hakurei/internal/pkg/pkg.go

// Package pkg provides utilities for packaging software.
package pkg

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"cmp"
	"context"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/sha512"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"hash"
	"io"
	"io/fs"
	"maps"
	"math"
	"os"
	"os/signal"
	"path/filepath"
	"runtime"
	"slices"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"syscall"
	"testing"
	"time"
	"unique"
	"unsafe"

	"hakurei.app/check"
	"hakurei.app/internal/info"
	"hakurei.app/internal/lockedfile"
	"hakurei.app/message"
)

const (
	// programName is the string identifying this build system.
	programName = "internal/pkg"
)

type (
	// A Checksum is a SHA-384 checksum computed for a cured [Artifact].
	Checksum = [sha512.Size384]byte

	// An ID is a unique identifier returned by [KnownIdent.ID]. This value must
	// be deterministically determined ahead of time.
	ID Checksum
)

// Encode is abbreviation for base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(checksum[:]).
func Encode(checksum Checksum) string {
	return base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(checksum[:])
}

// Decode is abbreviation for base64.URLEncoding.Decode(checksum[:], []byte(s)).
func Decode(buf *Checksum, s string) (err error) {
	var n int
	n, err = base64.URLEncoding.Decode(buf[:], []byte(s))
	if err == nil && n != len(buf) {
		err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
	}
	return
}

// MustDecode decodes a string representation of [Checksum] and panics if there
// is a decoding error or the resulting data is too short.
func MustDecode(s string) (checksum Checksum) {
	if err := Decode(&checksum, s); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return
}

var (
	// extension is a string uniquely identifying a set of custom [Artifact]
	// implementations registered by calling [Register].
	extension string

	// openMu synchronises access to global state for initialisation.
	openMu sync.Mutex
	// opened is false if [Open] was never called.
	opened bool
)

// Extension returns a string uniquely identifying the currently registered set
// of custom [Artifact], or the zero value if none was registered.
func Extension() string { return extension }

// ValidExtension returns whether s is valid for use in a call to SetExtension.
func ValidExtension(s string) bool {
	if l := len(s); l == 0 || l > 128 {
		return false
	}
	for _, v := range s {
		if v < 'a' || v > 'z' {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

// ErrInvalidExtension is returned for a variant identification string for which
// [ValidExtension] returns false.
var ErrInvalidExtension = errors.New("invalid extension variant identification string")

// SetExtension sets the extension variant identification string. SetExtension
// must be called before [Open] if custom [Artifact] implementations had been
// recorded by calling [Register].
//
// The variant identification string must be between 1 and 128 bytes long and
// consists of only bytes between 'a' and 'z'.
//
// SetExtension is not safe for concurrent use. SetExtension is called at most
// once and must not be called after the first instance of Cache has been opened.
func SetExtension(s string) {
	openMu.Lock()
	defer openMu.Unlock()

	if opened {
		panic("attempting to set extension after open")
	}
	if extension != "" {
		panic("attempting to set extension twice")
	}
	if !ValidExtension(s) {
		panic(ErrInvalidExtension)
	}
	extension = s
	statusHeader = makeStatusHeader(s)
}

// common holds elements and receives methods shared between different contexts.
type common struct {
	// Context specific to this [Artifact]. The toplevel context in [Cache] must
	// not be exposed directly.
	ctx context.Context

	// Address of underlying [Cache], should be zeroed or made unusable after
	// Cure returns and must not be exposed directly.
	cache *Cache
}

// TContext is passed to [TrivialArtifact.Cure] and provides information and
// methods required for curing the [TrivialArtifact].
//
// Methods of TContext are safe for concurrent use. TContext is valid
// until [TrivialArtifact.Cure] returns.
type TContext struct {
	// Populated during [Cache.Cure].
	work, temp *check.Absolute

	// Target [Artifact] encoded identifier.
	ids string
	// Pathname status was created at.
	statusPath, statusSPath *check.Absolute
	// File statusHeader and logs are written to.
	status *os.File
	// Error value during prepareStatus.
	statusErr error

	common
}

// makeStatusHeader creates the header written to every status file. This should
// not be called directly, its result is stored in statusHeader and will not
// change after the first [Cache] is opened.
func makeStatusHeader(extension string) string {
	s := programName
	if v := info.Version(); v != info.FallbackVersion {
		s += " " + v
	}
	if extension != "" {
		s += " with " + extension + " extensions"
	}
	s += " (" + runtime.GOARCH + ")"
	if name, err := os.Hostname(); err == nil {
		s += " on " + name
	}
	s += "\n\n"
	return s
}

// statusHeader is the header written to all status files in dirStatus.
var statusHeader = makeStatusHeader("")

// prepareStatus initialises the status file once.
func (t *TContext) prepareStatus(writeHeader bool) error {
	if t.statusPath != nil || t.status != nil {
		return t.statusErr
	}

	t.statusPath = t.cache.base.Append(
		dirStatus,
		t.ids,
	)
	if t.status, t.statusErr = os.OpenFile(
		t.statusPath.String(),
		syscall.O_CREAT|syscall.O_EXCL|syscall.O_WRONLY,
		0400,
	); t.statusErr != nil {
		return t.statusErr
	}

	if writeHeader {
		_, t.statusErr = t.status.WriteString(statusHeader)
	}
	return t.statusErr
}

// GetStatusWriter returns a [io.Writer] for build logs. The caller must not
// seek this writer before the position it was first returned in.
func (t *TContext) GetStatusWriter() (io.Writer, error) {
	err := t.prepareStatus(true)
	return t.status, err
}

// destroy destroys the temporary directory and joins its errors with the error
// referred to by errP. If the error referred to by errP is non-nil, the work
// directory is removed similarly. [Cache] is responsible for making sure work
// is never left behind for a successful [Cache.Cure].
//
// If implementation had requested status, it is closed with error joined with
// the error referred to by errP. If the error referred to by errP is non-nil,
// the status file is removed from the filesystem.
//
// destroy must be deferred by [Cache.Cure] if [TContext] is passed to any Cure
// implementation. It should not be called prior to that point.
func (t *TContext) destroy(errP *error) {
	if chmodErr, removeErr := removeAll(t.temp); chmodErr != nil || removeErr != nil {
		*errP = errors.Join(*errP, chmodErr, removeErr)
	}

	if *errP != nil {
		chmodErr, removeErr := removeAll(t.work)
		if chmodErr != nil || removeErr != nil {
			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, chmodErr, removeErr)
		} else if errors.Is(*errP, os.ErrExist) {
			if linkError, ok := errors.AsType[*os.LinkError](*errP); ok &&
				linkError != nil &&
				linkError.Op == "rename" {
				// two artifacts may be backed by the same file
				*errP = nil
			}
		}
	}

	if t.status != nil {
		if err := t.status.Close(); err != nil {
			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, err)
		}
		if *errP != nil {
			*errP = errors.Join(*errP, os.Rename(
				t.statusPath.String(), t.cache.base.Append(
					dirFault,
					t.ids+"."+strconv.FormatUint(uint64(
						time.Now().UnixNano(),
					), 10),
				).String(),
			))
			if t.statusSPath != nil {
				t.cache.checksumMu.Lock()
				*errP = errors.Join(*errP, os.Remove(t.statusSPath.String()))
				t.cache.checksumMu.Unlock()
			}
		}
		t.status = nil
	}
}

// Unwrap returns the underlying [context.Context].
func (c *common) Unwrap() context.Context { return c.ctx }

// GetMessage returns [message.Msg] held by the underlying [Cache].
func (c *common) GetMessage() message.Msg { return c.cache.msg }

// GetJobs returns the preferred number of jobs to run, when applicable. Its
// value must not affect cure outcome.
func (c *common) GetJobs() int { return c.cache.attr.Jobs }

// GetLoad returns the preferred load average target, when applicable. Its
// value must not affect cure outcome.
func (c *common) GetLoad() int { return c.cache.attr.Load }

// GetWorkDir returns a pathname to a directory which [Artifact] is expected to
// write its output to. This is not the final resting place of the [Artifact]
// and this pathname should not be directly referred to in the final contents.
func (t *TContext) GetWorkDir() *check.Absolute { return t.work }

// GetTempDir returns a pathname which implementations may use as scratch space.
// A directory is not created automatically, implementations are expected to
// create it if they wish to use it, using [os.MkdirAll].
func (t *TContext) GetTempDir() *check.Absolute { return t.temp }

// Open tries to open [Artifact] for reading. If a implements [FileArtifact],
// its reader might be used directly, eliminating the roundtrip to vfs.
// Otherwise, it must cure into a directory containing a single regular file.
//
// If err is nil, the caller must close the resulting [io.ReadCloser] and return
// its error, if any. Failure to read r to EOF may result in a spurious
// [ChecksumMismatchError], or the underlying implementation may block on Close.
func (c *common) Open(a Artifact) (r io.ReadCloser, err error) {
	if f, ok := a.(FileArtifact); ok {
		return c.cache.openFile(c.ctx, f)
	}

	var pathname *check.Absolute
	if pathname, _, _, err = c.cache.cure(a, true, false); err != nil {
		return
	}

	var entries []os.DirEntry
	if entries, err = os.ReadDir(pathname.String()); err != nil {
		return
	}

	if len(entries) != 1 || !entries[0].Type().IsRegular() {
		err = errors.New(
			"input directory does not contain a single regular file",
		)
		return
	} else {
		return os.Open(pathname.Append(entries[0].Name()).String())
	}
}

// FContext is passed to [FloodArtifact.Cure] and provides information and
// methods required for curing the [FloodArtifact].
//
// Methods of FContext are safe for concurrent use. FContext is valid
// until [FloodArtifact.Cure] returns.
type FContext struct {
	TContext

	// Cured top-level inputs looked up by Pathname.
	inputs map[Artifact]cureRes
}

// linkSubstitute links status for substitute if populated.
func (f *FContext) linkSubstitute(ids, substitutes string) (err error) {
	if f.status == nil || ids == substitutes {
		return
	}

	statusS := f.cache.base.Append(
		dirStatus,
		substitutes,
	)
	f.cache.checksumMu.Lock()
	err = os.Link(f.cache.base.Append(
		dirStatus,
		ids,
	).String(), statusS.String())
	f.cache.checksumMu.Unlock()
	if err == nil {
		f.statusSPath = statusS
	}
	return
}

