cmd/pkgserver: update

cmd/pkgserver: fix gitignore
cmd/pkgserver: better no results handling
2026-04-18 11:32:08 -05:00 · 2026-04-18 11:06:52 -05:00 · 2026-04-18 10:57:04 -05:00 · 2026-04-18 10:57:04 -05:00 · 2026-04-18 02:07:52 -05:00 · 2026-03-13 20:41:53 -05:00
162 changed files with 2613 additions and 7637 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@

 # go generate
 /cmd/hakurei/LICENSE
-/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/static
-/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/testtool
+/cmd/pkgserver/ui/static/*.js
+/internal/pkg/testdata/testtool
 /internal/rosa/hakurei_current.tar.gz

 # cmd/dist default destination
--- a/all.sh
+++ b/all.sh
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh -e

-HAKUREI_DIST_MAKE='' exec "$(dirname -- "$0")/cmd/dist/dist.sh"
+TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(go version)"
+cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/"
+echo "# Building cmd/dist using ${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}."
+go run -v --tags=dist ./cmd/dist
--- a/check/overlay.go
+++ b/check/overlay.go
@@ -4,23 +4,15 @@ import "strings"

 const (
 	// SpecialOverlayEscape is the escape string for overlay mount options.
-	//
-	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayEscape = `\`
 	// SpecialOverlayOption is the separator string between overlay mount options.
-	//
-	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayOption = ","
 	// SpecialOverlayPath is the separator string between overlay paths.
-	//
-	// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 	SpecialOverlayPath = ":"
 )

 // EscapeOverlayDataSegment escapes a string for formatting into the data
 // argument of an overlay mount system call.
-//
-// Deprecated: This is no longer used and will be removed in 0.5.
 func EscapeOverlayDataSegment(s string) string {
 	if s == "" {
 		return ""
--- a/cmd/dist/dist.sh
+++ b/cmd/dist/dist.sh
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh -e
-
-TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(go version)"
-cd "$(dirname -- "$0")/../.."
-echo "Building cmd/dist using ${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}."
-FLAGS=''
-if test -n "$VERBOSE"; then
-    FLAGS="$FLAGS -v"
-fi
-go run $FLAGS --tags=dist ./cmd/dist
--- a/cmd/dist/main.go
+++ b/cmd/dist/main.go
@@ -42,19 +42,14 @@ func mustRun(ctx context.Context, name string, arg ...string) {
 var comp []byte

 func main() {
+	fmt.Println()
 	log.SetFlags(0)
-	log.SetPrefix("")
+	log.SetPrefix("# ")

-	verbose := os.Getenv("VERBOSE") != ""
-	runTests := os.Getenv("HAKUREI_DIST_MAKE") == ""
 	version := getenv("HAKUREI_VERSION", "untagged")
 	prefix := getenv("PREFIX", "/usr")
 	destdir := getenv("DESTDIR", "dist")

-	if verbose {
-		log.Println()
-	}
-
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(destdir, 0755); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -81,17 +76,12 @@ func main() {
 	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
 	defer cancel()

-	verboseFlag := "-v"
-	if !verbose {
-		verboseFlag = "-buildvcs=false"
-	}
-
-	log.Printf("Building hakurei for %s/%s.", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
+	log.Println("Building hakurei.")
 	mustRun(ctx, "go", "generate", "./...")
 	mustRun(
 		ctx, "go", "build",
 		"-trimpath",
-		verboseFlag, "-o", s,
+		"-v", "-o", s,
 		"-ldflags=-s -w "+
 			"-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static "+
 			"-X hakurei.app/internal/info.buildVersion="+version+" "+
@@ -100,19 +90,17 @@ func main() {
 			"-X main.hakureiPath="+prefix+"/bin/hakurei",
 		"./...",
 	)
-	log.Println()
+	fmt.Println()

-	if runTests {
-		log.Println("##### Testing Hakurei.")
-		mustRun(
-			ctx, "go", "test",
-			"-ldflags=-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static",
-			"./...",
-		)
-		log.Println()
-	}
+	log.Println("Testing Hakurei.")
+	mustRun(
+		ctx, "go", "test",
+		"-ldflags=-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static",
+		"./...",
+	)
+	fmt.Println()

-	log.Println("##### Creating distribution.")
+	log.Println("Creating distribution.")
 	const suffix = ".tar.gz"
 	distName := "hakurei-" + version + "-" + runtime.GOARCH
 	var f *os.File
@@ -133,7 +121,7 @@ func main() {
 	}()

 	h := sha512.New()
-	gw, _ := gzip.NewWriterLevel(io.MultiWriter(f, h), gzip.BestCompression)
+	gw := gzip.NewWriter(io.MultiWriter(f, h))
 	tw := tar.NewWriter(gw)

 	mustWriteHeader := func(name string, size int64, mode os.FileMode) {
--- a/cmd/mbf/cache.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/cache.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"hakurei.app/check"
-	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
 )
@@ -20,15 +19,8 @@ type cache struct {
 	// Should generally not be used directly.
 	c *pkg.Cache

-	cures, jobs int
-	// Primarily to work around missing landlock LSM.
-	hostAbstract bool
-	// Set SCHED_IDLE.
-	idle bool
-	// Unset [pkg.CSuppressInit].
-	verboseInit bool
-	// Loaded artifact of [rosa.QEMU].
-	qemu pkg.Artifact
+	cures, jobs        int
+	hostAbstract, idle bool

 	base string
 }
@@ -53,9 +45,6 @@ func (cache *cache) open() (err error) {
 	if cache.hostAbstract {
 		flags |= pkg.CHostAbstract
 	}
-	if !cache.verboseInit {
-		flags |= pkg.CSuppressInit
-	}

 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	defer close(done)
@@ -81,39 +70,6 @@ func (cache *cache) open() (err error) {
 		cache.jobs,
 		base,
 	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	done <- struct{}{}
-
-	if cache.qemu != nil {
-		var pathname *check.Absolute
-		pathname, _, err = cache.c.Cure(cache.qemu)
-		if err != nil {
-			cache.c.Close()
-			return
-		}
-
-		pkg.RegisterArch("riscv64", container.BinfmtEntry{
-			Offset: 0,
-			Magic:  "\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xf3\x00",
-			Mask:   "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
-			Interpreter: pathname.Append(
-				"system/bin",
-				"qemu-riscv64",
-			),
-		})
-		pkg.RegisterArch("arm64", container.BinfmtEntry{
-			Offset: 0,
-			Magic:  "\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xb7\x00",
-			Mask:   "\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
-			Interpreter: pathname.Append(
-				"system/bin",
-				"qemu-aarch64",
-			),
-		})
-	}
-
 	return
 }

--- a/cmd/mbf/info.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/info.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
-	"unique"

 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
@@ -18,12 +17,25 @@ func commandInfo(
 	args []string,
 	w io.Writer,
 	writeStatus bool,
-	r *rosa.Report,
+	reportPath string,
 ) (err error) {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("info requires at least 1 argument")
 	}

+	var r *rosa.Report
+	if reportPath != "" {
+		if r, err = rosa.OpenReport(reportPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if closeErr := r.Close(); err == nil {
+				err = closeErr
+			}
+		}()
+		defer r.HandleAccess(&err)()
+	}
+
 	// recovered by HandleAccess
 	mustPrintln := func(a ...any) {
 		if _, _err := fmt.Fprintln(w, a...); _err != nil {
@@ -36,20 +48,17 @@ func commandInfo(
 		}
 	}

-	t := rosa.Native().Std()
 	for i, name := range args {
-		handle := rosa.ArtifactH(unique.Make(name))
-		if meta := rosa.Native().Get(handle); meta == nil {
+		if p, ok := rosa.ResolveName(name); !ok {
 			return fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", name)
 		} else {
 			var suffix string
-
-			a, version := t.MustLoad(handle)
-			if version != rosa.Unversioned {
+			if version := rosa.Std.Version(p); version != rosa.Unversioned {
 				suffix += "-" + version
 			}
 			mustPrintln("name        : " + name + suffix)

+			meta := rosa.GetMetadata(p)
 			mustPrintln("description : " + meta.Description)
 			if meta.Website != "" {
 				mustPrintln("website     : " +
@@ -58,9 +67,9 @@ func commandInfo(
 			if len(meta.Dependencies) > 0 {
 				mustPrint("depends on  :")
 				for _, d := range meta.Dependencies {
-					s := rosa.Native().MustGet(d).Name
-					if _, _version := t.Load(d); _version != rosa.Unversioned {
-						s += "-" + _version
+					s := rosa.GetMetadata(d).Name
+					if version := rosa.Std.Version(d); version != rosa.Unversioned {
+						s += "-" + version
 					}
 					mustPrint(" " + s)
 				}
@@ -72,7 +81,7 @@ func commandInfo(
 				if r == nil {
 					var f io.ReadSeekCloser
 					err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-						f, err = cache.OpenStatus(a)
+						f, err = cache.OpenStatus(rosa.Std.Load(p))
 						return
 					})
 					if err != nil {
@@ -91,7 +100,7 @@ func commandInfo(
 						}
 					}
 				} else if err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-					status, n := r.ArtifactOf(cache.Ident(a))
+					status, n := r.ArtifactOf(cache.Ident(rosa.Std.Load(p)))
 					if status == nil {
 						mustPrintln(
 							statusPrefix + "not in report",
--- a/cmd/mbf/info_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/info_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
-	"unique"
 	"unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
@@ -21,14 +20,6 @@ import (
 func TestInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	_t := rosa.Native().Std()
-	_, qemuVersion := _t.Load(rosa.QEMU)
-	_, glibVersion := _t.Load(rosa.GLib)
-	zlib, zlibVersion := _t.Load(rosa.Zlib)
-	_, zstdVersion := _t.Load(rosa.Zstd)
-	_, hakureiVersion := _t.Load(rosa.Hakurei)
-	_, hakureiDistVersion := _t.Load(rosa.HakureiDist)
-
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name    string
 		args    []string
@@ -38,24 +29,24 @@ func TestInfo(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr any
 	}{
 		{"qemu", []string{"qemu"}, nil, "", `
-name        : qemu-` + qemuVersion + `
+name        : qemu-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.QEMU) + `
 description : a generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizer
 website     : https://www.qemu.org
-depends on  : glib-` + glibVersion + ` zstd-` + zstdVersion + `
+depends on  : glib-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.GLib) + ` zstd-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Zstd) + `
 `, nil},

 		{"multi", []string{"hakurei", "hakurei-dist"}, nil, "", `
-name        : hakurei-` + hakureiVersion + `
+name        : hakurei-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Hakurei) + `
 description : low-level userspace tooling for Rosa OS
 website     : https://hakurei.app

-name        : hakurei-dist-` + hakureiDistVersion + `
+name        : hakurei-dist-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.HakureiDist) + `
 description : low-level userspace tooling for Rosa OS (distribution tarball)
 website     : https://hakurei.app
 `, nil},

 		{"nonexistent", []string{"zlib", "\x00"}, nil, "", `
-name        : zlib-` + zlibVersion + `
+name        : zlib-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Zlib) + `
 description : lossless data-compression library
 website     : https://zlib.net

@@ -65,12 +56,12 @@ website     : https://zlib.net
 			"zstd":    "internal/pkg (amd64) on satori\n",
 			"hakurei": "internal/pkg (amd64) on satori\n\n",
 		}, "", `
-name        : zlib-` + zlibVersion + `
+name        : zlib-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Zlib) + `
 description : lossless data-compression library
 website     : https://zlib.net
 status      : not yet cured

-name        : zstd-` + zstdVersion + `
+name        : zstd-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Zstd) + `
 description : a fast compression algorithm
 website     : https://facebook.github.io/zstd
 status      : internal/pkg (amd64) on satori
@@ -79,19 +70,19 @@ status      : internal/pkg (amd64) on satori
 		{"status cache perm", []string{"zlib"}, map[string]string{
 			"zlib": "\x00",
 		}, "", `
-name        : zlib-` + zlibVersion + `
+name        : zlib-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Zlib) + `
 description : lossless data-compression library
 website     : https://zlib.net
 `, func(cm *cache) error {
 			return &os.PathError{
 				Op:   "open",
-				Path: filepath.Join(cm.base, "status", pkg.Encode(cm.c.Ident(zlib).Value())),
+				Path: filepath.Join(cm.base, "status", pkg.Encode(cm.c.Ident(rosa.Std.Load(rosa.Zlib)).Value())),
 				Err:  syscall.EACCES,
 			}
 		}},

 		{"status report", []string{"zlib"}, nil, strings.Repeat("\x00", len(pkg.Checksum{})+8), `
-name        : zlib-` + zlibVersion + `
+name        : zlib-` + rosa.Std.Version(rosa.Zlib) + `
 description : lossless data-compression library
 website     : https://zlib.net
 status      : not in report
@@ -104,7 +95,7 @@ status      : not in report
 			var (
 				cm  *cache
 				buf strings.Builder
-				r   *rosa.Report
+				rp  string
 			)

 			if tc.status != nil || tc.report != "" {
@@ -117,31 +108,20 @@ status      : not in report
 			}

 			if tc.report != "" {
-				pathname := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "report")
-				err := os.WriteFile(
-					pathname,
+				rp = filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "report")
+				if err := os.WriteFile(
+					rp,
 					unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(tc.report), len(tc.report)),
 					0400,
-				)
-				if err != nil {
+				); err != nil {
 					t.Fatal(err)
 				}
-
-				r, err = rosa.OpenReport(pathname)
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				defer func() {
-					if err = r.Close(); err != nil {
-						t.Fatal(err)
-					}
-				}()
 			}

 			if tc.status != nil {
 				for name, status := range tc.status {
-					a, _ := _t.Load(rosa.ArtifactH(unique.Make(name)))
-					if a == nil {
+					p, ok := rosa.ResolveName(name)
+					if !ok {
 						t.Fatalf("invalid name %q", name)
 					}
 					perm := os.FileMode(0400)
@@ -152,7 +132,7 @@ status      : not in report
 						return os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(
 							cm.base,
 							"status",
-							pkg.Encode(cache.Ident(a).Value()),
+							pkg.Encode(cache.Ident(rosa.Std.Load(p)).Value()),
 						), unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(status), len(status)), perm)
 					}); err != nil {
 						t.Fatalf("Do: error = %v", err)
@@ -177,7 +157,7 @@ status      : not in report
 				tc.args,
 				&buf,
 				cm != nil,
-				r,
+				rp,
 			); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("commandInfo: error = %v, want %v", err, wantErr)
 			}
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui.go
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-// Package ui holds the static web UI.
-package ui
-
-import "net/http"
-
-// Register arranges for mux to serve the embedded frontend.
-func Register(mux *http.ServeMux) {
-	mux.Handle("GET /", http.FileServer(http.FS(static)))
-}
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_full.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_full.go
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-//go:build frontend
-
-package ui
-
-import (
-	"embed"
-	"io/fs"
-)
-
-//go:generate tsc
-//go:generate cp index.html style.css static
-//go:embed static
-var _static embed.FS
-
-var static = func() fs.FS {
-	if f, err := fs.Sub(_static, "static"); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	} else {
-		return f
-	}
-}()
--- a/cmd/mbf/main.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/main.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net"
-	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -42,9 +41,6 @@ import (
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
 	"hakurei.app/message"
-
-	"hakurei.app/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver"
-	"hakurei.app/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui"
 )

 func main() {
@@ -58,19 +54,6 @@ func main() {
 		log.Fatal("this program must not run as root")
 	}

-	defer func() {
-		r := recover()
-		if r == nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		h, ok := r.(rosa.HandleError)
-		if !ok {
-			panic(r)
-		}
-		log.Fatal(h)
-	}()
-
 	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(),
 		syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGHUP)
 	defer stop()
@@ -80,13 +63,9 @@ func main() {

 	var (
 		flagQuiet bool
-		flagQEMU  bool
-		flagArch  string
 		flagCheck bool
 		flagLTO   bool

-		flagCrossOverride int
-
 		addr net.UnixAddr
 	)
 	c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "mbf", func([]string) error {
@@ -110,36 +89,13 @@ func main() {
 		if !flagLTO {
 			flags |= rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO
 		}
-		rosa.Native().DropCaches("", flags)
-		cross := flagArch != "" && flagArch != runtime.GOARCH
-		if flagQEMU || cross {
-			cm.qemu, _ = rosa.Native().Std().Load(rosa.QEMU)
-		}
-
-		if cross {
-			if flagCrossOverride != -1 {
-				flags = flagCrossOverride
-			}
-
-			rosa.Native().DropCaches(flagArch, flags)
-			if !rosa.HasStage0() {
-				return pkg.UnsupportedArchError(flagArch)
-			}
-		}
+		rosa.DropCaches(flags)

 		return nil
 	}).Flag(
 		&flagQuiet,
 		"q", command.BoolFlag(false),
 		"Do not print cure messages",
-	).Flag(
-		&flagQEMU,
-		"register", command.BoolFlag(false),
-		"Enable additional target architectures",
-	).Flag(
-		&flagArch,
-		"arch", command.StringFlag(runtime.GOARCH),
-		"Target architecture",
 	).Flag(
 		&flagLTO,
 		"lto", command.BoolFlag(false),
@@ -148,14 +104,6 @@ func main() {
 		&flagCheck,
 		"check", command.BoolFlag(true),
 		"Run test suites",
-	).Flag(
-		&flagCrossOverride,
-		"cross-flags", command.IntFlag(-1),
-		"Override non-native target preset flags",
-	).Flag(
-		&cm.verboseInit,
-		"v", command.BoolFlag(false),
-		"Do not suppress verbose output from init",
 	).Flag(
 		&cm.cures,
 		"cures", command.IntFlag(0),
@@ -188,17 +136,7 @@ func main() {
 	c.NewCommand(
 		"checksum", "Compute checksum of data read from standard input",
 		func([]string) error {
-			done := make(chan struct{})
-			defer close(done)
-			go func() {
-				select {
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					os.Exit(1)
-				case <-done:
-					return
-				}
-			}()
-
+			go func() { <-ctx.Done(); os.Exit(1) }()
 			h := sha512.New384()
 			if _, err := io.Copy(h, os.Stdin); err != nil {
 				return err
@@ -232,7 +170,6 @@ func main() {

 	{
 		var (
-			flagBind   string
 			flagStatus bool
 			flagReport string
 		)
@@ -240,52 +177,8 @@ func main() {
 			"info",
 			"Display out-of-band metadata of an artifact",
 			func(args []string) (err error) {
-				const shutdownTimeout = 15 * time.Second
-
-				var r *rosa.Report
-				if flagReport != "" {
-					if r, err = rosa.OpenReport(flagReport); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					defer func() {
-						if closeErr := r.Close(); err == nil {
-							err = closeErr
-						}
-					}()
-					defer r.HandleAccess(&err)()
-				}
-
-				if flagBind == "" {
-					return commandInfo(&cm, args, os.Stdout, flagStatus, r)
-				}
-
-				var mux http.ServeMux
-				ui.Register(&mux)
-				if err = pkgserver.Register(ctx, &mux, r); err != nil {
-					return
-				}
-
-				server := http.Server{Addr: flagBind, Handler: &mux}
-				go func() {
-					<-ctx.Done()
-					cc, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), shutdownTimeout)
-					defer cancel()
-					if _err := server.Shutdown(cc); _err != nil {
-						log.Fatal(_err)
-					}
-				}()
-
-				msg.Verbosef("listening on %q", flagBind)
-				err = server.ListenAndServe()
-				if errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
-					err = nil
-				}
-				return
+				return commandInfo(&cm, args, os.Stdout, flagStatus, flagReport)
 			},
-		).Flag(
-			&flagBind,
-			"bind", command.StringFlag(""),
-			"TCP address for the server to listen on",
 		).Flag(
 			&flagStatus,
 			"status", command.BoolFlag(false),
@@ -344,12 +237,12 @@ func main() {
 				n atomic.Uint64
 			)

-			w := make(chan rosa.ArtifactH)
+			w := make(chan rosa.PArtifact)
 			var wg sync.WaitGroup
 			for range max(flagJobs, 1) {
 				wg.Go(func() {
 					for p := range w {
-						meta := rosa.Native().MustGet(p)
+						meta := rosa.GetMetadata(p)
 						if meta.ID == 0 {
 							continue
 						}
@@ -362,9 +255,8 @@ func main() {
 							continue
 						}

-						_, version := rosa.Native().Std().Load(p)
 						if current, latest :=
-							version,
+							rosa.Std.Version(p),
 							meta.GetLatest(v); current != latest {

 							n.Add(1)
@@ -378,9 +270,9 @@ func main() {
 			}

 		done:
-			for _, p := range rosa.Native().Collect() {
+			for i := range rosa.PresetEnd {
 				select {
-				case w <- p:
+				case w <- rosa.PArtifact(i):
 					break
 				case <-ctx.Done():
 					break done
@@ -425,9 +317,9 @@ func main() {
 			"stage3",
 			"Check for toolchain 3-stage non-determinism",
 			func(args []string) (err error) {
-				s := rosa.Std
+				t := rosa.Std
 				if flagGentoo != "" {
-					s -= 3 // magic number to discourage misuse
+					t -= 3 // magic number to discourage misuse

 					var checksum pkg.Checksum
 					if len(flagChecksum) != 0 {
@@ -435,7 +327,7 @@ func main() {
 							return
 						}
 					}
-					rosa.Native().SetGentooStage3(flagGentoo, checksum)
+					rosa.SetGentooStage3(flagGentoo, checksum)
 				}

 				var (
@@ -444,8 +336,9 @@ func main() {
 				)

 				if err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-					llvm, _ := rosa.Native().New(s - 2).Load(rosa.LLVM)
-					pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(llvm)
+					pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(
+						(t - 2).Load(rosa.LLVM),
+					)
 					return
 				}); err != nil {
 					return
@@ -453,16 +346,18 @@ func main() {
 				log.Println("stage1:", pathname)

 				if err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-					llvm, _ := rosa.Native().New(s - 1).Load(rosa.LLVM)
-					pathname, checksum[0], err = cache.Cure(llvm)
+					pathname, checksum[0], err = cache.Cure(
+						(t - 1).Load(rosa.LLVM),
+					)
 					return
 				}); err != nil {
 					return
 				}
 				log.Println("stage2:", pathname)
 				if err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-					llvm, _ := rosa.Native().New(s).Load(rosa.LLVM)
-					pathname, checksum[1], err = cache.Cure(llvm)
+					pathname, checksum[1], err = cache.Cure(
+						t.Load(rosa.LLVM),
+					)
 					return
 				}); err != nil {
 					return
@@ -483,8 +378,9 @@ func main() {

 				if flagStage0 {
 					if err = cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-						stage0, _ := rosa.Native().New(s).Load(rosa.Stage0)
-						pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(stage0)
+						pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(
+							t.Load(rosa.Stage0),
+						)
 						return
 					}); err != nil {
 						return
@@ -516,11 +412,6 @@ func main() {
 			flagExport  string
 			flagRemote  bool
 			flagNoReply bool
-			flagFaults  bool
-			flagPop     bool
-
-			flagBoot bool
-			flagStd  bool
 		)
 		c.NewCommand(
 			"cure",
@@ -529,16 +420,8 @@ func main() {
 				if len(args) != 1 {
 					return errors.New("cure requires 1 argument")
 				}
-
-				t := rosa.Std
-				if flagBoot {
-					t -= 2
-				} else if flagStd {
-					t -= 1
-				}
-
-				a, _ := rosa.Native().New(t).Load(rosa.ArtifactH(unique.Make(args[0])))
-				if a == nil {
+				p, ok := rosa.ResolveName(args[0])
+				if !ok {
 					return fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", args[0])
 				}

@@ -546,7 +429,7 @@ func main() {
 				default:
 					var pathname *check.Absolute
 					err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-						pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(a)
+						pathname, _, err = cache.Cure(rosa.Std.Load(p))
 						return
 					})
 					if err != nil {
@@ -588,7 +471,7 @@ func main() {
 						return err
 					}

-					if err = pkg.NewIR().EncodeAll(f, a); err != nil {
+					if err = pkg.NewIR().EncodeAll(f, rosa.Std.Load(p)); err != nil {
 						_ = f.Close()
 						return err
 					}
@@ -599,7 +482,7 @@ func main() {
 					return cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) error {
 						return cache.EnterExec(
 							ctx,
-							a,
+							rosa.Std.Load(p),
 							true, os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr,
 							rosa.AbsSystem.Append("bin", "mksh"),
 							"sh",
@@ -611,6 +494,7 @@ func main() {
 					if flagNoReply {
 						flags |= remoteNoReply
 					}
+					a := rosa.Std.Load(p)
 					pathname, err := cureRemote(ctx, &addr, a, flags)
 					if !flagNoReply && err == nil {
 						log.Println(pathname)
@@ -626,49 +510,6 @@ func main() {
 					}

 					return err
-
-				case flagFaults:
-					var faults []pkg.Fault
-					if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-						faults, err = cache.ReadFaults(a)
-						return
-					}); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					for _, fault := range faults {
-						log.Printf("%s: %s ago", fault.String(), time.Since(fault.Time()))
-					}
-					return nil
-
-				case flagPop:
-					var faults []pkg.Fault
-					if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) (err error) {
-						faults, err = cache.ReadFaults(a)
-						return
-					}); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					if len(faults) == 0 {
-						return errors.New("no fault entries found")
-					}
-					fault := faults[len(faults)-1]
-					r, err := fault.Open()
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					if _, err = io.Copy(os.Stdout, r); err != nil {
-						_ = r.Close()
-						return err
-					}
-					fmt.Println()
-					if err = r.Close(); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					log.Printf("faulting cure terminated %s ago", time.Since(fault.Time()))
-					return fault.Destroy()
 				}
 			},
 		).Flag(
@@ -691,48 +532,9 @@ func main() {
 			&flagNoReply,
 			"no-reply", command.BoolFlag(false),
 			"Do not receive a reply from the daemon",
-		).Flag(
-			&flagBoot,
-			"boot", command.BoolFlag(false),
-			"Build on the stage0 toolchain",
-		).Flag(
-			&flagStd,
-			"std", command.BoolFlag(false),
-			"Build on the intermediate toolchain",
-		).Flag(
-			&flagFaults,
-			"faults", command.BoolFlag(false),
-			"Display fault entries of the specified artifact",
-		).Flag(
-			&flagPop,
-			"pop", command.BoolFlag(false),
-			"Display and destroy the most recent fault entry",
 		)
 	}

-	c.NewCommand(
-		"clear",
-		"Remove all fault entries from the cache",
-		func([]string) error {
-			return cm.Do(func(*pkg.Cache) error {
-				pathname := filepath.Join(cm.base, "fault")
-				dents, err := os.ReadDir(pathname)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				for _, dent := range dents {
-					msg.Verbosef("destroying entry %s", dent.Name())
-					if err = os.Remove(filepath.Join(pathname, dent.Name())); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-				}
-				log.Printf("destroyed %d fault entries", len(dents))
-				return nil
-			})
-		},
-	)
-
 	c.NewCommand(
 		"abort",
 		"Abort all pending cures on the daemon",
@@ -750,26 +552,27 @@ func main() {
 			"shell",
 			"Interactive shell in the specified Rosa OS environment",
 			func(args []string) error {
-				handles := make([]rosa.ArtifactH, len(args)+3)
+				presets := make([]rosa.PArtifact, len(args)+3)
 				for i, arg := range args {
-					handles[i] = rosa.ArtifactH(unique.Make(arg))
-					if rosa.Native().Get(handles[i]) == nil {
+					p, ok := rosa.ResolveName(arg)
+					if !ok {
 						return fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", arg)
 					}
+					presets[i] = p
 				}

 				base := rosa.LLVM
 				if !flagWithToolchain {
 					base = rosa.Musl
 				}
-				handles = append(handles,
+				presets = append(presets,
 					base,
 					rosa.Mksh,
 					rosa.Toybox,
 				)

 				root := make(pkg.Collect, 0, 6+len(args))
-				root = rosa.Native().Std().Append(root, handles...)
+				root = rosa.Std.AppendPresets(root, presets...)

 				if err := cm.Do(func(cache *pkg.Cache) error {
 					_, _, err := cache.Cure(&root)
@@ -830,7 +633,6 @@ func main() {
 				z.Hostname = "localhost"
 				z.Uid, z.Gid = (1<<10)-1, (1<<10)-1
 				z.Stdin, z.Stdout, z.Stderr = os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr
-				z.Quiet = !cm.verboseInit
 				if s, ok := os.LookupEnv("TERM"); ok {
 					z.Env = append(z.Env, "TERM="+s)
 				}
--- a/cmd/mbf/main_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/main_test.go
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"net"
-	"os"
-	"testing"
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
-)
-
-func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	rosa.Native().DropCaches("", rosa.OptLLVMNoLTO)
-	os.Exit(m.Run())
-}
-
-func TestCureAll(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	const env = "ROSA_TEST_DAEMON"
-
-	if !testing.Verbose() {
-		t.Skip("verbose flag not set")
-	}
-
-	pathname, ok := os.LookupEnv(env)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Skip(env + " not set")
-	}
-
-	addr := net.UnixAddr{Net: "unix", Name: pathname}
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		if t.Failed() {
-			if err := abortRemote(t.Context(), &addr, false); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-
-	for _, handle := range rosa.Native().Collect() {
-		a, _ := rosa.Native().Std().MustLoad(handle)
-		t.Run(rosa.Native().MustGet(handle).Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := cureRemote(t.Context(), &addr, a, 0)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Error(err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api.go
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-// Package pkgserver implements the package metadata service backend.
-package pkgserver
+package main

 import (
-	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
@@ -10,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
@@ -30,7 +27,7 @@ var (
 // handleInfo writes constant system information.
 func handleInfo(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 	infoPayloadOnce.Do(func() {
-		infoPayload.Count = int(rosa.Native().Count())
+		infoPayload.Count = int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart)
 		infoPayload.HakureiVersion = info.Version()
 	})
 	// TODO(mae): cache entire response if no additional fields are planned
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ func (index *packageIndex) handleGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if err != nil || i >= len(index.sorts[0]) || i < 0 {
 		http.Error(
 			w, "index must be an integer between 0 and "+
-				strconv.Itoa(len(index.sorts[0])-1),
+				strconv.Itoa(int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1)),
 			http.StatusBadRequest,
 		)
 		return
@@ -125,7 +122,7 @@ func (index *packageIndex) handleSearch(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)
 	if err != nil || i >= len(index.sorts[0]) || i < 0 {
 		http.Error(
 			w, "index must be an integer between 0 and "+
-				strconv.Itoa(len(index.sorts[0])-1),
+				strconv.Itoa(int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1)),
 			http.StatusBadRequest,
 		)
 		return
@@ -161,29 +158,6 @@ func (index *packageIndex) registerAPI(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	mux.HandleFunc("GET /status/", index.newStatusHandler(true))
 }

-// Register arranges for mux to service API requests.
-func Register(ctx context.Context, mux *http.ServeMux, report *rosa.Report) error {
-	var index packageIndex
-	index.search = make(searchCache)
-	if err := index.populate(report); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Minute)
-	go func() {
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-ctx.Done():
-				ticker.Stop()
-				return
-			case <-ticker.C:
-				index.search.clean()
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-	index.registerAPI(mux)
-	return nil
-}
-
 // writeAPIPayload sets headers common to API responses and encodes payload as
 // JSON for the response body.
 func writeAPIPayload(w http.ResponseWriter, payload any) {
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/api_test.go
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-package pkgserver
+package main

 import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"

@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ func TestAPIInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	checkPayload(t, resp, struct {
 		Count          int    `json:"count"`
 		HakureiVersion string `json:"hakurei_version"`
-	}{rosa.Native().Count(), info.Version()})
+	}{int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart), info.Version()})
 }

 func TestAPIGet(t *testing.T) {
@@ -95,8 +96,8 @@ func TestAPIGet(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("index", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		checkValidate(
-			t, "limit=1&sort=0&index", 0, rosa.Native().Count()-1,
-			"index must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(rosa.Native().Count()-1),
+			t, "limit=1&sort=0&index", 0, int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1),
+			"index must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(int(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart-1)),
 		)
 	})

@@ -107,4 +108,76 @@ func TestAPIGet(t *testing.T) {
 			"sort must be an integer between 0 and "+strconv.Itoa(int(sortOrderEnd)),
 		)
 	})
+
+	checkWithSuffix := func(name, suffix string, want []*metadata) {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			w := newRequest(suffix)
+			resp := w.Result()
+			checkStatus(t, resp, http.StatusOK)
+			checkAPIHeader(t, w.Header())
+			checkPayloadFunc(t, resp, func(got *struct {
+				Count  int         `json:"count"`
+				Values []*metadata `json:"values"`
+			}) bool {
+				return got.Count == len(want) &&
+					slices.EqualFunc(got.Values, want, func(a, b *metadata) bool {
+						return (a.Version == b.Version ||
+							a.Version == rosa.Unversioned ||
+							b.Version == rosa.Unversioned) &&
+							a.HasReport == b.HasReport &&
+							a.Name == b.Name &&
+							a.Description == b.Description &&
+							a.Website == b.Website
+					})
+			})
+
+		})
+	}
+
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationAscending", "?limit=2&index=0&sort=0", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(0),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(0),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(1),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(1),
+		},
+	})
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationAscending offset", "?limit=3&index=5&sort=0", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(5),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(5),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(6),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(6),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(7),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(7),
+		},
+	})
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationDescending", "?limit=3&index=0&sort=1", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 1),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 1),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 2),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 2),
+		},
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 3),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 3),
+		},
+	})
+	checkWithSuffix("declarationDescending offset", "?limit=1&index=37&sort=1", []*metadata{
+		{
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 38),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(rosa.PresetUnexportedStart - 38),
+		},
+	})
 }
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package pkgserver
+package main

 import (
 	"cmp"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const (

 // packageIndex refers to metadata by name and various sort orders.
 type packageIndex struct {
-	sorts  [sortOrderEnd + 1][]*metadata
+	sorts  [sortOrderEnd + 1][rosa.PresetUnexportedStart]*metadata
 	names  map[string]*metadata
 	search searchCache
 	// Taken from [rosa.Report] if available.
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ type packageIndex struct {

