+		)), nil, nil, errors.New(
 			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
 		)},
 
@@ -221,6 +239,6 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 			cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 				return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
 			},
-		}, pkg.TarGzip), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+		}), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
 	})
 }

internal/report/report.go

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+package report
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Trivial denotes an error that may happen frequently under normal operation.
+	Trivial = iota
+	// Inconsistent denotes an error diagnosed due to inconsistent state.
+	Inconsistent
+	// Degraded denotes an error condition causing a degraded state.
+	Degraded
+	// Fatal denotes an unrecoverable error. This is generally followed by
+	// notifying the user and suggesting immediate restart, or an automatic
+	// restart of a nonessential daemon process.
+	Fatal
+)
+
+// A Reporter represents an error reporting object backed by user-facing display
+// and optional persistent storage. A Reporter can be used simultaneously from
+// multiple goroutines.
+type Reporter struct {
+	// Backing logger, the zero value implies the return value of [log.Default].
+	log atomic.Pointer[log.Logger]
+	// Backing persistent storage.
+	pathname atomic.Pointer[check.Absolute]
+	// Reporting behaviour.
+	flag atomic.Uint64
+
+	// Caller-supplied reporting functions.
+	notify []func(e Error)
+	// Synchronises access to notify.
+	notifyMu sync.RWMutex
+
+	// Synchronises access to persistent storage.
+	mu sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// SetOutput sets the backing [log.Logger].
+func (r *Reporter) SetOutput(l *log.Logger) { r.log.Store(l) }
+
+// SetPathname sets the pathname to persistent storage.
+func (r *Reporter) SetPathname(a *check.Absolute) { r.pathname.Store(a) }
+
+const (
+	// DStrict causes all dispatches to end in a call to panic.
+	DStrict = 1 << iota
+	// DNoRecover disallows recovering from error write to persistent storage.
+	DNoRecover
+	// DBypassEarly allows persistent storage to be skipped before it is ready.
+	DBypassEarly
+)
+
+// SetFlags sets flags for r.
+func (r *Reporter) SetFlags(flag uint64) { r.flag.Store(flag) }
+
+// An Error represents an error reported via [Reporter.Dispatch].
+type Error struct {
+	// Nature of error.
+	Severity int
+	// User-facing reporting message.
+	Message string
+	// Underlying error.
+	Err error
+}
+
+// RepresentableError is implemented by errors friendly to JSON serialisation.
+type RepresentableError interface {
+	error
+	Representable()
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON returns an incomplete JSON representation of e.
+func (e Error) MarshalJSON() (data []byte, err error) {
+	v := struct {
+		Severity any             `json:"kind"`
+		Message  string          `json:"message"`
+		Err      json.RawMessage `json:"error"`
+	}{Message: e.Message}
+
+	switch e.Severity {
+	case Trivial:
+		v.Severity = "trivial"
+	case Inconsistent:
+		v.Severity = "inconsistent"
+	case Degraded:
+		v.Severity = "degradation"
+	case Fatal:
+		v.Severity = "fatal"
+	default:
+		v.Severity = e.Severity
+	}
+
+	if re, ok := errors.AsType[RepresentableError](e.Err); ok {
+		v.Err, err = json.Marshal(re)
+	} else {
+		v.Err, err = json.Marshal(e.Err.Error())
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(&v)
+}
+
+// Error is generally only called during a [Reporter.Dispatch] call ending in
+// a panic or an otherwise unrecoverable condition.
+func (e Error) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", e.Message, e.Err)
+}
+
+// Notify arranges for f to be called for all future dispatched errors.
+func (r *Reporter) Notify(f func(Error)) {
+	r.notifyMu.Lock()
+	r.notify = append(r.notify, f)
+	r.notifyMu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// getLog returns the address of the underlying [log.Logger], or the return
+// value of [log.Default].
+func (r *Reporter) getLog() *log.Logger {
+	l := r.log.Load()
+	if l == nil {
+		l = log.Default()
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
+// dispatch implements Dispatch but returns the reporting error.
+func (r *Reporter) dispatch(severity int, message string, e error) (err error) {
+	p := Error{severity, message, e}
+	r.getLog().Println(message+":", e)
+
+	flag := r.flag.Load()
+	defer func() {
+		if flag&DNoRecover != 0 && err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if a := r.pathname.Load(); a != nil {
+		var w *os.File
+		r.mu.Lock()
+		w, err = os.OpenFile(
+			a.Append(strconv.FormatUint(uint64(time.Now().UnixNano()), 10)).String(),
+			os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL|os.O_WRONLY,
+			0400,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			r.mu.Unlock()
+			return
+		}
+		err = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(p)
+		if _err := w.Close(); err == nil {
+			err = _err
+		}
+		r.mu.Unlock()
+	} else if flag&DBypassEarly == 0 && severity != Trivial {
+		panic(p)
+	}
+
+	if flag&DStrict != 0 && severity != Trivial {
+		panic(p)
+	}
+
+	r.notifyMu.RLock()
+	defer r.notifyMu.RUnlock()
+	for _, f := range r.notify {
+		f(p)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Dispatch reports an error and saves it to backing storage if available.
+func (r *Reporter) Dispatch(severity int, message string, e error) {
+	if err := r.dispatch(severity, message, e); err != nil {
+		r.getLog().Println(err)
+	}
+}