// InvalidLookupError is the identifier of non-input [Artifact] looked up
// via [FContext.GetArtifact] by a misbehaving [Artifact] implementation.
type InvalidLookupError ID

func (e InvalidLookupError) Error() string {
	return "attempting to look up non-input artifact " + Encode(e)
}

var _ error = InvalidLookupError{}

// GetArtifact returns the identifier pathname and checksum of an [Artifact].
// Calling Pathname with an [Artifact] not part of the slice returned by
// [Artifact.Inputs] panics.
func (f *FContext) GetArtifact(a Artifact) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
) {
	if res, ok := f.inputs[a]; ok {
		return res.pathname, res.checksum
	}
	panic(InvalidLookupError(f.cache.Ident(a).Value()))
}

// RContext is passed to [FileArtifact.Cure] and provides helper methods useful
// for curing the [FileArtifact].
//
// Methods of RContext are safe for concurrent use. RContext is valid
// until [FileArtifact.Cure] returns.
type RContext struct{ common }

// An Artifact is a read-only reference to a piece of data that may be created
// deterministically but might not currently be available in memory or on the
// filesystem.
type Artifact interface {
	// Kind returns the [Kind] of artifact. This is usually unique to the
	// concrete type but two functionally identical implementations of
	// [Artifact] is allowed to return the same [Kind] value.
	Kind() Kind

	// Params writes deterministic values describing [Artifact]. Implementations
	// must guarantee that these values are unique among differing instances
	// of the same implementation with identical dependencies and conveys enough
	// information to create another instance of [Artifact] identical to the
	// instance emitting these values. The new instance created via [IRReadFunc]
	// from these values must then produce identical IR values.
	//
	// Result must remain identical across multiple invocations.
	Params(ctx *IContext)

	// Inputs returns a slice of [Artifact] the current instance has access to
	// while producing its output.
	//
	// Callers must not modify the retuned slice.
	//
	// Result must remain identical across multiple invocations.
	Inputs() []Artifact

	// IsExclusive returns whether the [Artifact] is exclusive. Exclusive
	// artifacts might not run in parallel with each other, and are still
	// subject to the cures limit.
	//
	// Some implementations may saturate the CPU for a nontrivial amount of
	// time. Curing multiple such implementations simultaneously causes
	// significant CPU scheduler overhead. An exclusive artifact will generally
	// not be cured alongside another exclusive artifact, thus alleviating this
	// overhead.
	//
	// Note that [Cache] reserves the right to still cure exclusive
	// artifacts concurrently as this is not a synchronisation primitive but
	// an optimisation one. Implementations are forbidden from accessing global
	// state regardless of exclusivity.
	//
	// Result must remain identical across multiple invocations.
	IsExclusive() bool
}

// FloodArtifact refers to an [Artifact] requiring its entire dependency graph
// to be cured prior to curing itself.
type FloodArtifact interface {
	// Cure cures the current [Artifact] to the working directory obtained via
	// [TContext.GetWorkDir] embedded in [FContext].
	//
	// Implementations must not retain c.
	Cure(f *FContext) (err error)

	Artifact
}

// TrivialArtifact refers to an [Artifact] that cures without requiring that
// any other [Artifact] is cured before it. Its dependency tree is ignored after
// computing its identifier.
//
// TrivialArtifact is unable to cure any other [Artifact] and it cannot access
// pathnames. This type of [Artifact] is primarily intended for dependency-less
// artifacts or direct dependencies that only consists of [FileArtifact].
type TrivialArtifact interface {
	// Cure cures the current [Artifact] to the working directory obtained via
	// [TContext.GetWorkDir].
	//
	// Implementations must not retain c.
	Cure(t *TContext) (err error)

	Artifact
}

// KnownIdent is optionally implemented by [Artifact] and is used instead of
// [Cache.Ident] when it is available.
//
// This is very subtle to use correctly. The implementation must ensure that
// this value is globally unique, otherwise [Cache] can enter an inconsistent
// state. This should not be implemented outside of testing.
type KnownIdent interface {
	// ID returns a globally unique identifier referring to the current
	// [Artifact]. This value must be known ahead of time and guaranteed to be
	// unique without having obtained the full contents of the [Artifact].
	ID() ID
}

// KnownChecksum is optionally implemented by [Artifact] for an artifact with
// output known ahead of time.
type KnownChecksum interface {
	// Checksum returns the address of a known checksum.
	//
	// Callers must not modify the [Checksum].
	//
	// Result must remain identical across multiple invocations.
	Checksum() Checksum
}

// CuresExempt is optionally implemented for an artifact exempt to the
// cache-wide cures counter and limit.
type CuresExempt interface {
	Artifact

	// CuresExempt is a no-op function but serves to distinguish implementations
	// that are cures-exempt.
	CuresExempt()
}

// FileArtifact refers to an [Artifact] backed by a single file.
//
// FileArtifact does not support fine-grained cancellation. Its context is
// inherited from the first [TrivialArtifact] or [FloodArtifact] that opens it.
type FileArtifact interface {
	// Cure returns [io.ReadCloser] of the full contents of [FileArtifact]. If
	// [FileArtifact] implements [KnownChecksum], Cure is responsible for
	// validating any data it produces and must return [ChecksumMismatchError]
	// if validation fails. This error is conventionally returned during the
	// first call to Close, but may be returned during any call to Read before
	// EOF, or by Cure itself.
	//
	// Callers are responsible for closing the resulting [io.ReadCloser].
	//
	// Result must remain identical across multiple invocations.
	Cure(r *RContext) (io.ReadCloser, error)

	Artifact
}

// RevisionArtifact is optionally implemented by an artifact that had undergone
// internal changes affecting its behaviour while retaining its IR structure.
type RevisionArtifact interface {
	// Revision returns the revision number of [Artifact]. This value is always
	// represented in the IR. An IR stream produced from the same [Kind] with
	// differing revision is rejected.
	//
	// Result must remain identical across multiple invocations.
	Revision() uint64

	Artifact
}

// GetRevision returns the revision number of an [Artifact].
func GetRevision(a Artifact) (revision uint64) {
	revision = math.MaxUint64
	if r, ok := a.(RevisionArtifact); ok {
		revision = r.Revision()
	}
	return
}

// reportName returns a string describing [Artifact] presented to the user.
func reportName(a Artifact, id unique.Handle[ID]) string {
	r := Encode(id.Value())
	if s, ok := a.(fmt.Stringer); ok {
		if name := s.String(); name != "" {
			r += "-" + name
		}
	}
	return r
}

// Kind corresponds to the concrete type of [Artifact] and is used to create
// identifier for an [Artifact] with dependencies.
type Kind uint64

const (
	// KindHTTPGet is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewHTTPGet].
	KindHTTPGet Kind = iota
	// KindTar is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewTar].
	KindTar
	// KindExec is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewExec].
	KindExec
	// KindExecNet is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewExec] but with a
	// non-nil checksum.
	KindExecNet
	// KindFile is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewFile].
	KindFile
	// KindDecompress is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewDecompress].
	KindDecompress
	// KindArchive is the kind of [Artifact] returned by [NewArchive].
	KindArchive

	// _kindEnd is the total number of kinds and does not denote a kind.
	_kindEnd

	// KindCustomOffset is the first [Kind] value reserved for implementations
	// not from this package.
	KindCustomOffset = 1 << 31
)

const (
	// kindCollection is the kind of [Collect]. It never cures successfully.
	kindCollection Kind = KindCustomOffset - 1 - iota
)

const (
	// fileLock is the lock file for exclusive access to the cache directory.
	fileLock = "lock"
	// fileVariant is a file holding the variant identification string set by a
	// prior call to [SetExtension].
	fileVariant = "variant"

	// dirSubstitute holds symlinks to artifacts by checksum, named after their
	// substitute identifier.
	dirSubstitute = "substitute"
	// dirIdentifier holds symlinks to artifacts by checksum,  named after their
	// IR-based identifier.
	dirIdentifier = "identifier"
	// dirChecksum holds artifacts named after their [Checksum].
	dirChecksum = "checksum"
	// dirStatus holds artifact metadata and logs named after their IR-based
	// identifier. For [FloodArtifact], the same file is also available under
	// its substitute identifier.
	dirStatus = "status"
	// dirFault holds status files of faulted cures.
	dirFault = "fault"

	// dirWork holds working pathnames set up during [Cache.Cure].
	dirWork = "work"
	// dirTemp holds scratch space allocated during [Cache.Cure].
	dirTemp = "temp"

	// dirExecScratch is scratch space set up for the container started by
	// [Cache.EnterExec]. Exclusivity via Cache.inExec.
	dirExecScratch = "scratch"

	// checksumLinknamePrefix is prepended to the encoded [Checksum] value
	// of an [Artifact] when creating a symbolic link to dirChecksum.
	checksumLinknamePrefix = "../" + dirChecksum + "/"
)

// cureRes are the non-error results returned by [Cache.Cure].
type cureRes struct {
	pathname *check.Absolute
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
}

// A pendingArtifactDep is an input [Artifact] pending concurrent curing,
// subject to the cures limit. Values pointed to by result addresses are safe
// to access after the [sync.WaitGroup] associated with this pendingArtifactDep
// is done. pendingArtifactDep must not be reused or modified after it is sent
// to cure.
type pendingArtifactDep struct {
	// Dependency artifact populated during [Cache.Cure].
	a Artifact

	// Address of result pathname populated during [Cache.Cure] and dereferenced
	// if curing succeeds.
	resP *cureRes

	// Address of result error slice populated during [Cache.Cure], dereferenced
	// after acquiring errsMu if curing fails. No additional action is taken,
	// [Cache] and its caller are responsible for further error handling.
	errs *DependencyCureError
	// Address of mutex synchronising access to errs.
	errsMu *sync.Mutex

	// For synchronising access to result buffer.
	*sync.WaitGroup
}

const (
	// CValidateKnown arranges for [KnownChecksum] outcomes to be validated to
	// match its intended checksum.
	//
	// A correct implementation of [KnownChecksum] does not successfully cure
	// with output not matching its intended checksum. When an implementation
	// fails to perform this validation correctly, the on-disk format enters
	// an inconsistent state (correctable by [Cache.Scrub]).
	//
	// This flag causes [Cache.Cure] to always compute the checksum, and reject
	// a cure if it does not match the intended checksum.
	//
	// This behaviour significantly reduces performance and is not recommended
	// outside of testing a custom [Artifact] implementation.
	CValidateKnown = 1 << iota