 // metadata holds [rosa.Metadata] extended with additional information.
 type metadata struct {
-	handle rosa.ArtifactH
-	*rosa.Artifact
+	p rosa.PArtifact
+	*rosa.Metadata

 	// Populated via [rosa.Toolchain.Version], [rosa.Unversioned] is equivalent
 	// to the zero value. Otherwise, the zero value is invalid.
@@ -50,23 +50,20 @@ type metadata struct {
 }

 // populate deterministically populates packageIndex, optionally with a report.
-func (index *packageIndex) populate(report *rosa.Report) (err error) {
+func (index *packageIndex) populate(cache *pkg.Cache, report *rosa.Report) (err error) {
 	if report != nil {
 		defer report.HandleAccess(&err)()
 		index.handleAccess = report.HandleAccess
 	}

-	handles := rosa.Native().Collect()
-	work := make([]*metadata, len(handles))
+	var work [rosa.PresetUnexportedStart]*metadata
 	index.names = make(map[string]*metadata)
-	ir := pkg.NewIR()
-	for i, handle := range handles {
-		a, version := rosa.Native().Std().MustLoad(handle)
+	for p := range rosa.PresetUnexportedStart {
 		m := metadata{
-			handle: handle,
+			p: p,

-			Artifact: rosa.Native().MustGet(handle),
-			Version:  version,
+			Metadata: rosa.GetMetadata(p),
+			Version:  rosa.Std.Version(p),
 		}
 		if m.Version == "" {
 			return errors.New("invalid version from " + m.Name)
@@ -75,33 +72,33 @@ func (index *packageIndex) populate(report *rosa.Report) (err error) {
 			m.Version = ""
 		}

-		if report != nil {
-			id := ir.Ident(a)
+		if cache != nil && report != nil {
+			id := cache.Ident(rosa.Std.Load(p))
 			m.ids = pkg.Encode(id.Value())
 			m.status, m.Size = report.ArtifactOf(id)
 			m.HasReport = m.Size >= 0
 		}

-		work[i] = &m
+		work[p] = &m
 		index.names[m.Name] = &m
 	}

 	index.sorts[declarationAscending] = work
-	index.sorts[declarationDescending] = slices.Clone(work)
+	index.sorts[declarationDescending] = work
 	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[declarationDescending][:])

-	index.sorts[nameAscending] = slices.Clone(work)
+	index.sorts[nameAscending] = work
 	slices.SortFunc(index.sorts[nameAscending][:], func(a, b *metadata) int {
 		return strings.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
 	})
-	index.sorts[nameDescending] = slices.Clone(index.sorts[nameAscending])
+	index.sorts[nameDescending] = index.sorts[nameAscending]
 	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[nameDescending][:])

-	index.sorts[sizeAscending] = slices.Clone(work)
+	index.sorts[sizeAscending] = work
 	slices.SortFunc(index.sorts[sizeAscending][:], func(a, b *metadata) int {
 		return cmp.Compare(a.Size, b.Size)
 	})
-	index.sorts[sizeDescending] = slices.Clone(index.sorts[sizeAscending])
+	index.sorts[sizeDescending] = index.sorts[sizeAscending]
 	slices.Reverse(index.sorts[sizeDescending][:])

 	return
--- a/cmd/pkgserver/main.go
+++ b/cmd/pkgserver/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"hakurei.app/check"
+	"hakurei.app/command"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+	"hakurei.app/message"
+)
+
+const shutdownTimeout = 15 * time.Second
+
+func main() {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	log.SetPrefix("pkgserver: ")
+
+	var (
+		flagBaseDir string
+		flagAddr    string
+	)
+
+	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGHUP)
+	defer stop()
+	msg := message.New(log.Default())
+
+	c := command.New(os.Stderr, log.Printf, "pkgserver", func(args []string) error {
+		var (
+			cache  *pkg.Cache
+			report *rosa.Report
+		)
+		switch len(args) {
+		case 0:
+			break
+
+		case 1:
+			baseDir, err := check.NewAbs(flagBaseDir)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			cache, err = pkg.Open(ctx, msg, 0, 0, 0, baseDir)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			defer cache.Close()
+
+			report, err = rosa.OpenReport(args[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+		default:
+			return errors.New("pkgserver requires 1 argument")
+
+		}
+
+		var index packageIndex
+		index.search = make(searchCache)
+		if err := index.populate(cache, report); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Minute)
+		go func() {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					ticker.Stop()
+					return
+				case <-ticker.C:
+					index.search.clean()
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+		var mux http.ServeMux
+		uiRoutes(&mux)
+		index.registerAPI(&mux)
+		server := http.Server{
+			Addr:    flagAddr,
+			Handler: &mux,
+		}
+		go func() {
+			<-ctx.Done()
+			c, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), shutdownTimeout)
+			defer cancel()
+			if err := server.Shutdown(c); err != nil {
+				log.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		return server.ListenAndServe()
+	}).Flag(
+		&flagBaseDir,
+		"b", command.StringFlag(""),
+		"base directory for cache",
+	).Flag(
+		&flagAddr,
+		"addr", command.StringFlag(":8067"),
+		"TCP network address to listen on",
+	)
+	c.MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
+		if errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+			os.Exit(0)
+		}
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	})
+}
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/index_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package pkgserver
+package main

 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func newIndex(t *testing.T) *packageIndex {
 	t.Helper()

 	var index packageIndex
-	if err := index.populate(nil); err != nil {
+	if err := index.populate(nil, nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("populate: error = %v", err)
 	}
 	return &index
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/search.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/search.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package pkgserver
+package main

 import (
 	"cmp"
--- a/cmd/pkgserver/ui.go
+++ b/cmd/pkgserver/ui.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package main
+
+import "net/http"
+
+func serveWebUI(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+	w.Header().Set("Pragma", "no-cache")
+	w.Header().Set("Expires", "0")
+	w.Header().Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+	w.Header().Set("X-XSS-Protection", "1")
+	w.Header().Set("X-Frame-Options", "DENY")
+
+	http.ServeFileFS(w, r, content, "ui/index.html")
+}
+func serveStaticContent(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	switch r.URL.Path {
+	case "/static/style.css":
+		http.ServeFileFS(w, r, content, "ui/static/style.css")
+	case "/favicon.ico":
+		http.ServeFileFS(w, r, content, "ui/static/favicon.ico")
+	case "/static/index.js":
+		http.ServeFileFS(w, r, content, "ui/static/index.js")
+	default:
+		http.NotFound(w, r)
+
+	}
+}
+
+func uiRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /{$}", serveWebUI)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /favicon.ico", serveStaticContent)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /static/", serveStaticContent)
+}
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.html
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.html
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
-    <link rel="icon" href="https://hakurei.app/favicon.ico"/>
-    <title>Rosa OS Packages</title>
-    <script src="index.js"></script>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="static/style.css">
+    <title>Hakurei PkgServer</title>
+    <script src="static/index.js"></script>
 </head>
 <body>
-<h1>Rosa OS Packages</h1>
+<h1>Hakurei PkgServer</h1>
 <div class="top-controls" id="top-controls-regular">
    <p>Showing entries <span id="entry-counter"></span>.</p>
    <span id="search-bar">
@@ -55,4 +54,4 @@
 </footer>
 <script>main();</script>
 </body>
-</html>
+</html>
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.ts
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/index.ts
--- a/cmd/pkgserver/ui/static/favicon.ico
+++ b/cmd/pkgserver/ui/static/favicon.ico
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/style.css
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/style.css
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/tsconfig.json
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/tsconfig.json
--- a/cmd/pkgserver/ui_full.go
+++ b/cmd/pkgserver/ui_full.go
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//go:build frontend
+
+package main
+
+import "embed"
+
+//go:generate tsc -p ui
+//go:embed ui/*
+var content embed.FS
--- a/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_stub.go
+++ b/cmd/mbf/internal/pkgserver/ui/ui_stub.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //go:build !frontend

-package ui
+package main

 import "testing/fstest"

-var static fstest.MapFS
+var content fstest.MapFS
--- a/cmd/sharefs/test/configuration.nix
+++ b/cmd/sharefs/test/configuration.nix
@@ -20,14 +20,11 @@
  };

  virtualisation = {
-    # Hopefully reduces spurious test failures:
-    memorySize = if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.is32bit then 2046 else 8192;
-
    diskSize = 6 * 1024;

    qemu.options = [
      # Increase test performance:
-      "-smp 16"
+      "-smp 8"
    ];
  };

--- a/cmd/sharefs/test/default.nix
+++ b/cmd/sharefs/test/default.nix
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ testers.nixosTest {
        # For go tests:
        (pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "sharefs-workload-hakurei-tests" ''
          cp -r "${self.packages.${system}.hakurei.src}" "/sdcard/hakurei" && cd "/sdcard/hakurei"
-          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'ROSA_SKIP_BINFMT=1 CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
+          ${fhs}/bin/hakurei-fhs -c 'CC="clang -O3 -Werror" go test ./...'
        '')
      ];

--- a/container/binfmt.go
+++ b/container/binfmt.go
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-	"unsafe"
-
-	"hakurei.app/check"
-)
-
-// escapeBinfmt escapes magic/mask sequences in a [BinfmtEntry].
-func escapeBinfmt(buf *strings.Builder, s string) string {
-	const lowerhex = "0123456789abcdef"
-
-	buf.Reset()
-	for _, c := range unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(s), len(s)) {
-		switch c {
-		case 0, '\\', ':':
-			buf.WriteString(`\x`)
-			buf.WriteByte(lowerhex[c>>4])
-			buf.WriteByte(lowerhex[c&0xf])
-
-		default:
-			buf.WriteByte(c)
-		}
-	}
-	return buf.String()
-}
-
-// BinfmtEntry is an entry to be registered by the init process.
-type BinfmtEntry struct {
-	// The offset of the magic/mask in the file, counted in bytes.
-	Offset byte
-	// The byte sequence binfmt_misc is matching for.
-	Magic string
-	// An (optional, defaults to all 0xff) mask.
-	Mask string
-	// The program that should be invoked with the binary as first argument.
-	Interpreter *check.Absolute
-}
-
-// Valid returns whether e can be registered into the kernel.
-func (e *BinfmtEntry) Valid() bool {
-	return e != nil &&
-		int(e.Offset)+max(len(e.Magic), len(e.Mask)) < 128 &&
-		e.Interpreter != nil && len(e.Interpreter.String()) < 128
-}
--- a/container/binfmt_test.go
+++ b/container/binfmt_test.go
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-package container
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"hakurei.app/fhs"
-)
-
-func TestEscapeBinfmt(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		magic string
-		want  string
-	}{
-		{"packed DOS applications", "\x0eDEX", "\x0eDEX"},
-
-		{"riscv64 magic",
-			"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\xf3\x00",
-			"\x7fELF\x02\x01\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\x02\\x00\xf3\\x00"},
-		{"riscv64 mask",
-			"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff",
-			"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff"},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			got := escapeBinfmt(new(strings.Builder), tc.magic)
-			if got != tc.want {
-				t.Errorf("escapeBinfmt: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBinfmtEntry(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		e     BinfmtEntry
-		valid bool
-	}{
-		{"zero", BinfmtEntry{}, false},
-		{"large offset", BinfmtEntry{Offset: 128}, false},
-		{"long magic", BinfmtEntry{Magic: strings.Repeat("\x00", 128)}, false},
-		{"long mask", BinfmtEntry{Mask: strings.Repeat("\x00", 128)}, false},
-		{"valid", BinfmtEntry{Interpreter: fhs.AbsRoot}, true},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			if tc.e.Valid() != tc.valid {
-				t.Errorf("Valid: %v", !tc.valid)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/container/capability.go
+++ b/container/capability.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ const (
 	CAP_SETPCAP      = 0x8
 	CAP_NET_ADMIN    = 0xc
 	CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE = 0x1
-	CAP_SETFCAP      = 0x1f
 )

 type (
--- a/container/container.go
+++ b/container/container.go
@@ -67,9 +67,6 @@ type (
 		// Copied to the underlying [exec.Cmd].
 		WaitDelay time.Duration

-		// Suppress verbose output of init.
-		Quiet bool
-
 		cmd *exec.Cmd
 		ctx context.Context
 		msg message.Msg
@@ -91,20 +88,12 @@ type (
 		// Time to wait for processes lingering after the initial process terminates.
 		AdoptWaitDelay time.Duration

-		// Map uid/gid 0 in the init process. Requires [FstypeProc] attached to
-		// [fhs.Proc] in the container filesystem.
-		InitAsRoot bool
 		// Mapped Uid in user namespace.
 		Uid int
 		// Mapped Gid in user namespace.
 		Gid int
 		// Hostname value in UTS namespace.
 		Hostname string
-		// Register binfmt_misc entries.
-		Binfmt []BinfmtEntry
-		// Alternative pathname to attach binfmt_misc filesystem. The zero value
-		// requires [FstypeProc] to be made available at [fhs.Proc].
-		BinfmtPath *check.Absolute
 		// Sequential container setup ops.
 		*Ops

@@ -224,9 +213,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	if p.cmd.Process != nil {
 		return errors.New("container: already started")
 	}
-	if !p.InitAsRoot && len(p.Binfmt) > 0 {
-		return errors.New("container: init as root required, but not enabled")
-	}

 	if err := ensureCloseOnExec(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -297,18 +283,6 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 	if !p.HostNet {
 		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.Cloneflags |= CLONE_NEWNET
 	}
-	if p.InitAsRoot {
-		p.cmd.SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps = append(p.cmd.SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps,
-			// mappings during init as root
-			CAP_SETFCAP,
-		)
-
-		if !p.SeccompDisable &&
-			len(p.SeccompRules) == 0 &&
-			p.SeccompPresets&std.PresetDenyNS != 0 {
-			return errors.New("container: as root requires late namespace creation")
-		}
-	}

 	// place setup pipe before user supplied extra files, this is later restored by init
 	if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
@@ -368,6 +342,8 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 						Err:    ENOSYS,
 						Origin: true,
 					}
+				} else {
+					p.msg.Verbosef("landlock abi version %d", abi)
 				}

 				if rulesetFd, err := rulesetAttr.Create(0); err != nil {
@@ -377,6 +353,7 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 						Err:   err,
 					}
 				} else {
+					p.msg.Verbosef("enforcing landlock ruleset %s", rulesetAttr)
 					if err = landlock.RestrictSelf(rulesetFd, 0); err != nil {
 						_ = Close(rulesetFd)
 						return &StartError{
@@ -433,6 +410,7 @@ func (p *Container) Start() error {
 				}
 			}

+			p.msg.Verbose("starting container init")
 			if err := p.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 				return &StartError{
 					Step:        "start container init",
@@ -503,6 +481,7 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() (err error) {
 			}

 		case <-done:
+			p.msg.Verbose("setup payload took", time.Since(t))
 			return
 		}
 	}(p.setup[1])
@@ -512,7 +491,7 @@ func (p *Container) Serve() (err error) {
 		Getuid(),
 		Getgid(),
 		len(p.ExtraFiles),
-		p.msg.IsVerbose() && !p.Quiet,
+		p.msg.IsVerbose(),
 	})
 }

--- a/container/container_test.go
+++ b/container/container_test.go
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
-	"unsafe"

 	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/command"
@@ -235,9 +233,6 @@ func earlyMnt(mnt ...*vfs.MountInfoEntry) func(*testing.T, context.Context) []*v
 	return func(*testing.T, context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry { return mnt }
 }

-//go:linkname toHost hakurei.app/container.toHost
-func toHost(name string) string
-
 var containerTestCases = []struct {
 	name    string
 	filter  bool
@@ -337,15 +332,13 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		func(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry {
 			return []*vfs.MountInfoEntry{
 				ent("/", hst.PrivateTmp, "rw", "overlay", "overlay",
-					"rw"+
-						",lowerdir+="+
-						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
-						",lowerdir+="+
-						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+					"rw,lowerdir="+
+						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+":"+
+						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",upperdir="+
-						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("upper")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("upper")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",workdir="+
-						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("work")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("work")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",redirect_dir=nofollow,uuid=on,userxattr"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -395,11 +388,9 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 		func(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) []*vfs.MountInfoEntry {
 			return []*vfs.MountInfoEntry{
 				ent("/", hst.PrivateTmp, "rw", "overlay", "overlay",
-					"ro"+
-						",lowerdir+="+
-						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
-						",lowerdir+="+
-						toHost(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
+					"ro,lowerdir="+
+						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower0")).(*check.Absolute).String())+":"+
+						container.InternalToHostOvlEscape(ctx.Value(testVal("lower1")).(*check.Absolute).String())+
 						",redirect_dir=nofollow,userxattr"),
 			}
 		},
@@ -409,11 +400,39 @@ var containerTestCases = []struct {
 func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	var suffix string
-runTests:
+	t.Run("cancel", testContainerCancel(nil, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
+		wantErr := context.Canceled
+		wantExitCode := 0
+		if err := c.Wait(); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			}
+			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErr)
+		}
+		if ps := c.ProcessState(); ps == nil {
+			t.Errorf("ProcessState unexpectedly returned nil")
+		} else if code := ps.ExitCode(); code != wantExitCode {
+			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, wantExitCode)
+		}
+	}))
+
+	t.Run("forward", testContainerCancel(func(c *container.Container) {
+		c.ForwardCancel = true
+	}, func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container) {
+		var exitError *exec.ExitError
+		if err := c.Wait(); !errors.As(err, &exitError) {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			}
+			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if code := exitError.ExitCode(); code != blockExitCodeInterrupt {
+			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, blockExitCodeInterrupt)
+		}
+	}))
+
 	for i, tc := range containerTestCases {
-		_suffix := suffix
-		t.Run(tc.name+_suffix, func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()

 			wantOps, wantOpsCtx := tc.ops(t)
@@ -437,8 +456,6 @@ runTests:
 			c.SeccompDisable = !tc.filter
 			c.RetainSession = tc.session
 			c.HostNet = tc.net
-			c.InitAsRoot = _suffix != ""
-			c.Env = append(c.Env, "HAKUREI_TEST_SUFFIX="+_suffix)
 			if info.CanDegrade {
 				if _, err := landlock.GetABI(); err != nil {
 					if !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOSYS) {
@@ -448,9 +465,6 @@ runTests:
 					t.Log("Landlock LSM is unavailable, enabling HostAbstract")
 				}
 			}
-			if c.InitAsRoot {
-				c.SeccompPresets &= ^std.PresetDenyNS
-			}

 			c.
 				Readonly(check.MustAbs(pathReadonly), 0755).
@@ -519,11 +533,6 @@ runTests:
 			}
 		})
 	}
-
-	if suffix == "" {
-		suffix = " as root"
-		goto runTests
-	}
 }

 func ent(root, target, vfsOptstr, fsType, source, fsOptstr string) *vfs.MountInfoEntry {
@@ -546,118 +555,49 @@ func hostnameFromTestCase(name string) string {
 }

 func testContainerCancel(
-	t *testing.T,
 	containerExtra func(c *container.Container),
-	waitCheck func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error),
-) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
-
-	c := helperNewContainer(ctx, "block")
-	c.Stdout, c.Stderr = os.Stdout, os.Stderr
-	if containerExtra != nil {
-		containerExtra(c)
-	}
-
-	ready := make(chan struct{})
-	var waitErr error
-	r, w, err := os.Pipe()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, w)
-	go func() {
-		defer close(ready)
-		if _, _err := r.Read(make([]byte, 1)); _err != nil {
-			panic(_err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if err = c.Start(); err != nil {
-		if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-			t.Fatal(m)
-		} else {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot start container: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		defer close(done)
-		waitErr = c.Wait()
-		_ = r.SetReadDeadline(time.Now())
-	}()
-
-	if err = c.Serve(); err != nil {
-		if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
-			t.Error(m)
-		} else {
-			t.Errorf("cannot serve setup params: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-	<-ready
-	cancel()
-	<-done
-	waitCheck(c.ProcessState(), waitErr)
-}
-
-func TestForward(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	f := func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error) {
-		var exitError *exec.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(waitErr, &exitError) {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(waitErr); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
-			}
-			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %v", waitErr)
-		}
-		if code := exitError.ExitCode(); code != blockExitCodeInterrupt {
-			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, blockExitCodeInterrupt)
-		}
-	}
-	t.Run("direct", func(t *testing.T) {
+	waitCheck func(t *testing.T, c *container.Container),
+) func(t *testing.T) {
+	return func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
-			c.ForwardCancel = true
-		}, f)
-	})
-	t.Run("as root", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
-			c.ForwardCancel = true
-			c.InitAsRoot = true
-			c.Proc(fhs.AbsProc)
-		}, f)
-	})
-}
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())

-func TestCancel(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
+		c := helperNewContainer(ctx, "block")
+		c.Stdout, c.Stderr = os.Stdout, os.Stderr
+		if containerExtra != nil {
+			containerExtra(c)
+		}

-	f := func(ps *os.ProcessState, waitErr error) {
-		wantErr := context.Canceled
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(waitErr, wantErr) {
-			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(waitErr); ok {
-				t.Error(m)
+		ready := make(chan struct{})
+		if r, w, err := os.Pipe(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot pipe: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, w)
+			go func() {
+				defer close(ready)
+				if _, err = r.Read(make([]byte, 1)); err != nil {
+					panic(err.Error())
+				}
+			}()
+		}
+
+		if err := c.Start(); err != nil {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+				t.Fatal(m)
+			} else {
+				t.Fatalf("cannot start container: %v", err)
+			}
+		} else if err = c.Serve(); err != nil {
+			if m, ok := container.InternalMessageFromError(err); ok {
+				t.Error(m)
+			} else {
+				t.Errorf("cannot serve setup params: %v", err)
 			}
-			t.Errorf("Wait: error = %#v, want %#v", waitErr, wantErr)
-		}
-		if ps == nil {
-			t.Errorf("ProcessState unexpectedly returned nil")
-		} else if code := ps.ExitCode(); code != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("ExitCode: %d, want %d", code, 0)
 		}
+		<-ready
+		cancel()
+		waitCheck(t, c)
 	}
-	t.Run("direct", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		testContainerCancel(t, nil, f)
-	})
-	t.Run("as root", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testContainerCancel(t, func(c *container.Container) {
-			c.InitAsRoot = true
-			c.Proc(fhs.AbsProc)
-		}, f)
-	})
 }

 func TestContainerString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -693,8 +633,6 @@ func init() {
 		})

 		c.Command("container", command.UsageInternal, func(args []string) error {
-			asRoot := os.Getenv("HAKUREI_TEST_SUFFIX") == " as root"
-
 			if len(args) != 1 {
 				return syscall.EINVAL
 			}
@@ -712,66 +650,6 @@ func init() {
 				return fmt.Errorf("gid: %d, want %d", gid, tc.gid)
 			}

-			// no attack surface increase during as root due to no_new_privs
-			var wantBounding uintptr = 1
-			asRootNot := " not"
-			if !asRoot {
-				wantBounding = 0
-				asRootNot = ""
-			}
-
-			const (
-				PR_CAP_AMBIENT        = 0x2f
-				PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET = 0x1
-			)
-			for i := range container.LastCap(nil) + 1 {
-				r, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
-					syscall.SYS_PRCTL,
-					PR_CAP_AMBIENT,
-					PR_CAP_AMBIENT_IS_SET,
-					i,
-				)
-				if errno != 0 {
-					return os.NewSyscallError("prctl", errno)
-				}
-				if r != 0 {
-					return fmt.Errorf("capability %d in ambient set", i)
-				}
-
-				r, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(
-					syscall.SYS_PRCTL,
-					syscall.PR_CAPBSET_READ,
-					i,
-					0,
-				)
-				if errno != 0 {
-					return os.NewSyscallError("prctl", errno)
-				}
-				if r != wantBounding {
-					return fmt.Errorf("capability %d%s in bounding set", i, asRootNot)
-				}
-			}
-
-			const _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3 = 0x20080522
-			var capData struct {
-				effective   uint32
-				permitted   uint32
-				inheritable uint32
-			}
-			if _, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_CAPGET, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&struct {
-				version uint32
-				pid     int32
-			}{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0})), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&capData)), 0); errno != 0 {
-				return os.NewSyscallError("capget", errno)
-			}
-
-			if max(capData.effective, capData.permitted, capData.inheritable) != 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf(
-					"effective = %d, permitted = %d, inheritable = %d",
-					capData.effective, capData.permitted, capData.inheritable,
-				)
-			}
-
 			wantHost := hostnameFromTestCase(tc.name)
 			if host, err := os.Hostname(); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("cannot get hostname: %v", err)
@@ -889,7 +767,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 		}
 		c.MustParse(os.Args[1:], func(err error) {
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatal(err)
+				log.Fatal(err.Error())
 			}
 		})
 		return
--- a/container/dispatcher.go
+++ b/container/dispatcher.go
@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ type syscallDispatcher interface {
 	remount(msg message.Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error
 	// mountTmpfs provides mountTmpfs.
 	mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error
-	// mountOverlay provides mountOverlay.
-	mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error
 	// ensureFile provides ensureFile.
 	ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error
 	// mustLoopback provides mustLoopback.
@@ -171,9 +169,6 @@ func (direct) remount(msg message.Msg, target string, flags uintptr) error {
 func (k direct) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm os.FileMode) error {
 	return mountTmpfs(k, fsname, target, flags, size, perm)
 }
-func (k direct) mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
-	return mountOverlay(target, options)
-}
 func (direct) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	return ensureFile(name, perm, pperm)
 }
--- a/container/dispatcher_test.go
+++ b/container/dispatcher_test.go
@@ -468,14 +468,6 @@ func (k *kstub) mountTmpfs(fsname, target string, flags uintptr, size int, perm
 		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "perm", perm, 4))
 }

-func (k *kstub) mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
-	k.Helper()
-	return k.Expects("mountOverlay").Error(
-		stub.CheckArg(k.Stub, "target", target, 0),
-		stub.CheckArgReflect(k.Stub, "options", options, 1),
-	)
-}
-
 func (k *kstub) ensureFile(name string, perm, pperm os.FileMode) error {
 	k.Helper()
 	return k.Expects("ensureFile").Error(
--- a/container/errors.go
+++ b/container/errors.go
@@ -118,10 +118,6 @@ func errnoFallback(op, path string, err error) (syscall.Errno, *os.PathError) {

 // mount wraps syscall.Mount for error handling.
 func mount(source, target, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error {
-	if max(len(source), len(target), len(data))+1 > os.Getpagesize() {
-		return &MountError{source, target, fstype, flags, data, syscall.ENOMEM}
-	}
-
 	err := syscall.Mount(source, target, fstype, flags, data)
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
--- a/container/init.go
+++ b/container/init.go
@@ -11,13 +11,11 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	. "syscall"
 	"time"

-	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/container/seccomp"
 	"hakurei.app/ext"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
@@ -184,33 +182,23 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		cancel()
 	}

-	uid, gid := param.Uid, param.Gid
-	if param.InitAsRoot {
-		uid, gid = 0, 0
-	}
-
 	// write uid/gid map here so parent does not need to set dumpable
 	if err := k.setDumpable(ext.SUID_DUMP_USER); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot set SUID_DUMP_USER: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := k.writeFile(
-		fhs.Proc+"self/uid_map",
-		[]byte(strconv.Itoa(uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostUid)+" 1\n"),
-		0,
-	); err != nil {
+	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/uid_map",
+		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(param.Uid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostUid)+" 1\n"...),
+		0); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
-	if err := k.writeFile(
-		fhs.Proc+"self/setgroups",
+	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/setgroups",
 		[]byte("deny\n"),
-		0,
-	); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		0); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.writeFile(fhs.Proc+"self/gid_map",
-		[]byte(strconv.Itoa(gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostGid)+" 1\n"),
-		0,
-	); err != nil {
+		append([]byte{}, strconv.Itoa(param.Gid)+" "+strconv.Itoa(param.HostGid)+" 1\n"...),
+		0); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := k.setDumpable(ext.SUID_DUMP_DISABLE); err != nil {
@@ -235,23 +223,6 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	state := &setupState{process: make(map[int]WaitStatus), Params: &param.Params, Msg: msg, Context: ctx}
 	defer cancel()

-	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
-	}
-	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
-		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if len(param.Binfmt) > 0 {
-		for i, e := range param.Binfmt {
-			if pathname, err := k.evalSymlinks(e.Interpreter.String()); err != nil {
-				k.fatal(msg, err)
-			} else if param.Binfmt[i].Interpreter, err = check.NewAbs(pathname); err != nil {
-				k.fatal(msg, err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	/* early is called right before pivot_root into intermediate root;
 	this step is mostly for gathering information that would otherwise be
 	difficult to obtain via library functions after pivot_root, and
@@ -271,6 +242,13 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}

+	if err := k.mount(SourceTmpfsRootfs, intermediateHostPath, FstypeTmpfs, MS_NODEV|MS_NOSUID, zeroString); err != nil {
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot mount intermediate root: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
+	}
+	if err := k.chdir(intermediateHostPath); err != nil {
+		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	if err := k.mkdir(sysrootDir, 0755); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
 	}
@@ -307,48 +285,6 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}

-	if len(param.Binfmt) > 0 {
-		const interpreter = "/interpreter"
-
-		if param.BinfmtPath == nil {
-			param.BinfmtPath = fhs.AbsProcSys.Append("fs/binfmt_misc")
-		}
-		binfmt := sysrootPath + param.BinfmtPath.String()
-		if err := k.mkdirAll(binfmt, 0); err != nil {
-			k.fatal(msg, err)
-		}
-		if err := k.mount(
-			SourceBinfmtMisc,
-			binfmt,
-			FstypeBinfmtMisc,
-			MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
-			zeroString,
-		); err != nil {
-			k.fatal(msg, err)
-		}
-
-		var buf strings.Builder
-		buf.Grow(1920)
-
-		register := binfmt + "/register"
-		for i, e := range param.Binfmt {
-			if err := k.symlink(hostPath+e.Interpreter.String(), interpreter); err != nil {
-				k.fatal(msg, err)
-			} else if err = k.writeFile(register, []byte(":"+
-				strconv.Itoa(i)+":"+
-				"M:"+
-				strconv.Itoa(int(e.Offset))+":"+
-				escapeBinfmt(&buf, e.Magic)+":"+
-				escapeBinfmt(&buf, e.Mask)+":"+
-				interpreter+":"+
-				"F"), 0); err != nil {
-				k.fatal(msg, err)
-			} else if err = k.remove(interpreter); err != nil {
-				k.fatal(msg, err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	// setup requiring host root complete at this point
 	if err := k.mount(hostDir, hostDir, zeroString, MS_SILENT|MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, zeroString); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot make host root rprivate: %v", optionalErrorUnwrap(err))
@@ -387,19 +323,11 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 		}
 	}

-	var keepCaps []uintptr
-	if param.Privileged {
-		keepCaps = append(keepCaps, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SETPCAP)
-	}
-	if param.InitAsRoot {
-		keepCaps = append(keepCaps, CAP_SETFCAP)
-	}
-
 	if err := k.capAmbientClearAll(); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot clear the ambient capability set: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i := range lastcap + 1 {
-		if slices.Contains(keepCaps, i) {
+	for i := uintptr(0); i <= lastcap; i++ {
+		if param.Privileged && i == CAP_SYS_ADMIN {
 			continue
 		}
 		if err := k.capBoundingSetDrop(i); err != nil {
@@ -408,23 +336,20 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	}

 	var keep [2]uint32
-	for _, c := range keepCaps {
-		keep[capToIndex(c)] |= capToMask(c)
-	}
+	if param.Privileged {
+		keep[capToIndex(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)] |= capToMask(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)

+		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(CAP_SYS_ADMIN); err != nil {
+			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
 	if err := k.capset(
 		&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0},
-		&[2]capData{{keep[0], keep[0], keep[0]}, {keep[1], keep[1], keep[1]}},
+		&[2]capData{{0, keep[0], keep[0]}, {0, keep[1], keep[1]}},
 	); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "cannot capset: %v", err)
 	}

-	for _, c := range keepCaps {
-		if err := k.capAmbientRaise(c); err != nil {
-			k.fatalf(msg, "cannot raise %#x: %v", c, err)
-		}
-	}
-
 	if !param.SeccompDisable {
 		rules := param.SeccompRules
 		if len(rules) == 0 { // non-empty rules slice always overrides presets
@@ -549,14 +474,6 @@ func initEntrypoint(k syscallDispatcher, msg message.Msg) {
 	cmd.ExtraFiles = extraFiles
 	cmd.Dir = param.Dir.String()