	// CSchedIdle arranges for the [ext.SCHED_IDLE] scheduling priority to be
	// set for [KindExec] and [KindExecNet] containers.
	CSchedIdle

	// CAssumeChecksum enables the use of [KnownChecksum] for duplicate function
	// call suppression via the on-disk cache.
	//
	// This may cause incorrect cure outcome if an impossible checksum is
	// specified that matches an output already present in the on-disk cache.
	// This may be avoided by purposefully specifying a statistically
	// unattainable checksum, like the zero value.
	//
	// While this optimisation might seem appealing, it is almost never
	// applicable in real world use. Almost every time this path was taken, it
	// was caused by an incorrect checksum accidentally left behind while
	// bumping a package. Only enable this if you are really sure you need it.
	CAssumeChecksum

	// CHostAbstract disables restriction of sandboxed processes from connecting
	// to an abstract UNIX socket created by a host process.
	//
	// This is considered less secure in some systems, but does not introduce
	// impurity due to [KindExecNet] being [KnownChecksum]. This flag exists
	// to support kernels without Landlock LSM enabled.
	CHostAbstract

	// CPromoteVariant allows [pkg.Open] to promote an unextended on-disk cache
	// to the current extension variant. This is a one-way operation.
	CPromoteVariant

	// CSuppressInit arranges for verbose output of the container init to be
	// suppressed regardless of [message.Msg] state.
	CSuppressInit

	// CIgnoreSubstitutes disables content-based input substitution.
	CIgnoreSubstitutes

	// CExternShallow arranges for only non-flood inputs to be fetched when
	// curing an [Artifact] available via the external cache.
	CExternShallow
)

// toplevel holds [context.WithCancel] over caller-supplied context, where all
// [Artifact] context are derived from.
type toplevel struct {
	ctx    context.Context
	cancel context.CancelFunc
}

// newToplevel returns the address of a new toplevel via ctx.
func newToplevel(ctx context.Context) *toplevel {
	var t toplevel
	t.ctx, t.cancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
	return &t
}

// pendingCure provides synchronisation and cancellation for pending cures.
type pendingCure struct {
	// Closed on cure completion.
	done <-chan struct{}
	// Error outcome, safe to access after done is closed.
	err error
	// Cancels the corresponding cure.
	cancel context.CancelFunc
}

// An External cache provides prepared [Artifact] cure outcomes.
type External interface {
	// Artifact returns the address of the [Checksum] of the cure outcome of
	// an [Artifact] corresponding to id, or nil if this [Artifact] is not
	// available in the external cache.
	Artifact(ctx context.Context, id unique.Handle[ID]) (*Checksum, error)
	// Checksum returns an [Artifact] producing the specified checksum.
	Checksum(checksum unique.Handle[Checksum]) Artifact
	// Status returns [io.ReadCloser] of the status file of an [Artifact]
	// corresponding to id, or nil if this [Artifact] is not available or a
	// status file is not present.
	Status(r *RContext, id unique.Handle[ID]) (io.ReadCloser, error)
}

// Cache is a support layer that implementations of [Artifact] can use to store
// cured [Artifact] data in a content addressed fashion.
type Cache struct {
	// Cures of any variant of [Artifact] sends to cures before entering the
	// implementation and receives an equal amount of elements after.
	cures chan struct{}

	// Parent context which toplevel was derived from.
	parent context.Context
	// For deriving curing context, must not be accessed directly.
	toplevel atomic.Pointer[toplevel]
	// For waiting on input curing goroutines.
	wg sync.WaitGroup
	// Reports new cures and passed to [Artifact].
	msg message.Msg

	// Directory where all [Cache] related files are placed.
	base *check.Absolute
	// Immutable [CacheAttr] populated by [Open].
	attr CacheAttr

	// Must not be exposed directly.
	irCache

	// Synchronises access to dirChecksum.
	checksumMu sync.RWMutex

	// Presence of an alternative in the cache. Keys are not valid identifiers
	// and must not be used as such.
	substitute map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
	// Synchronises access to substitute and corresponding filesystem entries.
	substituteMu sync.RWMutex
	// Identifier to content pair cache.
	ident map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
	// Identifier to error pair for unrecoverably faulted [Artifact].
	identErr map[unique.Handle[ID]]error
	// Pending identifiers, accessed through Cure for entries not in ident.
	identPending map[unique.Handle[ID]]*pendingCure
	// Synchronises access to ident and corresponding filesystem entries.
	identMu sync.RWMutex
	// Synchronises entry into Abort and Cure.
	abortMu sync.RWMutex

	// Synchronises entry into exclusive artifacts for the cure method.
	exclMu sync.Mutex
	// Buffered I/O free list, must not be accessed directly.
	brPool, bwPool sync.Pool

	// Optional external cache implementation.
	extern External
	// Caches responses from extern.
	externCache map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]
	// Synchronises access to extern.
	externMu sync.RWMutex

	// Unlocks the on-filesystem cache. Must only be called from Close.
	unlock func()
	// Whether [Cache] is considered closed.
	closed bool
	// Synchronises calls to Abort and Close.
	closeMu sync.Mutex

	// Whether EnterExec has not yet returned.
	inExec atomic.Bool
}

// extIdent is a [Kind] concatenated with [ID].
type extIdent [wordSize + len(ID{})]byte

// getIdentBuf returns the address of an extIdent for Ident.
func (ic *irCache) getIdentBuf() *extIdent { return ic.identPool.Get().(*extIdent) }

// putIdentBuf adds buf to identPool.
func (ic *irCache) putIdentBuf(buf *extIdent) { ic.identPool.Put(buf) }

// storeIdent adds an [Artifact] to the artifact cache.
func (ic *irCache) storeIdent(a Artifact, buf *extIdent) unique.Handle[ID] {
	idu := unique.Make(ID(buf[wordSize:]))
	ic.artifact.Store(a, idu)
	return idu
}

// Ident returns the identifier of an [Artifact].
func (ic *irCache) Ident(a Artifact) unique.Handle[ID] {
	buf, idu := ic.unsafeIdent(a, false)
	if buf != nil {
		idu = ic.storeIdent(a, buf)
		ic.putIdentBuf(buf)
	}
	return idu
}

// unsafeIdent implements Ident but returns the underlying buffer for a newly
// computed identifier. Callers must return this buffer to identPool. encodeKind
// is only a hint, kind may still be encoded in the buffer.
func (ic *irCache) unsafeIdent(a Artifact, encodeKind bool) (
	buf *extIdent,
	idu unique.Handle[ID],
) {
	if id, ok := ic.artifact.Load(a); ok {
		idu = id.(unique.Handle[ID])
		return
	}

	if ki, ok := a.(KnownIdent); ok {
		buf = ic.getIdentBuf()
		if encodeKind {
			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[:], uint64(a.Kind()))
		}
		*(*ID)(buf[wordSize:]) = ki.ID()
		return
	}

	buf = ic.getIdentBuf()
	h := sha512.New384()
	if err := ic.Encode(h, a); err != nil {
		// unreachable
		panic(err)
	}
	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[:], uint64(a.Kind()))
	h.Sum(buf[wordSize:wordSize])
	return
}

// getReader is like [bufio.NewReader] but for brPool.
func (c *Cache) getReader(r io.Reader) *bufio.Reader {
	br := c.brPool.Get().(*bufio.Reader)
	br.Reset(r)
	return br
}

// putReader adds br to brPool.
func (c *Cache) putReader(br *bufio.Reader) { c.brPool.Put(br) }

// bufioReadCloser is the concrete type of value returned by Cache.getReaderRC.
type bufioReadCloser struct {
	// Saved close error.
	closeErr error
	// Synchronises calls to Close.
	closeOnce sync.Once

	// For backing freelist.
	c *Cache
	// Underlying reader.
	r io.ReadCloser
	// Allocated from c.
	*bufio.Reader
}

// Close closes the underlying reader, saves its return value, and returns the
// [bufio.Reader] instance to the backing [Cache].
func (brc *bufioReadCloser) Close() error {
	brc.closeOnce.Do(func() {
		br := brc.Reader
		brc.Reader = nil
		brc.c.putReader(br)
		brc.closeErr = brc.r.Close()
	})
	return brc.closeErr
}

// getReaderRC is like getReader, but returns an [io.ReadCloser].
func (c *Cache) getReaderRC(r io.ReadCloser) io.ReadCloser {
	return &bufioReadCloser{c: c, r: r, Reader: c.getReader(r)}
}

// getWriter is like [bufio.NewWriter] but for bwPool.
func (c *Cache) getWriter(w io.Writer) *bufio.Writer {
	bw := c.bwPool.Get().(*bufio.Writer)
	bw.Reset(w)
	return bw
}

// putWriter adds bw to bwPool.
func (c *Cache) putWriter(bw *bufio.Writer) { c.bwPool.Put(bw) }

// A ChecksumMismatchError describes an [Artifact] with unexpected content.
type ChecksumMismatchError struct {
	// Actual and expected checksums.
	Got, Want Checksum
}

func (e *ChecksumMismatchError) Error() string {
	return "got " + Encode(e.Got) +
		" instead of " + Encode(e.Want)
}

// LinknamePrefixError describes a malformed linkname to a [Checksum].
type LinknamePrefixError string

func (e LinknamePrefixError) Error() string {
	return "linkname " + strconv.Quote(string(e)) + " missing prefix"
}

// readlinkChecksum reads a symbolic link to a dirChecksum entry and saves the
// decoded [Checksum] to the value pointed to by buf. The checksumLinknamePrefix
// is required.
func readlinkChecksum(a *check.Absolute, buf *Checksum) error {
	linkname, err := os.Readlink(a.String())
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	if !strings.HasPrefix(linkname, checksumLinknamePrefix) {
		return LinknamePrefixError(linkname)
	}
	return Decode(buf, linkname[len(checksumLinknamePrefix):])
}

// SetExternal sets e as the [External] implementation of c.
func (c *Cache) SetExternal(e External) {
	c.externMu.Lock()
	c.externCache = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
	c.extern = e
	c.externMu.Unlock()
}