-	if param.InitAsRoot {
-		cmd.SysProcAttr = &SysProcAttr{
-			Cloneflags:  CLONE_NEWUSER,
-			UidMappings: []SysProcIDMap{{ContainerID: param.Uid, HostID: 0, Size: 1}},
-			GidMappings: []SysProcIDMap{{ContainerID: param.Gid, HostID: 0, Size: 1}},
-		}
-	}
-
 	msg.Verbosef("starting initial process %s", param.Path)
 	if err := k.start(cmd); err != nil {
 		k.fatalf(msg, "%v", err)
--- a/container/init_test.go
+++ b/container/init_test.go
@@ -332,8 +332,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"invalid op at index %d", []any{0}}, nil, nil),
 				/* end early */
@@ -372,8 +370,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"invalid op at index %d", []any{0}}, nil, nil),
 				/* end early */
@@ -412,8 +408,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", stub.UniqueError(61)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot prepare op at index %d: %v", []any{0, stub.UniqueError(61)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -453,8 +447,6 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", &os.PathError{Op: "readlink", Path: "/", Err: stub.UniqueError(60)}),
 				call("fatal", stub.ExpectArgs{[]any{"cannot readlink /: unique error 60 injected by the test suite"}}, nil, nil),
@@ -494,6 +486,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				/* begin early */
+				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
+				/* end early */
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(58)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot mount intermediate root: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(58)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
@@ -531,6 +526,9 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
+				/* begin early */
+				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
+				/* end early */
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(56)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot enter intermediate host path: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(56)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -569,11 +567,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(54)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"%v", []any{stub.UniqueError(54)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
@@ -611,11 +609,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, stub.UniqueError(52)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot bind sysroot: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(52)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -654,11 +652,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(50)),
@@ -698,11 +696,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -743,11 +741,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -789,11 +787,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -844,11 +842,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -899,11 +897,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -955,11 +953,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1012,11 +1010,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1071,11 +1069,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1131,11 +1129,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1192,11 +1190,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1254,11 +1252,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1317,11 +1315,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1381,11 +1379,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1446,11 +1444,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1512,11 +1510,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1586,11 +1584,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1624,6 +1622,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1655,9 +1654,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(19)),
-				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot raise %#x: %v", []any{uintptr(0x15), stub.UniqueError(19)}}, nil, nil),
+				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot raise CAP_SYS_ADMIN: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(19)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},

@@ -1693,11 +1691,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1731,6 +1729,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1762,7 +1761,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(17)),
+				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(17)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot capset: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(17)}}, nil, nil),
 			},
 		}, nil},
@@ -1799,11 +1799,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1837,6 +1837,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -1868,9 +1869,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"resolving presets %#x", []any{std.FilterPreset(0xf)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("seccompLoad", stub.ExpectArgs{seccomp.Preset(0xf, 0), seccomp.ExportFlag(0)}, nil, stub.UniqueError(15)),
 				call("fatalf", stub.ExpectArgs{"cannot load syscall filter: %v", []any{stub.UniqueError(15)}}, nil, nil),
@@ -1908,11 +1908,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2032,11 +2032,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2132,11 +2132,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2232,11 +2232,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2323,11 +2323,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2418,11 +2418,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(4), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2520,11 +2520,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2659,11 +2659,11 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("sethostname", stub.ExpectArgs{[]byte("hakurei-check")}, nil, nil),
 				call("lastcap", stub.ExpectArgs{}, uintptr(40), nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"", "/", "", uintptr(0x8c000), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
-				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				/* begin early */
 				call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/"}, "/", nil),
 				/* end early */
+				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"rootfs", "/proc/self/fd", "tmpfs", uintptr(6), ""}, nil, nil),
+				call("chdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"/proc/self/fd"}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
 				call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"sysroot", "sysroot", "", uintptr(0xd000), ""}, nil, nil),
 				call("mkdir", stub.ExpectArgs{"host", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2697,6 +2697,7 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x5)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x6)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x7)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x9)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xa)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0xb)}, nil, nil),
@@ -2728,9 +2729,8 @@ func TestInitEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x26)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x27)}, nil, nil),
 				call("capBoundingSetDrop", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x28)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0x200100, 0x200100, 0x200100}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x15)}, nil, nil),
-				call("capAmbientRaise", stub.ExpectArgs{uintptr(0x8)}, nil, nil),
+				call("capset", stub.ExpectArgs{&capHeader{_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0}, &[2]capData{{0, 0x200000, 0x200000}, {0, 0, 0}}}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"resolving presets %#x", []any{std.FilterPreset(0xf)}}, nil, nil),
 				call("seccompLoad", stub.ExpectArgs{seccomp.Preset(0xf, 0), seccomp.ExportFlag(0)}, nil, nil),
 				call("verbosef", stub.ExpectArgs{"%d filter rules loaded", []any{73}}, nil, nil),
--- a/container/initoverlay.go
+++ b/container/initoverlay.go
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"

 	"hakurei.app/check"
-	"hakurei.app/ext"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 )

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(o.Upper.String()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else {
-				o.upper = toHost(v)
+				o.upper = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
 			}
 		}

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 			if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(o.Work.String()); err != nil {
 				return err
 			} else {
-				o.work = toHost(v)
+				o.work = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -168,39 +168,12 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) early(_ *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		if v, err := k.evalSymlinks(a.String()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else {
-			o.lower[i] = toHost(v)
+			o.lower[i] = check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(v))
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-// mountOverlay sets up an overlay mount via [ext.FS].
-func mountOverlay(target string, options [][2]string) error {
-	fs, err := ext.OpenFS(SourceOverlay, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err = fs.SetString("source", SourceOverlay); err != nil {
-		_ = fs.Close()
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, option := range options {
-		if err = fs.SetString(option[0], option[1]); err != nil {
-			_ = fs.Close()
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	if err = fs.SetFlag(OptionOverlayUserxattr); err != nil {
-		_ = fs.Close()
-		return err
-	}
-	if err = fs.Mount(target, 0); err != nil {
-		_ = fs.Close()
-		return err
-	}
-	return fs.Close()
-}
-
 func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 	target := o.Target.String()
 	if !o.noPrefix {
@@ -221,7 +194,7 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		}
 	}

-	options := make([][2]string, 0, 2+len(o.lower))
+	options := make([]string, 0, 4)

 	if o.upper == zeroString && o.work == zeroString { // readonly
 		if len(o.Lower) < 2 {
@@ -232,16 +205,15 @@ func (o *MountOverlayOp) apply(state *setupState, k syscallDispatcher) error {
 		if len(o.Lower) == 0 {
 			return &OverlayArgumentError{OverlayEmptyLower, zeroString}
 		}
-		options = append(options, [][2]string{
-			{OptionOverlayUpperdir, o.upper},
-			{OptionOverlayWorkdir, o.work},
-		}...)
-	}
-	for _, lower := range o.lower {
-		options = append(options, [2]string{OptionOverlayLowerdir + "+", lower})
+		options = append(options,
+			OptionOverlayUpperdir+"="+o.upper,
+			OptionOverlayWorkdir+"="+o.work)
 	}
+	options = append(options,
+		OptionOverlayLowerdir+"="+strings.Join(o.lower, check.SpecialOverlayPath),
+		OptionOverlayUserxattr)

-	return k.mountOverlay(target, options)
+	return k.mount(SourceOverlay, target, FstypeOverlay, 0, strings.Join(options, check.SpecialOverlayOption))
 }

 func (o *MountOverlayOp) late(*setupState, syscallDispatcher) error { return nil }
--- a/container/initoverlay_test.go
+++ b/container/initoverlay_test.go
@@ -97,12 +97,13 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot", os.FileMode(0705)}, nil, nil),
 			call("mkdirTemp", stub.ExpectArgs{"/", "overlay.upper.*"}, "overlay.upper.32768", nil),
 			call("mkdirTemp", stub.ExpectArgs{"/", "overlay.work.*"}, "overlay.work.32768", nil),
-			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot", [][2]string{
-				{"upperdir", "overlay.upper.32768"},
-				{"workdir", "overlay.work.32768"},
-				{"lowerdir+", `/host/var/lib/planterette/base/debian:f92c9052`},
-				{"lowerdir+", `/host/var/lib/planterette/app/org.chromium.Chromium@debian:f92c9052`},
-			}}, nil, nil),
+			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
+				"upperdir=overlay.upper.32768," +
+				"workdir=overlay.work.32768," +
+				"lowerdir=" +
+				`/host/var/lib/planterette/base/debian\:f92c9052:` +
+				`/host/var/lib/planterette/app/org.chromium.Chromium@debian\:f92c9052,` +
+				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},

 		{"short lower ro", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -128,10 +129,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"}, "/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/nix/store", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/nix/store", [][2]string{
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"},
-			}}, nil, nil),
+			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
+				"lowerdir=" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store:" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0," +
+				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},

 		{"success ro", &Params{ParentPerm: 0755}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -145,10 +147,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"}, "/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0755)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0"},
-			}}, nil, nil),
+			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
+				"lowerdir=" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store:" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store0," +
+				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},

 		{"nil lower", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -216,11 +219,7 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
-				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
-				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
-			}}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
+			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper,workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work,lowerdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store,userxattr"}, nil, stub.UniqueError(0)),
 		}, stub.UniqueError(0)},

 		{"success single layer", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -234,11 +233,11 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
-				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
-				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
-			}}, nil, nil),
+			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
+				"upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper," +
+				"workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work," +
+				"lowerdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store," +
+				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},

 		{"success", &Params{ParentPerm: 0700}, &MountOverlayOp{
@@ -262,15 +261,16 @@ func TestMountOverlayOp(t *testing.T) {
 			call("evalSymlinks", stub.ExpectArgs{"/mnt-root/nix/.ro-store3"}, "/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3", nil),
 		}, nil, []stub.Call{
 			call("mkdirAll", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", os.FileMode(0700)}, nil, nil),
-			call("mountOverlay", stub.ExpectArgs{"/sysroot/nix/store", [][2]string{
-				{"upperdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper"},
-				{"workdir", "/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store0"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store1"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store2"},
-				{"lowerdir+", "/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3"},
-			}}, nil, nil),
+			call("mount", stub.ExpectArgs{"overlay", "/sysroot/nix/store", "overlay", uintptr(0), "" +
+				"upperdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.upper," +
+				"workdir=/host/mnt-root/nix/.rw-store/.work," +
+				"lowerdir=" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store:" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store0:" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store1:" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store2:" +
+				"/host/mnt-root/nix/ro-store3," +
+				"userxattr"}, nil, nil),
 		}, nil},
 	})

--- a/container/mount.go
+++ b/container/mount.go
@@ -40,9 +40,6 @@ const (
 	// SourceMqueue is used when mounting mqueue.
 	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [FstypeMqueue].
 	SourceMqueue = "mqueue"
-	// SourceBinfmtMisc is used when mounting binfmt_misc.
-	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [SourceBinfmtMisc].
-	SourceBinfmtMisc = "binfmt_misc"
 	// SourceOverlay is used when mounting overlay.
 	// Note that any source value is allowed when fstype is [FstypeOverlay].
 	SourceOverlay = "overlay"
@@ -73,9 +70,6 @@ const (
 	// FstypeMqueue represents the mqueue pseudo-filesystem.
 	// This filesystem type is usually mounted on /dev/mqueue.
 	FstypeMqueue = "mqueue"
-	// FstypeBinfmtMisc represents the binfmt_misc pseudo-filesystem.
-	// This filesystem type is usually mounted on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc.
-	FstypeBinfmtMisc = "binfmt_misc"
 	// FstypeOverlay represents the overlay pseudo-filesystem.
 	// This filesystem type can be mounted anywhere in the container filesystem.
 	FstypeOverlay = "overlay"
--- a/container/path_test.go
+++ b/container/path_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"unsafe"

+	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/vfs"
 )

@@ -49,6 +50,9 @@ func TestToHost(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+// InternalToHostOvlEscape exports toHost passed to [check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment].
+func InternalToHostOvlEscape(s string) string { return check.EscapeOverlayDataSegment(toHost(s)) }
+
 func TestCreateFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("nonexistent", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run("mkdir", func(t *testing.T) {
--- a/ext/fs.go
+++ b/ext/fs.go
@@ -1,267 +0,0 @@
-package ext
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"runtime"
-	"syscall"
-	"unsafe"
-)
-
-// include/uapi/linux/mount.h
-
-/*
- * move_mount() flags.
- */
-const (
-	MOVE_MOUNT_F_SYMLINKS   = 1 << iota /* Follow symlinks on from path */
-	MOVE_MOUNT_F_AUTOMOUNTS             /* Follow automounts on from path */
-	MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH             /* Empty from path permitted */
-	_
-	MOVE_MOUNT_T_SYMLINKS   /* Follow symlinks on to path */
-	MOVE_MOUNT_T_AUTOMOUNTS /* Follow automounts on to path */
-	MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH /* Empty to path permitted */
-	_
-	MOVE_MOUNT_SET_GROUP /* Set sharing group instead */
-	MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH   /* Mount beneath top mount */
-)
-
-/*
- * fsopen() flags.
- */
-const (
-	FSOPEN_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
-)
-
-/*
- * fspick() flags.
- */
-const (
-	FSPICK_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
-	FSPICK_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
-	FSPICK_NO_AUTOMOUNT
-	FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH
-)
-
-/*
- * The type of fsconfig() call made.
- */
-const (
-	FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG        = iota /* Set parameter, supplying no value */
-	FSCONFIG_SET_STRING             /* Set parameter, supplying a string value */
-	FSCONFIG_SET_BINARY             /* Set parameter, supplying a binary blob value */
-	FSCONFIG_SET_PATH               /* Set parameter, supplying an object by path */
-	FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY         /* Set parameter, supplying an object by (empty) path */
-	FSCONFIG_SET_FD                 /* Set parameter, supplying an object by fd */
-	FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE             /* Create new or reuse existing superblock */
-	FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE        /* Invoke superblock reconfiguration */
-	FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL        /* Create new superblock, fail if reusing existing superblock */
-)
-
-/*
- * fsmount() flags.
- */
-const (
-	FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC = 1 << iota
-)
-
-/*
- * Mount attributes.
- */
-const (
-	MOUNT_ATTR_RDONLY      = 0x00000001 /* Mount read-only */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_NOSUID      = 0x00000002 /* Ignore suid and sgid bits */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV       = 0x00000004 /* Disallow access to device special files */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC      = 0x00000008 /* Disallow program execution */
-	MOUNT_ATTR__ATIME      = 0x00000070 /* Setting on how atime should be updated */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_RELATIME    = 0x00000000 /* - Update atime relative to mtime/ctime. */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_NOATIME     = 0x00000010 /* - Do not update access times. */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_STRICTATIME = 0x00000020 /* - Always perform atime updates */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_NODIRATIME  = 0x00000080 /* Do not update directory access times */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP       = 0x00100000 /* Idmap mount to @userns_fd in struct mount_attr. */
-	MOUNT_ATTR_NOSYMFOLLOW = 0x00200000 /* Do not follow symlinks */
-)
-
-// FS provides low-level wrappers around the suite of file-descriptor-based
-// mount facilities in Linux.
-type FS struct {
-	fd uintptr
-	c  runtime.Cleanup
-}
-
-// newFS allocates a new [FS] for the specified fd.
-func newFS(fd uintptr) *FS {
-	fs := FS{fd: fd}
-	fs.c = runtime.AddCleanup(&fs, func(fd uintptr) {
-		_ = syscall.Close(int(fd))
-	}, fd)
-	return &fs
-}
-
-// Close closes the underlying filesystem context.
-func (fs *FS) Close() error {
-	if fs == nil {
-		return syscall.EINVAL
-	}
-	err := syscall.Close(int(fs.fd))
-	fs.c.Stop()
-	return err
-}
-
-// OpenFS creates a new filesystem context.
-func OpenFS(fsname string, flags int) (fs *FS, err error) {
-	var s *byte
-	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(fsname)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	fd, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
-		SYS_FSOPEN,
-		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s)),
-		uintptr(flags|FSOPEN_CLOEXEC),
-		0,
-	)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsopen", errno)
-	} else {
-		fs = newFS(fd)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// PickFS selects filesystem for reconfiguration.
-func PickFS(dirfd int, pathname string, flags int) (fs *FS, err error) {
-	var s *byte
-	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(pathname)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	fd, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
-		SYS_FSPICK,
-		uintptr(dirfd),
-		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s)),
-		uintptr(flags|FSPICK_CLOEXEC),
-	)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = os.NewSyscallError("fspick", errno)
-	} else {
-		fs = newFS(fd)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// config configures new or existing filesystem context.
-func (fs *FS) config(cmd uint, key *byte, value unsafe.Pointer, aux int) (err error) {
-	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
-		SYS_FSCONFIG,
-		fs.fd,
-		uintptr(cmd),
-		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(key)),
-		uintptr(value),
-		uintptr(aux),
-		0,
-	)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsconfig", errno)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// SetFlag sets the flag parameter named by key. ([FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG])
-func (fs *FS) SetFlag(key string) (err error) {
-	var s *byte
-	s, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	return fs.config(FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, s, nil, 0)
-}
-
-// SetString sets the string parameter named by key to the value specified by
-// value. ([FSCONFIG_SET_STRING])
-func (fs *FS) SetString(key, value string) (err error) {
-	var s0 *byte
-	s0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	var s1 *byte
-	s1, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(value)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	return fs.config(FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, s0, unsafe.Pointer(s1), 0)
-}
-
-// mount instantiates mount object from filesystem context.
-func (fs *FS) mount(flags, attrFlags int) (fsfd int, err error) {
-	r, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(
-		SYS_FSMOUNT,
-		fs.fd,
-		uintptr(flags|FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC),
-		uintptr(attrFlags),
-	)
-	fsfd = int(r)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = os.NewSyscallError("fsmount", errno)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// MoveMount moves or attaches mount object to filesystem.
-func MoveMount(
-	fromDirfd int,
-	fromPathname string,
-	toDirfd int,
-	toPathname string,
-	flags int,
-) (err error) {
-	var s0 *byte
-	s0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(fromPathname)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	var s1 *byte
-	s1, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(toPathname)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
-		SYS_MOVE_MOUNT,
-		uintptr(fromDirfd),
-		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s0)),
-		uintptr(toDirfd),
-		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(s1)),
-		uintptr(flags),
-		0,
-	)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = os.NewSyscallError("move_mount", errno)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// Mount attaches the underlying filesystem context to the specified pathname.
-func (fs *FS) Mount(pathname string, attrFlags int) error {
-	if err := fs.config(FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL, nil, nil, 0); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	fd, err := fs.mount(0, attrFlags)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	err = MoveMount(
-		fd, "",
-		-1, pathname,
-		MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH,
-	)
-	closeErr := syscall.Close(fd)
-	if err == nil {
-		err = closeErr
-	}
-	return err
-}
--- a/fhs/abs.go
+++ b/fhs/abs.go
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ var (
 	AbsDevShm = unsafeAbs(DevShm)
 	// AbsProc is [Proc] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProc = unsafeAbs(Proc)
-	// AbsProcSys is [ProcSys] as [check.Absolute].
-	AbsProcSys = unsafeAbs(ProcSys)
 	// AbsProcSelfExe is [ProcSelfExe] as [check.Absolute].
 	AbsProcSelfExe = unsafeAbs(ProcSelfExe)
 	// AbsSys is [Sys] as [check.Absolute].
--- a/internal/pkg/dir_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/dir_test.go
@@ -64,6 +64,78 @@ func TestFlatten(t *testing.T) {
 			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
 		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C"), nil},

+		{"sample cache file", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+			"identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			"identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			"identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef", Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("St9rlE-mGZ5gXwiv_hzQ_B8bZP-UUvSNmf4nHUZzCMOumb6hKnheZSe0dmnuc4Q2"), nil},
+
+		{"sample http get cure", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU", Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_", Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("L_0RFHpr9JUS4Zp14rz2dESSRvfLzpvqsLhR1-YjQt8hYlmEdVl7vI3_-v8UNPKs"), nil},
+
+		{"sample directory step simple", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+
+			"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"), nil},
+
 		{"sample directory step garbage", fstest.MapFS{
 			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},

@@ -79,6 +151,421 @@ func TestFlatten(t *testing.T) {

 			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "lib/pkgconfig"},
 		}, pkg.MustDecode("CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT"), nil},
+
+		{"sample directory", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("WVpvsVqVKg9Nsh744x57h51AuWUoUR2nnh8Md-EYBQpk6ziyTuUn6PLtF2e0Eu_d"), nil},
+
+		{"sample no assume checksum", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
+			"identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check", Data: []byte{}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("OC290t23aimNo2Rp2pPwan5GI2KRLRdOwYxXQMD9jw0QROgHnNXWodoWdV0hwu2w"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM":                                                                                          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum":                                                                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier":                                                                               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa":              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			"checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work":                                                                                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+			"identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check", Data: []byte{0, 0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa", Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM/work"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz", Data: []byte("../checksum/cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("NQTlc466JmSVLIyWklm_u8_g95jEEb98PxJU-kjwxLpfdjwMWJq0G8ze9R4Vo1Vu"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar expand step unpack", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"), nil},
+
+		{"sample tar expand", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+			"identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN/libedac.so", Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL", Data: []byte("../checksum/CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("hSoSSgCYTNonX3Q8FjvjD1fBl-E-BQyA6OTXro2OadXqbST4tZ-akGXszdeqphRe"), nil},
+
+		{"testtool", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte{0}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("Q5DluWQCAeohLoiGRImurwFp3vdz9IfQCoj7Fuhh73s4KQPRHpEQEnHTdNHmB8Fx"), nil},
+
+		{"testtool net", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "check", Data: []byte("net")},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec net container", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check", Data: []byte("net")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3", Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("bPYvvqxpfV7xcC1EptqyKNK1klLJgYHMDkzBcoOyK6j_Aj5hb0mXNPwTwPSK5F6Z"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container overlay root", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("PO2DSSCa4yoSgEYRcCSZfQfwow1yRigL3Ry-hI0RDI4aGuFBha-EfXeSJnG_5_Rl"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container overlay work", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("iaRt6l_Wm2n-h5UsDewZxQkCmjZjyL8r7wv32QT2kyV55-Lx09Dq4gfg9BiwPnKs"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container multiple layers", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			"identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
+			"identifier/p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb", Data: []byte{}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check", Data: []byte("layers")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2", Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("O2YzyR7IUGU5J2CADy0hUZ3A5NkP_Vwzs4UadEdn2oMZZVWRtH0xZGJ3HXiimTnZ"), nil},
+
+		{"sample exec container layer promotion", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+			"checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			"identifier/xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+
+			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9/check", Data: []byte{0}},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500, Path: "checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK", Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ", Data: []byte("../checksum/GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "temp"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("3EaW6WibLi9gl03_UieiFPaFcPy5p4x3JPxrnLJxGaTI-bh3HU9DK9IMx7c3rrNm"), nil},
+
+		{"sample file short", fstest.MapFS{
+			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+
+			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+			"identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, []pkg.FlatEntry{
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "."},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "checksum"},
+			{Mode: 0400, Path: "checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX", Data: []byte{0}},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "identifier"},
+			{Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Path: "identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi", Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
+
+			{Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700, Path: "work"},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("iR6H5OIsyOW4EwEgtm9rGzGF6DVtyHLySEtwnFE8bnus9VJcoCbR4JIek7Lw-vwT"), nil},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/pkg/exec.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/exec.go
@@ -9,10 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
-	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 	"unique"
@@ -96,32 +94,6 @@ func MustPath(pathname string, writable bool, a ...Artifact) ExecPath {
 	return ExecPath{check.MustAbs(pathname), a, writable}
 }

-var (
-	binfmt   map[string]container.BinfmtEntry
-	binfmtMu sync.RWMutex
-)
-
-// RegisterArch arranges for [KindExec] and [KindExecNet] to support a new
-// architecture via a binfmt_misc entry. Each architecture must be registered
-// at most once.
-func RegisterArch(arch string, e container.BinfmtEntry) {
-	if arch == "" {
-		panic(UnsupportedArchError(arch))
-	}
-
-	binfmtMu.Lock()
-	defer binfmtMu.Unlock()
-
-	if binfmt == nil {
-		binfmt = make(map[string]container.BinfmtEntry)
-	}
-
-	if _, ok := binfmt[arch]; ok {
-		panic("attempting to register " + strconv.Quote(arch) + " twice")
-	}
-	binfmt[arch] = e
-}
-
 const (
 	// ExecTimeoutDefault replaces out of range [NewExec] timeout values.
 	ExecTimeoutDefault = 15 * time.Minute
@@ -138,8 +110,6 @@ type execArtifact struct {
 	// Caller-supplied user-facing reporting name, guaranteed to be nonzero
 	// during initialisation.
 	name string
-	// Target architecture.
-	arch string
 	// Caller-supplied inner mount points.
 	paths []ExecPath

@@ -162,40 +132,28 @@ type execArtifact struct {

 var _ fmt.Stringer = new(execArtifact)

-// execMeasuredArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and
-// has its resulting container optionally keep the host net namespace.
-type execMeasuredArtifact struct {
+// execNetArtifact is like execArtifact but implements [KnownChecksum] and has
+// its resulting container keep the host net namespace.
+type execNetArtifact struct {
 	checksum Checksum

-	// Whether to keep host net namespace.
-	hostNet bool
-
 	execArtifact
 }

-var _ KnownChecksum = new(execMeasuredArtifact)
+var _ KnownChecksum = new(execNetArtifact)

 // Checksum returns the caller-supplied checksum.
-func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }
+func (a *execNetArtifact) Checksum() Checksum { return a.checksum }

-// Kind returns [KindExecNet], or [KindExec] if hostNet is false.
-func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Kind() Kind {
-	if a == nil || a.hostNet {
-		return KindExecNet
-	}
-	return KindExec
-}
+// Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
+func (*execNetArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExecNet }

 // Cure cures the [Artifact] in the container described by the caller. The
-// container optionally retains host networking.
-func (a *execMeasuredArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
-	return a.cure(f, a.hostNet)
+// container retains host networking.
+func (a *execNetArtifact) Cure(f *FContext) error {
+	return a.cure(f, true)
 }

-// ErrNetChecksum is panicked by [NewExec] if host net namespace is requested
-// with a nil checksum.
-var ErrNetChecksum = errors.New("attempting to keep net namespace without checksum")
-
 // NewExec returns a new [Artifact] that executes the program path in a
 // container with specified paths bind mounted read-only in order. A private
 // instance of /proc and /dev is made available to the container.
@@ -209,7 +167,7 @@ var ErrNetChecksum = errors.New("attempting to keep net namespace without checks
 // regular or symlink.
 //
 // If checksum is non-nil, the resulting [Artifact] implements [KnownChecksum]
-// and its container optionally runs in the host net namespace.
+// and its container runs in the host net namespace.
 //
 // The container is allowed to run for the specified duration before the initial
 // process and all processes originating from it is terminated. A zero or
@@ -220,10 +178,10 @@ var ErrNetChecksum = errors.New("attempting to keep net namespace without checks
 // container and does not affect curing outcome. Because of this, it is omitted
 // from parameter data for computing identifier.
 func NewExec(
-	name, arch string,
+	name string,
 	checksum *Checksum,
 	timeout time.Duration,
-	hostNet, exclusive bool,
+	exclusive bool,

 	dir *check.Absolute,
 	env []string,
@@ -235,23 +193,17 @@ func NewExec(
 	if name == "" {
 		name = "exec-" + filepath.Base(pathname.String())
 	}
-	if arch == "" {
-		arch = runtime.GOARCH
-	}
 	if timeout <= 0 {
 		timeout = ExecTimeoutDefault
 	}
 	if timeout > ExecTimeoutMax {
 		timeout = ExecTimeoutMax
 	}
-	a := execArtifact{name, arch, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
+	a := execArtifact{name, paths, dir, env, pathname, args, timeout, exclusive}
 	if checksum == nil {
-		if hostNet {
-			panic(ErrNetChecksum)
-		}
 		return &a
 	}
-	return &execMeasuredArtifact{*checksum, hostNet, a}
+	return &execNetArtifact{*checksum, a}
 }

 // Kind returns the hardcoded [Kind] constant.
@@ -259,7 +211,6 @@ func (*execArtifact) Kind() Kind { return KindExec }

 // Params writes paths, executable pathname and args.
 func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
-	ctx.WriteString(a.arch)
 	ctx.WriteString(a.name)

 	ctx.WriteUint32(uint32(len(a.paths)))
@@ -306,26 +257,11 @@ func (a *execArtifact) Params(ctx *IContext) {
 	}
 }

-// UnsupportedArchError describes an unsupported or invalid architecture.
-type UnsupportedArchError string
-
-func (e UnsupportedArchError) Error() string {
-	if e == "" {
-		return "invalid architecture name"
-	}
-	return "unsupported architecture " + string(e)
-}
-
 // readExecArtifact interprets IR values and returns the address of execArtifact
 // or execNetArtifact.
 func readExecArtifact(r *IRReader, net bool) Artifact {
 	r.DiscardAll()

-	arch := r.ReadString()
-	if arch == "" {
-		panic(UnsupportedArchError(arch))
-	}
-
 	name := r.ReadString()

 	sz := r.ReadUint32()
@@ -376,17 +312,22 @@ func readExecArtifact(r *IRReader, net bool) Artifact {
 	exclusive := r.ReadUint32() != 0

 	checksum, ok := r.Finalise()
-	var checksumP *Checksum
-	if ok {
-		checksumP = new(checksum.Value())
-	}

-	if net && !ok {
-		panic(ErrExpectedChecksum)
+	var checksumP *Checksum
+	if net {
+		if !ok {
+			panic(ErrExpectedChecksum)
+		}
+		checksumVal := checksum.Value()
+		checksumP = &checksumVal
+	} else {
+		if ok {
+			panic(ErrUnexpectedChecksum)
+		}
 	}

 	return NewExec(
-		name, arch, checksumP, timeout, net, exclusive, dir, env, pathname, args, paths...,
+		name, checksumP, timeout, exclusive, dir, env, pathname, args, paths...,
 	)
 }

@@ -495,23 +436,11 @@ func (a *execArtifact) makeContainer(
 	if z.HostNet {
 		z.Hostname = "cure-net"
 	}
-	z.Quiet = flags&CSuppressInit != 0
 	z.Uid, z.Gid = (1<<10)-1, (1<<10)-1
 	z.Dir, z.Path, z.Args = a.dir, a.path, a.args
 	z.Env = slices.Concat(a.env, []string{EnvJobs + "=" + strconv.Itoa(jobs)})
 	z.Grow(len(a.paths) + 4)

-	if a.arch != runtime.GOARCH {
-		binfmtMu.RLock()
-		e, ok := binfmt[a.arch]
-		binfmtMu.RUnlock()
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, UnsupportedArchError(a.arch)
-		}
-		z.Binfmt = []container.BinfmtEntry{e}
-		z.InitAsRoot = true
-	}
-
 	for i, b := range a.paths {
 		if i == overlayWorkIndex {
 			if err = os.MkdirAll(work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
@@ -598,9 +527,9 @@ func (c *Cache) EnterExec(
 	case *execArtifact:
 		e = f

-	case *execMeasuredArtifact:
+	case *execNetArtifact:
 		e = &f.execArtifact
-		hostNet = f.hostNet
+		hostNet = true

 	default:
 		return ErrNotExec
@@ -701,6 +630,12 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 			_ = stdout.Close()
 			return
 		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
+				_ = stdout.Close()
+				_ = stderr.Close()
+			}
+		}()

 		brStdout, brStderr := f.cache.getReader(stdout), f.cache.getReader(stderr)
 		stdoutDone, stderrDone := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
@@ -715,11 +650,6 @@ func (a *execArtifact) cure(f *FContext, hostNet bool) (err error) {
 			io.TeeReader(brStderr, status),
 		)
 		defer func() {
-			if err != nil && !errors.As(err, new(*exec.ExitError)) {
-				_ = stdout.Close()
-				_ = stderr.Close()
-			}
-
 			<-stdoutDone
 			<-stderrDone
 			f.cache.putReader(brStdout)
--- a/internal/pkg/exec_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/exec_test.go
@@ -1,70 +1,44 @@
 package pkg_test

+//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o testdata/testtool ./testdata
+
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"errors"
-	"io/fs"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"testing"
+	"unique"

 	"hakurei.app/check"
-	"hakurei.app/container"
 	"hakurei.app/hst"
-	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 	"hakurei.app/internal/stub"
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected"
 )

 // testtoolBin is the container test tool binary made available to the
 // execArtifact for testing its curing environment.
 //
-//go:generate env CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -tags testtool -o internal/testtool ./internal/testtool
-//go:embed internal/testtool/testtool
+//go:embed testdata/testtool
 var testtoolBin []byte

-func init() {
-	pathname, err := filepath.Abs("internal/testtool/testtool")
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	pkg.RegisterArch("cafe", container.BinfmtEntry{
-		Magic:       expected.Magic,
-		Interpreter: check.MustAbs(pathname),
-	})
-}
-
 func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	wantOffline := expectsFS{
-		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-		"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-	}
-	wantOfflineEncode := pkg.Encode(wantOffline.hash())
-	failingArtifact := &stubArtifact{
-		kind:   pkg.KindTar,
-		params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
-		cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-			return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
-		},
-	}
+	wantChecksumOffline := pkg.MustDecode(
+		"GPa4aBakdSJd7Tz7LYj_VJFoojzyZinmVcG3k6M5xI6CZ821J5sXLhLDDuS47gi9",
+	)

 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
-		{"offline", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"offline", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-offline", "", new(wantOffline.hash()), 0, false, false,
+					"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -84,128 +58,67 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
-
-				{"substitution", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-offline", "", new(wantOffline.hash()), 0, false, false,
-					pkg.AbsWork,
-					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
-					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
-					[]string{"testtool"},
-
-					pkg.MustPath("/file", false, newStubFile(
-						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-						pkg.ID{0xfe, 0},
-						nil,
-						nil, nil,
-					)),
-					// substitution miss fails in testtool due to differing idents
-					pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, &stubArtifact{
-						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
-						params: []byte("empty directory (substituted)"),
-						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
-						},
-					}),
-					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},

 				{"error passthrough", pkg.NewExec(
-					"", "", nil, 0, false, true,
+					"", nil, 0, true,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 					[]string{"testtool"},

-					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, failingArtifact),
-				), nil, nil, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					pkg.MustPath("/proc/nonexistent", false, &stubArtifact{
+						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
+						params: []byte("doomed artifact"),
+						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
+							return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
+						},
+					}),
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
 					{
-						A:   failingArtifact,
+						Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID(pkg.MustDecode(
+							"Sowo6oZRmG6xVtUaxB6bDWZhVsqAJsIJWUp0OPKlE103cY0lodx7dem8J-qQF0Z1",
+						))),
 						Err: stub.UniqueError(0xcafe),
 					},
 				}},

 				{"invalid paths", pkg.NewExec(
-					"", "", nil, 0, false, false,
+					"", nil, 0, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 					[]string{"testtool"},

 					pkg.ExecPath{},
-				), nil, nil, pkg.ErrInvalidPaths},
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.ErrInvalidPaths},
 			})

 			// check init failure passthrough
-			initFailureArtifact := pkg.NewExec(
-				"", "", nil, 0, false, false,
+			var exitError *exec.ExitError
+			if _, _, err := c.Cure(pkg.NewExec(
+				"", nil, 0, false,
 				pkg.AbsWork,
 				nil,
 				check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
 				[]string{"testtool"},
-			)
-			var exitError *exec.ExitError
-			if _, _, err := c.Cure(initFailureArtifact); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
+			)); !errors.As(err, &exitError) ||
 				exitError.ExitCode() != hst.ExitFailure {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v, want init exit status 1", err)
 			}

-			var faultStatus []byte
-			if faults, err := c.ReadFaults(initFailureArtifact); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			} else if len(faults) != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("ReadFaults: %v", faults)
-			} else if faultStatus, err = os.ReadFile(faults[0].String()); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			} else if err = faults[0].Destroy(); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			} else {
-				t.Logf("destroyed expected fault at %s", faults[0].Time().UTC())
-			}
-
-			if !bytes.HasPrefix(faultStatus, []byte(
-				"internal/pkg ",
-			)) || !bytes.Contains(faultStatus, []byte(
-				"\ninit: fork/exec /opt/bin/testtool: no such file or directory\n",
-			)) {
-				t.Errorf("unexpected status:\n%s", string(faultStatus))
-			}
-
-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 1)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("Q5DluWQCAeohLoiGRImurwFp3vdz9IfQCoj7Fuhh73s4KQPRHpEQEnHTdNHmB8Fx")},

-			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/IY91PCtOpCYy21AaIK0c9f8-Z6fb2_2ewoHWkt4dxoLf0GOrWqS8yAGFLV84b1Dw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
-			"identifier/QwS7SmiatdqryQYgESdGw7Yw2PcpNf0vNfpvUA0t92BTlKiUjfCrXyMW17G2X77X": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/" + expected.Offline:                                              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
-
-		{"net", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"net", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()

-			wantNet := expectsFS{
-				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-				"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
-			}
+			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode(
+				"a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W",
+			)
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-net", "", new(wantNet.hash()), 0, true, false,
+					"exec-net", &wantChecksum, 0, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -225,37 +138,18 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantNet, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},
 			})

-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("bPYvvqxpfV7xcC1EptqyKNK1klLJgYHMDkzBcoOyK6j_Aj5hb0mXNPwTwPSK5F6Z")},

-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("net")},
-
-			"identifier":                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/" + expected.Net: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/a1F_i9PVQI4qMcoHgTQkORuyWLkC1GLIxOhDt2JpU1NGAxWc5VJzdlfRK-PYBh3W")},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
-
-		{"overlay root", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"overlay root", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-overlay-root", "", nil, 0, false, false,
+					"exec-overlay-root", nil, 0, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -269,35 +163,18 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
 			})

-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("PO2DSSCa4yoSgEYRcCSZfQfwow1yRigL3Ry-hI0RDI4aGuFBha-EfXeSJnG_5_Rl")},

-			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier":                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/" + expected.OvlRoot: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
-
-		{"overlay work", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"overlay work", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-overlay-work", "", nil, 0, false, false,
+					"exec-overlay-work", nil, 0, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/work/bin/testtool"),
@@ -316,35 +193,18 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
 						},
 					}), pkg.Path(pkg.AbsWork, false /* ignored */, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
 			})

-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("iaRt6l_Wm2n-h5UsDewZxQkCmjZjyL8r7wv32QT2kyV55-Lx09Dq4gfg9BiwPnKs")},

-			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier":                  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/" + expected.Work: {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
-
-		{"multiple layers", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"multiple layers", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-multiple-layers", "", nil, 0, false, false,
+					"exec-multiple-layers", nil, 0, false,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -385,40 +245,18 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
 			})

-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("O2YzyR7IUGU5J2CADy0hUZ3A5NkP_Vwzs4UadEdn2oMZZVWRtH0xZGJ3HXiimTnZ")},

-			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb":       {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("layers")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ-sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6_529l-9Ua0vFImLlb")},
-			"identifier/B-kc5iJMx8GtlCua4dz6BiJHnDAOUfPjgpbKq4e-QEn0_CZkSYs3fOA1ve06qMs2": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK")},
-			"identifier/" + expected.Layers:                                               {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
-
-		{"overlay layer promotion", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
+		{"overlay layer promotion", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			testtool, testtoolDestroy := newTesttool()

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-layer-promotion", "", nil, 0, false, true,
+					"exec-layer-promotion", nil, 0, true,
 					pkg.AbsWork,
 					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_ROOT=1"},
 					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -438,96 +276,11 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, testtool),
-				), ignorePathname, wantOffline, nil},
+				), ignorePathname, wantChecksumOffline, nil},
 			})

-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
 			testtoolDestroy(t, base, c)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum":                                 {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode:            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode + "/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/kvJIqZo5DKFOxC2ZQ-8_nPaQzEAz9cIm3p6guO-uLqm-xaiPu7oRkSnsu411jd_U": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-			"identifier/" + expected.Promote:                                              {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantOfflineEncode)},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
-
-		{"binfmt", pkg.CValidateKnown | checkDestroySubstitutes, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
-			if info.CanDegrade && os.Getenv("ROSA_SKIP_BINFMT") != "" {
-				t.Skip("binfmt_misc test explicitly skipped")
-			}
-
-			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
-				{"container", pkg.NewExec(
-					"exec-binfmt", "cafe", nil, 0, false, true,
-					pkg.AbsWork,
-					[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1", "HAKUREI_BINFMT=1"},
-					check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/sample"),
-					[]string{"sample"},
-
-					pkg.MustPath("/", true, &stubArtifact{
-						kind:   pkg.KindTar,
-						params: []byte("empty directory"),
-						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-							return os.MkdirAll(t.GetWorkDir().String(), 0700)
-						},
-					}),
-					pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 0xff}, &stubArtifact{
-						kind: pkg.KindTar,
-						cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-							work := t.GetWorkDir()
-							if err := os.MkdirAll(
-								work.Append("bin").String(),
-								0700,
-							); err != nil {
-								return err
-							}
-
-							return os.WriteFile(t.GetWorkDir().Append(
-								"bin",
-								"sample",
-							).String(), []byte(expected.Full), 0500)
-						},
-					}}),
-				), ignorePathname, expectsFS{
-					".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-					"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("binfmt")},
-				}, nil},
-			})
-
-			destroyStatus(t, base, 2, 0)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV/bin":        {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV/bin/sample": {Mode: 0500, Data: []byte("\xca\xfe\xba\xbe\xfd\xfd:3")},
-			"checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3/check":      {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("binfmt")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/6VQTJ1lI5BmVuI1YFYJ8ClO3MRORvTTrcWFDcUU-l5Ga8EofxCxGlSTYN-u8dKj_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/UnDo4B5KneEUY5b4vRUk_y9MWgkWuw2N8f8a2XayO686xXur-aZmX2-7n_8tKMe3")},
-			"identifier/_v8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/5aevg3YpDxjqQZ-pdvXK7YqgkL5JKqcoStYQxeD96kuYar6K2mRQWMHib6NQRnpV")},
-			"identifier/vjz1MHPcGBKV7sjcs8jQP3cqxJ1hgPTiQBMCEHP9BGXjGxd-tJmEmXKaStObo5gK": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("3EaW6WibLi9gl03_UieiFPaFcPy5p4x3JPxrnLJxGaTI-bh3HU9DK9IMx7c3rrNm")},
 	})
 }

--- a/internal/pkg/file_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/file_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package pkg_test

 import (
-	"io/fs"
 	"testing"

 	"hakurei.app/check"
@@ -11,27 +10,18 @@ import (
 func TestFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	want := expectsFile{0}
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"file", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"short", pkg.NewFile("null", []byte{0}), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					"3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi",
-				), want, nil},
+				), pkg.MustDecode(
+					"vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX",
+				), nil},
 			})
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum":                            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + pkg.Encode(want.hash()): {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/3376ALA7hIUm2LbzH2fDvRezgzod1eTK_G6XjyOgbM2u-6swvkFaF0BOwSl_juBi": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode(
+			"iR6H5OIsyOW4EwEgtm9rGzGF6DVtyHLySEtwnFE8bnus9VJcoCbR4JIek7Lw-vwT",
+		)},
 	})
 }
--- a/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/expected.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/expected.go
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-// Package expected contains data shared between test helper and test harness.
-package expected
-
-const (
-	// Magic are magic bytes in the binfmt test case.
-	Magic = "\xca\xfe\xba\xbe\xfd\xfd"
-	// Full is the full content of the binfmt test case executable.
-	Full = Magic + ":3"
-)
--- a/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_amd64.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_amd64.go
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-package expected
-
-const (
-	Offline = "q5ktDTq0miP-VvB2blxqXQeaRXCUWgP_KbC18KNtUDtyoaI_h5mHmGuPMArVEBDs"
-	OvlRoot = "NacZGXwuRkTvcHaG08a22ujJ8qCWN0RSoFlRSR5FSt0ZcBbJ28FRvkYsHEtX7G8i"
-	Layers  = "WBJDrATtX6rIE5yAu8ePX3WmDF0Tt9kFiue0m3cRnyRoVx1my8a67fh3CAW486oP"
-	Net     = "CmYtj2sNB3LHtqiDuck_Lz3MjLLIiwyP8N4NDitQ1Icvv__LVP9p8tm-sHeQaKKp"
-	Promote = "TX3eCloaQFkV-SZIH6Jg6E5WKH--rcXY1P0jnZKmLFKWrNqnOzd4G9eIBh6i5ywN"
-	Work    = "OuNiLSC68pZhAOr1YQ4WbV1tzASA0nxLEBcK7lO7MqxDY_j8dmP_C612RTuF23Lu"
-)
--- a/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_arm64.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_arm64.go
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-package expected
-
-const (
-	Offline = "WapqyoPxbWSnq07dWHt71mHaJXq99pAjJfFlELlJljSiZMhTFqqlzU1_mN86shSj"
-	OvlRoot = "V9anFOiRvjGfAeBhLl14AL8TKdWZyD0WTPYe4fS9mOBw8iW5Lmarvt6TG6MV8uWm"
-	Layers  = "tKx7JNRoSBdK_7MdzI-nwTNV2wmiPzwYdcd17oLmXKL_iLmUzUiA79qTqdrTasrv"
-	Net     = "aXyDLzBCJ9XltXZIfetEVsEkrqHfcXuD5XE_FcUnYbN3emwL55N6P8LlHzNfGnM5"
-	Promote = "3k4V16n96Lq04gjFSKmm4sFjyQ883FFBNXgTy9s_DjeTwxT3pg_iacEh8yMb_S4m"
-	Work    = "6Q49MhFWRE3Ne6MycwAotgl1GtoU5WCHqJNWG2byYZCY-zX-IxPrWiKk7bKkNzhE"
-)
--- a/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_riscv64.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected/sum_riscv64.go
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-package expected
-
-const (
-	Offline = "Z6yXE5gOJScL3srmnVMWgCXccDiUNZ5snSrf6RkXuU1_U0rX_kGVwsfHUgNG_awd"
-	OvlRoot = "zYXJHFRLuxvUhuisZEXgGgVvdQd6piMfp5jmtT6jdVjvC2gICXquOq-UTwlrSD5I"
-	Layers  = "_F8EDazHbcLeT0sVSQXRN_kn9IjduqJcDYgzXpsT-hpKU4EBcZ0PISN2zchpqMbm"
-	Net     = "CA_FAaSIYJgapBEHV40doxpH23PdUEy_6s1TZc7wfSPN0XYqwGpMceXXDSabGveO"
-	Promote = "_3LPrLp--4h9k4GsNNApu9hHtAafq-GUhfU6d4hJKBDKT3bz_szOsvkXxc5sK53d"
-	Work    = "FEgHeiCD_WT4wsfB-9kDH5n6cRWCEYtJmXdKZgmUUukAOoXumH_hLlosXREC-tqq"
-)
--- a/internal/pkg/ir.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/ir.go
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ type IContext struct {
 	// Written to by various methods, should be zeroed after [Artifact.Params]
 	// returns and must not be exposed directly.
 	w io.Writer
-	// Optional [Artifact] to cureRes cache, replaces [IRKindIdent] with
-	// checksum values if non-nil.
-	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes
 }

 // irZero is a zero IR word.
@@ -166,15 +163,7 @@ func (i *IContext) WriteIdent(a Artifact) {
 	defer i.ic.putIdentBuf(buf)

 	IRKindIdent.encodeHeader(0).put(buf[:])
-	if i.inputs != nil {
-		res, ok := i.inputs[a]
-		if !ok {
-			panic(InvalidLookupError(i.ic.Ident(a).Value()))
-		}
-		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = res.checksum.Value()
-	} else {
-		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = i.ic.Ident(a).Value()
-	}
+	*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = i.ic.Ident(a).Value()
 	i.mustWrite(buf[:])
 }

@@ -218,44 +207,19 @@ func (i *IContext) WriteString(s string) {
 // Encode writes a deterministic, efficient representation of a to w and returns
 // the first non-nil error encountered while writing to w.
 func (ic *irCache) Encode(w io.Writer, a Artifact) (err error) {
-	return ic.encode(w, a, nil)
-}
-
-// encode implements Encode but replaces identifiers with their cured checksums
-// for a non-nil ident. Caller must acquire Cache.identMu.
-func (ic *irCache) encode(
-	w io.Writer,
-	a Artifact,
-	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes,
-) (err error) {
 	deps := a.Dependencies()
 	idents := make([]*extIdent, len(deps))
-	if inputs == nil {
-		for i, d := range deps {
-			dbuf, did := ic.unsafeIdent(d, true)
-			if dbuf == nil {
-				dbuf = ic.getIdentBuf()
-				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dbuf[:], uint64(d.Kind()))
-				*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = did.Value()
-			} else {
-				ic.storeIdent(d, dbuf)
-			}
-			defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
-			idents[i] = dbuf
-		}
-	} else {
-		for i, d := range deps {
-			res, ok := inputs[d]
-			if !ok {
-				return InvalidLookupError(ic.Ident(d).Value())
-			}
-
-			dbuf := ic.getIdentBuf()
+	for i, d := range deps {
+		dbuf, did := ic.unsafeIdent(d, true)
+		if dbuf == nil {
+			dbuf = ic.getIdentBuf()
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dbuf[:], uint64(d.Kind()))
-			*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = res.checksum.Value()
-			defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
-			idents[i] = dbuf
+			*(*ID)(dbuf[wordSize:]) = did.Value()
+		} else {
+			ic.storeIdent(d, dbuf)
 		}
+		defer ic.putIdentBuf(dbuf)
+		idents[i] = dbuf
 	}
 	slices.SortFunc(idents, func(a, b *extIdent) int {
 		return bytes.Compare(a[:], b[:])
@@ -280,7 +244,7 @@ func (ic *irCache) encode(
 	}

 	func() {
-		i := IContext{ic, w, inputs}
+		i := IContext{ic, w}

 		defer panicToError(&err)
 		defer func() { i.ic, i.w = nil, nil }()
--- a/internal/pkg/ir_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/ir_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package pkg_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
-	"io/fs"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"

@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 		)},

 		{"exec offline", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-offline", "", nil, 0, false, false,
+			"exec-offline", nil, 0, false,
 			pkg.AbsWork,
 			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -59,9 +58,9 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 		)},

 		{"exec net", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-net", "",
+			"exec-net",
 			(*pkg.Checksum)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfc}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-			0, false, false,
+			0, false,
 			pkg.AbsWork,
 			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
 			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
@@ -80,28 +79,6 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 			)),
 		)},

-		{"exec measured", pkg.NewExec(
-			"exec-measured", "",
-			(*pkg.Checksum)(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-			0, false, false,
-			pkg.AbsWork,
-			[]string{"HAKUREI_TEST=1"},
-			check.MustAbs("/opt/bin/testtool"),
-			[]string{"testtool", "measured"},
-
-			pkg.MustPath("/file", false, pkg.NewFile("file", []byte(
-				"stub file",
-			))), pkg.MustPath("/.hakurei", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
-				nil, "file:///hakurei.tar",
-				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-				pkg.TarUncompressed,
-			)), pkg.MustPath("/opt", false, pkg.NewHTTPGetTar(
-				nil, "file:///testtool.tar.gz",
-				pkg.Checksum(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xfd}, len(pkg.Checksum{}))),
-				pkg.TarGzip,
-			)),
-		)},
-
 		{"file anonymous", pkg.NewFile("", []byte{0})},
 		{"file", pkg.NewFile("stub", []byte("stub"))},
 	}
@@ -128,13 +105,9 @@ func TestIRRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 				if err := <-done; err != nil {
 					t.Fatalf("EncodeAll: error = %v", err)
 				}
-			}, expectsFS{
-				".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-				"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-				"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-				"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-				"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			},
+			}, pkg.MustDecode(
+				"E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C",
+			),
 		}
 	}
 	checkWithCache(t, testCasesCache)
--- a/internal/pkg/net_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/net_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package pkg_test
 import (
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"io"
-	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
@@ -86,13 +85,7 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			if _, err := f.Cure(r); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
 			}
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},

 		{"cure", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			r := newRContext(t, c)
@@ -151,18 +144,6 @@ func TestHTTPGet(t *testing.T) {
 			if _, _, err := c.Cure(f); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErrNotFound) {
 				t.Fatalf("Pathname: error = %#v, want %#v", err, wantErrNotFound)
 			}
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("\x7f\xe1\x69\xa2\xdd\x63\x96\x26\x83\x79\x61\x8b\xf0\x3f\xd5\x16\x9a\x39\x3a\xdb\xcf\xb1\xbc\x8d\x33\xff\x75\xee\x62\x56\xa9\xf0\x27\xac\x13\x94\x69")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/oM-2pUlk-mOxK1t3aMWZer69UdOQlAXiAgMrpZ1476VoOqpYVP1aGFS9_HYy-D8_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/fLYGIMHgN1louE-JzITJZJo2SDniPu-IHBXubtvQWFO-hXnDVKNuscV7-zlyr5fU")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("L_0RFHpr9JUS4Zp14rz2dESSRvfLzpvqsLhR1-YjQt8hYlmEdVl7vI3_-v8UNPKs")},
 	})
 }
--- a/internal/pkg/pkg.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/pkg.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ package pkg
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
-	"cmp"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"encoding/base64"
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"io/fs"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
-	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
@@ -26,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 	"unique"
 	"unsafe"

@@ -250,14 +247,7 @@ func (t *TContext) destroy(errP *error) {
 			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, err)
 		}
 		if *errP != nil {
-			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, os.Rename(
-				t.statusPath.String(), t.cache.base.Append(
-					dirFault,
-					t.ids+"."+strconv.FormatUint(uint64(
-						time.Now().UnixNano(),
-					), 10),
-				).String(),
-			))
+			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, os.Remove(t.statusPath.String()))
 		}
 		t.status = nil
 	}
@@ -518,34 +508,33 @@ const (
 )

 const (
-	// fileLock is the lock file for exclusive access to the cache directory.
+	// fileLock is the file name appended to Cache.base for guaranteeing
+	// exclusive access to the cache directory.
 	fileLock = "lock"
-	// fileVariant is a file holding the variant identification string set by a
-	// prior call to [SetExtension].
+	// fileVariant is the file name appended to Cache.base holding the variant
+	// identification string set by a prior call to [SetExtension].
 	fileVariant = "variant"

-	// dirSubstitute holds symlinks to artifacts by checksum, named after their
-	// substitute identifier.
-	dirSubstitute = "substitute"
-	// dirIdentifier holds symlinks to artifacts by checksum,  named after their
-	// IR-based identifier.
+	// dirIdentifier is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
+	// artifacts named after their [ID].
 	dirIdentifier = "identifier"
-	// dirChecksum holds artifacts named after their [Checksum].
+	// dirChecksum is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
+	// artifacts named after their [Checksum].
 	dirChecksum = "checksum"
-	// dirStatus holds artifact metadata and logs named after their IR-based
-	// identifier. For [FloodArtifact], the same file is also available under
-	// its substitute identifier.
+	// dirStatus is the directory name appended to Cache.base for storing
+	// artifact metadata and logs named after their [ID].
 	dirStatus = "status"
-	// dirFault holds status files of faulted cures.
-	dirFault = "fault"

-	// dirWork holds working pathnames set up during [Cache.Cure].
+	// dirWork is the directory name appended to Cache.base for working
+	// pathnames set up during [Cache.Cure].
 	dirWork = "work"
-	// dirTemp holds scratch space allocated during [Cache.Cure].
+	// dirTemp is the directory name appended to Cache.base for scratch space
+	// pathnames allocated during [Cache.Cure].
 	dirTemp = "temp"

-	// dirExecScratch is scratch space set up for the container started by
-	// [Cache.EnterExec]. Exclusivity via Cache.inExec.
+	// dirExecScratch is the directory name appended to Cache.base for scratch
+	// space setting up the container started by [Cache.EnterExec]. Exclusivity
+	// via Cache.inExec.
 	dirExecScratch = "scratch"

 	// checksumLinknamePrefix is prepended to the encoded [Checksum] value
@@ -628,13 +617,6 @@ const (
 	// CPromoteVariant allows [pkg.Open] to promote an unextended on-disk cache
 	// to the current extension variant. This is a one-way operation.
 	CPromoteVariant
-
-	// CSuppressInit arranges for verbose output of the container init to be
-	// suppressed regardless of [message.Msg] state.
-	CSuppressInit
-
-	// CIgnoreSubstitutes disables content-based dependency substitution.
-	CIgnoreSubstitutes
 )

 // toplevel holds [context.WithCancel] over caller-supplied context, where all
@@ -690,11 +672,6 @@ type Cache struct {
 	// Synchronises access to dirChecksum.
 	checksumMu sync.RWMutex

-	// Presence of an alternative in the cache. Keys are not valid identifiers
-	// and must not be used as such.
-	substitute map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
-	// Synchronises access to substitute and corresponding filesystem entries.
-	substituteMu sync.RWMutex
 	// Identifier to content pair cache.
 	ident map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
 	// Identifier to error pair for unrecoverably faulted [Artifact].
@@ -905,14 +882,11 @@ func (c *Cache) Scrub(checks int) error {
 		checks = runtime.NumCPU()
 	}

-	c.substituteMu.Lock()
-	defer c.substituteMu.Unlock()
 	c.identMu.Lock()
 	defer c.identMu.Unlock()
 	c.checksumMu.Lock()
 	defer c.checksumMu.Unlock()

-	c.substitute = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
 	c.ident = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
 	c.identErr = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]error)
 	c.artifact.Clear()
@@ -1020,52 +994,47 @@ func (c *Cache) Scrub(checks int) error {
 		wg.Wait()
 	}

-	for _, suffix := range []string{
-		dirSubstitute,
-		dirIdentifier,
-	} {
-		dir = c.base.Append(suffix)
-		if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
-			addErr(dir, readdirErr)
-		} else {
-			wg.Add(len(entries))
-			for _, ent := range entries {
-				w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
-					got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
-					defer p.Put(got)
+	dir = c.base.Append(dirIdentifier)
+	if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
+		addErr(dir, readdirErr)
+	} else {
+		wg.Add(len(entries))
+		for _, ent := range entries {
+			w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
+				got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
+				defer p.Put(got)

-					pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
-					if linkname, err := os.Readlink(
-						pathname.String(),
-					); err != nil {
-						seMu.Lock()
-						se.Errs[pathname.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[pathname.Handle()], err)
-						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
-						seMu.Unlock()
-						return false
-					} else if err = Decode(got, filepath.Base(linkname)); err != nil {
-						seMu.Lock()
-						lnp := dir.Append(linkname)
-						se.Errs[lnp.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[lnp.Handle()], err)
-						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
-						seMu.Unlock()
-						return false
-					}
+				pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
+				if linkname, err := os.Readlink(
+					pathname.String(),
+				); err != nil {
+					seMu.Lock()
+					se.Errs[pathname.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[pathname.Handle()], err)
+					se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
+					seMu.Unlock()
+					return false
+				} else if err = Decode(got, filepath.Base(linkname)); err != nil {
+					seMu.Lock()
+					lnp := dir.Append(linkname)
+					se.Errs[lnp.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[lnp.Handle()], err)
+					se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
+					seMu.Unlock()
+					return false
+				}

-					if _, err := os.Stat(pathname.String()); err != nil {
-						if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-							addErr(pathname, err)
-						}
-						seMu.Lock()
-						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
-						seMu.Unlock()
-						return false
+				if _, err := os.Stat(pathname.String()); err != nil {
+					if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+						addErr(pathname, err)
 					}
-					return true
-				}}
-			}
-			wg.Wait()
+					seMu.Lock()
+					se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
+					seMu.Unlock()
+					return false
+				}
+				return true
+			}}
 		}
+		wg.Wait()
 	}

 	dir = c.base.Append(dirStatus)
@@ -1213,52 +1182,6 @@ func (c *Cache) finaliseIdent(
 	close(done)
 }

-// zeroChecksum is a zero [Checksum] handle, used for comparison only.
-var zeroChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
-
-// loadSubstitute returns a checksum corresponding to a substitute identifier,
-// or zeroChecksum if an alternative is not available.
-func (c *Cache) loadSubstitute(
-	substitute unique.Handle[ID],
-) (unique.Handle[Checksum], error) {
-	c.substituteMu.RLock()
-	if checksum, ok := c.substitute[substitute]; ok {
-		c.substituteMu.RUnlock()
-		return checksum, nil
-	}
-
-	linkname, err := os.Readlink(c.base.Append(
-		dirSubstitute,
-		Encode(substitute.Value()),
-	).String())
-	c.substituteMu.RUnlock()
-
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return zeroChecksum, err
-		}
-
-		c.substituteMu.Lock()
-		c.substitute[substitute] = zeroChecksum
-		c.substituteMu.Unlock()
-		return zeroChecksum, nil
-	}
-
-	var checksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
-	buf := c.getIdentBuf()
-	err = Decode((*Checksum)(buf[:]), filepath.Base(linkname))
-	if err == nil {
-		checksum = unique.Make(Checksum(buf[:]))
-
-		c.substituteMu.Lock()
-		c.substitute[substitute] = checksum
-		c.substituteMu.Unlock()
-	}
-	c.putIdentBuf(buf)
-
-	return checksum, err
-}
-
 // Done returns a channel that is closed when the ongoing cure of an [Artifact]
 // referred to by the specified identifier completes. Done may return nil if
 // no ongoing cure of the specified identifier exists.
@@ -1493,8 +1416,8 @@ func (c *Cache) Cure(a Artifact) (

 // CureError wraps a non-nil error returned attempting to cure an [Artifact].
 type CureError struct {
-	A   Artifact
-	Err error
+	Ident unique.Handle[ID]
+	Err   error
 }

 // Unwrap returns the underlying error.
@@ -1507,63 +1430,40 @@ func (e *CureError) Error() string { return e.Err.Error() }
 type DependencyCureError []*CureError

 // unwrapM recursively expands underlying errors into a caller-supplied map.
-func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrapM(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	ir *IRCache,
-	me map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError,
-) {
+func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrapM(me map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError) {
 	for _, err := range *e {
-		if ctx.Err() != nil {
-			break
-		}
-
-		id := ir.Ident(err.A)
-		if _, ok := me[id]; ok {
+		if _, ok := me[err.Ident]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
 		if _e, ok := err.Err.(*DependencyCureError); ok {
-			_e.unwrapM(ctx, ir, me)
+			_e.unwrapM(me)
 			continue
 		}
-		me[id] = err
+		me[err.Ident] = err
 	}
 }

 // unwrap recursively expands and deduplicates underlying errors.
-func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrap(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	ir *IRCache,
-) DependencyCureError {
+func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrap() DependencyCureError {
 	me := make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError)
-	e.unwrapM(ctx, ir, me)
-	type ent struct {
-		id  unique.Handle[ID]
-		err *CureError
-	}
-	errs := make([]*ent, 0, len(me))
-	for id, err := range me {
-		errs = append(errs, &ent{id, err})
-	}
+	e.unwrapM(me)
+	errs := slices.AppendSeq(
+		make(DependencyCureError, 0, len(me)),
+		maps.Values(me),
+	)

 	var identBuf [2]ID
-	slices.SortFunc(errs, func(a, b *ent) int {
-		identBuf[0], identBuf[1] = a.id.Value(), b.id.Value()
+	slices.SortFunc(errs, func(a, b *CureError) int {
+		identBuf[0], identBuf[1] = a.Ident.Value(), b.Ident.Value()
 		return slices.Compare(identBuf[0][:], identBuf[1][:])
 	})

-	_errs := make(DependencyCureError, len(errs))
-	for i, v := range errs {
-		_errs[i] = v.err
-	}
-	return _errs
+	return errs
 }

 // Unwrap returns a deduplicated slice of underlying errors.
 func (e *DependencyCureError) Unwrap() []error {
-	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	errs := e.unwrap(ctx, NewIR())
+	errs := e.unwrap()
 	_errs := make([]error, len(errs))
 	for i, err := range errs {
 		_errs[i] = err
@@ -1573,23 +1473,14 @@ func (e *DependencyCureError) Unwrap() []error {

 // Error returns a user-facing multiline error message.
 func (e *DependencyCureError) Error() string {
-	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	ir := NewIR()
-	errs := e.unwrap(ctx, ir)
+	errs := e.unwrap()
 	if len(errs) == 0 {
 		return "invalid dependency cure outcome"
 	}
 	var buf strings.Builder
 	buf.WriteString("errors curing dependencies:")
 	for _, err := range errs {
-		buf.WriteString("\n\t" +
-			reportName(err.A, ir.Ident(err.A)) + ": " +
-			err.Error())
-	}
-	if ctx.Err() != nil {
-		buf.WriteString("\nerror resolution cancelled")
+		buf.WriteString("\n\t" + Encode(err.Ident.Value()) + ": " + err.Error())
 	}
 	return buf.String()
 }
@@ -1759,44 +1650,16 @@ func (c *Cache) cure(a Artifact, curesExempt bool) (
 		return
 	}

-	var (
-		checksums   string
-		substitute  unique.Handle[ID]
-		alternative *check.Absolute
-	)
+	var checksums string
 	defer func() {
 		if err == nil && checksums != "" {
-			linkname := checksumLinknamePrefix + checksums
-
 			err = os.Symlink(
-				linkname,
+				checksumLinknamePrefix+checksums,
 				pathname.String(),
 			)
 			if err == nil {
 				err = zeroTimes(pathname.String())
 			}
-
-			if err == nil && alternative != nil {
-				c.substituteMu.Lock()
-				err = os.Symlink(
-					linkname,
-					alternative.String(),
-				)
-				if errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
-					c.msg.Verbosef(
-						"creating alternative over %s for artifact %s",
-						Encode(substitute.Value()), ids,
-					)
-					err = nil
-				}
-				if err == nil {
-					err = zeroTimes(alternative.String())
-				}
-				if err == nil && checksum != zeroChecksum {
-					c.substitute[substitute] = checksum
-				}
-				c.substituteMu.Unlock()
-			}
 		}
 	}()

@@ -1993,64 +1856,11 @@ func (c *Cache) cure(a Artifact, curesExempt bool) (
 			f.deps[deps[i]] = p
 		}

-		sh := sha512.New384()
-		err = c.encode(sh, a, f.deps)
-		if err != nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		buf := c.getIdentBuf()
-		sh.Sum(buf[wordSize:wordSize])
-		substitute = unique.Make(ID(buf[wordSize:]))
-		substitutes := Encode(substitute.Value())
-		c.putIdentBuf(buf)
-		alternative = c.base.Append(
-			dirSubstitute,
-			substitutes,
-		)
-
-		if c.flags&CIgnoreSubstitutes == 0 {
-			var substituteChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
-			substituteChecksum, err = c.loadSubstitute(substitute)
-			if err != nil {
-				return
-			}
-			if substituteChecksum != zeroChecksum {
-				checksum = substituteChecksum
-				checksums = Encode(checksum.Value())
-				checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
-					dirChecksum,
-					checksums,
-				)
-				if _, err = os.Lstat(c.base.Append(
-					dirStatus,
-					substitutes,
-				).String()); err == nil {
-					err = os.Symlink(substitutes, c.base.Append(
-						dirStatus,
-						ids,
-					).String())
-				} else if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-					err = nil
-				}
-				return
-			}
-		}
-
 		defer f.destroy(&err)
 		if err = c.enterCure(a, curesExempt); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 		err = ca.Cure(&f)
-		if err == nil && f.status != nil {
-			err = os.Link(c.base.Append(
-				dirStatus,
-				ids,
-			).String(), c.base.Append(
-				dirStatus,
-				substitutes,
-			).String())
-		}
 		c.exitCure(a, curesExempt)
 		if err != nil {
 			return
@@ -2143,7 +1953,7 @@ func (pending *pendingArtifactDep) cure(c *Cache) {
 	}

 	pending.errsMu.Lock()
-	*pending.errs = append(*pending.errs, &CureError{pending.a, err})
+	*pending.errs = append(*pending.errs, &CureError{c.Ident(pending.a), err})
 	pending.errsMu.Unlock()
 }