// ScrubError describes the outcome of a [Cache.Scrub] call where errors were
// found and removed from the underlying storage of [Cache].
type ScrubError struct {
	// Content-addressed entries not matching their checksum. This can happen
	// if an incorrect [FileArtifact] implementation was cured against
	// a non-strict [Cache].
	ChecksumMismatches []ChecksumMismatchError
	// Dangling identifier symlinks. This can happen if the content-addressed
	// entry was removed while scrubbing due to a checksum mismatch.
	DanglingIdentifiers []ID
	// Dangling status files. This can happen if a dangling status symlink was
	// removed while scrubbing.
	DanglingStatus []ID
	// Miscellaneous errors, including [os.ReadDir] on checksum and identifier
	// directories, [Decode] on entry names and [os.RemoveAll] on inconsistent
	// entries.
	Errs map[unique.Handle[string]][]error
}

// errs is a deterministic iterator over Errs.
func (e *ScrubError) errs(yield func(unique.Handle[string], []error) bool) {
	keys := slices.AppendSeq(
		make([]unique.Handle[string], 0, len(e.Errs)),
		maps.Keys(e.Errs),
	)
	slices.SortFunc(keys, func(a, b unique.Handle[string]) int {
		return strings.Compare(a.Value(), b.Value())
	})
	for _, key := range keys {
		if !yield(key, e.Errs[key]) {
			break
		}
	}
}

// Unwrap returns a concatenation of ChecksumMismatches and Errs.
func (e *ScrubError) Unwrap() []error {
	s := make([]error, 0, len(e.ChecksumMismatches)+len(e.Errs))
	for _, err := range e.ChecksumMismatches {
		s = append(s, &err)
	}
	for _, errs := range e.errs {
		s = append(s, errs...)
	}
	return s
}

// Error returns a multi-line representation of [ScrubError].
func (e *ScrubError) Error() string {
	var segments []string
	var buf strings.Builder

	if len(e.ChecksumMismatches) > 0 {
		buf.Reset()
		buf.WriteString("checksum mismatches:\n")
		for _, m := range e.ChecksumMismatches {
			buf.WriteString(m.Error() + "\n")
		}
		segments = append(segments, buf.String())
	}
	if len(e.DanglingIdentifiers) > 0 {
		buf.Reset()
		buf.WriteString("dangling identifiers:\n")
		for _, id := range e.DanglingIdentifiers {
			buf.WriteString(Encode(id) + "\n")
		}
		segments = append(segments, buf.String())
	}
	if len(e.DanglingStatus) > 0 {
		buf.Reset()
		buf.WriteString("dangling status:\n")
		for _, id := range e.DanglingStatus {
			buf.WriteString(Encode(id) + "\n")
		}
		segments = append(segments, buf.String())
	}
	if len(e.Errs) > 0 {
		buf.Reset()
		buf.WriteString("errors during scrub:\n")
		for pathname, errs := range e.errs {
			buf.WriteString("  " + pathname.Value() + ":\n")
			for _, err := range errs {
				buf.WriteString("    " + err.Error() + "\n")
			}
		}
		segments = append(segments, buf.String())
	}
	return strings.Join(segments, "\n")
}

// Scrub frees internal in-memory identifier to content pair cache, verifies all
// cached artifacts against their checksums, checks for dangling identifier
// symlinks and removes them if found.
//
// This method is not safe for concurrent use with any other method.
func (c *Cache) Scrub(checks int) error {
	if checks <= 0 {
		checks = runtime.NumCPU()
	}

	c.substituteMu.Lock()
	defer c.substituteMu.Unlock()
	c.identMu.Lock()
	defer c.identMu.Unlock()
	c.checksumMu.Lock()
	defer c.checksumMu.Unlock()

	c.substitute = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
	c.ident = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum])
	c.identErr = make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]error)
	c.artifact.Clear()

	var (
		se   = ScrubError{Errs: make(map[unique.Handle[string]][]error)}
		seMu sync.Mutex

		addErr = func(pathname *check.Absolute, err error) {
			seMu.Lock()
			se.Errs[pathname.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[pathname.Handle()], err)
			seMu.Unlock()
		}
	)

	type checkEntry struct {
		ent   os.DirEntry
		check func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool
	}
	var (
		dir *check.Absolute
		wg  sync.WaitGroup
		w   = make(chan checkEntry, checks)
		p   = sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(Checksum) }}
	)
	condemn := func(ent os.DirEntry) {
		pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
		chmodErr, removeErr := removeAll(pathname)
		if chmodErr != nil {
			addErr(pathname, chmodErr)
		}
		if removeErr != nil {
			addErr(pathname, removeErr)
		}
	}
	for i := 0; i < checks; i++ {
		go func() {
			for ce := range w {
				want := p.Get().(*Checksum)
				ent := ce.ent
				if err := Decode(want, ent.Name()); err != nil {
					addErr(dir.Append(ent.Name()), err)
					wg.Go(func() { condemn(ent) })
				} else if !ce.check(ent, want) {
					wg.Go(func() { condemn(ent) })
				} else {
					c.msg.Verbosef("%s is consistent", ent.Name())
				}
				p.Put(want)
				wg.Done()
			}
		}()
	}
	defer close(w)

	dir = c.base.Append(dirChecksum)
	if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
		addErr(dir, readdirErr)
	} else {
		wg.Add(len(entries))
		for _, ent := range entries {
			w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
				got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
				defer p.Put(got)

				pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
				if ent.IsDir() {
					if err := SumDir(got, pathname); err != nil {
						addErr(pathname, err)
						return true
					}
				} else if ent.Type().IsRegular() {
					h := sha512.New384()

					if r, err := os.Open(pathname.String()); err != nil {
						addErr(pathname, err)
						return true
					} else {
						_, err = io.Copy(h, r)
						closeErr := r.Close()
						if closeErr != nil {
							addErr(pathname, closeErr)
						}
						if err != nil {
							addErr(pathname, err)
						}
					}
					h.Sum(got[:0])
				} else {
					addErr(pathname, InvalidFileModeError(ent.Type()))
					return false
				}

				if *got != *want {
					seMu.Lock()
					se.ChecksumMismatches = append(se.ChecksumMismatches,
						ChecksumMismatchError{Got: *got, Want: *want},
					)
					seMu.Unlock()
					return false
				}
				return true
			}}
		}
		wg.Wait()
	}

	for _, suffix := range []string{
		dirSubstitute,
		dirIdentifier,
	} {
		dir = c.base.Append(suffix)
		if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
			addErr(dir, readdirErr)
		} else {
			wg.Add(len(entries))
			for _, ent := range entries {
				w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
					got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
					defer p.Put(got)

					pathname := dir.Append(ent.Name())
					if linkname, err := os.Readlink(
						pathname.String(),
					); err != nil {
						seMu.Lock()
						se.Errs[pathname.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[pathname.Handle()], err)
						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
						seMu.Unlock()
						return false
					} else if err = Decode(got, filepath.Base(linkname)); err != nil {
						seMu.Lock()
						lnp := dir.Append(linkname)
						se.Errs[lnp.Handle()] = append(se.Errs[lnp.Handle()], err)
						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
						seMu.Unlock()
						return false
					}

					if _, err := os.Stat(pathname.String()); err != nil {
						if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
							addErr(pathname, err)
						}
						seMu.Lock()
						se.DanglingIdentifiers = append(se.DanglingIdentifiers, *want)
						seMu.Unlock()
						return false
					}
					return true
				}}
			}
			wg.Wait()
		}
	}

	dir = c.base.Append(dirStatus)
	if entries, readdirErr := os.ReadDir(dir.String()); readdirErr != nil {
		if !errors.Is(readdirErr, os.ErrNotExist) {
			addErr(dir, readdirErr)
		}
	} else {
		wg.Add(len(entries))
		for _, ent := range entries {
			w <- checkEntry{ent, func(ent os.DirEntry, want *Checksum) bool {
				got := p.Get().(*Checksum)
				defer p.Put(got)

				var ok bool
				for _, name := range [...]string{
					dirIdentifier,
					dirSubstitute,
				} {
					if _, err := os.Stat(c.base.Append(
						name,
						ent.Name(),
					).String()); err != nil {
						if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
							addErr(dir.Append(ent.Name()), err)
						}
						continue
					}
					ok = true
				}
				if !ok {
					seMu.Lock()
					se.DanglingStatus = append(se.DanglingStatus, *want)
					seMu.Unlock()
				}
				return ok
			}}
		}
		wg.Wait()
	}

	if len(c.identPending) > 0 {
		addErr(c.base, errors.New(
			"scrub began with pending artifacts",
		))
	} else {
		pathname := c.base.Append(dirWork)
		chmodErr, removeErr := removeAll(pathname)
		if chmodErr != nil {
			addErr(pathname, chmodErr)
		}
		if removeErr != nil {
			addErr(pathname, removeErr)
		}

		if err := os.Mkdir(pathname.String(), 0700); err != nil {
			addErr(pathname, err)
		}

		pathname = c.base.Append(dirTemp)
		chmodErr, removeErr = removeAll(pathname)
		if chmodErr != nil {
			addErr(pathname, chmodErr)
		}
		if removeErr != nil {
			addErr(pathname, removeErr)
		}
	}

	if len(se.ChecksumMismatches) > 0 ||
		len(se.DanglingIdentifiers) > 0 ||
		len(se.DanglingStatus) > 0 ||
		len(se.Errs) > 0 {
		slices.SortFunc(se.ChecksumMismatches, func(a, b ChecksumMismatchError) int {
			return bytes.Compare(a.Want[:], b.Want[:])
		})
		slices.SortFunc(se.DanglingIdentifiers, func(a, b ID) int {
			return bytes.Compare(a[:], b[:])
		})
		slices.SortFunc(se.DanglingStatus, func(a, b ID) int {
			return bytes.Compare(a[:], b[:])
		})
		return &se
	} else {
		return nil
	}
}