@@ -2159,52 +1969,6 @@ func (c *Cache) OpenStatus(a Artifact) (r io.ReadSeekCloser, err error) {
 	return
 }

-// Fault holds the pathname and termination time of an [Artifact] fault entry.
-type Fault struct {
-	*check.Absolute
-	t uint64
-}
-
-// Time returns the instant in time where the fault occurred.
-func (f Fault) Time() time.Time { return time.Unix(0, int64(f.t)) }
-
-// Open opens the underlying entry for reading.
-func (f Fault) Open() (io.ReadCloser, error) { return os.Open(f.Absolute.String()) }
-
-// Destroy removes the underlying fault entry.
-func (f Fault) Destroy() error { return os.Remove(f.Absolute.String()) }
-
-// ReadFaults returns fault entries for an [Artifact].
-func (c *Cache) ReadFaults(a Artifact) (faults []Fault, err error) {
-	prefix := Encode(c.Ident(a).Value()) + "."
-	var dents []os.DirEntry
-	if dents, err = os.ReadDir(c.base.Append(dirFault).String()); err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	for _, dent := range dents {
-		name := dent.Name()
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
-			continue
-		}
-		var t uint64
-		t, err = strconv.ParseUint(name[len(prefix):], 10, 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		faults = append(faults, Fault{c.base.Append(
-			dirFault,
-			name,
-		), t})
-	}
-
-	slices.SortFunc(faults, func(a, b Fault) int {
-		return cmp.Compare(a.t, b.t)
-	})
-	return
-}
-
 // Abort cancels all pending cures and waits for them to clean up, but does not
 // close the cache.
 func (c *Cache) Abort() {
@@ -2304,11 +2068,9 @@ func open(
 	}

 	for _, name := range []string{
-		dirSubstitute,
 		dirIdentifier,
 		dirChecksum,
 		dirStatus,
-		dirFault,
 		dirWork,
 	} {
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(
@@ -2331,7 +2093,6 @@ func open(

 		irCache: zeroIRCache(),

-		substitute:   make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]),
 		ident:        make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]),
 		identErr:     make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]error),
 		identPending: make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]*pendingCure),
--- a/internal/pkg/pkg_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/pkg_test.go
@@ -16,12 +16,9 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"testing"
-	"testing/fstest"
-	"time"
 	"unique"
 	"unsafe"

@@ -245,41 +242,6 @@ func newDestroyArtifactFunc(a pkg.Artifact) func(
 	}
 }

-// destroyStatus counts non-substitution status entries and destroys them.
-func destroyStatus(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c, s int) {
-	dents, err := os.ReadDir(base.Append("status").String())
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	var gotC, gotS int
-	for _, dent := range dents {
-		if err = os.Remove(base.Append(
-			"status",
-			dent.Name(),
-		).String()); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		if dent.Type().IsRegular() {
-			gotC++
-			continue
-		}
-		if dent.Type()&fs.ModeSymlink == fs.ModeSymlink {
-			gotS++
-			continue
-		}
-		t.Errorf("%s: %s", dent.Name(), dent.Type())
-	}
-
-	if gotC != c {
-		t.Errorf("status: c = %d, want %d", gotC, c)
-	}
-	if gotS != s {
-		t.Errorf("status: s = %d, want %d", gotS, s)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestIdent(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@@ -324,99 +286,6 @@ func TestIdent(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// An expectsKnown describes an expected file or directory.
-type expectsKnown interface {
-	// hash returns the checksum of the represented data.
-	hash() (checksum pkg.Checksum)
-}
-
-// An expectsChecksum is a prepared checksum value.
-type expectsChecksum pkg.Checksum
-
-// hash returns e.
-func (e expectsChecksum) hash() pkg.Checksum { return e }
-
-// An expectsFile is the contents of a file expected by the test suite.
-type expectsFile []byte
-
-// hash computes the checksum of e.
-func (e expectsFile) hash() (checksum pkg.Checksum) {
-	h := sha512.New384()
-	h.Write(e)
-	h.Sum(checksum[:0])
-	return
-}
-
-// An expectsFS describes the state of a filesystem expected by the test suite.
-type expectsFS fstest.MapFS
-
-// hash computes the checksum of e.
-func (e expectsFS) hash() (checksum pkg.Checksum) {
-	if err := pkg.HashFS(&checksum, fstest.MapFS(e), "."); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// expectsFrom generates expectsFS for a filesystem directory.
-func expectsFrom(pathname string) string {
-	var buf strings.Builder
-	buf.WriteString("expectsFS{\n")
-	if err := filepath.WalkDir(pathname, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		var rel string
-		if rel, err = filepath.Rel(pathname, path); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		buf.WriteString("\t" + strconv.Quote(rel) + ": {Mode: ")
-
-		var fi fs.FileInfo
-		if fi, err = d.Info(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		mode := fi.Mode()
-
-		switch {
-		case mode.IsDir():
-			buf.WriteString("fs.ModeDir | 0" +
-				strconv.FormatInt(int64(mode&^fs.ModeDir), 8))
-
-		case mode&fs.ModeSymlink != 0:
-			buf.WriteString("fs.ModeSymlink | 0" +
-				strconv.FormatInt(int64(mode&^fs.ModeSymlink), 8) +
-				", Data: []byte(")
-			var linkname string
-			if linkname, err = os.Readlink(path); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			buf.WriteString(strconv.Quote(linkname))
-			buf.WriteByte(')')
-
-		case mode.IsRegular():
-			buf.WriteString("0" + strconv.FormatInt(int64(mode), 8))
-			var p []byte
-			if p, err = os.ReadFile(path); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			if len(p) > 0 {
-				buf.WriteString(", Data: []byte(")
-				buf.WriteString(strconv.Quote(unsafe.String(unsafe.SliceData(p), len(p))))
-				buf.WriteByte(')')
-			}
-		}
-		buf.WriteString("},\n")
-		return nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	buf.WriteString("}")
-	return buf.String()
-}
-
 // cacheTestCase is a test case passed to checkWithCache where a new instance
 // of [pkg.Cache] is prepared for the test case, and is validated and removed
 // on test completion.
@@ -425,15 +294,9 @@ type cacheTestCase struct {
 	flags int
 	early func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute)
 	f     func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache)
-	want  expectsFS
+	want  pkg.Checksum
 }

-const (
-	// checkDestroySubstitutes arranges for substitutes to be destroyed before
-	// measurement during checkWithCache.
-	checkDestroySubstitutes = 1 << (iota + 32)
-)
-
 // checkWithCache runs a slice of cacheTestCase.
 func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 	t.Helper()
@@ -465,7 +328,7 @@ func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 			msg := message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "cache: ", 0))
 			msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())

-			flags := tc.flags | pkg.CSuppressInit
+			flags := tc.flags

 			if info.CanDegrade {
 				if _, err := landlock.GetABI(); err != nil {
@@ -514,34 +377,19 @@ func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 				}
 			}

-			// destroy non-deterministic substitutes
-			if tc.flags&checkDestroySubstitutes != 0 {
-				substitute := base.Append("substitute")
-				if err := os.RemoveAll(substitute.String()); err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				} else if err = os.Mkdir(substitute.String(), 0700); err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// destroy empty status directory
-			if err := syscall.Rmdir(base.Append("status").String()); err != nil {
-				t.Error(expectsFrom(base.Append("status").String()))
+			// destroy non-deterministic status files
+			if err := os.RemoveAll(base.Append("status").String()); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}

-			// destroy empty fault directory
-			if err := os.Remove(base.Append("fault").String()); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
-			want := tc.want.hash()
-
 			var checksum pkg.Checksum
 			if err := pkg.HashDir(&checksum, base); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("HashDir: error = %v", err)
-			} else if checksum != want {
-				t.Fatal(expectsFrom(base.String()))
+			} else if checksum != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("HashDir: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+					Got:  checksum,
+					Want: tc.want,
+				})
 			}

 			if err := scrubFunc(); err != nil {
@@ -560,10 +408,10 @@ func checkWithCache(t *testing.T, testCases []cacheTestCase) {
 			// validate again to make sure scrub did not condemn anything
 			if err := pkg.HashDir(&checksum, base); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("HashDir: error = %v", err)
-			} else if checksum != want {
+			} else if checksum != tc.want {
 				t.Fatalf("(scrubbed) HashDir: %v", &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
 					Got:  checksum,
-					Want: want,
+					Want: tc.want,
 				})
 			}
 		})
@@ -577,7 +425,7 @@ type cureStep struct {
 	a pkg.Artifact

 	pathname *check.Absolute
-	output   expectsKnown
+	checksum pkg.Checksum
 	err      error
 }

@@ -598,34 +446,17 @@ func cureMany(t *testing.T, c *pkg.Cache, steps []cureStep) {
 	for _, step := range steps {
 		t.Log("cure step:", step.name)
 		if pathname, checksum, err := c.Cure(step.a); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, step.err) {
-			faults, _err := c.ReadFaults(step.a)
-			if _err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("ReadFaults: error = %v", _err)
-			}
-
-			var p []byte
-			for _, fault := range faults {
-				p, _err = os.ReadFile(fault.String())
-				if _err != nil {
-					t.Error(_err)
-					continue
-				}
-				t.Log(string(p))
-				t.Logf("faulting cure terminated %s ago", time.Since(faults[0].Time()))
-			}
 			t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v, want %v", err, step.err)
 		} else if step.pathname != ignorePathname && !pathname.Is(step.pathname) {
 			t.Fatalf("Cure: pathname = %q, want %q", pathname, step.pathname)
-		} else if step.output == nil || checksum != makeChecksumH(step.output.hash()) {
-			if pathname != nil {
-				if name, _err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(pathname.String()); _err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(_err)
-				} else {
-					t.Fatal(expectsFrom(name))
-				}
-			} else if checksum != (unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{}) {
-				t.Fatalf("Cure: unexpected checksum %s", pkg.Encode(checksum.Value()))
+		} else if checksum != makeChecksumH(step.checksum) {
+			if checksum == (unique.Handle[pkg.Checksum]{}) {
+				checksum = unique.Make(pkg.Checksum{})
 			}
+			t.Fatalf(
+				"Cure: checksum = %s, want %s",
+				pkg.Encode(checksum.Value()), pkg.Encode(step.checksum),
+			)
 		} else {
 			v := any(err)
 			if err == nil {
@@ -686,12 +517,18 @@ func newWantScrubError(base *check.Absolute) *pkg.ScrubError {
 func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	testdata := expectsFile("" +
+	const testdata = "" +
 		"\x00\x00\x00\x00" +
 		"\xad\x0b\x00" +
 		"\x04" +
 		"\xfe\xfe\x00\x00" +
-		"\xfe\xca\x00\x00")
+		"\xfe\xca\x00\x00"
+
+	testdataChecksum := func() pkg.Checksum {
+		h := sha512.New384()
+		h.Write([]byte(testdata))
+		return (pkg.Checksum)(h.Sum(nil))
+	}()

 	testCases := []cacheTestCase{
 		{"file", pkg.CValidateKnown | pkg.CAssumeChecksum, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
@@ -709,45 +546,36 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				"identifier",
 				"cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe",
 			)
-			failingFile := newStubFile(
-				pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-				pkg.ID{0xff, 3},
-				nil,
-				nil, struct {
-					_ []byte
-					stub.UniqueError
-				}{UniqueError: 0xbad},
-			)

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
 				{"initial file", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					identifier,
-					new(testdata.hash()),
-					testdata, nil,
-				), wantPathname, testdata, nil},
+					&testdataChecksum,
+					[]byte(testdata), nil,
+				), wantPathname, testdataChecksum, nil},

 				{"identical content", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					identifier0,
-					new(testdata.hash()),
-					testdata, nil,
-				), wantPathname0, testdata, nil},
+					&testdataChecksum,
+					[]byte(testdata), nil,
+				), wantPathname0, testdataChecksum, nil},

 				{"existing entry", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					identifier,
-					new(testdata.hash()),
-					testdata, nil,
-				), wantPathname, testdata, nil},
+					&testdataChecksum,
+					[]byte(testdata), nil,
+				), wantPathname, testdataChecksum, nil},

 				{"checksum mismatch", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 0},
 					new(pkg.Checksum),
-					testdata, nil,
-				), nil, nil, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
-					Got: testdata.hash(),
+					[]byte(testdata), nil,
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+					Got: testdataChecksum,
 				}},

 				{"store without validation", newStubFile(
@@ -758,7 +586,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					"vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX",
-				), expectsChecksum{
+				), pkg.Checksum{
 					0xbe, 0xc0, 0x21, 0xb4, 0xf3, 0x68,
 					0xe3, 0x06, 0x91, 0x34, 0xe0, 0x12,
 					0xc2, 0xb4, 0x30, 0x70, 0x83, 0xd3,
@@ -772,7 +600,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				{"incomplete implementation", struct{ pkg.Artifact }{&stubArtifact{
 					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
 					params: []byte("artifact overridden to be incomplete"),
-				}}, nil, nil, pkg.InvalidArtifactError(pkg.MustDecode(
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidArtifactError(pkg.MustDecode(
 					"E__uZ1sLIvb84vzSm5Uezb03RogsiaeTt1nfIVv8TKnnf4LqwtSi-smdHhlkZrUJ",
 				))},

@@ -781,32 +609,40 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 1},
 					nil,
 					nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe),
-				), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},

 				{"error caching", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 1},
 					nil,
 					nil, nil,
-				), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},

-				{"cache hit bad type", overrideChecksum{testdata.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 2}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"cache hit bad type", overrideChecksum{testdataChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 2}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
-				}}}, nil, nil, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+				}}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
 					0400,
 				)},

 				{"noncomparable error", &stubArtifactF{
 					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
 					params: []byte("artifact with dependency returning noncomparable error"),
-					deps:   []pkg.Artifact{failingFile},
+					deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
+						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
+						pkg.ID{0xff, 3},
+						nil,
+						nil, struct {
+							_ []byte
+							stub.UniqueError
+						}{UniqueError: 0xbad},
+					)},

 					cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
 						panic("attempting to cure impossible artifact")
 					},
-				}, nil, nil, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+				}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.DependencyCureError{
 					{
-						A: failingFile,
+						Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 3}),
 						Err: struct {
 							_ []byte
 							stub.UniqueError
@@ -826,18 +662,18 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				cureMany(t, c0, []cureStep{
 					{"cache hit ident", overrideIdent{
 						id: identifier,
-					}, wantPathname, testdata, nil},
+					}, wantPathname, testdataChecksum, nil},

 					{"cache miss checksum match", newStubFile(
 						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-						testdata.hash(),
+						testdataChecksum,
 						nil,
-						testdata,
+						[]byte(testdata),
 						nil,
 					), base.Append(
 						"identifier",
-						pkg.Encode(testdata.hash()),
-					), testdata, nil},
+						pkg.Encode(testdataChecksum),
+					), testdataChecksum, nil},
 				})

 				// cure after close
@@ -850,23 +686,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Fatalf("(closed) Cure: error = %v", err)
 				}
 			}
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0}},
-			"checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0xad, 0xb, 0, 4, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0xfe, 0xca, 0, 0}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/vsAhtPNo4waRNOASwrQwcIPTqb3SBuJOXw2G4T1mNmVZM-wrQTRllmgXqcIIoRcX")},
-			"identifier/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			"identifier/cafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabecafebabe": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-			"identifier/deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/0bSFPu5Tnd-2Jj0Mv6co23PW2t3BmHc7eLFj9TgY3eIBg8zislo7xZYNBqovVLcq")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("St9rlE-mGZ5gXwiv_hzQ_B8bZP-UUvSNmf4nHUZzCMOumb6hKnheZSe0dmnuc4Q2")},

 		{"directory", pkg.CAssumeChecksum, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			id := pkg.MustDecode(
@@ -901,16 +721,9 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					).String(),
 				)
 			}
-			want := expectsFS{
-				".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-				"check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-
-				"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-				"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-				"lib/pkgconfig": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			}
+			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode(
+				"qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b",
+			)
 			wantPathname := base.Append(
 				"identifier",
 				pkg.Encode(id),
@@ -964,33 +777,33 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			}

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
-				{"initial directory", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
+				{"initial directory", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: makeSample,
-				}}}, wantPathname, want, nil},
+				}}}, wantPathname, wantChecksum, nil},

-				{"identical identifier", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
+				{"identical identifier", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{id, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
-				}}}, wantPathname, want, nil},
+				}}}, wantPathname, wantChecksum, nil},

 				{"identical checksum", overrideIdent{id0, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: makeSample,
-				}}, wantPathname0, want, nil},
+				}}, wantPathname0, wantChecksum, nil},

 				{"cure fault", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 0}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), stub.UniqueError(0xcafe))
 					},
-				}}, nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},

 				{"checksum mismatch", overrideChecksum{pkg.Checksum{}, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 1}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), nil)
 					},
-				}}}, nil, nil, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
+				}}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &pkg.ChecksumMismatchError{
 					Got: pkg.MustDecode(
 						"CUx-3hSbTWPsbMfDhgalG4Ni_GmR9TnVX8F99tY_P5GtkYvczg9RrF5zO0jX9XYT",
 					),
@@ -999,27 +812,27 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				{"cache hit bad type", newStubFile(
 					pkg.KindHTTPGet,
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 2},
-					new(want.hash()),
-					testdata, nil,
-				), nil, nil, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+					&wantChecksum,
+					[]byte(testdata), nil,
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
 					fs.ModeDir | 0500,
 				)},

 				{"openFile directory", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 3}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
-						r, err := t.Open(overrideChecksumFile{checksum: want.hash()})
+						r, err := t.Open(overrideChecksumFile{checksum: wantChecksum})
 						if err != nil {
 							panic(err)
 						}
 						_, err = io.ReadAll(r)
 						return err
 					},
-				}}, nil, nil, &os.PathError{
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, &os.PathError{
 					Op: "read",
 					Path: base.Append(
 						"checksum",
-						pkg.Encode(want.hash()),
+						pkg.Encode(wantChecksum),
 					).String(),
 					Err: syscall.EISDIR,
 				}},
@@ -1029,14 +842,14 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return nil
 					},
-				}}, nil, nil, pkg.NoOutputError{}},
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.NoOutputError{}},

 				{"file output", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 5}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return os.WriteFile(t.GetWorkDir().String(), []byte{0}, 0400)
 					},
-				}}, nil, nil, errors.New("non-file artifact produced regular file")},
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New("non-file artifact produced regular file")},

 				{"symlink output", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 6}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
@@ -1046,111 +859,11 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 							t.GetWorkDir().String(),
 						)
 					},
-				}}, nil, nil, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, pkg.InvalidFileModeError(
 					fs.ModeSymlink | 0777,
 				)},
-
-				{"alternative", &stubArtifactF{
-					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
-					params: []byte("substitutable artifact"),
-					deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
-						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-						pkg.ID{0xff, 8},
-						nil,
-						[]byte("substitutable dependency"),
-						nil,
-					)},
-
-					cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
-						return makeSample(&f.TContext)
-					},
-				}, base.Append(
-					"identifier",
-					"xMDWovje7OfyIaDy_2VnjpKxRqSOQ_LoeD946t-3WsS2V2SeMJ7nDGrNfpa4Pbc-",
-				), want, nil},
-
-				{"substitutable", &stubArtifactF{
-					kind:   pkg.KindExec,
-					params: []byte("substitutable artifact"),
-					deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
-						pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-						pkg.ID{0xff, 10},
-						nil,
-						[]byte("substitutable dependency"),
-						nil,
-					)},
-
-					cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
-						panic("substitution missed")
-					},
-				}, base.Append(
-					"identifier",
-					"k2ilgG5KQ9NXnMoT2oB6NdwOnSPRn_H24oXQc4l6qOYIxIG9XfuEczeyrR8UEv_f",
-				), want, nil},
 			})
-
-			if c0, err := unsafeOpen(
-				t.Context(),
-				message.New(nil),
-				0, 0, 0, base, false,
-			); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("open: error = %v", err)
-			} else {
-				t.Cleanup(c.Close)
-				cureMany(t, c0, []cureStep{
-					{"substitutable", &stubArtifactF{
-						kind:   pkg.KindExec,
-						params: []byte("substitutable artifact"),
-						deps: []pkg.Artifact{newStubFile(
-							pkg.KindHTTPGet,
-							pkg.ID{0xff, 0xff, 0xfd, 0xfd},
-							nil,
-							[]byte("substitutable dependency"),
-							nil,
-						)},
-
-						cure: func(f *pkg.FContext) error {
-							panic("substitution missed")
-						},
-					}, base.Append(
-						"identifier",
-						"_EmV5nsYZ2UWHgRmLDMU8i-rJWDx-kv5_1pFrzQI7vMMCM5mAXivO8UZtVfOqMR_",
-					), want, nil},
-				})
-			}
-
-			if dents, err := os.ReadDir(base.Append("status").String()); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			} else if len(dents) > 0 {
-				t.Errorf("ReadDir: %v", dents)
-			}
-
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO":                {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte("substitutable dependency")},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			"identifier/_EmV5nsYZ2UWHgRmLDMU8i-rJWDx-kv5_1pFrzQI7vMMCM5mAXivO8UZtVfOqMR_": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			"identifier/___9_QAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO")},
-			"identifier/_wgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO")},
-			"identifier/_woAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/7lfQ4QwSpV8nw7IDh0JiQ_jqUPrPv3_Vfie034RxsSy-cy4vO8DVvxgpx2LW08oO")},
-			"identifier/k2ilgG5KQ9NXnMoT2oB6NdwOnSPRn_H24oXQc4l6qOYIxIG9XfuEczeyrR8UEv_f": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-			"identifier/xMDWovje7OfyIaDy_2VnjpKxRqSOQ_LoeD946t-3WsS2V2SeMJ7nDGrNfpa4Pbc-": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"substitute/OyBGorh72Z9kVw35JUa8FbqDbpR4DqT-MX1jic0uKN5PdYmUBiAF38BRsIRnBigf": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/qRN6in76LndiiOZJheHkwyW8UT1N5-f-bXvHfDvwrMw2fSkOoZdh8pWE1qhLk65b")},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("WVpvsVqVKg9Nsh744x57h51AuWUoUR2nnh8Md-EYBQpk6ziyTuUn6PLtF2e0Eu_d")},

 		{"pending", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			wantErr := stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
@@ -1186,7 +899,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 					pkg.ID{0xff, 1},
 					nil,
 					nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad),
-				), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
+				), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},

 				{"file output", overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 2}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
@@ -1197,7 +910,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 							0400,
 						)
 					},
-				}}, nil, nil, errors.New(
+				}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
 					"non-file artifact produced regular file",
 				)},
 			})
@@ -1219,13 +932,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			for c.Done(unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff})) != nil {
 			}
 			<-wCureDone
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},

 		{"cancel abort block", pkg.CValidateKnown, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			var wg sync.WaitGroup
@@ -1278,13 +985,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {

 			c.Close()
 			c.Abort()
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},

 		{"no assume checksum", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			makeGarbage := func(work *check.Absolute, wantErr error) error {
@@ -1301,12 +1002,10 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				return wantErr
 			}

-			want := expectsChecksum(pkg.MustDecode(
-				"Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M",
-			))
+			wantChecksum := pkg.MustDecode("Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")

 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
-				{"create", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 0}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"create", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 0}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), nil)
@@ -1314,16 +1013,16 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				}}}, base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					pkg.Encode(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}),
-				), want, nil},
+				), wantChecksum, nil},

-				{"reject", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 1}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"reject", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xfe, 1}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), stub.UniqueError(0xbad))
 					},
-				}}}, nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},
+				}}}, nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xbad)},

-				{"match", overrideChecksum{want.hash(), overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 1}, &stubArtifact{
+				{"match", overrideChecksum{wantChecksum, overrideIdent{pkg.ID{0xff, 1}, &stubArtifact{
 					kind: pkg.KindTar,
 					cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 						return makeGarbage(t.GetWorkDir(), nil)
@@ -1331,23 +1030,9 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				}}}, base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					pkg.Encode(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}),
-				), want, nil},
+				), wantChecksum, nil},
 			})
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M/check": {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{}},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-			"identifier/_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/Aubi5EG4_Y8DhL9bQ3Q4HFBhLRF7X5gt9D3CNCQfT-TeBtlRXc7Zi_JYZEMoCC7M")},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("OC290t23aimNo2Rp2pPwan5GI2KRLRdOwYxXQMD9jw0QROgHnNXWodoWdV0hwu2w")},

 		{"scrub", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			cureMany(t, c, []cureStep{
@@ -1359,7 +1044,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 				), base.Append(
 					"identifier",
 					pkg.Encode(pkg.Checksum{0xfe, 0}),
-				), expectsChecksum{0xff, 0}, nil},
+				), pkg.Checksum{0xff, 0}, nil},
 			})

 			for _, p := range [][]string{
@@ -1392,13 +1077,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			if err := c.Scrub(1 << 6); !reflect.DeepEqual(err, wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("Scrub: error =\n%s\nwant\n%s", err, wantErr)
 			}
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
 	}
 	checkWithCache(t, testCases)
 }
@@ -1456,11 +1135,6 @@ func TestErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		{"UnsupportedVariantError", pkg.UnsupportedVariantError(
 			"rosa",
 		), `unsupported variant "rosa"`},
-
-		{"UnsupportedArchError zero", pkg.UnsupportedArchError(""),
-			"invalid architecture name"},
-		{"UnsupportedArchError", pkg.UnsupportedArchError("riscv64"),
-			"unsupported architecture riscv64"},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1576,14 +1250,6 @@ errors during scrub:
 func TestDependencyCureError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	makeIdent := func(ident ...byte) pkg.Artifact {
-		var a overrideIdent
-		copy(a.id[:], ident)
-		// does not compare equal
-		a.TrivialArtifact = new(stubArtifact)
-		return a
-	}
-
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name   string
 		err    pkg.DependencyCureError
@@ -1591,51 +1257,51 @@ func TestDependencyCureError(t *testing.T) {
 		unwrap []error
 	}{
 		{"simple", pkg.DependencyCureError{
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
 		}, `errors curing dependencies:
 	_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765184 injected by the test suite
 	_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765185 injected by the test suite
 	_wkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765193 injected by the test suite
 	_w8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765199 injected by the test suite`, []error{
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
 		}},

 		{"dedup", pkg.DependencyCureError{
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xfd), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xc), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-					{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
-					{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xfd}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xc}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+					{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 				}},
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 			}},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xff), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xc), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
-					{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xff}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xc}), Err: &pkg.DependencyCureError{
+					{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 				}},
-				{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+				{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
 			}},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
-			{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
 		}, `errors curing dependencies:
 	_wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765184 injected by the test suite
 	_wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765185 injected by the test suite
 	_wkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765193 injected by the test suite
 	_w8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA: unique error 765199 injected by the test suite`, []error{
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 1), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 9), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
-			&pkg.CureError{A: makeIdent(0xff, 0xf), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad00)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 1}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad01)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 9}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad09)},
+			&pkg.CureError{Ident: unique.Make(pkg.ID{0xff, 0xf}), Err: stub.UniqueError(0xbad0f)},
 		}},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -1676,25 +1342,6 @@ func (a earlyFailureF) Cure(*pkg.FContext) error {
 	return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
 }

-func BenchmarkEarlyDCE(b *testing.B) {
-	msg := message.New(log.New(os.Stderr, "dce: ", 0))
-	msg.SwapVerbose(testing.Verbose())
-	c, err := pkg.Open(b.Context(), msg, 0, 0, 0, check.MustAbs(b.TempDir()))
-	if err != nil {
-		b.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	_, _, err = c.Cure(earlyFailureF(8))
-	if !errors.Is(err, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)) {
-		b.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
-	}
-	c.Close()
-	dce := err.(*pkg.DependencyCureError)
-
-	for b.Loop() {
-		dce.Unwrap()
-	}
-}
-
 func TestDependencyCureErrorEarly(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@@ -1704,13 +1351,7 @@ func TestDependencyCureErrorEarly(t *testing.T) {
 			if !errors.Is(err, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)) {
 				t.Fatalf("Cure: error = %v", err)
 			}
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".":          {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum":   {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work":       {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("E4vEZKhCcL2gPZ2Tt59FS3lDng-d_2SKa2i5G_RbDfwGn6EemptFaGLPUDiOa94C")},
 	})
 }

--- a/internal/pkg/tar_test.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/tar_test.go
@@ -20,31 +20,6 @@ import (
 func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

-	want := expectsFS{
-		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-		"checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		"checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-		"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-		"identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-		"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-
-		"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-	}
-	wantEncode := pkg.Encode(want.hash())
-
-	wantExpand := expectsFS{
-		".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-		"libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-	}
-	wantExpandEncode := pkg.Encode(wantExpand.hash())
-
 	checkWithCache(t, []cacheTestCase{
 		{"http", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
@@ -62,32 +37,10 @@ func TestTar(t *testing.T) {
 				"identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},

 				"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			}, want)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum":                             {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode:               {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP":                {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/check":          {Mode: 0400, Data: []byte{0, 0}},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP/lib/pkgconfig":  {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier/HnySzeLQvSBZuTUcvfmLEX_OmH4yJWWH788NxuLuv7kVn8_uPM6Ks4rqFWM2NZJY": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/identifier/Zx5ZG9BAwegNT3zQwCySuI2ktCXxNgxirkGLFjW4FW06PtojYVaCdtEw8yuntPLa": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/1TL00Qb8dcqayX7wTO8WNaraHvY6b-KCsctLDTrb64QBCmxj_-byK1HdIUwMaFEP")},
-			"checksum/" + wantEncode + "/work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantEncode)},
-			"identifier/rg7F1D5hwv6o4xctjD5zDq4i5MD0mArTsUIWfhUbik8xC6Bsyt3mjXXOm3goojTz": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantEncode)},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+			}, pkg.MustDecode(
+				"cTw0h3AmYe7XudSoyEMByduYXqGi-N5ZkTZ0t9K5elsu3i_jNIVF5T08KR1roBFM",
+			))
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("NQTlc466JmSVLIyWklm_u8_g95jEEb98PxJU-kjwxLpfdjwMWJq0G8ze9R4Vo1Vu")},

 		{"http expand", 0, nil, func(t *testing.T, base *check.Absolute, c *pkg.Cache) {
 			checkTarHTTP(t, base, c, fstest.MapFS{
@@ -95,23 +48,10 @@ func TestTar(t *testing.T) {

 				"lib":            {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
 				"lib/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-			}, wantExpand)
-		}, expectsFS{
-			".": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"checksum":                     {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"checksum/" + wantExpandEncode: {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0500},
-			"checksum/" + wantExpandEncode + "/libedac.so": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("/proc/nonexistent/libedac.so")},
-
-			"identifier": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"identifier/W5S65DEhawz_WKaok5NjUKLmnD9dNl5RPauNJjcOVcB3VM4eGhSaLGmXbL8vZpiw": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantExpandEncode)},
-			"identifier/_v1blm2h-_KA-dVaawdpLas6MjHc6rbhhFS8JWwx8iJxZGUu8EBbRrhr5AaZ9PJL": {Mode: fs.ModeSymlink | 0777, Data: []byte("../checksum/" + wantExpandEncode)},
-
-			"substitute": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-
-			"temp": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-			"work": {Mode: fs.ModeDir | 0700},
-		}},
+			}, pkg.MustDecode(
+				"CH3AiUrCCcVOjOYLaMKKK1Da78989JtfHeIsxMzWOQFiN4mrCLDYpoDxLWqJWCUN",
+			))
+		}, pkg.MustDecode("hSoSSgCYTNonX3Q8FjvjD1fBl-E-BQyA6OTXro2OadXqbST4tZ-akGXszdeqphRe")},
 	})
 }

@@ -120,7 +60,7 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 	base *check.Absolute,
 	c *pkg.Cache,
 	testdataFsys fs.FS,
-	want expectsKnown,
+	wantChecksum pkg.Checksum,
 ) {
 	var testdata string
 	{
@@ -254,24 +194,24 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 		{"file", a, base.Append(
 			"identifier",
 			pkg.Encode(wantIdent),
-		), want, nil},
+		), wantChecksum, nil},

 		{"directory", pkg.NewTar(
 			&tarDir,
 			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), ignorePathname, want, nil},
+		), ignorePathname, wantChecksum, nil},

 		{"multiple entries", pkg.NewTar(
 			&tarDirMulti,
 			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), nil, nil, errors.New(
+		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
 			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
 		)},

 		{"bad type", pkg.NewTar(
 			&tarDirType,
 			pkg.TarGzip,
-		), nil, nil, errors.New(
+		), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, errors.New(
 			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
 		)},

@@ -281,6 +221,6 @@ func checkTarHTTP(
 			cure: func(t *pkg.TContext) error {
 				return stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)
 			},
-		}, pkg.TarGzip), nil, nil, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
+		}, pkg.TarGzip), nil, pkg.Checksum{}, stub.UniqueError(0xcafe)},
 	})
 }
--- a/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/main.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/main.go
@@ -14,29 +14,15 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

+	"hakurei.app/check"
 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
 	"hakurei.app/vfs"
-
-	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg/internal/testtool/expected"
 )

 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
 	log.SetPrefix("testtool: ")

-	if os.Getenv("HAKUREI_BINFMT") == "1" {
-		wantArgs := []string{"/interpreter", "/opt/bin/sample"}
-		if !slices.Equal(os.Args, wantArgs) {
-			log.Fatalf("Args: %q, want %q", os.Args, wantArgs)
-		}
-
-		if err := os.WriteFile("check", []byte("binfmt"), 0400); err != nil {
-			log.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		return
-	}
-
 	environ := slices.DeleteFunc(slices.Clone(os.Environ()), func(s string) bool {
 		return s == "CURE_JOBS="+strconv.Itoa(runtime.NumCPU())
 	})
@@ -162,40 +148,59 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	const checksumEmptyDir = "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU"
-	ident := expected.Offline
+	ident := "dztPS6jRjiZtCF4_p8AzfnxGp6obkhrgFVsxdodbKWUoAEVtDz3MykepJB4kI_ks"
 	log.Println(m)
 	next := func() { m = m.Next; log.Println(m) }

 	if overlayRoot {
-		ident = expected.OvlRoot
+		ident = "RdMA-mubnrHuu3Ky1wWyxauSYCO0ZH_zCPUj3uDHqkfwv5sGcByoF_g5PjlGiClb"

 		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/" ||
 			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
 			log.Fatal("unexpected root mount entry")
 		}
-		var lowerdir []string
+		var lowerdir string
 		for _, o := range strings.Split(m.FsOptstr, ",") {
-			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir+="
+			const lowerdirKey = "lowerdir="
 			if strings.HasPrefix(o, lowerdirKey) {
-				lowerdir = append(lowerdir, o[len(lowerdirKey):])
+				lowerdir = o[len(lowerdirKey):]
 			}
 		}
 		if !layers {
-			if len(lowerdir) != 1 || filepath.Base(lowerdir[0]) != checksumEmptyDir {
+			if filepath.Base(lowerdir) != checksumEmptyDir {
 				log.Fatal("unexpected artifact checksum")
 			}
 		} else {
-			ident = expected.Layers
+			ident = "p1t_drXr34i-jZNuxDMLaMOdL6tZvQqhavNafGynGqxOZoXAUTSn7kqNh3Ovv3DT"

-			if len(lowerdir) != 2 ||
-				filepath.Base(lowerdir[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
-				filepath.Base(lowerdir[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
-				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdir, ", "))
+			lowerdirsEscaped := strings.Split(lowerdir, ":")
+			lowerdirs := lowerdirsEscaped[:0]
+			// ignore the option separator since it does not appear in ident
+			for i, e := range lowerdirsEscaped {
+				if len(e) > 0 &&
+					e[len(e)-1] == check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0] &&
+					(len(e) == 1 || e[len(e)-2] != check.SpecialOverlayEscape[0]) {
+					// ignore escaped pathname separator since it does not
+					// appear in ident
+
+					e = e[:len(e)-1]
+					if len(lowerdirsEscaped) != i {
+						lowerdirsEscaped[i+1] = e + lowerdirsEscaped[i+1]
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+				lowerdirs = append(lowerdirs, e)
+			}
+
+			if len(lowerdirs) != 2 ||
+				filepath.Base(lowerdirs[0]) != "MGWmEfjut2QE2xPJwTsmUzpff4BN_FEnQ7T0j7gvUCCiugJQNwqt9m151fm9D1yU" ||
+				filepath.Base(lowerdirs[1]) != "nY_CUdiaUM1OL4cPr5TS92FCJ3rCRV7Hm5oVTzAvMXwC03_QnTRfQ5PPs7mOU9fK" {
+				log.Fatalf("unexpected lowerdirs %s", strings.Join(lowerdirs, ", "))
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		if hostNet {
-			ident = expected.Net
+			ident = "G8qPxD9puvvoOVV7lrT80eyDeIl3G_CCFoKw12c8mCjMdG1zF7NEPkwYpNubClK3"
 		}

 		if m.Root != "/sysroot" || m.Target != "/" {
@@ -214,14 +219,14 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	if promote {
-		ident = expected.Promote
+		ident = "xXTIYcXmgJWNLC91c417RRrNM9cjELwEZHpGvf8Fk_GNP5agRJp_SicD0w9aMeLJ"
 	}

 	next() // testtool artifact

 	next()
 	if overlayWork {
-		ident = expected.Work
+		ident = "5hlaukCirnXE4W_RSLJFOZN47Z5RiHnacXzdFp_70cLgiJUGR6cSb_HaFftkzi0-"
 		if m.Root != "/" || m.Target != "/work" ||
 			m.Source != "overlay" || m.FsType != "overlay" {
 			log.Fatal("unexpected work mount entry")
--- a/internal/rosa/acl.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/acl.go
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ ln -s ../../system/bin/perl /usr/bin
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Attr] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newAttr,

 		Name:        "attr",
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr/",

 		ID: 137,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newACL() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newACL() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[ACL] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newACL,

 		Name:        "acl",
@@ -106,5 +106,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 16,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/all.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/all.go
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+package rosa
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
+)
+
+// PArtifact is a lazily-initialised [pkg.Artifact] preset.
+type PArtifact int
+
+const (
+	LLVM PArtifact = iota
+
+	// EarlyInit is the Rosa OS init program.
+	EarlyInit
+	// ImageSystem is the Rosa OS /system image.
+	ImageSystem
+	// ImageInitramfs is the Rosa OS initramfs archive.
+	ImageInitramfs
+
+	// Kernel is the generic Rosa OS Linux kernel.
+	Kernel
+	// KernelHeaders is an installation of kernel headers for [Kernel].
+	KernelHeaders
+	// KernelSource is a writable kernel source tree installed to [AbsUsrSrc].
+	KernelSource
+	// Firmware is firmware blobs for use with the Linux kernel.
+	Firmware
+
+	ACL
+	ArgpStandalone
+	Attr
+	Autoconf
+	Automake
+	BC
+	Bash
+	Binutils
+	Bison
+	Bzip2
+	CMake
+	Connman
+	Coreutils
+	Curl
+	DBus
+	DTC
+	Diffutils
+	Elfutils
+	Fakeroot
+	Findutils
+	Flex
+	Fuse
+	GMP
+	GLib
+	Gawk
+	GenInitCPIO
+	Gettext
+	Git
+	Glslang
+	GnuTLS
+	Go
+	Gperf
+	Grep
+	Gzip
+	Hakurei
+	HakureiDist
+	IPTables
+	Kmod
+	LibXau
+	Libbsd
+	Libcap
+	Libdrm
+	Libev
+	Libexpat
+	Libffi
+	Libgd
+	Libglvnd
+	Libiconv
+	Libmd
+	Libmnl
+	Libpciaccess
+	Libnftnl
+	Libpsl
+	Libseccomp
+	Libtasn1
+	Libtool
+	Libucontext
+	Libunistring
+	Libxml2
+	Libxslt
+	M4
+	MPC
+	MPFR
+	Make
+	Meson
+	Mksh
+	MuslFts
+	MuslObstack
+	NSS
+	NSSCACert
+	Ncurses
+	Nettle
+	Ninja
+	OpenSSL
+	P11Kit
+	PCRE2
+	Parallel
+	Patch
+	Perl
+	PerlLocaleGettext
+	PerlMIMECharset
+	PerlModuleBuild
+	PerlPodParser
+	PerlSGMLS
+	PerlTermReadKey
+	PerlTextCharWidth
+	PerlTextWrapI18N
+	PerlUnicodeLineBreak
+	PerlYAMLTiny
+	PkgConfig
+	Procps
+	Python
+	PythonFlitCore
+	PythonHatchling
+	PythonIniConfig
+	PythonMako
+	PythonMarkupSafe
+	PythonPackaging
+	PythonPathspec
+	PythonPluggy
+	PythonPyTest
+	PythonPyYAML
+	PythonPygments
+	PythonSetuptools
+	PythonSetuptoolsSCM
+	PythonTroveClassifiers
+	PythonVCSVersioning
+	PythonWheel
+	QEMU
+	Rdfind
+	Readline
+	Rsync
+	Sed
+	SPIRVHeaders
+	SPIRVTools
+	SquashfsTools
+	Strace
+	TamaGo
+	Tar
+	Texinfo
+	Toybox
+	toyboxEarly
+	Unzip
+	UtilLinux
+	Wayland
+	WaylandProtocols
+	XCB
+	XCBProto
+	XDGDBusProxy
+	XZ
+	Xproto
+	Zlib
+	Zstd
+
+	// PresetUnexportedStart is the first unexported preset.
+	PresetUnexportedStart
+
+	buildcatrust = iota - 1
+	utilMacros
+
+	// Musl is a standalone libc that does not depend on the toolchain.
+	Musl
+	// muslHeaders is a system installation of [Musl] headers.
+	muslHeaders
+
+	// gcc is a hacked-to-pieces GCC toolchain meant for use in intermediate
+	// stages only. This preset and its direct output must never be exposed.
+	gcc
+
+	// nettle3 is an older version of [Nettle].
+	nettle3
+
+	// Stage0 is a tarball containing all compile-time dependencies of artifacts
+	// part of the [Std] toolchain.
+	Stage0
+
+	// PresetEnd is the total number of presets and does not denote a preset.
+	PresetEnd
+)
+
+// P represents multiple [PArtifact] and is stable through JSON.
+type P []PArtifact
+
+// MarshalJSON represents [PArtifact] by their [Metadata.Name].
+func (s P) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	names := make([]string, len(s))
+	for i, p := range s {
+		names[i] = GetMetadata(p).Name
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(names)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON resolves the value created by MarshalJSON back to [P].
+func (s *P) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var names []string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &names); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	*s = make(P, len(names))
+	for i, name := range names {
+		if p, ok := ResolveName(name); !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unknown artifact %q", name)
+		} else {
+			(*s)[i] = p
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Metadata is stage-agnostic information of a [PArtifact] not directly
+// representable in the resulting [pkg.Artifact].
+type Metadata struct {
+	f func(t Toolchain) (a pkg.Artifact, version string)
+
+	// Unique package name.
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+	// Short user-facing description.
+	Description string `json:"description"`
+	// Project home page.
+	Website string `json:"website,omitempty"`
+
+	// Runtime dependencies.
+	Dependencies P `json:"dependencies"`
+
+	// Project identifier on [Anitya].
+	//
+	// [Anitya]: https://release-monitoring.org/
+	ID int `json:"-"`
+
+	// Optional custom version checking behaviour.
+	latest func(v *Versions) string
+}
+
+// GetLatest returns the latest version described by v.
+func (meta *Metadata) GetLatest(v *Versions) string {
+	if meta.latest != nil {
+		return meta.latest(v)
+	}
+	return v.Latest
+}
+
+// Unversioned denotes an unversioned [PArtifact].
+const Unversioned = "\x00"
+
+// UnpopulatedIDError is returned by [Metadata.GetLatest] for an instance of
+// [Metadata] where ID is not populated.
+type UnpopulatedIDError struct{}
+
+func (UnpopulatedIDError) Unwrap() error { return errors.ErrUnsupported }
+func (UnpopulatedIDError) Error() string { return "Anitya ID is not populated" }
+
+// Versions are package versions returned by Anitya.
+type Versions struct {
+	// The latest version for the project, as determined by the version sorting algorithm.
+	Latest string `json:"latest_version"`
+	// List of all versions that aren’t flagged as pre-release.
+	Stable []string `json:"stable_versions"`
+	// List of all versions stored, sorted from newest to oldest.
+	All []string `json:"versions"`
+}
+
+// getStable returns the first Stable version, or Latest if that is unavailable.
+func (v *Versions) getStable() string {
+	if len(v.Stable) == 0 {
+		return v.Latest
+	}
+	return v.Stable[0]
+}
+
+// GetVersions returns versions fetched from Anitya.
+func (meta *Metadata) GetVersions(ctx context.Context) (*Versions, error) {
+	if meta.ID == 0 {
+		return nil, UnpopulatedIDError{}
+	}
+
+	var resp *http.Response
+	if req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(
+		ctx,
+		http.MethodGet,
+		"https://release-monitoring.org/api/v2/versions/?project_id="+
+			strconv.Itoa(meta.ID),
+		nil,
+	); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else {
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Rosa/1.1")
+		if resp, err = http.DefaultClient.Do(req); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var v Versions
+	err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&v)
+	return &v, errors.Join(err, resp.Body.Close())
+}
+
+var (
+	// artifactsM is an array of [PArtifact] metadata.
+	artifactsM [PresetEnd]Metadata
+
+	// artifacts stores the result of Metadata.f.
+	artifacts [_toolchainEnd][len(artifactsM)]struct {
+		a pkg.Artifact
+		v string
+	}
+	// artifactsOnce is for lazy initialisation of artifacts.
+	artifactsOnce [_toolchainEnd][len(artifactsM)]sync.Once
+
+	// presetOpts globally modifies behaviour of presets.
+	presetOpts int
+)
+
+const (
+	// OptSkipCheck skips running all test suites.
+	OptSkipCheck = 1 << iota
+	// OptLLVMNoLTO disables LTO in all [LLVM] stages.
+	OptLLVMNoLTO
+)
+
+// Flags returns the current preset flags
+func Flags() int { return presetOpts }
+
+// zero zeros the value pointed to by p.
+func zero[T any](p *T) { var v T; *p = v }
+
+// DropCaches arranges for all cached [pkg.Artifact] to be freed some time after
+// it returns. Must not be used concurrently with any other function from this
+// package.
+func DropCaches(flags int) {
+	presetOpts = flags
+	zero(&artifacts)
+	zero(&artifactsOnce)
+}
+
+// GetMetadata returns [Metadata] of a [PArtifact].
+func GetMetadata(p PArtifact) *Metadata { return &artifactsM[p] }
+
+// construct constructs a [pkg.Artifact] corresponding to a [PArtifact] once.
+func (t Toolchain) construct(p PArtifact) {
+	artifactsOnce[t][p].Do(func() {
+		artifacts[t][p].a, artifacts[t][p].v = artifactsM[p].f(t)
+	})
+}
+
+// Load returns the resulting [pkg.Artifact] of [PArtifact].
+func (t Toolchain) Load(p PArtifact) pkg.Artifact {
+	t.construct(p)
+	return artifacts[t][p].a
+}
+
+// Version returns the version string of [PArtifact].
+func (t Toolchain) Version(p PArtifact) string {
+	t.construct(p)
+	return artifacts[t][p].v
+}
+
+// ResolveName returns a [PArtifact] by name.
+func ResolveName(name string) (p PArtifact, ok bool) {
+	for i := range PresetUnexportedStart {
+		if name == artifactsM[i].Name {
+			return i, true
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
--- a/internal/rosa/all_test.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/all_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package rosa_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"hakurei.app/internal/rosa"
+)
+
+func TestLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for i := range rosa.PresetEnd {
+		p := rosa.PArtifact(i)
+		t.Run(rosa.GetMetadata(p).Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			rosa.Std.Load(p)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAll(b *testing.B) {
+	flags := rosa.Flags()
+	b.Cleanup(func() { rosa.DropCaches(flags) })
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		for i := range rosa.PresetEnd {
+			rosa.Std.Load(rosa.PArtifact(i))
+		}
+
+		b.StopTimer()
+		rosa.DropCaches(0)
+		b.StartTimer()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveName(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for i := range rosa.PresetUnexportedStart {
+		p := i
+		name := rosa.GetMetadata(p).Name
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if got, ok := rosa.ResolveName(name); !ok {
+				t.Fatal("ResolveName: ok = false")
+			} else if got != p {
+				t.Fatalf("ResolveName: %d, want %d", got, p)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+func TestResolveNameUnexported(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for i := rosa.PresetUnexportedStart; i < rosa.PresetEnd; i++ {
+		p := i
+		name := rosa.GetMetadata(p).Name
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if got, ok := rosa.ResolveName(name); ok {
+				t.Fatalf("ResolveName: resolved unexported preset %d", got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnique(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	names := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for i := range rosa.PresetEnd {
+		name := rosa.GetMetadata(rosa.PArtifact(i)).Name
+		if _, ok := names[name]; ok {
+			t.Fatalf("name %s is not unique", name)
+		}
+		names[name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/rosa/argp-standalone.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/argp-standalone.go
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ install -D -m755 libargp.a /work/system/lib/libargp.a
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[ArgpStandalone] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newArgpStandalone,

 		Name:        "argp-standalone",
 		Description: "hierarchical argument parsing library broken out from glibc",
 		Website:     "http://www.lysator.liu.se/~nisse/misc/",
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/azalea/azalea.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/azalea/azalea.go
@@ -1,348 +0,0 @@
-// Package azalea implements a proof-of-concept, domain-specific language for
-// Rosa OS software packaging.
-package azalea
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"strconv"
-	"text/scanner"
-)
-
-// idents are runes accepted in an identifier.
-var idents = [...]bool{
-	'0': true, '1': true, '2': true, '3': true, '4': true, '5': true, '6': true,
-	'7': true, '8': true, '9': true,
-
-	'A': true, 'B': true, 'C': true, 'D': true, 'E': true, 'F': true, 'G': true,
-	'H': true, 'I': true, 'J': true, 'K': true, 'L': true, 'M': true, 'N': true,
-	'O': true, 'P': true, 'Q': true, 'R': true, 'S': true, 'T': true, 'U': true,
-	'V': true, 'W': true, 'X': true, 'Y': true, 'Z': true,
-
-	'a': true, 'b': true, 'c': true, 'd': true, 'e': true, 'f': true, 'g': true,
-	'h': true, 'i': true, 'j': true, 'k': true, 'l': true, 'm': true, 'n': true,
-	'o': true, 'p': true, 'q': true, 'r': true, 's': true, 't': true, 'u': true,
-	'v': true, 'w': true, 'x': true, 'y': true, 'z': true,
-
-	'-': true, '_': true,
-}
-
-// TokenError describes an unexpected token.
-type TokenError [2]rune
-
-func (e TokenError) Error() string {
-	return "expected " + scanner.TokenString(e[0]) +
-		", found " + scanner.TokenString(e[1])
-}
-
-// ExprError is an unexpected token encountered while parsing an expression.
-type ExprError rune
-
-func (e ExprError) Error() string {
-	return "unexpected token " + scanner.TokenString(rune(e))
-}
-
-// must1 returns v, or panics if err is not nil.
-func must1[T any](v T, err error) T {
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return v
-}
-
-// parser retains the current token.
-type parser struct {
-	s   scanner.Scanner
-	tok rune
-}
-
-// scan advances the underlying scanner to the next token, storing its result.
-func (p *parser) scan() rune { p.tok = p.s.Scan(); return p.tok }
-
-// expects panics with [TokenError] for an unexpected tok.
-func (p *parser) expects(expects rune) {
-	if p.tok != expects {
-		panic(TokenError{expects, p.tok})
-	}
-}
-
-// scanAs advances the scanner for an expected token.
-func (p *parser) scanAs(expects rune) { p.scan(); p.expects(expects) }
-
-// An Int is the value represented by an integer literal.
-type Int int64
-
-func (v Int) GoString() string {
-	return "azalea.Int(" + strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10) + ")"
-}
-
-// parseInt parses the current token as a base 10 representation of a 64-bit
-// signed integer.
-func (p *parser) parseInt() Int {
-	v, err := strconv.ParseInt(p.s.TokenText(), 10, 64)
-	return must1(Int(v), err)
-}
-
-// A String holds the unquoted content of a string literal.
-type String string
-
-func (v String) GoString() string {
-	return "azalea.String(" + strconv.Quote(string(v)) + ")"
-}
-
-// parseString parses the current token as a string.
-func (p *parser) parseString() String {
-	s, err := strconv.Unquote(p.s.TokenText())
-	return must1(String(s), err)
-}
-
-// An Ident holds the name of an identifier.
-type Ident string
-
-func (v Ident) GoString() string {
-	return "azalea.Ident(" + strconv.Quote(string(v)) + ")"
-}
-
-// A Val are statements joined by the '+' operator. Only the [String] type
-// supports concatenation.
-type Val []any
-
-// parseVal parses until the end of the [Val].
-func (p *parser) parseVal() (v Val) {
-	v = append(v, p.parseExpr())
-	for p.tok == '+' {
-		p.scan()
-		v = append(v, p.parseExpr())
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-// An Array holds statements in an array.
-type Array []Val
-
-// A KV holds a key/value pair.
-type KV struct {
-	K String
-	V Val
-}
-
-// An Arg represents an argument of [Func].
-type Arg struct {
-	K []Ident
-	V Val
-	R bool
-}
-
-// Func is a function call or package declaration.
-type Func struct {
-	// Function or package identifier.
-	Ident Ident
-	// Whether this is a package declaration.
-	Package bool
-	// Key-value arguments.
-	Args []Arg
-}
-
-// parseExpr parses the current expression.
-func (p *parser) parseExpr() any {
-	switch p.tok {
-	case scanner.Int:
-		v := p.parseInt()
-		p.scan()
-		return v
-
-	case scanner.String, scanner.RawString:
-		v := p.parseString()
-		p.scan()
-		return v
-
-	case scanner.Ident:
-		var v Func
-		v.Ident = Ident(p.s.TokenText())
-		if v.Package = v.Ident == "package"; v.Package {
-			p.scanAs(scanner.Ident)
-			v.Ident = Ident(p.s.TokenText())
-		}
-
-		p.scan()
-		switch p.tok {
-		case '{':
-			for {
-				p.scan()
-				switch p.tok {
-				case '}':
-					p.scan()
-					return v
-
-				case scanner.Ident:
-					break
-
-				default:
-					panic(TokenError{scanner.Ident, p.tok})
-				}
-
-				arg := Arg{K: []Ident{Ident(p.s.TokenText())}}
-				delim := true
-			arg:
-				for {
-					p.scan()
-					switch p.tok {
-					case ',':
-						if delim {
-							delim = false
-							continue
-						}
-						panic(ExprError(p.tok))
-
-					case scanner.Ident:
-						if delim {
-							panic(TokenError{',', p.tok})
-						}
-						delim = true
-						arg.K = append(arg.K, Ident(p.s.TokenText()))
-
-					default:
-						break arg
-					}
-				}
-				switch p.tok {
-				case '=':
-					break
-
-				case '*':
-					arg.R = true
-					p.scanAs('=')
-
-				default:
-					panic(TokenError{'=', p.tok})
-				}
-				p.scan()
-				arg.V = p.parseVal()
-				v.Args = append(v.Args, arg)
-				p.expects(';')
-			}
-
-		default:
-			return v.Ident
-		}
-
-	case '{':
-		var v []KV
-		for {
-			p.scan()
-			switch p.tok {
-			case '}':
-				p.scan()
-				return v
-
-			case scanner.String:
-				pair := KV{K: p.parseString()}
-				p.scan()
-				switch p.tok {
-				case ';':
-					break
-
-				case ':':
-					p.scan()
-					pair.V = p.parseVal()
-					p.expects(';')
-					break
-
-				default:
-					panic(ExprError(p.tok))
-				}
-				v = append(v, pair)
-
-			default:
-				panic(ExprError(p.tok))
-			}
-		}
-
-	case '[':
-		var (
-			v     Array
-			delim bool
-		)
-		p.scan()
-		for {
-			switch p.tok {
-			case ',':
-				if delim {
-					p.scan()
-					delim = false
-					continue
-				}
-				panic(ExprError(','))
-			case ']':
-				p.scan()
-				return v
-			case scanner.EOF:
-				panic(ExprError(scanner.EOF))
-			default:
-				if delim {
-					panic(TokenError{',', p.tok})
-				}
-				delim = true
-				break
-			}
-			v = append(v, p.parseVal())
-		}
-
-	default:
-		panic(ExprError(p.tok))
-	}
-}
-
-// ScanError is the error count parsing all expressions.
-type ScanError int
-
-func (ScanError) Error() string {
-	return "aborting due to scanning errors"
-}
-
-// Parse parses expressions from r.
-func Parse(r io.Reader) (e []any, err error) {
-	var p parser
-	p.s.Init(r)
-
-	p.s.Mode = scanner.ScanIdents |
-		scanner.ScanInts |
-		scanner.ScanStrings |
-		scanner.ScanRawStrings |
-		scanner.ScanComments |
-		scanner.SkipComments
-	p.s.IsIdentRune = func(ch rune, i int) bool {
-		if i == 0 && ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' {
-			return false
-		}
-		return ch > 0 && ch < rune(len(idents)) && idents[ch]
-	}
-
-	defer func() {
-		v := recover()
-		if v == nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		_err, ok := v.(error)
-		if !ok {
-			panic(v)
-		}
-
-		if err == nil {
-			err = _err
-			return
-		}
-		err = errors.Join(err, _err)
-	}()
-
-	p.scan()
-	for p.tok != scanner.EOF {
-		e = append(e, p.parseExpr())
-	}
-
-	if p.s.ErrorCount != 0 {
-		err = ScanError(p.s.ErrorCount)
-	}
-	return
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/azalea/azalea_test.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/azalea/azalea_test.go
@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-package azalea_test
-
-import (
-	_ "embed"
-	"reflect"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"text/scanner"
-
-	. "hakurei.app/internal/rosa/azalea"
-)
-
-//go:embed testdata/gcc.az
-var sample string
-
-func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name string
-		data string
-		want []any
-		err  error
-	}{
-		{"invalid", "}", nil, ExprError('}')},
-		{"bad sep", "f{v?}", nil, TokenError{'=', '?'}},
-		{"bad ident", "f{9}", nil, TokenError{scanner.Ident, scanner.Int}},
-		{"share bad sep", "f { v,,v = v; }", nil, ExprError(',')},
-		{"share missing sep", "f { v v }", nil, TokenError{',', scanner.Ident}},
-
-		{"ident", `v`, []any{Ident("v")}, nil},
-		{"concat", `f { v = v+"\xfd"+p{}+9; }`, []any{Func{
-			Ident: "f",
-
-			Args: []Arg{{K: []Ident{"v"}, V: Val{
-				Ident("v"),
-				String("\xfd"),
-				Func{Ident: "p"},
-				Int(9),
-			}}},
-		}}, nil},
-		{"truncated string concat", `f { v = v+; }`, nil,
-			ExprError(';')},
-
-		{"empty pairs", `{}`, []any{[]KV(nil)}, nil},
-		{"short kv", `{"\x00":v;}`, []any{[]KV{
-			{K: "\x00", V: Val{Ident("v")}},
-		}}, nil},
-		{"truncated kv", `{"\x00"`, nil, ExprError(scanner.EOF)},
-		{"ident kv", `{v="";}`, nil, ExprError(scanner.Ident)},
-
-		{"empty array", `[]`, []any{Array(nil)}, nil},
-		{"integer array", `[9]`, []any{Array{{Int(9)}}}, nil},
-		{"short array", `[ "\x00" ]`, []any{
-			Array{{String("\x00")}},
-		}, nil},
-		{"short array delim", `[ "\x00", ]`, []any{
-			Array{{String("\x00")}},
-		}, nil},
-		{"missing array value", `[ "\x00", , v ]`, nil, ExprError(',')},
-		{"missing array delimiter", `[ v0 v1 ]`, nil, TokenError{',', scanner.Ident}},
-		{"truncated array", `[ "\x00"`, nil,
-			ExprError(scanner.EOF)},
-
-		{"gcc", sample, []any{Func{
-			Ident:   Ident("gcc"),
-			Package: true,
-
-			Args: []Arg{
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("description")}, V: Val{String("The GNU Compiler Collection")}},
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("website")}, V: Val{String("https://www.gnu.org/software/gcc")}},
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("anitya")}, V: Val{Int(6502)}},
-
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("version")}, V: Val{String("16.1.0")}, R: true},
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("source")}, V: Val{Func{
-					Ident: Ident("remoteTar"),
-
-					Args: []Arg{
-						{K: []Ident{Ident("url")}, V: Val{
-							String("https://ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp/software/gcc/releases/"),
-							String("gcc-"),
-							Ident("version"),
-							String("/gcc-"),
-							Ident("version"),
-							String(".tar.gz"),
-						}},
-						{K: []Ident{Ident("checksum")}, V: Val{String("4ASoWbxaA2FW7PAB0zzHDPC5XnNhyaAyjtDPpGzceSLeYnEIXsNYZR3PA_Zu5P0K")}},
-						{K: []Ident{Ident("compress")}, V: Val{Ident("gzip")}},
-					},
-				}}},
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("patches")}, V: Val{Array{
-					{String("musl-off64_t-loff_t.patch")},
-					{String("musl-legacy-lfs.patch")},
-				}}},
-
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("exclusive")}, V: Val{Ident("true")}},
-
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("exec")}, V: Val{Func{
-					Ident: Ident("make"),
-
-					Args: []Arg{
-						{K: []Ident{Ident("configure")}, V: Val{[]KV{
-							{K: String("disable-multilib")},
-							{K: String("enable-default-pie")},
-							{K: String("disable-nls")},
-							{K: String("with-gnu-as")},
-							{K: String("with-gnu-ld")},
-							{K: String("with-system-zlib")},
-							{K: String("enable-languages"), V: Val{String("c,c++,go")}},
-							{K: String("with-native-system-header-dir"), V: Val{String("/system/include")}},
-							{K: String("with-multilib-list"), V: Val{Func{
-								Ident: Ident("arch"),
-
-								Args: []Arg{
-									{K: []Ident{Ident("amd64"), Ident("arm64")}, V: Val{String("''")}},
-									{K: []Ident{Ident("default")}, V: Val{Ident("unset")}},
-								},
-							}}},
-						}}},
-						{K: []Ident{Ident("make")}, V: Val{Array{
-							{String("BOOT_CFLAGS='-O2 -g'")},
-							{
-								Func{Ident: Ident("noop"), Args: []Arg{{K: []Ident{Ident("key")}, V: Val{Ident("value")}}}},
-								String("\x00"),
-							},
-							{String("bootstrap")},
-						}}},
-
-						{K: []Ident{Ident("skip-check")}, V: Val{Ident("true")}},
-					},
-				}}},
-
-				{K: []Ident{Ident("inputs")}, V: Val{Array{
-					{Ident("binutils")},
-					{Ident("mpc")},
-					{Ident("zlib")},
-					{Ident("libucontext")},
-					{Ident("kernel-headers")},
-				}}},
-			},
-		}}, nil},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			p, err := Parse(strings.NewReader(tc.data))
-			if !reflect.DeepEqual(p, tc.want) {
-				t.Errorf("Parse: %#v, want %#v", p, tc.want)
-			}
-			if !reflect.DeepEqual(err, tc.err) {
-				t.Errorf("Parse: error = %v, want %v", err, tc.err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkParse(b *testing.B) {
-	r := strings.NewReader(sample)
-	for b.Loop() {
-		if _, err := Parse(r); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-
-		b.StopTimer()
-		r.Reset(sample)
-		b.StartTimer()
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/azalea/evaluate.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/azalea/evaluate.go
@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-package azalea
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"maps"
-	"reflect"
-	"slices"
-	"unique"
-)
-
-// Value are types supported by the language.
-type Value interface {
-	bool | int64 | string | []string | [][2]string
-}
-
-type (
-	// FArg is an argument passed to [F].
-	FArg struct {
-		K unique.Handle[Ident]
-		V any
-		R bool
-	}
-	// FArgs are arguments passed to [F].
-	FArgs []FArg
-
-	// PF implements the package declaration function.
-	PF func(name Ident, args FArgs) (v any, set bool, err error)
-
-	// F is the implementation of a [Func].
-	F struct {
-		F func(args FArgs) (v any, set bool, err error)
-		V map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any
-	}
-)
-
-// Apply applies named arguments and rejects unused arguments.
-func (args FArgs) Apply(v map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any) error {
-	for _, arg := range args {
-		if arg.V == nil {
-			// unset
-			continue
-		}
-
-		r, ok := v[arg.K]
-		if !ok {
-			if arg.R {
-				continue
-			}
-			return UndefinedError(arg.K.Value())
-		}
-		err := storeE(r, arg.V)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// A Frame refers to local variables and debugging information.
-type Frame struct {
-	// Local constants.
-	Val map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any
-	// Functions.
-	Func map[unique.Handle[Ident]]F
-}
-
-// UnsupportedExprError is an expression with invalid concrete type.
-type UnsupportedExprError struct{ E any }
-
-func (e UnsupportedExprError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("unsupported expression %#v", e.E)
-}
-
-// UndefinedError is an identifier not defined in any stack frame visible to the
-// expression containing it.
-type UndefinedError Ident
-
-func (e UndefinedError) Error() string {
-	return "undefined: " + string(e)
-}
-
-// evaluate is evaluateAny with a type parameter.
-func evaluate[T Value](d PF, s []Frame, expr any, rp *T) bool {
-	return evaluateAny(d, s, expr, rp)
-}
-
-// TypeError is an unexpected type during evaluation.
-type TypeError struct {
-	Concrete, Asserted reflect.Type
-}
-
-func (e TypeError) Error() string {
-	return "expected " + e.Asserted.String() + ", got " + e.Concrete.String()
-}
-
-func (e TypeError) Is(err error) bool {
-	var v TypeError
-	return errors.As(err, &v) &&
-		e.Asserted == v.Asserted &&
-		e.Concrete == v.Concrete
-}
-
-// storeE is a convenience function to set the value of a result pointer.
-func storeE(rp any, r any) error {
-	pv := reflect.ValueOf(rp).Elem()
-	v := reflect.ValueOf(r)
-	pt, vt := pv.Type(), v.Type()
-	if !vt.AssignableTo(pt) {
-		return TypeError{vt, pt}
-	}
-	pv.Set(v)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// store is like storeE, but panics if error is non-nil.
-func store[T Value](rp any, r T) {
-	err := storeE(rp, r)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-}
-
-// EvaluationError is an error and the expression it occurred in.
-type EvaluationError struct {
-	Expr any
-	Err  error
-}
-
-// Unwrap returns the underlying error.
-func (e EvaluationError) Unwrap() error { return e.Err }
-
-// Error returns a very long error description that should not be presented
-// to the user directly.
-func (e EvaluationError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("expression %#v: %v", e.Expr, e.Err)
-}
-
-var (
-	// IdentInputs is a special array argument in a package declaration whose
-	// values of [Ident] are kept as is when passed to a [PF].
-	IdentInputs = unique.Make(Ident("inputs"))
-	// IdentRuntime has the same semantics as [IdentInputs].
-	IdentRuntime = unique.Make(Ident("runtime"))
-
-	// ErrInvalidInputs is panicked for an [IdentInputs] argument to [PF]
-	// sharing its value or set for R.
-	ErrInvalidInputs = errors.New("inputs must not be common or bound to scope")
-)
-
-// evaluateAny implements [Evaluate].
-func evaluateAny(d PF, s []Frame, expr, rp any) bool {
-	defer func() {
-		r := recover()
-		if r == nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		err, ok := r.(error)
-		if !ok {
-			panic(r)
-		}
-
-		if _, ok = err.(EvaluationError); ok {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		panic(EvaluationError{expr, err})
-	}()
-
-	switch e := expr.(type) {
-	case Int:
-		store(rp, int64(e))
-		return true
-
-	case String:
-		store(rp, string(e))
-		return true
-
-	case Ident:
-		var (
-			v  any
-			ok bool
-		)
-		for i := range s {
-			v, ok = s[len(s)-1-i].Val[unique.Make(e)]
-			if ok {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if !ok {
-			panic(UndefinedError(e))
-		}
-		if err := storeE(rp, v); err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		return true
-
-	case Val:
-		if len(e) == 1 {
-			switch v := e[0].(type) {
-			case Ident:
-				switch v {
-				case "unset":
-					return false
-				case "true":
-					store(rp, true)
-					return true
-				case "false":
-					store(rp, false)
-					return true
-				default:
-					return evaluateAny(d, s, v, rp)
-				}
-
-			default:
-				return evaluateAny(d, s, e[0], rp)
-			}
-		}
-		var v string
-		for i := range e {
-			var _r string
-			if evaluate(d, s, e[i], &_r) {
-				v += _r
-			}
-		}
-		store(rp, v)
-		return true
-
-	case Array:
-		r := make([]string, 0, len(e))
-		for i := range e {
-			var _r string
-			if evaluate(d, s, e[i], &_r) {
-				r = append(r, _r)
-			}
-		}
-		store(rp, r)
-		return true
-
-	case []KV:
-		r := make([][2]string, 0, len(e))
-		for i := range e {
-			var _r string
-			if e[i].V == nil || evaluate(d, s, e[i].V, &_r) {
-				r = append(r, [2]string{string(e[i].K), _r})
-			}
-		}
-		store(rp, r)
-		return true
-
-	case Func:
-		var (
-			f  F
-			ok bool
-		)
-		if !e.Package {
-			for i := range s {
-				f, ok = s[len(s)-1-i].Func[unique.Make(e.Ident)]
-				if ok {
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !ok {
-				panic(UndefinedError(e.Ident))
-			}
-		}
-
-		argc := len(e.Args)
-		for _, arg := range e.Args {
-			argc += len(arg.K) - 1
-		}
-		fargs := make([]FArg, 0, len(e.Args))
-		s = append(s, Frame{})
-		fp := &s[len(s)-1]
-		if !e.Package {
-			fp.Val = maps.Clone(f.V)
-		}
-
-	args:
-		for _, arg := range e.Args {
-			names := make([]unique.Handle[Ident], len(arg.K))
-			for i, name := range arg.K {
-				names[i] = unique.Make(name)
-			}
-
-			farg := FArg{R: arg.R}
-			if e.Package {
-				for _, special := range [...]unique.Handle[Ident]{
-					IdentInputs,
-					IdentRuntime,
-				} {
-					if slices.Contains(names, special) {
-						if len(names) != 1 || len(arg.V) != 1 || arg.R {
-							panic(ErrInvalidInputs)
-						}
-						farg.K = names[0]
-						if err := storeE(&farg.V, arg.V[0]); err != nil {
-							panic(err)
-						}
-						fargs = append(fargs, farg)
-						continue args
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			if !evaluateAny(d, s, arg.V, &farg.V) {
-				farg.V = nil
-			}
-			for _, name := range names {
-				farg.K = name
-				fargs = append(fargs, farg)
-
-				if arg.R && farg.V != nil {
-					if fp.Val == nil {
-						fp.Val = make(map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any)
-					}
-					(*fp).Val[name] = farg.V
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		var (
-			v   any
-			err error
-		)
-		if !e.Package {
-			v, ok, err = f.F(fargs)
-		} else {
-			v, ok, err = d(e.Ident, fargs)
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		} else if v != nil {
-			if err = storeE(rp, v); err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-		}
-		return ok
-
-	default:
-		panic(UnsupportedExprError{expr})
-	}
-}
-
-// Evaluate evaluates a statement and returns its value.
-func Evaluate[T any](d PF, s []Frame, expr any) (v T, set bool, err error) {
-	defer func() {
-		r := recover()
-		if r == nil {
-			return
-		}
-
-		_err, ok := r.(error)
-		if !ok {
-			panic(r)
-		}
-		err = _err
-	}()
-	set = evaluateAny(d, s, expr, &v)
-	return
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/azalea/evaluate_test.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/azalea/evaluate_test.go
@@ -1,364 +0,0 @@
-package azalea_test
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"unique"
-
-	. "hakurei.app/internal/rosa/azalea"
-)
-
-// makeStackCheck creates a stack with a single frame with a single function "f"
-// which calls the check function internally.
-func makeStackCheck(check func(args FArgs) (any, error)) []Frame {
-	return []Frame{{Func: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]F{
-		unique.Make(Ident("f")): {F: func(
-			args FArgs,
-		) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-			set = true
-			v, err = check(args)
-			return
-		}},
-	}}}
-}
-
-func TestEvaluate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name string
-		data string
-		s    []Frame
-		want string
-		err  error
-	}{
-		{"apply unset", `f { v = unset; }`, makeStackCheck(func(
-			args FArgs,
-		) (v any, err error) {
-			v = "\xfd"
-			err = args.Apply(map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("v")): &v,
-			})
-			return
-		}), "\xfd", nil},
-
-		{"apply bad type", `f { v = 9; }`, makeStackCheck(func(
-			args FArgs,
-		) (v any, err error) {
-			v = "\xfd"
-			err = args.Apply(map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("v")): &v,
-			})
-			return
-		}), "", TypeError{
-			Concrete: reflect.TypeFor[int64](),
-			Asserted: reflect.TypeFor[string](),
-		}},
-
-		{"apply undefined", `f { v = 9; }`, makeStackCheck(func(
-			args FArgs,
-		) (v any, err error) {
-			v = "\xfd"
-			err = args.Apply(map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{})
-			return
-		}), "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Func{
-				Ident: Ident("f"),
-				Args: []Arg{
-					{K: []Ident{"v"}, V: Val{Int(9)}},
-				},
-			},
-			Err: UndefinedError("v"),
-		}},
-
-		{"apply bound undefined", `f { _v* = "\x00"; v = _v; }`, makeStackCheck(func(
-			args FArgs,
-		) (v any, err error) {
-			v = "\xfd"
-			err = args.Apply(map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("v")): &v,
-			})
-			return
-		}), "\x00", nil},
-
-		{"undefined function", `f {}`, nil, "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Func{Ident: "f"},
-			Err:  UndefinedError("f"),
-		}},
-
-		{"error wrap deep", `f { v = nil; }`, makeStackCheck(func(
-			FArgs,
-		) (any, error) {
-			panic("unreachable")
-		}), "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Ident("nil"),
-			Err:  UndefinedError("nil"),
-		}},
-
-		{"common inputs", `package name { inputs, v = []; }`, nil, "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Func{
-				Ident:   Ident("name"),
-				Package: true,
-
-				Args: []Arg{
-					{K: []Ident{
-						"inputs",
-						"v",
-					}, V: Val{Array(nil)}},
-				},
-			},
-			Err: ErrInvalidInputs,
-		}},
-
-		{"bound inputs", `package name { inputs* = []; }`, nil, "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Func{
-				Ident:   Ident("name"),
-				Package: true,
-
-				Args: []Arg{
-					{K: []Ident{"inputs"}, V: Val{Array(nil)}, R: true},
-				},
-			},
-			Err: ErrInvalidInputs,
-		}},
-
-		{"bound runtime", `package name { runtime* = []; }`, nil, "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Func{
-				Ident:   Ident("name"),
-				Package: true,
-
-				Args: []Arg{
-					{K: []Ident{"runtime"}, V: Val{Array(nil)}, R: true},
-				},
-			},
-			Err: ErrInvalidInputs,
-		}},
-
-		{"concat inputs", `package name { inputs = ""+""; }`, nil, "", EvaluationError{
-			Expr: Func{
-				Ident:   Ident("name"),
-				Package: true,
-
-				Args: []Arg{
-					{K: []Ident{"inputs"}, V: Val{String(""), String("")}},
-				},
-			},
-			Err: ErrInvalidInputs,
-		}},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			var expr Func
-			if e, err := Parse(strings.NewReader(tc.data)); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			} else if len(e) != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("got expression %#v", e)
-			} else {
-				expr = e[0].(Func)
-			}
-			r, set, err := Evaluate[string](nil, tc.s, expr)
-			if set != (err == nil) {
-				t.Error("Evaluate: unexpected unset")
-			}
-
-			if r != tc.want {
-				t.Errorf("Evaluate: %q, want %q", r, tc.want)
-			}
-
-			var errEquals bool
-			if errors.As(err, new(TypeError)) {
-				errEquals = errors.Is(err, tc.err)
-			} else {
-				errEquals = reflect.DeepEqual(err, tc.err)
-			}
-			if !errEquals {
-				t.Errorf("Evaluate: error = %v, want %v", err, tc.err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestEvaluateGCC(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	var gcc Func
-	if e, err := Parse(strings.NewReader(sample)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	} else {
-		gcc = e[0].(Func)
-	}
-
-	var got [3]FArgs
-	if r, set, err := Evaluate[string](func(
-		name Ident,
-		args FArgs,
-	) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-		v = "\x00"
-		set = true
-		got[0] = args
-		return
-	}, []Frame{{
-		Func: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]F{
-			unique.Make(Ident("remoteTar")): {F: func(
-				args FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				var url, checksum string
-				var compress int
-				if err = args.Apply(map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-					unique.Make(Ident("url")):      &url,
-					unique.Make(Ident("checksum")): &checksum,
-					unique.Make(Ident("compress")): &compress,
-				}); err != nil {
-					return
-				}
-
-				if compress != 0xcafe {
-					err = fmt.Errorf("unexpected compress %#v", compress)
-				}
-				set = true
-				v = url + "?checksum=" + checksum
-				return
-			}, V: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("gzip")): 0xcafe,
-			}},
-
-			unique.Make(Ident("make")): {F: func(
-				args FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				v = args
-				set = true
-				return
-			}},
-
-			unique.Make(Ident("arch")): {F: func(
-				args FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				set = false
-				got[1] = args
-				return
-			}},
-
-			unique.Make(Ident("noop")): {F: func(
-				args FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				set = false
-				set = true
-				got[2] = args
-				return
-			}, V: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("value")): "\xfd",
-			}},
-		},
-	}}, gcc); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	} else if r != "\x00" {
-		t.Fatalf("package: %q", r)
-	} else if !set {
-		t.Fatal("package: unset")
-	}
-
-	want := [...]FArgs{
-		{
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("description")), V: "The GNU Compiler Collection"},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("website")), V: "https://www.gnu.org/software/gcc"},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("anitya")), V: int64(6502)},
-
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("version")), V: "16.1.0", R: true},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("source")), V: "https://ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp/software/gcc/releases/gcc-16.1.0/gcc-16.1.0.tar.gz?checksum=4ASoWbxaA2FW7PAB0zzHDPC5XnNhyaAyjtDPpGzceSLeYnEIXsNYZR3PA_Zu5P0K"},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("patches")), V: []string{"musl-off64_t-loff_t.patch", "musl-legacy-lfs.patch"}},
-
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("exclusive")), V: true},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("exec")), V: FArgs{
-				{K: unique.Make(Ident("configure")), V: [][2]string{
-					{"disable-multilib", ""},
-					{"enable-default-pie", ""},
-					{"disable-nls", ""},
-					{"with-gnu-as", ""},
-					{"with-gnu-ld", ""},
-					{"with-system-zlib", ""},
-					{"enable-languages", "c,c++,go"},
-					{"with-native-system-header-dir", "/system/include"},
-				}},
-				{K: unique.Make(Ident("make")), V: []string{
-					"BOOT_CFLAGS='-O2 -g'",
-					"\x00",
-					"bootstrap",
-				}},
-				{K: unique.Make(Ident("skip-check")), V: true},
-			}},
-
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("inputs")), V: Array{
-				{Ident("binutils")},
-				{Ident("mpc")},
-				{Ident("zlib")},
-				{Ident("libucontext")},
-				{Ident("kernel-headers")},
-			}},
-		},
-		{
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("amd64")), V: "''"},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("arm64")), V: "''"},
-			{K: unique.Make(Ident("default"))},
-		},
-		{{K: unique.Make(Ident("key")), V: "\xfd"}},
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
-		t.Errorf("package: args = %#v, want %#v", got, want)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkEvaluate(b *testing.B) {
-	var gcc Func
-	if e, err := Parse(strings.NewReader(sample)); err != nil {
-		b.Fatal(err)
-	} else {
-		gcc = e[0].(Func)
-	}
-
-	s := []Frame{{
-		Func: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]F{
-			unique.Make(Ident("remoteTar")): {F: func(
-				FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				return
-			}, V: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("gzip")): 0xcafe,
-			}},
-
-			unique.Make(Ident("make")): {F: func(
-				FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				return
-			}},
-
-			unique.Make(Ident("arch")): {F: func(
-				FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				return
-			}},
-
-			unique.Make(Ident("noop")): {F: func(
-				FArgs,
-			) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-				return
-			}, V: map[unique.Handle[Ident]]any{
-				unique.Make(Ident("value")): "\xfd",
-			}},
-		},
-	}}
-	for b.Loop() {
-		if _, _, err := Evaluate[string](func(
-			Ident,
-			FArgs,
-		) (v any, set bool, err error) {
-			return
-		}, s, gcc); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/azalea/testdata/gcc.az
+++ b/internal/rosa/azalea/testdata/gcc.az
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package gcc {
-	description = "The GNU Compiler Collection";
-	website = "https://www.gnu.org/software/gcc";
-	anitya = 6502;
-
-	version* = "16.1.0";
-	source = remoteTar {
-		url = "https://ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp/software/gcc/releases/"+
-			"gcc-"+version+"/gcc-"+version+".tar.gz";
-		checksum = "4ASoWbxaA2FW7PAB0zzHDPC5XnNhyaAyjtDPpGzceSLeYnEIXsNYZR3PA_Zu5P0K";
-		compress = gzip;
-	};
-	patches = [
-		"musl-off64_t-loff_t.patch",
-		"musl-legacy-lfs.patch",
-	];
-
-	// GCC spends most of its time in its many configure scripts, however
-	// it also saturates the CPU for a consequential amount of time.
-	exclusive = true;
-
-	exec = make {
-		configure = {
-			"disable-multilib";
-			"enable-default-pie";
-			"disable-nls";
-			"with-gnu-as";
-			"with-gnu-ld";
-			"with-system-zlib";
-			"enable-languages": "c,c++,go";
-			"with-native-system-header-dir": "/system/include";
-			"with-multilib-list": arch {
-				amd64, arm64 = "''";
-				default = unset;
-			};
-		};
-		make = [
-			"BOOT_CFLAGS='-O2 -g'",
-			noop { key = value; } + "\x00",
-			"bootstrap",
-		];
-
-		// This toolchain is hacked to pieces, it is not expected to ever work
-		// well in its current state. That does not matter as long as the
-		// toolchain it produces passes its own test suite.
-		skip-check = true;
-	};
-
-	inputs = [
-		binutils,
-
-		mpc,
-		zlib,
-		libucontext,
-		kernel-headers,
-	];
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/busybox.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/busybox.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
+	"runtime"
 	"time"