// loadOrStoreIdent attempts to load a cached [Artifact] by its identifier or
// wait for a pending [Artifact] to cure. If neither is possible, the current
// identifier is stored in identPending and a non-nil channel is returned.
//
// Since identErr is treated as grow-only, loadOrStoreIdent must not be entered
// without holding a read lock on abortMu.
func (c *Cache) loadOrStoreIdent(id unique.Handle[ID]) (
	ctx context.Context,
	done chan<- struct{},
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	err error,
) {
	var ok bool

	c.identMu.Lock()
	if checksum, ok = c.ident[id]; ok {
		c.identMu.Unlock()
		return
	}
	if err, ok = c.identErr[id]; ok {
		c.identMu.Unlock()
		return
	}

	var pending *pendingCure
	if pending, ok = c.identPending[id]; ok {
		c.identMu.Unlock()
		<-pending.done
		c.identMu.RLock()
		if checksum, ok = c.ident[id]; !ok {
			err = pending.err
		}
		c.identMu.RUnlock()
		return
	}

	d := make(chan struct{})
	pending = &pendingCure{done: d}
	ctx, pending.cancel = context.WithCancel(c.toplevel.Load().ctx)
	c.wg.Add(1)
	c.identPending[id] = pending
	c.identMu.Unlock()
	done = d
	return
}

// finaliseIdent commits a checksum or error to ident for an identifier
// previously submitted to identPending.
func (c *Cache) finaliseIdent(
	done chan<- struct{},
	id unique.Handle[ID],
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	err error,
) {
	c.identMu.Lock()
	if err != nil {
		c.identPending[id].err = err
		c.identErr[id] = err
	} else {
		c.ident[id] = checksum
	}
	delete(c.identPending, id)
	c.identMu.Unlock()
	c.wg.Done()

	close(done)
}

// zeroChecksum is a zero [Checksum] handle, used for comparison only.
var zeroChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]

// loadSubstitute returns a checksum corresponding to a substitute identifier,
// or zeroChecksum if an alternative is not available.
func (c *Cache) loadSubstitute(
	substitute unique.Handle[ID],
) (unique.Handle[Checksum], error) {
	c.substituteMu.RLock()
	if checksum, ok := c.substitute[substitute]; ok {
		c.substituteMu.RUnlock()
		return checksum, nil
	}

	linkname, err := os.Readlink(c.base.Append(
		dirSubstitute,
		Encode(substitute.Value()),
	).String())
	c.substituteMu.RUnlock()

	if err != nil {
		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
			return zeroChecksum, err
		}

		c.substituteMu.Lock()
		c.substitute[substitute] = zeroChecksum
		c.substituteMu.Unlock()
		return zeroChecksum, nil
	}

	var checksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
	buf := c.getIdentBuf()
	err = Decode((*Checksum)(buf[:]), filepath.Base(linkname))
	if err == nil {
		checksum = unique.Make(Checksum(buf[:]))

		c.substituteMu.Lock()
		c.substitute[substitute] = checksum
		c.substituteMu.Unlock()
	}
	c.putIdentBuf(buf)

	return checksum, err
}

// Done returns a channel that is closed when the ongoing cure of an [Artifact]
// referred to by the specified identifier completes. Done may return nil if
// no ongoing cure of the specified identifier exists.
func (c *Cache) Done(id unique.Handle[ID]) <-chan struct{} {
	c.identMu.RLock()
	pending, ok := c.identPending[id]
	c.identMu.RUnlock()
	if !ok || pending == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return pending.done
}

// Cancel cancels the ongoing cure of an [Artifact] referred to by the specified
// identifier. Cancel returns whether the [context.CancelFunc] has been killed.
// Cancel returns after the cure is complete.
func (c *Cache) Cancel(id unique.Handle[ID]) bool {
	c.identMu.RLock()
	pending, ok := c.identPending[id]
	c.identMu.RUnlock()
	if !ok || pending == nil || pending.cancel == nil {
		return false
	}
	pending.cancel()
	<-pending.done

	c.abortMu.Lock()
	c.identMu.Lock()
	delete(c.identErr, id)
	c.identMu.Unlock()
	c.abortMu.Unlock()
	return true
}

// openFile tries to load [FileArtifact] from [Cache], and if that fails,
// obtains it via [FileArtifact.Cure] instead. Notably, it does not cure
// [FileArtifact] to the filesystem. If err is nil, the caller is responsible
// for closing the resulting [io.ReadCloser].
//
// The context must originate from loadOrStoreIdent to enable cancellation.
func (c *Cache) openFile(
	ctx context.Context,
	f FileArtifact,
) (r io.ReadCloser, err error) {
	if kc, ok := f.(KnownChecksum); c.attr.Flags&CAssumeChecksum != 0 && ok {
		c.checksumMu.RLock()
		r, err = os.Open(c.base.Append(
			dirChecksum,
			Encode(kc.Checksum()),
		).String())
		c.checksumMu.RUnlock()
	} else {
		c.identMu.RLock()
		r, err = os.Open(c.base.Append(
			dirIdentifier,
			Encode(c.Ident(f).Value()),
		).String())
		c.identMu.RUnlock()
	}

	if err != nil {
		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
			return
		}
		id := c.Ident(f)
		if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
			rn := reportName(f, id)
			c.msg.Verbosef("curing %s in memory...", rn)
			defer func() {
				if err == nil {
					c.msg.Verbosef("opened %s for reading", rn)
				}
			}()
		}
		return f.Cure(&RContext{common{ctx, c}})
	}
	return
}

// InvalidFileModeError describes a [FloodArtifact.Cure] or
// [TrivialArtifact.Cure] that did not result in a regular file or directory
// located at the work pathname.
type InvalidFileModeError fs.FileMode

// Error returns a constant string.
func (e InvalidFileModeError) Error() string {
	return "artifact did not produce a regular file or directory"
}

// NoOutputError describes a [FloodArtifact.Cure] or [TrivialArtifact.Cure]
// that did not populate its work pathname despite completing successfully.
type NoOutputError struct{}

// Unwrap returns [os.ErrNotExist].
func (NoOutputError) Unwrap() error { return os.ErrNotExist }

// Error returns a constant string.
func (NoOutputError) Error() string {
	return "artifact cured successfully but did not produce any output"
}

// removeAll is similar to [os.RemoveAll] but is robust against any permissions.
func removeAll(pathname *check.Absolute) (chmodErr, removeErr error) {
	chmodErr = filepath.WalkDir(pathname.String(), func(
		path string,
		d fs.DirEntry,
		err error,
	) error {
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if d.IsDir() {
			return os.Chmod(path, 0700)
		}
		return nil
	})
	if errors.Is(chmodErr, os.ErrNotExist) {
		chmodErr = nil
	}
	removeErr = os.RemoveAll(pathname.String())
	return
}

// zeroTimes zeroes atime and mtime for the named file.
func zeroTimes(path string) (err error) {
	// include/uapi/linux/fcntl.h
	const (
		AT_FDCWD            = -100
		AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW = 0x100
	)
	_AT_FDCWD := AT_FDCWD

	var _p0 *byte
	_p0, err = syscall.BytePtrFromString(path)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	if _, _, errno := syscall.Syscall6(
		syscall.SYS_UTIMENSAT,
		uintptr(_AT_FDCWD),
		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(_p0)),
		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(new([2]syscall.Timespec))),
		AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW,
		0, 0,
	); errno != 0 {
		return os.NewSyscallError("utimensat", errno)
	}
	return
}

// overrideFileInfo overrides the permission bits of [fs.FileInfo] to 0500 and
// is the concrete type returned by overrideFile.Stat.
type overrideFileInfo struct{ fs.FileInfo }

// Mode returns [fs.FileMode] with its permission bits set to 0500.
func (fi overrideFileInfo) Mode() fs.FileMode {
	return fi.FileInfo.Mode()&(^fs.FileMode(0777)) | 0500
}

// Sys returns nil to avoid passing the original permission bits.
func (fi overrideFileInfo) Sys() any { return nil }

// overrideFile overrides the permission bits of [fs.File] to 0500 and is the
// concrete type returned by dotOverrideFS for calls with "." passed as name.
type overrideFile struct{ fs.File }

func (f overrideFile) Stat() (fi fs.FileInfo, err error) {
	fi, err = f.File.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	fi = overrideFileInfo{fi}
	return
}

// dirFS is implemented by the concrete type of the return value of [os.DirFS].
type dirFS interface {
	fs.StatFS
	fs.ReadFileFS
	fs.ReadDirFS
	fs.ReadLinkFS
}

// dotOverrideFS overrides the permission bits of "." to 0500 to avoid the extra
// system calls to add and remove write bit from the target directory.
type dotOverrideFS struct{ dirFS }

// Open wraps the underlying [fs.FS] with "." special case.
func (fsys dotOverrideFS) Open(name string) (f fs.File, err error) {
	f, err = fsys.dirFS.Open(name)
	if err != nil || name != "." {
		return
	}
	f = overrideFile{f}
	return
}

// Stat wraps the underlying [fs.FS] with "." special case.
func (fsys dotOverrideFS) Stat(name string) (fi fs.FileInfo, err error) {
	fi, err = fsys.dirFS.Stat(name)
	if err != nil || name != "." {
		return
	}
	fi = overrideFileInfo{fi}
	return
}

// InvalidArtifactError describes an artifact that does not implement a
// supported Cure method.
type InvalidArtifactError ID

func (e InvalidArtifactError) Error() string {
	return "artifact " + Encode(e) + " cannot be cured"
}

// Cure cures the [Artifact] and returns its pathname and [Checksum]. Direct
// calls to Cure are not subject to the cures limit.
func (c *Cache) Cure(a Artifact) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	err error,
) {
	c.abortMu.RLock()
	defer c.abortMu.RUnlock()

	if err = c.toplevel.Load().ctx.Err(); err != nil {
		return
	}

	pathname, checksum, _, err = c.cure(a, true, false)
	return
}

// CureWhence is like Cure, but returns the whence value.
func (c *Cache) CureWhence(a Artifact) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	whence int,
	err error,
) {
	c.abortMu.RLock()
	defer c.abortMu.RUnlock()

	if err = c.toplevel.Load().ctx.Err(); err != nil {
		return
	}

	return c.cure(a, true, false)
}

// CureNew is like Cure, but always enters the implementation.
func (c *Cache) CureNew(a Artifact) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	err error,
) {
	c.abortMu.RLock()
	defer c.abortMu.RUnlock()

	if err = c.toplevel.Load().ctx.Err(); err != nil {
		return
	}

	var whence int
retry:
	pathname, checksum, whence, err = c.cure(a, true, true)
	if err != nil || whence == WNew {
		return
	}
	goto retry
}