 	"hakurei.app/fhs"
@@ -85,13 +86,13 @@ func (a busyboxBin) Cure(t *pkg.TContext) (err error) {

 // newBusyboxBin returns a [pkg.Artifact] containing a busybox installation from
 // the https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/ binary release.
-func (s *S) newBusyboxBin() pkg.Artifact {
+func newBusyboxBin() pkg.Artifact {
 	var version, url, checksum string
-	switch s.arch {
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
 	case "amd64":
 		version = "1.35.0"
 		url = "https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/" +
-			version + "-" + s.linuxArch() + "-linux-musl/busybox"
+			version + "-" + linuxArch() + "-linux-musl/busybox"
 		checksum = "L7OBIsPu9enNHn7FqpBT1kOg_mCLNmetSeNMA3i4Y60Z5jTgnlX3qX3zcQtLx5AB"
 	case "arm64":
 		version = "1.31.0"
@@ -100,11 +101,11 @@ func (s *S) newBusyboxBin() pkg.Artifact {
 		checksum = "npJjBO7iwhjW6Kx2aXeSxf8kXhVgTCDChOZTTsI8ZfFfa3tbsklxRiidZQdrVERg"

 	default:
-		panic("unsupported target " + s.arch)
+		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
 	}

 	return pkg.NewExec(
-		"busybox-bin-"+version, s.arch, nil, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, false, false,
+		"busybox-bin-"+version, nil, pkg.ExecTimeoutMax, false,
 		fhs.AbsRoot, []string{
 			"PATH=/system/bin",
 		},
--- a/internal/rosa/bzip2.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/bzip2.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newBzip2() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	}), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Bzip2] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newBzip2,

 		Name:        "bzip2",
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://sourceware.org/bzip2/",

 		ID: 237,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/cmake.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/cmake.go
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ index 2ead810437..f85cbb8b1c 100644
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[CMake] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newCMake,

 		Name:        "cmake",
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://cmake.org/",

 		ID: 306,
-	})
+	}
 }

 // CMakeHelper is the [CMake] build system helper.
@@ -122,8 +122,6 @@ type CMakeHelper struct {
 	// Path elements joined with source.
 	Append []string

-	// Value of CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE. The zero value is equivalent to "Release".
-	BuildType string
 	// CMake CACHE entries.
 	Cache []KV
 	// Runs after install.
@@ -164,9 +162,16 @@ func (*CMakeHelper) createDir() bool { return true }
 func (*CMakeHelper) wantsDir() string { return "/cure/" }

 // script generates the cure script.
-func (attr *CMakeHelper) script(s *S, name string) string {
+func (attr *CMakeHelper) script(name string) string {
 	if attr == nil {
-		attr = new(CMakeHelper)
+		attr = &CMakeHelper{
+			Cache: []KV{
+				{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	if len(attr.Cache) == 0 {
+		panic("CACHE must be non-empty")
 	}

 	generate := "Ninja"
@@ -180,17 +185,10 @@ func (attr *CMakeHelper) script(s *S, name string) string {
 	}

 	script := attr.Script
-	if !attr.SkipTest && s.opts&OptSkipCheck == 0 {
+	if !attr.SkipTest && presetOpts&OptSkipCheck == 0 {
 		script += "\n" + test
 	}

-	cache := make([]KV, 1, 1+len(attr.Cache))
-	cache[0] = KV{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"}
-	if attr.BuildType != "" {
-		cache[0][1] = attr.BuildType
-	}
-	cache = append(cache, attr.Cache...)
-
 	return `
 cmake -G ` + generate + ` \
 	-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
@@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ cmake -G ` + generate + ` \
 	-DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER_TARGET="${ROSA_TRIPLE}" \
 	-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib \
 	` + strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
-		for _, v := range cache {
+		for _, v := range attr.Cache {
 			if !yield("-D" + v[0] + "=" + v[1]) {
 				return
 			}
--- a/internal/rosa/connman.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/connman.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newConnman() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Connman] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newConnman,

 		Name:        "connman",
@@ -105,5 +105,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 337,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/curl.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/curl.go
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"

 func (t Toolchain) newCurl() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "8.20.0"
-		checksum = "xyHXwrngIRGMasuzhn-I5MSCOhktwINbsWt1f_LuR-5jRVvyx_g6U1EQfDLEbr9r"
+		version  = "8.19.0"
+		checksum = "YHuVLVVp8q_Y7-JWpID5ReNjq2Zk6t7ArHB6ngQXilp_R5l3cubdxu3UKo-xDByv"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("curl", version, newTar(
 		"https://curl.se/download/curl-"+version+".tar.bz2",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ chmod +w tests/data && rm -f tests/data/test459
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Curl] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newCurl,

 		Name:        "curl",
@@ -52,5 +52,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 381,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/dbus.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/dbus.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newDBus() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[DBus] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newDBus,

 		Name:        "dbus",
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 5356,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newXDGDBusProxy() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newXDGDBusProxy() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[XDGDBusProxy] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newXDGDBusProxy,

 		Name:        "xdg-dbus-proxy",
@@ -77,5 +77,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 58434,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/dtc.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/dtc.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newDTC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[DTC] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newDTC,

 		Name:        "dtc",
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git/",

 		ID: 16911,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/elfutils.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/elfutils.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newElfutils() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Elfutils] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newElfutils,

 		Name:        "elfutils",
@@ -55,5 +55,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 5679,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/fakeroot.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/fakeroot.go
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ index f135ad9..85c784c 100644
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Fakeroot] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newFakeroot,

 		Name:        "fakeroot",
@@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://salsa.debian.org/clint/fakeroot",

 		ID: 12048,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/flex.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/flex.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newFlex() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Flex] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newFlex,

 		Name:        "flex",
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://github.com/westes/flex/",

 		ID: 819,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/freetype.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/freetype.go
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-
-func (t Toolchain) newFreetype() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "2.14.3"
-		checksum = "-WfLv8fVJNyCHpP_lriiDzOcVbBL9ajdQ3tl8AzIIUa9-8sVpU9irxOmSMgRHWYz"
-	)
-	return t.NewPackage("freetype", version, newTar(
-		"https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/"+
-			"freetype-"+version+".tar.gz",
-		checksum,
-		pkg.TarGzip,
-	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newFreetype,
-
-		Name:        "freetype",
-		Description: "a freely available software library to render fonts",
-		Website:     "http://www.freetype.org/",
-
-		ID: 854,
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/fuse.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/fuse.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newFuse() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Fuse] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newFuse,

 		Name:        "fuse",
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/",

 		ID: 861,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/git.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/git.go
@@ -55,14 +55,6 @@ disable_test t9300-fast-import
 disable_test t0211-trace2-perf
 disable_test t1517-outside-repo
 disable_test t2200-add-update
-disable_test t0027-auto-crlf
-disable_test t7513-interpret-trailers
-disable_test t7703-repack-geometric
-disable_test t7002-mv-sparse-checkout
-disable_test t1451-fsck-buffer
-disable_test t4104-apply-boundary
-disable_test t4200-rerere
-disable_test t5515-fetch-merge-logic
 `,
 		Check: []string{
 			"-C t",
@@ -88,7 +80,7 @@ disable_test t5515-fetch-merge-logic
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Git] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGit,

 		Name:        "git",
@@ -102,7 +94,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 5350,
-	})
+	}
 }

 // NewViaGit returns a [pkg.Artifact] for cloning a git repository.
@@ -113,7 +105,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) NewViaGit(
 	return t.New(strings.TrimSuffix(
 		path.Base(url),
 		".git",
-	)+"-src-"+path.Base(rev), THostNet, t.Append(nil,
+	)+"-src-"+path.Base(rev), 0, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		NSSCACert,
 		Git,
 	), &checksum, nil, `
--- a/internal/rosa/glslang.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/glslang.go
@@ -17,12 +17,16 @@ func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVHeaders() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		"vulkan-sdk-"+version,
 		checksum,
 	), nil, &CMakeHelper{
+		Cache: []KV{
+			{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
+		},
+
 		// upstream has no tests
 		SkipTest: true,
 	}), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[SPIRVHeaders] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newSPIRVHeaders,

 		Name:        "spirv-headers",
@@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ func init() {
 			}
 			return v.Latest
 		},
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVTools() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -63,6 +67,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVTools() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		checksum,
 	), nil, &CMakeHelper{
 		Cache: []KV{
+			{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
 			{"SPIRV-Headers_SOURCE_DIR", "/system"},
 		},
 	},
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVTools() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[SPIRVTools] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newSPIRVTools,

 		Name:        "spirv-tools",
@@ -86,13 +91,13 @@ func init() {
 		ID: 14894,

 		latest: (*Versions).getStable,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGlslang() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "16.3.0"
-		checksum = "xyqDf8k3-D0_BXHGi0uLgMglnJ05Rf3j73QgbDs3sGtKNdBIQhY8JfqX1NcNoJQN"
+		version  = "16.2.0"
+		checksum = "6_UuF9reLRDaVkgO-9IfB3kMwme3lQZM8LL8YsJwPdUFkrjzxJtf2A9X3w9nFxj2"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("glslang", version, newFromGitHub(
 		"KhronosGroup/glslang",
@@ -104,6 +109,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGlslang() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		Chmod:    true,
 	}, &CMakeHelper{
 		Cache: []KV{
+			{"CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE", "Release"},
 			{"BUILD_SHARED_LIBS", "ON"},
 			{"ALLOW_EXTERNAL_SPIRV_TOOLS", "ON"},
 		},
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGlslang() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Glslang] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGlslang,

 		Name:        "glslang",
@@ -124,125 +130,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang",

 		ID: 205796,
-	})
-}
-
-func (t Toolchain) newSPIRVLLVMTranslator() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "22.1.2"
-		checksum = "JZAaV5ewYcm-35YA_U2BM2IcsQouZtX1BLZR0zh2vSlfEXMsT5OCtY4Gh5RJkcGy"
-	)
-	skipChecks := []string{
-		// error: line 13: OpTypeCooperativeMatrixKHR Scope is limited to Workgroup and Subgroup
-		"cooperative_matrix_constant_null.spvasm",
 	}
-
-	switch t.arch {
-	case "arm64":
-		skipChecks = append(skipChecks,
-			// LLVM ERROR: unsupported calling convention
-			"DebugInfo/COFF/no-cus.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2009-11-05-DeadGlobalVariable.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2009-11-10-CurrentFn.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-01-05-DbgScope.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-03-12-llc-crash.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-03-24-MemberFn.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-04-19-FramePtr.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-06-29-InlinedFnLocalVar.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/2010-10-01-crash.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/PR20038.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/constant-pointers.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/dead-argument-order.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/debug-info-eis-option.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/def-line.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/discriminator.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/dwarf-public-names.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/enum.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/func-using-decl.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/global.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/imported-name-inlined.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/incorrect-variable-debugloc1.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/inline-scopes.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/inlined-arguments.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/inlined-vars.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/linear-dbg-value.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/linkage-name-abstract.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/member-order.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/missing-abstract-variable.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/multiline.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/namespace_function_definition.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/namespace_inline_function_definition.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/noscopes.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/ptrsize.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/restrict.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/two-cus-from-same-file.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/Generic/version.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/LocalAddressSpace.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/UnknownBaseType.ll",
-			"DebugInfo/expr-opcode.ll",
-		)
-	}
-
-	return t.NewPackage("spirv-llvm-translator", version, newFromGitHub(
-		"KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator",
-		"v"+version, checksum,
-	), &PackageAttr{
-		Patches: []KV{
-			{"remove-early-prefix", `diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
-index c000a77e..f18f3fde 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ install(
-     ${LLVM_SPIRV_INCLUDE_DIRS}/LLVMSPIRVOpts.h
-     ${LLVM_SPIRV_INCLUDE_DIRS}/LLVMSPIRVExtensions.inc
-   DESTINATION
-    ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include/LLVMSPIRVLib
-+    include/LLVMSPIRVLib
- )
- 
- configure_file(LLVMSPIRVLib.pc.in ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/LLVMSPIRVLib.pc @ONLY)
-@@ -172,5 +172,5 @@ install(
-   FILES
-     ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/LLVMSPIRVLib.pc
-   DESTINATION
-    ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}/pkgconfig
-+    lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX}/pkgconfig
- )
-;`},
-		},
-
-		// litArgs emits shell syntax
-		ScriptEarly: `
-export LIT_OPTS=` + litArgs(true, skipChecks...) + `
-`,
-	}, &CMakeHelper{
-		Cache: []KV{
-			{"CMAKE_SKIP_BUILD_RPATH", "ON"},
-			{"BUILD_SHARED_LIBS", "ON"},
-			{"LLVM_SPIRV_ENABLE_LIBSPIRV_DIS", "ON"},
-			{"LLVM_EXTERNAL_SPIRV_HEADERS_SOURCE_DIR", "/system"},
-			{"LLVM_EXTERNAL_LIT", "/system/bin/lit"},
-			{"LLVM_INCLUDE_TESTS", "ON"},
-		},
-	},
-		Bash,
-		LIT,
-
-		SPIRVTools,
-	), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newSPIRVLLVMTranslator,
-
-		Name:        "spirv-llvm-translator",
-		Description: "bi-directional translation between SPIR-V and LLVM IR",
-		Website:     "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator",
-
-		Dependencies: P{
-			SPIRVTools,
-		},
-
-		ID: 227273,
-	})
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/gnu.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/gnu.go
@@ -1,47 +1,11 @@
 package rosa

 import (
-	"slices"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
+	"runtime"

 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
 )

-// skipGNUTests generates a string for skipping specific tests by number in a
-// GNU test suite. This is nontrivial because the test suite does not support
-// excluding tests in any way, so ranges for all but the skipped tests have to
-// be specified instead.
-//
-// For example, to skip test 764, ranges around the skipped test must be
-// specified:
-//
-//	1-763 765-
-//
-// Tests are numbered starting from 1. The resulting string is unquoted.
-func skipGNUTests(tests ...int) string {
-	tests = slices.Clone(tests)
-	slices.Sort(tests)
-
-	var buf strings.Builder
-
-	if tests[0] != 1 {
-		buf.WriteString("1-")
-	}
-
-	for i, n := range tests {
-		if n != 1 && (i == 0 || tests[i-1] != n-1) {
-			buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(n - 1))
-			buf.WriteString(" ")
-		}
-		if i == len(tests)-1 || tests[i+1] != n+1 {
-			buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(n + 1))
-			buf.WriteString("-")
-		}
-	}
-	return buf.String()
-}
-
 func (t Toolchain) newM4() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
 		version  = "1.4.21"
@@ -63,7 +27,7 @@ chmod +w tests/test-c32ispunct.sh && echo '#!/bin/sh' > tests/test-c32ispunct.sh
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[M4] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newM4,

 		Name:        "m4",
@@ -71,7 +35,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/m4/",

 		ID: 1871,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newBison() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -83,22 +47,14 @@ func (t Toolchain) newBison() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		"https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-"+version+".tar.gz",
 		checksum,
 		pkg.TarGzip,
-	), nil, &MakeHelper{
-		Check: []string{
-			"TESTSUITEFLAGS=" + jobsFlagE + "' " + skipGNUTests(
-				// clang miscompiles (SIGILL)
-				764,
-			) + "'",
-			"check",
-		},
-	},
+	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil),
 		M4,
 		Diffutils,
 		Sed,
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Bison] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newBison,

 		Name:        "bison",
@@ -106,7 +62,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/",

 		ID: 193,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newSed() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -125,7 +81,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newSed() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Sed] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newSed,

 		Name:        "sed",
@@ -133,7 +89,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/",

 		ID: 4789,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newAutoconf() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -160,7 +116,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newAutoconf() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Autoconf] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newAutoconf,

 		Name:        "autoconf",
@@ -173,7 +129,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 141,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newAutomake() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -205,7 +161,7 @@ test_disable '#!/bin/sh' t/pr9.sh
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Automake] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newAutomake,

 		Name:        "automake",
@@ -217,7 +173,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 144,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newLibtool() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -231,7 +187,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibtool() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 		pkg.TarGzip,
 	), nil, &MakeHelper{
 		// _Z2a2c: symbol not found
-		SkipCheck: t.stage.isStage0(),
+		SkipCheck: t.isStage0(),

 		Check: []string{
 			"TESTSUITEFLAGS=" + jobsFlagE,
@@ -243,7 +199,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibtool() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libtool] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibtool,

 		Name:        "libtool",
@@ -251,7 +207,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/",

 		ID: 1741,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGzip() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -269,7 +225,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGzip() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	}), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Gzip] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGzip,

 		Name:        "gzip",
@@ -277,7 +233,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/",

 		ID: 1290,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGettext() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -315,7 +271,7 @@ touch gettext-tools/autotools/archive.dir.tar
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Gettext] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGettext,

 		Name:        "gettext",
@@ -323,7 +279,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/",

 		ID: 898,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newDiffutils() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -348,7 +304,7 @@ test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/cmp
 	}, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Diffutils] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newDiffutils,

 		Name:        "diffutils",
@@ -356,7 +312,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/",

 		ID: 436,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newPatch() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -380,7 +336,7 @@ test_disable '#!/bin/sh' tests/need-filename
 	}, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Patch] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newPatch,

 		Name:        "patch",
@@ -388,7 +344,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/",