// CureError wraps a non-nil error returned attempting to cure an [Artifact].
type CureError struct {
	A   Artifact
	Err error
}

// Unwrap returns the underlying error.
func (e *CureError) Unwrap() error { return e.Err }

// Error returns the error message from the underlying Err.
func (e *CureError) Error() string { return e.Err.Error() }

// A DependencyCureError wraps errors returned while curing dependencies.
type DependencyCureError []*CureError

// unwrapM recursively expands underlying errors into a caller-supplied map.
func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrapM(
	ctx context.Context,
	ir *IRCache,
	me map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError,
) {
	for _, err := range *e {
		if ctx.Err() != nil {
			break
		}

		id := ir.Ident(err.A)
		if _, ok := me[id]; ok {
			continue
		}
		if _e, ok := err.Err.(*DependencyCureError); ok {
			_e.unwrapM(ctx, ir, me)
			continue
		}
		me[id] = err
	}
}

// unwrap recursively expands and deduplicates underlying errors.
func (e *DependencyCureError) unwrap(
	ctx context.Context,
	ir *IRCache,
) DependencyCureError {
	me := make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]*CureError)
	e.unwrapM(ctx, ir, me)
	type ent struct {
		id  unique.Handle[ID]
		err *CureError
	}
	errs := make([]*ent, 0, len(me))
	for id, err := range me {
		errs = append(errs, &ent{id, err})
	}

	var identBuf [2]ID
	slices.SortFunc(errs, func(a, b *ent) int {
		identBuf[0], identBuf[1] = a.id.Value(), b.id.Value()
		return slices.Compare(identBuf[0][:], identBuf[1][:])
	})

	_errs := make(DependencyCureError, len(errs))
	for i, v := range errs {
		_errs[i] = v.err
	}
	return _errs
}

// Unwrap returns a deduplicated slice of underlying errors.
func (e *DependencyCureError) Unwrap() []error {
	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
	defer cancel()

	errs := e.unwrap(ctx, NewIR())
	_errs := make([]error, len(errs))
	for i, err := range errs {
		_errs[i] = err
	}
	return _errs
}

// Error returns a user-facing multiline error message.
func (e *DependencyCureError) Error() string {
	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
	defer cancel()

	ir := NewIR()
	errs := e.unwrap(ctx, ir)
	if len(errs) == 0 {
		return "invalid dependency cure outcome"
	}
	var buf strings.Builder
	buf.WriteString("errors curing dependencies:")
	for _, err := range errs {
		buf.WriteString("\n\t" +
			reportName(err.A, ir.Ident(err.A)) + ": " +
			err.Error())
	}
	if ctx.Err() != nil {
		buf.WriteString("\nerror resolution cancelled")
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// enterCure must be called before entering an [Artifact] implementation.
func (c *Cache) enterCure(a Artifact, curesExempt bool) error {
	if a.IsExclusive() {
		c.exclMu.Lock()
	}
	if curesExempt {
		return nil
	}

	ctx := c.toplevel.Load().ctx
	select {
	case c.cures <- struct{}{}:
		return nil

	case <-ctx.Done():
		if a.IsExclusive() {
			c.exclMu.Unlock()
		}
		return ctx.Err()
	}
}

// exitCure must be called after exiting an [Artifact] implementation.
func (c *Cache) exitCure(a Artifact, curesExempt bool) {
	if a.IsExclusive() {
		c.exclMu.Unlock()
	}
	if curesExempt {
		return
	}

	<-c.cures
}

// measuredReader implements [io.ReadCloser] and measures the checksum during
// Close. If the underlying reader is not read to EOF, Close blocks until all
// remaining data is consumed and validated.
type measuredReader struct {
	// Underlying reader. Never exposed directly.
	r io.ReadCloser
	// For validating checksum. Never exposed directly.
	h hash.Hash
	// Buffers writes to h, initialised by [Cache]. Never exposed directly.
	hbw *bufio.Writer
	// Expected checksum, compared during Close.
	want unique.Handle[Checksum]

	// For accessing free lists.
	c *Cache

	// Set up via [io.TeeReader] by [Cache].
	io.Reader
}

// Close reads the underlying [io.ReadCloser] to EOF, closes it and measures its
// outcome. It returns a [ChecksumMismatchError] for an unexpected checksum.
func (mr *measuredReader) Close() (err error) {
	if mr.hbw == nil || mr.Reader == nil {
		return os.ErrInvalid
	}
	err = mr.hbw.Flush()
	mr.c.putWriter(mr.hbw)
	mr.hbw, mr.Reader = nil, nil
	if err != nil {
		_ = mr.r.Close()
		return
	}
	var n int64
	if n, err = io.Copy(mr.h, mr.r); err != nil {
		_ = mr.r.Close()
		return
	}

	if n > 0 {
		mr.c.msg.Verbosef("missed %d bytes on measured reader", n)
	}

	if err = mr.r.Close(); err != nil {
		return
	}

	buf := mr.c.getIdentBuf()
	mr.h.Sum(buf[:0])

	if got := Checksum(buf[:]); got != mr.want.Value() {
		err = &ChecksumMismatchError{
			Got:  got,
			Want: mr.want.Value(),
		}
	}

	mr.c.putIdentBuf(buf)
	return
}

// newMeasuredReader implements [RContext.NewMeasuredReader].
func (c *Cache) newMeasuredReader(
	r io.ReadCloser,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
) io.ReadCloser {
	mr := measuredReader{r: r, h: sha512.New384(), want: checksum, c: c}
	mr.hbw = c.getWriter(mr.h)
	mr.Reader = io.TeeReader(r, mr.hbw)
	return &mr
}

// NewMeasuredReader returns an [io.ReadCloser] implementing behaviour required
// by [FileArtifact]. The resulting [io.ReadCloser] holds a buffer originating
// from [Cache] and must be closed to return this buffer.
func (r *RContext) NewMeasuredReader(
	rc io.ReadCloser,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
) io.ReadCloser {
	return r.cache.newMeasuredReader(rc, checksum)
}

// tryChecksum dereferences a symlink to a cure outcome.
func (c *Cache) tryChecksum(pathname *check.Absolute) (
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	err error,
) {
	_, err = os.Lstat(pathname.String())
	if err == nil {
		var name string
		if name, err = os.Readlink(pathname.String()); err != nil {
			return
		}
		buf := c.getIdentBuf()
		err = Decode((*Checksum)(buf[:]), filepath.Base(name))
		if err == nil {
			checksum = unique.Make(Checksum(buf[:]))
		}
		c.putIdentBuf(buf)
	}
	return
}

// tryLocal attempts to obtain an [Artifact] outcome from the filesystem.
func (c *Cache) tryLocal(id unique.Handle[ID]) (unique.Handle[Checksum], error) {
	return c.tryChecksum(c.base.Append(
		dirIdentifier,
		Encode(id.Value()),
	))
}

// tryExtern attempts to obtain an [Artifact] outcome from extern.
func (c *Cache) tryExtern(ctx context.Context, id unique.Handle[ID]) (
	unique.Handle[Checksum],
	error,
) {
	c.externMu.RLock()
	defer c.externMu.RUnlock()

	checksum, ok := c.externCache[id]
	if !ok {
		if c.extern == nil {
			return zeroChecksum, nil
		}

		v, err := c.extern.Artifact(ctx, id)
		if err != nil {
			return zeroChecksum, err
		}
		if v == nil {
			return zeroChecksum, nil
		}
		checksum = unique.Make(*v)

		var got unique.Handle[Checksum]
		if _, got, err = c.Cure(c.extern.Checksum(checksum)); err != nil {
			return checksum, err
		} else if got != checksum {
			return zeroChecksum, &ChecksumMismatchError{got.Value(), checksum.Value()}
		}
	}
	return checksum, nil
}

// cureMany concurrently collects outcome of multiple [Artifact].
func (c *Cache) cureMany(
	inputs []Artifact,
	r map[Artifact]cureRes,
	shallow bool,
) ([]bool, error) {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	wg.Add(len(inputs))
	var mask []bool
	res := make([]cureRes, len(inputs))
	errs := make(DependencyCureError, 0, len(inputs))
	var errsMu sync.Mutex
	if shallow {
		mask = make([]bool, len(inputs))
	}
	for i, d := range inputs {
		if shallow {
			if _, ok := d.(FloodArtifact); ok {
				mask[i] = true
				wg.Done()
				continue
			}

			if kc, ok := d.(KnownChecksum); ok {
				res[i].checksum = unique.Make(kc.Checksum())
				wg.Done()
				continue
			}
		}
		pending := pendingArtifactDep{d, &res[i], &errs, &errsMu, &wg}
		go pending.cure(c)
	}
	wg.Wait()

	if len(errs) > 0 {
		return mask, &errs
	}
	for i, p := range res {
		if shallow && mask[i] {
			continue
		}
		r[inputs[i]] = p
	}
	return mask, nil
}

// HangingInputError describes an input of an [Artifact] on a sparse cache
// without an outcome available locally or via [External].
type HangingInputError unique.Handle[ID]

func (e HangingInputError) Error() string {
	return Encode(unique.Handle[ID](e).Value()) + " is unavailable"
}

const (
	// WNew indicates a cure entering the implementation.
	WNew = iota
	// WCache indicates an [Artifact] present in the cache.
	WCache
	// WSubstitute indicates an [Artifact] hitting a content-based input
	// substitution.
	WSubstitute
	// WExternal indicates a cure entering the external cache.
	WExternal
)

// WhenceString returns a printable string for a whence value.
func WhenceString(whence int) string {
	switch whence {
	case WNew:
		return "new"
	case WCache:
		return "cache"
	case WSubstitute:
		return "substitute"
	case WExternal:
		return "external"

	default:
		return "invalid whence " + strconv.Itoa(whence)
	}
}

// cure implements Cure without acquiring a read lock on abortMu. cure must not
// be entered during Abort.
func (c *Cache) cure(a Artifact, curesExempt, rebuild bool) (
	pathname *check.Absolute,
	checksum unique.Handle[Checksum],
	whence int,
	err error,
) {
	id := c.Ident(a)
	if rebuild {
		var v ID
		_, _ = rand.Read(v[:])
		id = unique.Make(v)
	}

	ids := Encode(id.Value())
	pathname = c.base.Append(
		dirIdentifier,
		ids,
	)
	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			pathname = nil
			checksum = unique.Handle[Checksum]{}
		}
	}()

	if _, ok := a.(CuresExempt); ok {
		curesExempt = true
	}

	var (
		ctx  context.Context
		done chan<- struct{}
	)
	ctx, done, checksum, err = c.loadOrStoreIdent(id)
	if done == nil {
		whence = WCache
		return
	} else {
		defer func() { c.finaliseIdent(done, id, checksum, err) }()
	}

	checksum, err = c.tryChecksum(pathname)
	if err == nil || !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
		whence = WCache
		return
	}

	var (
		checksums   string
		substitute  unique.Handle[ID]
		alternative *check.Absolute
	)
	defer func() {
		if err == nil && checksums != "" {
			linkname := checksumLinknamePrefix + checksums

			err = os.Symlink(
				linkname,
				pathname.String(),
			)
			if err == nil {
				err = zeroTimes(pathname.String())
			}

			if err == nil && alternative != nil && substitute != id {
				c.substituteMu.Lock()
				err = os.Symlink(
					linkname,
					alternative.String(),
				)
				if errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
					c.msg.Verbosef(
						"creating alternative over %s for artifact %s",
						Encode(substitute.Value()), ids,
					)
					err = nil
				}
				if err == nil {
					err = zeroTimes(alternative.String())
				}
				if err == nil && checksum != zeroChecksum {
					c.substitute[substitute] = checksum
				}
				c.substituteMu.Unlock()
			}
		}
	}()

	var checksumPathname *check.Absolute
	var checksumFi os.FileInfo
	if kc, ok := a.(KnownChecksum); ok {
		checksum = unique.Make(kc.Checksum())
		checksums = Encode(checksum.Value())
		checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
			dirChecksum,
			checksums,
		)

		if c.attr.Flags&CAssumeChecksum != 0 {
			c.checksumMu.RLock()
			checksumFi, err = os.Stat(checksumPathname.String())
			c.checksumMu.RUnlock()

			if err != nil {
				if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
					return
				}

				checksumFi, err = nil, nil
			}
		}
	}

	whence = WNew
	if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
		rn := reportName(a, id)
		c.msg.Verbosef("curing %s...", rn)
		defer func() {
			if err != nil {
				return
			}
			if checksums != "" {
				c.msg.Verbosef("cured %s checksum %s", rn, checksums)
			} else {
				c.msg.Verbosef("cured %s", rn)
			}
		}()
	}

	// cure FileArtifact outside type switch to skip TContext initialisation
	if f, ok := a.(FileArtifact); ok {
		if checksumFi != nil {
			whence = WCache
			if !checksumFi.Mode().IsRegular() {
				// unreachable
				err = InvalidFileModeError(checksumFi.Mode())
			}
			return
		}

		work := c.base.Append(dirWork, ids)
		var w *os.File
		if w, err = os.OpenFile(
			work.String(),
			os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL|os.O_WRONLY,
			0400,
		); err != nil {
			return
		}
		defer func() {
			closeErr := w.Close()
			if err == nil {
				err = closeErr
			}

			removeErr := os.Remove(work.String())
			if err == nil && !errors.Is(removeErr, os.ErrNotExist) {
				err = removeErr
			}
		}()

		var r io.ReadCloser
		if err = c.enterCure(a, curesExempt); err != nil {
			return
		}
		r, err = f.Cure(&RContext{common{ctx, c}})
		if err == nil {
			if checksumPathname == nil || c.attr.Flags&CValidateKnown != 0 {
				h := sha512.New384()
				hbw := c.getWriter(h)
				_, err = io.Copy(w, io.TeeReader(r, hbw))
				flushErr := hbw.Flush()
				c.putWriter(hbw)
				if err == nil {
					err = flushErr
				}

				if err == nil {
					buf := c.getIdentBuf()
					h.Sum(buf[:0])

					if checksumPathname == nil {
						checksum = unique.Make(Checksum(buf[:]))
						checksums = Encode(Checksum(buf[:]))
					} else if c.attr.Flags&CValidateKnown != 0 {
						if got := Checksum(buf[:]); got != checksum.Value() {
							err = &ChecksumMismatchError{
								Got:  got,
								Want: checksum.Value(),
							}
						}
					}

					c.putIdentBuf(buf)

					if checksumPathname == nil {
						checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
							dirChecksum,
							checksums,
						)
					}
				}
			} else {
				_, err = io.Copy(w, r)
			}

			closeErr := r.Close()
			if err == nil {
				err = closeErr
			}
		}
		c.exitCure(a, curesExempt)
		if err != nil {
			if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
				c.msg.Verbosef("cure file %s: %v", reportName(f, id), err)
			}
			return
		}

		c.checksumMu.Lock()
		if err = os.Rename(
			work.String(),
			checksumPathname.String(),
		); err != nil {
			c.checksumMu.Unlock()
			return
		}
		timeErr := zeroTimes(checksumPathname.String())
		c.checksumMu.Unlock()

		if err == nil {
			err = timeErr
		}
		return
	}

	if checksumFi != nil {
		whence = WCache
		if !checksumFi.Mode().IsDir() {
			// unreachable
			err = InvalidFileModeError(checksumFi.Mode())
		}
		return
	}

	t := TContext{
		c.base.Append(dirWork, ids),
		c.base.Append(dirTemp, ids),
		ids, nil, nil, nil, nil,
		common{ctx, c},
	}
	switch ca := a.(type) {
	case TrivialArtifact:
		defer t.destroy(&err)
		if err = c.enterCure(a, curesExempt); err != nil {
			return
		}
		err = ca.Cure(&t)
		c.exitCure(a, curesExempt)
		if err != nil {
			if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
				c.msg.Verbosef("cure trivial %s: %v", reportName(ca, id), err)
			}
			return
		}
		break

	case FloodArtifact:
		var externChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
		if externChecksum, err = c.tryExtern(ctx, id); err != nil {
			if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
				c.msg.Verbosef("extern %s: %v", reportName(ca, id), err)
			}
			return
		}
		extern := externChecksum != zeroChecksum
		shallow := extern && c.attr.Flags&CExternShallow != 0

		inputs := a.Inputs()
		f := FContext{t, make(map[Artifact]cureRes, len(inputs))}
		var mask []bool
		if mask, err = c.cureMany(inputs, f.inputs, shallow); err != nil {
			return
		}

		if shallow {
			for i, d := range inputs {
				if !mask[i] {
					continue
				}

				if kc, ok := d.(KnownChecksum); ok {
					f.inputs[d] = cureRes{checksum: unique.Make(kc.Checksum())}
					continue
				}

				var sum unique.Handle[Checksum]
				did := c.Ident(d)
				sum, err = c.tryLocal(did)
				if err != nil {
					if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
						return
					}

					sum, err = c.tryExtern(ctx, did)
					if err != nil {
						return
					}
					if sum == zeroChecksum {
						if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
							c.msg.Verbosef(
								"input %s not available",
								reportName(d, did),
							)
						}
						err = HangingInputError(did)
						return
					}
				}

				f.inputs[d] = cureRes{checksum: sum}
			}
		}

		sh := sha512.New384()
		err = c.encode(sh, a, f.inputs)
		if err != nil {
			return
		}

		buf := c.getIdentBuf()
		sh.Sum(buf[wordSize:wordSize])
		substitute = unique.Make(ID(buf[wordSize:]))
		substitutes := Encode(substitute.Value())
		c.putIdentBuf(buf)
		alternative = c.base.Append(
			dirSubstitute,
			substitutes,
		)

		if !rebuild && c.attr.Flags&CIgnoreSubstitutes == 0 {
			var substituteChecksum unique.Handle[Checksum]
			substituteChecksum, err = c.loadSubstitute(substitute)
			if err != nil {
				return
			}
			if substituteChecksum != zeroChecksum {
				whence = WSubstitute
				checksum = substituteChecksum
				checksums = Encode(checksum.Value())
				checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
					dirChecksum,
					checksums,
				)
				if _, err = os.Lstat(c.base.Append(
					dirStatus,
					substitutes,
				).String()); err == nil {
					err = os.Symlink(substitutes, c.base.Append(
						dirStatus,
						ids,
					).String())
				} else if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
					err = nil
				}
				return
			}
		}

		defer f.destroy(&err)

		if extern {
			whence = WExternal
			if checksum != zeroChecksum && externChecksum != checksum {
				err = &ChecksumMismatchError{externChecksum.Value(), checksum.Value()}
				if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
					c.msg.Verbosef("extern %s: %v", reportName(ca, id), err)
				}
				return
			}

			var externStatus io.ReadCloser
			c.externMu.RLock()
			externStatus, err = c.extern.Status(&RContext{common{ctx, c}}, id)
			c.externMu.RUnlock()
			if err != nil {
				return
			}

			checksum = externChecksum
			checksums = Encode(checksum.Value())
			checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
				dirChecksum,
				checksums,
			)

			if externStatus != nil {
				if err = f.prepareStatus(false); err != nil {
					_ = externStatus.Close()
					return
				} else if _, err = io.Copy(f.status, externStatus); err != nil {
					_ = externStatus.Close()
					return
				} else if err = externStatus.Close(); err != nil {
					return
				} else if !rebuild {
					if err = f.linkSubstitute(ids, substitutes); err != nil {
						return
					}
				}
			}
			return
		}

		if err = c.enterCure(a, curesExempt); err != nil {
			return
		}
		err = ca.Cure(&f)
		c.exitCure(a, curesExempt)

		if !rebuild && err == nil {
			err = f.linkSubstitute(ids, substitutes)
		}
		if err != nil {
			if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
				c.msg.Verbosef("cure %s: %v", reportName(ca, id), err)
			}
			return
		}
		break

	default:
		err = InvalidArtifactError(id.Value())
		return
	}
	t.cache = nil

	var fi os.FileInfo
	if fi, err = os.Lstat(t.work.String()); err != nil {
		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
			err = NoOutputError{}
		}
		return
	}

	if !fi.IsDir() {
		if !fi.Mode().IsRegular() {
			err = InvalidFileModeError(fi.Mode())
		} else {
			err = errors.New("non-file artifact produced regular file")
		}
		return
	}

	var gotChecksum Checksum
	if err = SumFS(
		&gotChecksum,
		dotOverrideFS{os.DirFS(t.work.String()).(dirFS)},
		".",
	); err != nil {
		return
	}

	if checksumPathname == nil {
		checksum = unique.Make(gotChecksum)
		checksums = Encode(gotChecksum)
		checksumPathname = c.base.Append(
			dirChecksum,
			checksums,
		)
	} else if gotChecksum != checksum.Value() {
		err = &ChecksumMismatchError{
			Got:  gotChecksum,
			Want: checksum.Value(),
		}
		if c.msg.IsVerbose() {
			c.msg.Verbosef("validate %s: %v", reportName(a, id), err)
		}
		return
	}

	if err = os.Chmod(t.work.String(), 0700); err != nil {
		return
	}
	if err = filepath.WalkDir(t.work.String(), func(path string, _ fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		return zeroTimes(path)
	}); err != nil {
		return
	}
	c.checksumMu.Lock()
	if err = os.Rename(
		t.work.String(),
		checksumPathname.String(),
	); err != nil {
		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
			c.checksumMu.Unlock()
			return
		}
		// err is zeroed during deferred cleanup
	} else {
		err = os.Chmod(checksumPathname.String(), 0500)
	}
	c.checksumMu.Unlock()
	return
}