 		ID: 2597,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newBash() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -410,7 +366,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newBash() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	}), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Bash] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newBash,

 		Name:        "bash",
@@ -418,7 +374,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/",

 		ID: 166,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newCoreutils() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -456,7 +412,7 @@ test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gnulib-tests/test-lchown.c
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Coreutils] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newCoreutils,

 		Name:        "coreutils",
@@ -464,7 +420,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/",

 		ID: 343,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newTexinfo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -484,7 +440,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newTexinfo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Texinfo] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newTexinfo,

 		Name:        "texinfo",
@@ -497,7 +453,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 4958,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGperf() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -514,7 +470,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGperf() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Gperf] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGperf,

 		Name:        "gperf",
@@ -522,7 +478,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/",

 		ID: 1237,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGawk() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -542,7 +498,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGawk() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	}), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Gawk] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGawk,

 		Name:        "gawk",
@@ -550,7 +506,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/",

 		ID: 868,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGrep() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -575,7 +531,7 @@ test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' gnulib-tests/test-c32ispunct.c
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Grep] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGrep,

 		Name:        "grep",
@@ -583,7 +539,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/",

 		ID: 1251,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newFindutils() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -606,7 +562,7 @@ echo 'int main(){return 0;}' > tests/xargs/test-sigusr.c
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Findutils] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newFindutils,

 		Name:        "findutils",
@@ -614,7 +570,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/",

 		ID: 812,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newBC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -635,7 +591,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newBC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[BC] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newBC,

 		Name:        "bc",
@@ -643,7 +599,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/bc/",

 		ID: 170,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newLibiconv() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -658,7 +614,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibiconv() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libiconv] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibiconv,

 		Name:        "libiconv",
@@ -666,7 +622,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/",

 		ID: 10656,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newTar() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -700,7 +656,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newTar() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Tar] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newTar,

 		Name:        "tar",
@@ -708,7 +664,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/",

 		ID: 4939,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newParallel() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -730,7 +686,7 @@ ln -s ../system/bin/bash /bin/
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Parallel] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newParallel,

 		Name:        "parallel",
@@ -742,7 +698,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 5448,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newLibunistring() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -767,7 +723,7 @@ test_disable 'int main(){return 0;}' tests/test-c32ispunct.c
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libunistring] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibunistring,

 		Name:        "libunistring",
@@ -775,7 +731,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/libunistring/",

 		ID: 1747,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newLibtasn1() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -790,7 +746,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibtasn1() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libtasn1] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibtasn1,

 		Name:        "libtasn1",
@@ -798,7 +754,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/libtasn1/",

 		ID: 1734,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newReadline() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -820,7 +776,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newReadline() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Readline] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newReadline,

 		Name:        "readline",
@@ -832,7 +788,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 4173,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGnuTLS() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -842,7 +798,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGnuTLS() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	)

 	var configureExtra []KV
-	switch t.arch {
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
 	case "arm64":
 		configureExtra = []KV{
 			{"disable-hardware-acceleration"},
@@ -997,7 +953,7 @@ index 1b78b8cf1..350156a86 100644
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[GnuTLS] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGnuTLS,

 		Name:        "gnutls",
@@ -1013,7 +969,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 1221,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newBinutils() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1030,7 +986,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newBinutils() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Binutils] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newBinutils,

 		Name:        "binutils",
@@ -1038,7 +994,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/",

 		ID: 7981,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGMP() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1060,7 +1016,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGMP() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[GMP] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGMP,

 		Name:        "gmp",
@@ -1068,7 +1024,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://gmplib.org/",

 		ID: 1186,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newMPFR() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1086,7 +1042,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newMPFR() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[MPFR] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newMPFR,

 		Name:        "mpfr",
@@ -1098,7 +1054,7 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 2019,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newMPC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1125,7 +1081,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newMPC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[MPC] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newMPC,

 		Name:        "mpc",
@@ -1137,17 +1093,17 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 1667,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGCC() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "16.1.0"
-		checksum = "4ASoWbxaA2FW7PAB0zzHDPC5XnNhyaAyjtDPpGzceSLeYnEIXsNYZR3PA_Zu5P0K"
+		version  = "15.2.0"
+		checksum = "TXJ5WrbXlGLzy1swghQTr4qxgDCyIZFgJry51XEPTBZ8QYbVmFeB4lZbSMtPJ-a1"
 	)

 	var configureExtra []KV
-	switch t.arch {
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
 	case "amd64", "arm64":
 		configureExtra = append(configureExtra, KV{"with-multilib-list", "''"})
 	}
@@ -1346,7 +1302,7 @@ ln -s system/lib /work/
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[gcc] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGCC,

 		Name:        "gcc",
@@ -1362,5 +1318,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 6502,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/gnu_test.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/gnu_test.go
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import (
-	"slices"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-func TestSkipGNUTests(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		tests []int
-		want  string
-	}{
-		{[]int{764}, "1-763 765-"},
-		{[]int{764, 0xcafe, 37, 9}, "1-8 10-36 38-763 765-51965 51967-"},
-		{[]int{1, 2, 0xbed}, "3-3052 3054-"},
-		{[]int{3, 4}, "1-2 5-"},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(strings.Join(slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
-			for _, n := range tc.tests {
-				yield(strconv.Itoa(n))
-			}
-		}), ","), func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			if got := skipGNUTests(tc.tests...); got != tc.want {
-				t.Errorf("skipGNUTests: %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/go.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/go.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package rosa

 import (
+	"runtime"
 	"slices"

 	"hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
@@ -9,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 // newGoBootstrap returns the Go bootstrap toolchain.
 func (t Toolchain) newGoBootstrap() pkg.Artifact {
 	const checksum = "8o9JL_ToiQKadCTb04nvBDkp8O1xiWOolAxVEqaTGodieNe4lOFEjlOxN3bwwe23"
-	return t.New("go1.4-bootstrap", 0, t.Append(nil,
-		Bash,
-	), nil, []string{
+	return t.New("go1.4-bootstrap", 0, []pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Bash),
+	}, nil, []string{
 		"CGO_ENABLED=0",
 	}, `
 mkdir -p /var/tmp/ /work/system/
@@ -34,13 +35,9 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGo(
 	script string,
 	extra ...pkg.Artifact,
 ) pkg.Artifact {
-	name := "all"
-	if t.opts&OptSkipCheck != 0 {
-		name = "make"
-	}
-	return t.New("go"+version, 0, t.Append(extra,
-		Bash,
-	), nil, slices.Concat([]string{
+	return t.New("go"+version, 0, slices.Concat([]pkg.Artifact{
+		t.Load(Bash),
+	}, extra), nil, slices.Concat([]string{
 		"CC=cc",
 		"GOCACHE=/tmp/gocache",
 		"GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP=/system/go",
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ cp -r /usr/src/go /work/system
 cd /work/system/go/src
 chmod -R +w ..
 `+script+`
-./`+name+`.bash
+./all.bash

 mkdir /work/system/bin
 ln -s \
@@ -72,17 +69,17 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGoLatest() (pkg.Artifact, string) {

 		finalEnv []string
 	)
-	switch t.arch {
+	switch runtime.GOARCH {
 	case "amd64":
 		bootstrapExtra = append(bootstrapExtra, t.newGoBootstrap())

 	case "arm64", "riscv64":
 		bootstrapEnv = append(bootstrapEnv, "GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP=/system")
-		bootstrapExtra = t.Append(bootstrapExtra, gcc)
+		bootstrapExtra = t.AppendPresets(bootstrapExtra, gcc)
 		finalEnv = append(finalEnv, "CGO_ENABLED=0")

 	default:
-		panic("unsupported target " + t.arch)
+		panic("unsupported target " + runtime.GOARCH)
 	}

 	go119 := t.newGo(
@@ -106,8 +103,8 @@ echo \
 		"YtrDka402BOAEwywx03Vz4QlVwoBiguJHzG7PuythMCPHXS8CVMLvzmvgEbu4Tzu",
 		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
 sed -i \
-	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+t.linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+t.arch+`/obj.go
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go

 rm \
 	crypto/tls/handshake_client_test.go \
@@ -124,18 +121,18 @@ echo \
 		"wcI32bl1tkqbgcelGtGWPI4RtlEddd-PTd76Eb-k7nXA5LbE9yTNdIL9QSOOxMOs",
 		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
 sed -i \
-	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+t.linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+t.arch+`/obj.go
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
 `, go121,
 	)

 	go125 := t.newGo(
-		"1.25.10",
-		"TwKwatkpwal-j9U2sDSRPEdM3YesI4Gm88YgGV59wtU-L85K9gA7UPy9SCxn6PMb",
+		"1.25.7",
+		"fyylHdBVRUobnBjYj3NKBaYPUw3kGmo2mEELiZonOYurPfbarNU1x77B99Fjut7Q",
 		[]string{"CGO_ENABLED=0"}, `
 sed -i \
-	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+t.linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+t.arch+`/obj.go
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go

 rm \
 	os/root_unix_test.go \
@@ -144,29 +141,27 @@ rm \
 	)

 	const (
-		version  = "1.26.3"
-		checksum = "lEiFocZFnN5fKvZzmwVdqc9pYUjAuhzqZGbuiOqxUP4XdcY8yECisKcqsQ_eNn1N"
+		version  = "1.26.2"
+		checksum = "v-6BE89_1g3xYf-9oIYpJKFXlo3xKHYJj2_VGkaUq8ZVkIVQmLwrto-xGG03OISH"
 	)
 	return t.newGo(
 		version,
 		checksum,
 		finalEnv, `
 sed -i \
-	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+t.linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
-	cmd/link/internal/`+t.arch+`/obj.go
+	's,/lib/ld-musl-`+linuxArch()+`.so.1,/system/bin/linker,' \
+	cmd/link/internal/`+runtime.GOARCH+`/obj.go
 sed -i \
 	's/cpu.X86.HasAVX512VBMI/& \&\& cpu.X86.HasPOPCNT/' \
 	internal/runtime/gc/scan/scan_amd64.go

 rm \
-	os/root_unix_test.go \
-	cmd/cgo/internal/testsanitizers/tsan_test.go \
-	cmd/cgo/internal/testsanitizers/cshared_test.go
+	os/root_unix_test.go
 `, go125,
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Go] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGoLatest,

 		Name:        "go",
@@ -174,5 +169,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://go.dev/",

 		ID: 1227,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/gtk.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/gtk.go
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (

 func (t Toolchain) newGLib() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "2.88.1"
-		checksum = "Rkszn6W4RHjyspyqfXdVAVawdwDJCuS0Zu0f7qot7tbJhnw2fUDoUUJB40m-1MCX"
+		version  = "2.88.0"
+		checksum = "T79Cg4z6j-sDZ2yIwvbY4ccRv2-fbwbqgcw59F5NQ6qJT6z4v261vbYp3dHO6Ma3"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("glib", version, t.newTagRemote(
 		"https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib.git",
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newGLib() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[GLib] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGLib,

 		Name:        "glib",
@@ -56,5 +56,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 10024,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/hakurei.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/hakurei.go
@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@ func (t Toolchain) newHakurei(
 	withHostname bool,
 ) pkg.Artifact {
 	hostname := `
-echo 'Building test helper (hostname).'
-go build -o /bin/hostname /usr/src/hostname/main.go
+echo '# Building test helper (hostname).'
+go build -v -o /bin/hostname /usr/src/hostname/main.go
+echo
 `
 	if !withHostname {
 		hostname = ""
 	}

-	return t.New("hakurei"+suffix+"-"+hakureiVersion, 0, t.Append(nil,
+	return t.New("hakurei"+suffix+"-"+hakureiVersion, 0, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		Go,
 		PkgConfig,

@@ -58,14 +59,14 @@ func main() {
 	)))
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Hakurei] = Metadata{
 		f: func(t Toolchain) (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 			return t.newHakurei("", `
 mkdir -p /work/system/libexec/hakurei/

-echo "Building hakurei for $(go env GOOS)/$(go env GOARCH)."
-go generate ./...
-go build -trimpath -tags=rosa -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
+echo '# Building hakurei.'
+go generate -v ./...
+go build -trimpath -v -tags=rosa -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
 	-buildid=
 	-linkmode external
 	-extldflags=-static
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ go build -trimpath -tags=rosa -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
 " ./...
 echo

-echo '##### Testing hakurei.'
+echo '# Testing hakurei.'
 go test -ldflags='-buildid= -linkmode external -extldflags=-static' ./...
 echo

@@ -93,21 +94,17 @@ mkdir -p /work/system/bin/
 		Website:     "https://hakurei.app/",

 		ID: 388834,
-	})
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	}
+	artifactsM[HakureiDist] = Metadata{
 		f: func(t Toolchain) (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-			name := "all"
-			if t.opts&OptSkipCheck != 0 {
-				name = "make"
-			}
 			return t.newHakurei("-dist", `
 export HAKUREI_VERSION
-DESTDIR=/work /usr/src/hakurei/`+name+`.sh
+DESTDIR=/work /usr/src/hakurei/all.sh
 `, true), hakureiVersion
 		},

 		Name:        "hakurei-dist",
 		Description: "low-level userspace tooling for Rosa OS (distribution tarball)",
 		Website:     "https://hakurei.app/",
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/hakurei_release.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/hakurei_release.go
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ package rosa

 import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"

-const hakureiVersion = "0.4.2"
+const hakureiVersion = "0.4.0"

 // hakureiSource is the source code of a hakurei release.
 var hakureiSource = newTar(
 	"https://git.gensokyo.uk/rosa/hakurei/archive/"+
 		"v"+hakureiVersion+".tar.gz",
-	"jadgaOrxv5ABGvzQ_Rk0aPGz7U8K-427TbMhQNQ32scSizEnlR44Pu7NoWYWVZWq",
+	"wfQ9DqCW0Fw9o91wj-I55waoqzB-UqzzuC0_2h-P-1M78SgZ1WHSPCDJMth6EyC2",
 	pkg.TarGzip,
 )

--- a/internal/rosa/hwdata.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/hwdata.go
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-
-func (t Toolchain) newHwdata() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "0.407"
-		checksum = "6p1XD0CRuzt6hLfjv4ShKBW934BexmoPkRrmwxD4J63fBVCzVBRHyF8pVJdW_Xjm"
-	)
-	return t.NewPackage("hwdata", version, newFromGitHub(
-		"vcrhonek/hwdata",
-		"v"+version, checksum,
-	), &PackageAttr{
-		Writable:    true,
-		EnterSource: true,
-	}, &MakeHelper{
-		// awk: fatal: cannot open file `hwdata.spec' for reading: No such file or directory
-		InPlace: true,
-
-		// lspci: Unknown option 'A' (see "lspci --help")
-		SkipCheck: true,
-	}), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newHwdata,
-
-		Name:        "hwdata",
-		Description: "contains various hardware identification and configuration data",
-		Website:     "https://github.com/vcrhonek/hwdata",
-
-		ID: 5387,
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/images.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/images.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 )

 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[EarlyInit] = Metadata{
 		Name:        "earlyinit",
 		Description: "Rosa OS initramfs init program",

@@ -24,14 +24,15 @@ go build -trimpath -v -o /work/system/libexec/hakurei -ldflags="-s -w
 echo
 `, false), Unversioned
 		},
-	})
+	}
 }
+
 func (t Toolchain) newImageSystem() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	return t.New("system.img", TNoToolchain, t.Append(nil,
+	return t.New("system.img", TNoToolchain, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		SquashfsTools,
 	), nil, nil, `
 mksquashfs /mnt/system /work/system.img
-`, pkg.Path(fhs.AbsRoot.Append("mnt"), false, t.Append(nil,
+`, pkg.Path(fhs.AbsRoot.Append("mnt"), false, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		Musl,
 		Mksh,
 		Toybox,
@@ -42,15 +43,16 @@ mksquashfs /mnt/system /work/system.img
 	)...)), Unversioned
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[ImageSystem] = Metadata{
 		Name:        "system-image",
 		Description: "Rosa OS system image",

 		f: Toolchain.newImageSystem,
-	})
+	}
 }
+
 func (t Toolchain) newImageInitramfs() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	return t.New("initramfs", TNoToolchain, t.Append(nil,
+	return t.New("initramfs", TNoToolchain, t.AppendPresets(nil,
 		Zstd,
 		EarlyInit,
 		GenInitCPIO,
@@ -64,10 +66,10 @@ file /init /system/libexec/hakurei/earlyinit 0555 0 0
 `)))), Unversioned
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[ImageInitramfs] = Metadata{
 		Name:        "initramfs-image",
 		Description: "Rosa OS initramfs image",

 		f: Toolchain.newImageInitramfs,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/kernel.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/kernel.go
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package rosa

 import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"

-const kernelVersion = "6.12.87"
+const kernelVersion = "6.12.84"

 var kernelSource = newTar(
 	"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/"+
 		"snapshot/linux-"+kernelVersion+".tar.gz",
-	"QTl5teIy0K5KsOLYGHQ3FbnPCZNRH2bySXVzghiOoHDdM3zAcSPUkmdly85lMzHx",
+	"GJLUEu68r3DpLYoTcMl4wA_ThMBs_Zwc0gZsp82ii_3AOfcVxpI639IKfq2jAAY2",
 	pkg.TarGzip,
 )

@@ -19,35 +19,18 @@ chmod -R +w /work/usr/src/linux/
 `, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("linux"), false, kernelSource)), kernelVersion
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[KernelSource] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newKernelSource,

 		Name:        "kernel-source",
 		Description: "a writable kernel source tree installed to /usr/src/linux",
 		Website:     "https://kernel.org/",
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newKernelHeaders() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	checksum := perArch[string]{
-		"amd64": "lCmBNcMeUmXifg0vecKOPy3GAaFcJSmOPnf3wit9xYTDSTsFADPt1xxUFfmTn1fD",
-		"arm64": "PlRxp4JzZeMGx7CScRlT1NBzc2NVyJlb8Gm8sa3ofFght9ZT101ZJhcIXiCkHSHM",
-	}
 	return t.NewPackage("kernel-headers", kernelVersion, kernelSource, &PackageAttr{
-		Flag:          TEarly,
-		KnownChecksum: new(mustDecode(checksum.unwrap(t.S))),
-
-		Paths: []pkg.ExecPath{
-			// updated manually for API changes
-			pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("version.h"), false, pkg.NewFile(
-				"version.h", []byte(`#define LINUX_VERSION_CODE 396372
-#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) (((a) << 16) + ((b) << 8) + ((c) > 255 ? 255 : (c)))
-#define LINUX_VERSION_MAJOR 6
-#define LINUX_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL 12
-#define LINUX_VERSION_SUBLEVEL 84
-`),
-			)),
-		},
+		Flag: TEarly,
 	}, &MakeHelper{
 		SkipConfigure: true,

@@ -60,23 +43,19 @@ func (t Toolchain) newKernelHeaders() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 			"INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/work/system",
 			"headers_install",
 		},
-		Install: `
-cat \
-	/usr/src/version.h > \
-	/work/system/include/linux/version.h
-`,
+		Install: "# headers installed during make",
 	},
 		Rsync,
 	), kernelVersion
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[KernelHeaders] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newKernelHeaders,

 		Name:        "kernel-headers",
 		Description: "an installation of kernel headers",
 		Website:     "https://kernel.org/",
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newKernel() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1275,7 +1254,7 @@ rm -v /work/system/lib/modules/` + kernelVersion + `/build
 	), kernelVersion
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Kernel] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newKernel,

 		Name:        "kernel",
@@ -1283,7 +1262,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://kernel.org/",

 		ID: 375621,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newGenInitCPIO() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1293,12 +1272,12 @@ cc -o /work/system/bin/gen_init_cpio /usr/src/linux/usr/gen_init_cpio.c
 `, pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append("linux"), false, kernelSource)), kernelVersion
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[GenInitCPIO] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newGenInitCPIO,

 		Name:        "gen_init_cpio",
 		Description: "a program in the kernel source tree for creating initramfs archive",
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newFirmware() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -1340,7 +1319,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newFirmware() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Firmware] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newFirmware,

 		Name:        "firmware",
@@ -1348,5 +1327,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/",

 		ID: 141464,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/kmod.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/kmod.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newKmod() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Kmod] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newKmod,

 		Name:        "kmod",
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ func init() {
 		},

 		ID: 1517,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/libarchive.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libarchive.go
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-
-func (t Toolchain) newLibarchive() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "3.8.7"
-		checksum = "CUJK4MDQmZmATClgQBH2Wt-7Ts4iiSUlg1J_TVb6-5IK3rVUgVLIMc5k-bnWB9w3"
-	)
-	return t.NewPackage("libarchive", version, newFromGitHub(
-		"libarchive/libarchive",
-		"v"+version, checksum,
-	), &PackageAttr{
-		Paths: []pkg.ExecPath{
-			pkg.Path(AbsUsrSrc.Append(
-				"CTestCustom.cmake",
-			), false, pkg.NewFile("CTestCustom.cmake", []byte(`
-list(APPEND CTEST_CUSTOM_TESTS_IGNORE
-	"libarchive_test_archive_string_conversion_fail_c"
-	"libarchive_test_archive_string_conversion_fail_latin1"
-	"libarchive_test_archive_string_update_utf8_koi8"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_CP1251_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_Russian_Russia"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_gnutar_filename_encoding_CP932_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_EUCJP"
-	"libarchive_test_pax_filename_encoding_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_eucJP"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_CP866_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_KOI8R_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_eucJP_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_CP866_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_CP866_CP1251_win"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_KOI8R_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cpio_filename_UTF8_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_CP866_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_KOI8R_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_eucJP_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_CP866_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_CP866_CP1251_win"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_gtar_filename_KOI8R_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_rar_unicode_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP932_eucJP"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_eucJP"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP866_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_KOI8R_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP932_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP866_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_CP866_CP1251_win"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_KOI8R_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_zip_filename_UTF8_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_KOI8R_CP866"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_CP1251_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_Russian_Russia"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_EUCJP_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_ustar_filename_encoding_CP932_UTF8"
-	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_KOI8R"
-	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_ru_RU_CP1251"
-	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_Russian_Russia"
-	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_EUCJP"
-	"libarchive_test_zip_filename_encoding_CP932"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_cab_filename"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_lha_filename"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_tar_filename"
-	"libarchive_test_read_format_ustar_filename"
-	"libarchive_test_read_append_wrong_filter"
-)
-`))),
-		},
-
-		Writable: true,
-		ScriptEarly: `
-install -Dv /usr/src/CTestCustom.cmake /cure/
-`,
-	}, (*CMakeHelper)(nil)), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newLibarchive,
-
-		Name:        "libarchive",
-		Description: "multi-format archive and compression library",
-		Website:     "https://www.libarchive.org/",
-
-		ID: 1558,
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/libbsd.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libbsd.go
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"

 func (t Toolchain) newLibmd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "1.2.0"
-		checksum = "1rJ6joAO0wwMZvSfnRNkc1MOhywyAq7SM8VmF92NvDtv7Qdl1LRbjm5fg_DFFtGj"
+		version  = "1.1.0"
+		checksum = "9apYqPPZm0j5HQT8sCsVIhnVIqRD7XgN7kPIaTwTqnTuUq5waUAMq4M7ev8CODJ1"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("libmd", version, t.newTagRemote(
 		"https://git.hadrons.org/git/libmd.git",
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ install -D /usr/src/libmd/src/helper.c src/helper.c
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libmd] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibmd,

 		Name:        "libmd",
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://www.hadrons.org/software/libmd/",

 		ID: 15525,
-	})
+	}
 }

 func (t Toolchain) newLibbsd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibbsd() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libbsd] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibbsd,

 		Name:        "libbsd",
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://libbsd.freedesktop.org/",

 		ID: 1567,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/libcap.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libcap.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ ln -s ../system/bin/bash /bin/
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libcap] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibcap,

 		Name:        "libcap",
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://sites.google.com/site/fullycapable/",

 		ID: 1569,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/libconfig.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libconfig.go
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-
-func (t Toolchain) newLibconfig() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "1.8.2"
-		checksum = "fD32hjeAZuTz98g6WYHRwsxphrgrEFqxi5Z1jlJemPckPBfxpS3i5HgshAuA6vmT"
-	)
-	return t.NewPackage("libconfig", version, newFromGitHub(
-		"hyperrealm/libconfig",
-		"v"+version,
-		checksum,
-	), &PackageAttr{
-		Patches: []KV{
-			{"disable-broken-tests", `diff --git a/tests/tests.c b/tests/tests.c
-index eba7eae..f916d2e 100644
--- a/tests/tests.c
-+++ b/tests/tests.c
-@@ -753,7 +753,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
-   int failures;
- 
-   TT_SUITE_START(LibConfigTests);
-  TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ParsingAndFormatting);
-   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ParseInvalidFiles);
-   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ParseInvalidStrings);
-   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, BigInt1);
-@@ -768,7 +767,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
-   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, OverrideSetting);
-   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, SettingLookups);
-   TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, ReadStream);
-  TT_SUITE_TEST(LibConfigTests, BinaryAndHex);
-   TT_SUITE_RUN(LibConfigTests);
-   failures = TT_SUITE_NUM_FAILURES(LibConfigTests);
-   TT_SUITE_END(LibConfigTests);
-`},
-		},
-	}, (*CMakeHelper)(nil)), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newLibconfig,
-
-		Name:        "libconfig",
-		Description: "a simple library for processing structured configuration files",
-		Website:     "https://hyperrealm.github.io/libconfig/",
-
-		ID: 1580,
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/libdisplay-info.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libdisplay-info.go
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-
-func (t Toolchain) newLibdisplayInfo() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "0.3.0"
-		checksum = "yjOqPUHHYgRtpqGw5RI1n2Q1_hO5j0LiFNMbjcRWV4Nf71XwwoC9fZMlKBDeLchT"
-	)
-	return t.NewPackage("libdisplay-info", version, newFromGitLab(
-		"gitlab.freedesktop.org",
-		"emersion/libdisplay-info",
-		version, checksum,
-	), nil, (*MesonHelper)(nil),
-		Diffutils,
-
-		Hwdata,
-	), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newLibdisplayInfo,
-
-		Name:        "libdisplay-info",
-		Description: "EDID and DisplayID library",
-		Website:     "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/emersion/libdisplay-info",
-
-		ID: 326668,
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/libepoxy.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libepoxy.go
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-package rosa
-
-import "hakurei.app/internal/pkg"
-
-func (t Toolchain) newLibepoxy() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
-	const (
-		version  = "1.5.10"
-		checksum = "OHI8wshrlGw6BMGrmSyejJtwzM2gPhyFJrTsKxULyKMmYrfgcOe7Iw2ibVoUND_Q"
-	)
-	return t.NewPackage("libepoxy", version, newFromGitHub(
-		"anholt/libepoxy",
-		version,
-		checksum,
-	), nil, &MesonHelper{
-		Setup: []KV{
-			{"Dglx", "no"},
-			{"Degl", "no"},
-		},
-	},
-		LibX11,
-	), version
-}
-func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
-		f: Toolchain.newLibepoxy,
-
-		Name:        "libepoxy",
-		Description: "a library for handling OpenGL function pointer management",
-		Website:     "https://github.com/anholt/libepoxy",
-
-		ID: 6090,
-	})
-}
--- a/internal/rosa/libev.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libev.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibev() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), nil, (*MakeHelper)(nil)), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libev] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibev,

 		Name:        "libev",
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "http://libev.schmorp.de/",

 		ID: 1605,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/rosa/libexpat.go
+++ b/internal/rosa/libexpat.go
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (

 func (t Toolchain) newLibexpat() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	const (
-		version  = "2.8.1"
-		checksum = "iMEtbOJhQfGof2GxSlxffQSI1va_NDDQ9VIuqcPbNZ0291Dr8wttD5QecYyjIQap"
+		version  = "2.8.0"
+		checksum = "pnwZ_JSif-OfoWIwk2JYXWHagOWMA3Sh-Ea0p-4Rz9U9mDEeAebhyvnfD7OYOMCk"
 	)
 	return t.NewPackage("libexpat", version, newFromGitHubRelease(
 		"libexpat/libexpat",
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func (t Toolchain) newLibexpat() (pkg.Artifact, string) {
 	), version
 }
 func init() {
-	native.MustRegister(&Artifact{
+	artifactsM[Libexpat] = Metadata{
 		f: Toolchain.newLibexpat,

 		Name:        "libexpat",
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ func init() {
 		Website:     "https://libexpat.github.io/",

 		ID: 770,
-	})
+	}
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
mae	05b79c484e	cmd/pkgserver: update	2026-04-18 11:32:08 -05:00
mae	01300f645c	cmd/pkgserver: fix gitignore	2026-04-18 11:06:52 -05:00
mae	256fe245f7	cmd/pkgserver: better no results handling	2026-04-18 10:57:04 -05:00
mae	27e1fdbefb	cmd/pkgserver: better no results handling	2026-04-18 10:57:04 -05:00
mae	96df793bba	cmd/pkgserver: finish search implementation	2026-04-18 02:07:52 -05:00
mae	9ba3f99eb9	cmd/pkgserver: remove get endpoint count field	2026-03-13 20:41:53 -05:00
mae	f9a3f47cda	cmd/pkgserver: search endpoint	2026-03-13 20:32:19 -05:00
mae	ef90d069d4	cmd/pkgserver: pagination bugfix	2026-03-13 01:01:23 -05:00
Ophestra	c14d1bcf74	cmd/pkgserver: guard sass/ts behind build tag Packaging nodejs and ruby is an immense burden for the Rosa OS base system, and these files diff poorly. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-12 01:40:04 +09:00
mae	b056707d32	cmd/pkgserver: add size	2026-03-10 15:10:05 -05:00
Ophestra	83c7b73882	cmd/pkgserver: expose size and store pre-encoded ident This change also handles SIGSEGV correctly in newStatusHandler, and makes serving status fully zero copy. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 03:32:09 +09:00
Ophestra	c9108505eb	cmd/pkgserver: look up status by name once This has far less overhead. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 03:17:56 +09:00
Ophestra	5b24dec9ad	cmd/pkgserver: refer to preset in index This enables referencing back to internal/rosa through an entry obtained via the index. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 03:06:30 +09:00
Ophestra	2a515fc698	cmd/pkgserver: handle unversioned value This omits the field for an unversioned artifact, and only does so once on startup. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:52:23 +09:00
Ophestra	158a248322	cmd/pkgserver: determine disposition route in mux This removes duplicate checks and uses the more sound check in mux. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:33:34 +09:00
Ophestra	e9372c4504	cmd/pkgserver: format get error messages This improves source code readability on smaller displays. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:29:27 +09:00
Ophestra	015050c172	cmd/pkgserver: constant string in pattern This resolves patterns at compile time. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:23:43 +09:00
Ophestra	148bd29cb9	cmd/pkgserver: satisfy handler signature in method This is somewhat cleaner. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:18:21 +09:00
Ophestra	6a4dd8b2c8	cmd/pkgserver: log instead of write encoding error This message is unlikely to be useful to the user, and output may be partially written at this point, causing the error to be even less intelligible. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:10:40 +09:00
Ophestra	18616e11c2	cmd/pkgserver: appropriately mark test helpers This improves usefulness of test log messages. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:04:13 +09:00
Ophestra	d9a925e0e0	cmd/pkgserver: do not omit report field Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:03:47 +09:00
Ophestra	24ed43726d	cmd/pkgserver: gracefully shut down on signal Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 02:00:55 +09:00
Ophestra	bb0a1c4ea7	cmd/pkgserver: specify full addr string in flag This allows greater flexibility. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 01:49:42 +09:00
Ophestra	b3ed0dae02	cmd/pkgserver: make report argument optional This allows serving metadata only without a populated report. This also removes the out-of-bounds read on args when no arguments are passed. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 01:47:49 +09:00
Ophestra	0d42eaff03	cmd/pkgserver: embed internal/rosa metadata This change also cleans up and reduces some unnecessary copies. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-11 01:36:54 +09:00
Ophestra	166ff8379d	cmd/pkgserver: do not assume default mux This helps with testing. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-10 23:59:16 +09:00
Ophestra	f5f8dc5a58	cmd/pkgserver: create index without report This is useful for testing, where report testdata is not available. Signed-off-by: Ophestra <cat@gensokyo.uk>	2026-03-10 22:31:59 +09:00
mae	67f61a8758	cmd/pkgserver: add sort orders, change pagination rules	2026-03-10 05:18:55 -05:00
mae	7b0c1f735a	cmd/pkgserver: add /status endpoint	2026-03-10 04:24:49 -05:00
mae	e22fc80cea	cmd/pkgserver: minimum viable frontend	2026-03-10 03:31:14 -05:00
mae	4ade2e5de9	cmd/pkgserver: api versioning	2026-03-09 23:41:16 -05:00
mae	9737d14ff3	cmd/pkgserver: add get endpoint	2026-03-09 18:18:51 -05:00
mae	d1d2dc6461	cmd/pkgserver: add count endpoint and restructure	2026-03-09 15:41:21 -05:00
mae	9907458e5c	cmd/pkgserver: add status endpoint	2026-03-09 04:09:18 -05:00
mae	73af5930c9	cmd/pkgserver: add createPackageIndex	2026-03-09 01:27:46 -05:00
mae	172c8a2a66	cmd/pkgserver: add command handler	2026-03-08 22:28:08 -05:00
mae	aade65f826	cmd/pkgserver: replace favicon	2026-03-05 01:12:17 -06:00
mae	fb3a289e06	cmd/pkgserver: pagination	2026-03-05 00:32:25 -06:00
mae	5fe0b2fa74	cmd/pkgserver: basic web ui	2026-03-04 22:50:58 -06:00