// cure cures the pending [Artifact], stores its result and notifies the caller.
func (pending *pendingArtifactDep) cure(c *Cache) {
	defer pending.Done()

	var err error
	pending.resP.pathname, pending.resP.checksum, _, err = c.cure(pending.a, false, false)
	if err == nil {
		return
	}

	pending.errsMu.Lock()
	*pending.errs = append(*pending.errs, &CureError{pending.a, err})
	pending.errsMu.Unlock()
}

// OpenStatus attempts to open the status file associated to an [Artifact]. If
// err is nil, the caller must close the resulting reader.
func (c *Cache) OpenStatus(a Artifact) (r io.ReadSeekCloser, err error) {
	c.identMu.RLock()
	r, err = os.Open(c.base.Append(
		dirStatus,
		Encode(c.Ident(a).Value())).String(),
	)
	c.identMu.RUnlock()
	return
}

// Fault holds the pathname and termination time of an [Artifact] fault entry.
type Fault struct {
	*check.Absolute
	t uint64
}

// Time returns the instant in time where the fault occurred.
func (f Fault) Time() time.Time { return time.Unix(0, int64(f.t)) }

// Open opens the underlying entry for reading.
func (f Fault) Open() (io.ReadCloser, error) { return os.Open(f.Absolute.String()) }

// Destroy removes the underlying fault entry.
func (f Fault) Destroy() error { return os.Remove(f.Absolute.String()) }

// ReadFaults returns fault entries for an [Artifact].
func (c *Cache) ReadFaults(a Artifact) (faults []Fault, err error) {
	prefix := Encode(c.Ident(a).Value()) + "."
	var dents []os.DirEntry
	if dents, err = os.ReadDir(c.base.Append(dirFault).String()); err != nil {
		return
	}

	for _, dent := range dents {
		name := dent.Name()
		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
			continue
		}
		var t uint64
		t, err = strconv.ParseUint(name[len(prefix):], 10, 64)
		if err != nil {
			return
		}

		faults = append(faults, Fault{c.base.Append(
			dirFault,
			name,
		), t})
	}

	slices.SortFunc(faults, func(a, b Fault) int {
		return cmp.Compare(a.t, b.t)
	})
	return
}

// Abort cancels all pending cures and waits for them to clean up, but does not
// close the cache.
func (c *Cache) Abort() {
	c.closeMu.Lock()
	defer c.closeMu.Unlock()

	if c.closed {
		return
	}

	c.toplevel.Load().cancel()
	c.abortMu.Lock()
	defer c.abortMu.Unlock()

	// holding abortMu, identPending stays empty
	c.wg.Wait()
	c.identMu.Lock()
	c.toplevel.Store(newToplevel(c.parent))
	clear(c.identErr)
	c.identMu.Unlock()
}

// Close cancels all pending cures and waits for them to clean up.
func (c *Cache) Close() {
	c.closeMu.Lock()
	defer c.closeMu.Unlock()

	if c.closed {
		return
	}

	c.closed = true
	c.toplevel.Load().cancel()
	c.wg.Wait()
	close(c.cures)
	c.unlock()
}

// UnsupportedVariantError describes an on-disk cache with an extension variant
// identification string that differs from the value returned by [Extension].
type UnsupportedVariantError string

func (e UnsupportedVariantError) Error() string {
	return "unsupported variant " + strconv.Quote(string(e))
}

var (
	// ErrWouldPromote is returned by [Open] if the [CPromoteVariant] bit is not
	// set and the on-disk cache requires variant promotion.
	ErrWouldPromote = errors.New("operation would promote unextended cache")
)

// CacheAttr holds the attributes that will be applied to a new [Cache] opened
// by [Open].
type CacheAttr struct {
	// Concurrent cures of a [FloodArtifact] dependency graph.
	Cures int
	// Options affecting [Cache] behaviour.
	Flags int
	// Preferred job count, when applicable.
	Jobs int
	// Preferred loadavg target, when applicable.
	Load int

	// Omit the [lockedfile] lock.
	skipLock bool
}

// Open returns the address of a newly opened instance of [Cache].
//
// Concurrent cures of a [FloodArtifact] dependency graph is limited to the
// caller-supplied value, however direct calls to [Cache.Cure] is not subject
// to this limitation.
//
// A cures or jobs value of 0 or lower is equivalent to the value returned by
// [runtime.NumCPU].
//
// A successful call to Open guarantees exclusive access to the on-filesystem
// cache for the resulting instance of [Cache]. The [Cache.Close] method cancels
// and waits for pending cures on [Cache] before releasing this lock and must be
// called once the [Cache] is no longer needed.
func Open(
	ctx context.Context,
	msg message.Msg,
	base *check.Absolute,
	attr *CacheAttr,
) (*Cache, error) {
	openMu.Lock()
	defer openMu.Unlock()
	opened = true

	if extension == "" && len(irArtifact) != int(_kindEnd) {
		panic("attempting to open cache with incomplete variant setup")
	}

	var a CacheAttr
	if attr != nil {
		a = *attr
	}

	if a.Cures < 1 {
		a.Cures = runtime.NumCPU()
	}
	if a.Jobs < 1 {
		a.Jobs = runtime.NumCPU()
	}
	if a.Load < 1 {
		a.Load = runtime.NumCPU() + 2
	}

	for _, name := range []string{
		dirSubstitute,
		dirIdentifier,
		dirChecksum,
		dirStatus,
		dirFault,
		dirWork,
	} {
		if err := os.MkdirAll(
			base.Append(name).String(),
			0700,
		); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrExist) {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	c := Cache{
		parent: ctx,

		cures: make(chan struct{}, a.Cures),
		attr:  a,

		msg:  msg,
		base: base,

		irCache: zeroIRCache(),

		substitute:   make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]),
		ident:        make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]unique.Handle[Checksum]),
		identErr:     make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]error),
		identPending: make(map[unique.Handle[ID]]*pendingCure),

		brPool: sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(bufio.Reader) }},
		bwPool: sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(bufio.Writer) }},
	}
	c.toplevel.Store(newToplevel(ctx))

	if !a.skipLock || !testing.Testing() {
		if unlock, err := lockedfile.MutexAt(
			base.Append(fileLock).String(),
		).Lock(); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		} else {
			c.unlock = unlock
		}
	} else {
		c.unlock = func() {}
	}

	for _, name := range []string{
		dirWork,
		dirTemp,
	} {
		dents, err := os.ReadDir(base.Append(name).String())
		if err != nil {
			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
				continue
			}
			c.unlock()
			return nil, err
		}
		if len(dents) != 0 {
			c.unlock()
			return nil, fmt.Errorf(
				"%s is not empty, scrub likely required",
				name,
			)
		}
	}

	if _, err := os.ReadDir(base.Append(
		dirExecScratch,
	).String()); !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
		c.unlock()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return nil, errors.New(dirExecScratch + " is present, scrub likely required")
	}

	variantPath := base.Append(fileVariant).String()
	if p, err := os.ReadFile(variantPath); err != nil {
		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
			c.unlock()
			return nil, err
		}
		// nonexistence implies newly created cache, or a cache predating
		// variant identification strings, in which case it is silently promoted
		if err = os.WriteFile(
			variantPath,
			[]byte(extension),
			0400,
		); err != nil {
			c.unlock()
			return nil, err
		}
	} else if s := string(p); s == "" {
		if extension != "" {
			if a.Flags&CPromoteVariant == 0 {
				c.unlock()
				return nil, ErrWouldPromote
			}
			if err = os.WriteFile(
				variantPath,
				[]byte(extension),
				0400,
			); err != nil {
				c.unlock()
				return nil, err
			}
		}
	} else if !ValidExtension(s) {
		c.unlock()
		return nil, ErrInvalidExtension
	} else if s != extension {
		c.unlock()
		return nil, UnsupportedVariantError(s)
	}

	return &c, nil
}

// Collected is returned by [Collect.Cure] to indicate a successful collection.
type Collected struct{}

// Error returns a constant string to satisfy error, but should never be seen
// by the user.
func (Collected) Error() string { return "artifacts successfully collected" }

// IsCollected returns whether the underlying error contains that of the result
// of curing a [Collect] helper.
func IsCollected(err error) bool { return errors.As(err, new(Collected)) }

// Collect implements [pkg.FloodArtifact] to concurrently cure multiple
// [pkg.Artifact]. It returns [Collected].
type Collect []Artifact

var _ Artifact = new(Collect)

// Cure returns [Collected].
func (*Collect) Cure(*FContext) error { return Collected{} }

// Kind returns the hardcoded [pkg.Kind] value.
func (*Collect) Kind() Kind { return kindCollection }

// Params is a noop: dependencies are already represented in the header.
func (*Collect) Params(*IContext) {}

// Inputs returns [Collect] as is.
func (c *Collect) Inputs() []Artifact { return *c }

// IsExclusive returns false: Cure is a noop.
func (*Collect) IsExclusive() bool { return false }